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File and Gentle Long-Profile 50 51 147 Morphology (Jansson Et Al ., 2003) Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 19 May 2014 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Turner, A.J. and Woodward, J. and Stokes, C.R. and O'Cofaigh, C. and Dunning, S. (2014) 'Glacial geomorphology of the Great Glen region of Scotland.', Journal of maps., 10 (1). pp. 159-178. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.866369 Publisher's copyright statement: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor Francis Group in Journal of Maps on 03/12/2013, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/17445647.2013.866369. 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Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Journal of Maps For Peer Review Only A Glacial Geomorphological Map of the Great Glen Region of Scotland Journal: Journal of Maps Manuscript ID: TJOM-2013-0052 Manuscript Type: Original Article Date Submitted by the Author: 20-May-2013 Complete List of Authors: Turner, Andrew; Northumbria University, Woodward, John; Northumbria University, Stokes, Chris; Durham University, Cofaigh, Colm; University of Durham, Geography Dunning, Stuart; Northumbria University, Keywords: Great Glen, Geomorphology, British-Irish Ice Sheet, Deglaciation URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tjom Page 1 of 26 Journal of Maps 1 2 3 1 A Glacial Geomorphological Map of the Great Glen Region of Scotland 4 1, a 1 2 2 1 5 2 Andrew J. Turner , John Woodward , Chris R. Stokes , Colm Ó Cofaigh , Stuart Dunning 6 7 3 8 1 4 Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Ellison 9 10 5 Place, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK 11 12 6 2 Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK 13 14 7 a [email protected] Peer Review Only 15 16 8 17 9 Abstract 18 19 10 This paper presents a detailed glacial geomorphological map of the Great Glen region of 20 21 11 Scotland, UK, covering an area of over 6,800 km 2 extending from 56°34'7" to 57°41'1" N and from 22 23 12 3°44'2" to 5°33'24" W. This represents the first extensive mapping of the glacial geomorphology of the 24 25 13 Great Glen and builds upon previous studies that conducted localised field mapping or ice-sheet wide 26 27 14 mapping using remote sensing. Particular emphasis is placed on deriving medium-scale glacial 28 15 retreat patterns from these data, and examining differences in landsystem assemblages across the 29 30 16 region. Features were typically mapped at a scale of 1:8,000 to 1:10,000 and will be used to 31 32 17 investigate the pattern and dynamics of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during deglaciation. Mapping was 33 34 18 conducted using the NEXTMap digital terrain model. In total, 17,637 glacial landforms were mapped, 35 36 19 with 58% identified as moraines, 23% as meltwater channels, 10% as bedrock controlled glacial 37 38 20 lineations, 3% as eskers, 2% as cirques or arêtes, 2% as kame topography or kame terraces, and 1% 39 40 21 as drumlins. Additionally, ten palaeo-lake shorelines were identified. Complex landform assemblages 41 22 in the form of streamlined subglacial bedforms, moraines and glaciofluvial features exist across the 42 43 23 region. Extensive subglacial meltwater networks are found over the Monadhliath Mountain Range. 44 45 24 Transverse and longitudinal moraine ridges generally arc across valley floors or are located on valley 46 47 25 slopes respectively. Hummocky moraines are found almost exclusively across Rannoch Moor. Finally, 48 49 26 Eskers, meltwater channels and kame landforms form spatial relationships along the axis of 50 51 27 Strathspey. These glacial landsystems reveal the dynamics and patterns of retreat of the British-Irish 52 53 28 Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. 