Late Flandrian Coastal Change and Tidal Palaeochannel Development at Hills Flats, Severn Estuary (SW Britain)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Late Flandrian Coastal Change and Tidal Palaeochannel Development at Hills Flats, Severn Estuary (SW Britain) Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 153, 1996, pp. 151-162, 14 figs, 2 tables. Printed in Northern Ireland Late Flandrian coastal change and tidal palaeochannel development at Hills Flats, Severn Estuary (SW Britain) J. R. L. ALLEN'32 & M. G. FULFORD2 'Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, The University of Reading, PO Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading KG6 6AB, UK 2Department of Archaeology, The University, PO Box 218, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AA, UK Abstract: An eclectic range of stratigraphical. sedimentological, geochemical, archaeological and historical evidence relating to a tidal palaeochannel exposed at a deep erosional level in the modern intertidalzone onthe Avon-Gloucestershire border demonstrates that tidal wetlands reclaimed duringthe Roman periodranged much further seawardthan the modern coastline. Vigorouslate medieval-early modern erosion, linked to the cool, disturbed conditions of the Little Ice Age, forced the coastline by themid-seventeenth century to a location inland of its present line. A possible medieval landing place was destroyed and it was necessary to set back the flood defences. As the result of renewed mudflat-marsh growth, the coast at Hills Flats has built outward during modern times, but in three distinct stages and by no means as far seaward as its likely Roman position. Keywords: Severn Estuary, Flandrian, channels, salt marshes, coastal erosion. Networks of tidal channels and creeks, the larger of which evidence, we conclude, has a significant contribution to reach deep into the tidal frame, are a ubiquitous feature of make to an understanding of recent coastal change and the contemporary high tidal flats and salt marshes in British development of models for future behaviour. Our estuaries, tidal embayments, and on barrier and some open methodology is applicable not only to other palaeochannels coasts (e.g. Allen & Pye 1992; Pethick 1992; Pye 1992). At exposed in the Severn Estuary, but also toother tidal different times and places, some of the bigger channels have systems of a similar character in Britain and mainland been used for navigation and served to locate wharfage and Europe. settlements,for they reach far back intothe Flandrian The Severn Estuary (Allen 1990a) is one of the largest (Holocene) wetland outcrops and, in some cases, extend a inlets on the west coast of Britain (Fig. la, b). The extreme stream or river emerging from the hinterland.Whereas tidal range is 14.8 m measured at Avonmouth on the coast river valleys partly infilled with Flandrian coastal sediments near Bristol, so that the tidal streams are strongand the are well known from many parts of Britain (e.g. Hawkins waters richly charged with silt. Opening to the southwest, 1962; Anderson & Blundell 1965; Anderson 1968; Williams the estuary is exposed to the prevailing winds and is the site 1968; Gilbertson & Hawkins 1977; Whittaker & Green 1983; of vigorous wave action. The coastline is muddy, however, Lake et al. 1986; Eddison & Green 1988; Berridge & except locally at the mouth of the estuary, where sand or Pattison 1994), tidal palaeochannels embedded within the gravel beaches are found. On the margins of the estuary lie Flandriansequence have attracted little attention (Evans disjointed outcrops of Flandrian estuarine alluvium amount- 1953; Silvester 1988; Funnel1 & Pearson 1989; Hall & Coles ing to some 400 kmz in total area and 4 km3 in volume. The 1994; Wilkinson & Murphy 1995), perhaps because they are Flandriansequence averages about lOm in thickness, smaller than 'drowned' valleys and heavy reliance is placed swelling toward the axis of the estuary and into the buried on borehole data in Flandrian palaeogeographic work. valleys of the rivers tributary tothe Severn. Although In the Severn Estuary, however, apparently undergoing apparently conservative of the fine sediment supplied to it an erosional retreat inland (Allen 1990a), theFlandrian chiefly by the rivers, theestuary, influenced by the sequence is extensively exposed intertidally and visibly underlying regime of upward-moving relative sea level, includes many silted-up palaeochannels of a range of sizes seems in the long term to be retreating up the Severn Valley anddates. Although now exposedat a relatively deep rather than fillingup. The coastal changes we document erosional level, anumber of thesepresent a variety of from Hills Flats express a general, long-term retreat of the artefacts ranging from ceramics to boats within the fill, shore. which assist with dating and also provide evidence of the context when the channel was active, for example, a landing place or a settlement on a reclaimed salt marsh. Our aim in Setting this paper is to describea comparatively young tidal Hills Flats (Fig. la-c) crops out as a long (3 km) but narrow palaeochannel from the Flandrian sequence at Hills Flats on (650 m) rock platform [British National Grid Reference SO the Severn Esiualy. Because of its character, andthe 6297, 6397, 63981 in the intertidal zone on the left bank of archaeological features associated with it, we are able to the Severn Estuary in southwest Britain. Its uneven surface, establish a chronology and a context for the evolution of this at an elevation from about Ordnance Datum to a few metres channel, and can demonstrate the complex movements of above, is underlain by the Flandrian Wentlooge Formation the shorelineover the last two millennia. Archaeological (Allen & Rae 1987) in unconformablecontact with red 151 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/153/1/151/4888647/gsjgs.153.1.0151.