54 29 55 56 30 Keywords: Great Glen, Geomorphology, British-Irish Ice Sheet, Deglaciation 57 58 59 60 1 URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tjom Journal of Maps Page 2 of 26 1 2 3 31 1. Introduction 4 5 32 Glacial landforms are key ingredients for reconstructing the past extent and dynamics of the 6 7 33 former British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS), which extended across much of Britain and Ireland, and reached 8 34 the continental shelf edge during the last glaciation about 24,000 years ago (Bowen et al ., 2002; 9 10 35 Sejrup et al ., 2005; 2009; Bradwell et al. , 2008a; Chiverrell and Thomas, 2010; Clark et al ., 2012). In 11 12 36 Scotland, coastal and onshore geomorphology (e.g. Thorp, 1986; Firth, 1989a, b; Merritt et al ., 1995; 13 14 37 Finlayson, 2006;For Finlayson Peer et al ., 2010) have Review been extensively employed Only to reconstruct flow paths 15 16 38 and retreat patterns. The limits of the Younger Dryas (YD) readvance (12.9-11.7 ka BP) are also well 17 18 39 known (e.g. Sissons, 1979a; Bennet and Boulton, 1993a; Clark et al ., 2004). Terrestrial evidence 19 20 40 suggests the configuration of the BIIS was complex and that the ice sheet was characterised by at 21 41 least four areas of major ice streaming located at the Moray Firth, The Minch, along the eastern coast 22 23 42 of England and within the Irish sea basin. These were zones of high flow velocity which drained large 24 25 43 volumes of ice from the ice sheet’s interior (e.g. Merritt et al., 1995; Bradwell et al ., 2008b; Hughes et 26 27 44 al ., 2010; Clark et al ., 2012). Less attention has been given to synthesising terrestrial limits and 28 29 45 medium-scale retreat patterns between offshore/coastal and YD ice margin positions. Whilst there are 30 31 46 a number of site specific studies of moraines, glaciofluvial landforms, and streamlined subglacial 32 47 bedforms in Scotland (e.g. McCann, 1966; Peacock, 1971; Young, 1978; Firth, 1989a; Golledge, 33 34 48 2006; Livingstone et al ., 2008), the glacial landforms across large sectors of the Scottish landscape 35 36 49 have yet to be systematically mapped . 37 38 50 In the Great Glen (GG) and surrounding region a paucity of detailed mapping has precluded an 39 40 51 accurate reconstruction of ice sheet retreat from the Scottish coast to the YD maximum extent 41 42 52 positions mapped by Clark et al ., 2004. However, recent research in the Monadhliath Mountain Range 43 44 53 has suggested that ice cover between ~15 ka BP and 11.7 ka BP was more extensive than previously 45 54 thought (Boston et al ., 2013). 46 47 55 The accompanying geomorphological map covers a region of 6,828 km 2 centred on the Great 48 49 56 Glen in Scotland. This builds upon previous mapping efforts (e.g. Clark et al ., 2004; Hughes et al ., 50 51 57 2010) and is part of ongoing research into the nature of deglaciation through the Great Glen sector of 52 53 58 the BIIS including subaqueous geophysical surveys of the lochs in the region (e.g. Turner et al. , 2012; 54 55 59 2013a, b). 56 57 60 58 59 60 2 URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tjom Page 3 of 26 Journal of Maps 1 2 3 61 2. Methods 4 5 62 2.1 Data Sources 6 7 63 The geomorphological map of the Great Glen region has been produced from high-resolution 8 64 Intermap Technologies NEXTMap digital terrain data which has a horizontal resolution of 5 m and 9 10 65 vertical resolution of 1 m. ESRI ArcGIS 9.3 software was used during mapping procedures. An 11 12 66 orthogonally illuminated hillshade of the study area was produced (Smith and Clark, 2005). As 13 14 67 lineations onFor the land surfacePeer have a predominant Review south-west/north-east Only trend, the digital elevation 15 o 16 68 model was initially shaded from an azimuth perpendicular to their orientation (north-west: 315 ). To 17 18 69 reduce the bias associated with hillshading from a single solar azimuth, a second relief map was 19 o 20 70 produced with a perpendicular north-east (45 ) azimuth (e.g. Smith and Clark, 2005). A solar elevation 21 o 71 angle of 45 was selected for these images to reveal subtle topography within the study area. To 22 23 72 further reduce azimuth biasing, a shaded relief image with an illumination angle of 90 o (vertical) was 24 25 73 also produced, as suggested by Smith and Clark, (2005). 26 27 74 Additional contextual data from Ordnance Survey MasterMap, available from the Edina 28 29 75 ShareGeo website (http://edina.ac.uk/projects/sharegeo/index.shtml), at a scale of 1:2,000 were also 30 31 76 used. These data allowed roads, buildings, managed woodland, railway lines, rivers/streams, tree 32 77 cover and landforms pertinent to this study to be identified.
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