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 152 ALLEN L. J. R. & M. G. FULFORD Fig. 1. The location and general geological context of the late Flandrian palaeochannel at Hills Flats. (a) The Severn Estuary in the British Isles. (b) The Severn Estuary and its marginal alluvium. (c) Outline geology of Hills Flats and its surroundings. (d) Schematic composite geological section at Hills Flats. mudrocks and muddy sandstones of the Triassic Mercia 5300 f 60 years BP (Beta 61769). Probably Devensian Mudstone Group (Welch & Trotter 1961). The Wentlooge ice-wedge casts are visible in several places in the Mercia Formation consists of mainly green estuarine silts and Mudstone Group at or just below its contact with the brackish-freshwaterpeats which fill and bridge three overlying Flandrian beds (Allen 1987a). The topmost of the unequal, shallow depressions on the shore (Fig. lc, d). The Triassic rocks are deeply frost-shattered and weathered, and peat beds resist erosion more than the intercalated silts and merge upward into red-grey,a sandy-pebbly palaeosol. weather as extensive ledges, most notably in the case of the Within the depressions, this ancient soil becomes organic- second peat (locally in two leaves) upward in Fig. Id. Well rich and locally merges upward into a basal peat (Fig. Id). A preserved wood from a young oak (Quercus sp.) embedded variable cover of contemporary sediments largely conceals in this peat gave conventionala radiocarbon age of the Mercia Mudstone Group and Wentlooge Formation on Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/153/1/151/4888647/gsjgs.153.1.0151.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 C OA STA L CHANGES AND TIDAL PALAEOCHANNELSTIDAL COASTALCHANGES AND 153 Hills Flats. Fields of active gravel dunes (see Allen 1993a) above it, lies a narrow belt of active salt marshes underlain permanentlyobscure theouter part of the rock platform by clayey-sandy silts (Figs lc, d & 2). The highest marsh, of (Figs lc & 2). The inner part is masked by a semipermanent which little now survives, is assigned to Allen & Rae's cover up to 0.4m thick of muddy-sandy gravel grading to (1987) Rumney Formation (see below), and the intermedi- mud. ateand lower marsh deposits respectively to theirAwre To the southeast of Hills Flats, and rising several metresFormation and Northwick Formation. Thelatter, j l I 4 . Fig. 2. Air photograph (900 X 1000 m) showing the coast in 1969 at Hills Flats and the extension of Hill Pill as a palaeochannel in the intertidal zone. D. trace of field drain (structure A): DF. field of gravel dunes: M. active salt marshes: P. palaeochannel: S, seabank. Crown copyright reserved. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/153/1/151/4888647/gsjgs.153.1.0151.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 154 J. R. L. ALLEN & M. G. FULFORD distinguished by significantly elevated levels of heavy metals fine-grained quartz sand and streaks of comminuted organic andother contaminants, iswell exposed onthe mud cliff debris,accompanied locally by slightly to well rounded which in many places bounds the marshes to seaward. The pebbles,cobbles and small boulders of peat and silty, AwreFormation, unconformable Rumneyon and root-boundturf.Ill-rounded fragments of Triassic Wentlooge beds, appears widely on the cliff between Chapel mudstonesand sandstones in places are mingled with the House and White House (Allen & Rae 1987) (Fig. lc). peat clasts. The main outcrop of Flandrian estuarine alluvium Significantly higher beds in the fill are seen to landward. (Wentlooge Formation) ranges inland for several kilometres Theseare chiefly pale brown clayey-sandy silts which, from a locally revetted, earthen seabank at the inneredge of toward the margins of the structure, grade to a pale grey or the activemarshes (Fig. lc). It is drained by Hill Pill, a pale green colour (Figs 3b & 6). Smear slides show them to deeply cut, partly tidal (as far inland as the contemporary be of estuarine origin. All samples contain abundant sponge sluice) channel that divides into a number of inconspicuous spicules, usually accompanied by mixed open-seaand tributaries about 1 km inland from the mouth. estuarine foraminifera and diatoms. A number yield shreds of organic matter and pyrite framboids, suggesting reduction The palaeochannel in an anoxic environment. Typically, the silts are structureless but here and there include sandy streaks and laminae. The bedding thus revealed is either contorted and Relationships and size accompanied by small-scale faults or dips ata low to Emerging onto the shore close tothe marshedge, the moderate angle toward the channel axis.
Recommended publications
  • Severn Estuary / Môr Hafren Special Area of Conservation Indicative Site Level Feature Condition Assessments 2018
    Severn Estuary / Môr Hafren Special Area of Conservation Indicative site level feature condition assessments 2018 NRW Evidence Report No: 235 About Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales’ purpose is to pursue sustainable management of natural resources. This means looking after air, land, water, wildlife, plants and soil to improve Wales’ well-being, and provide a better future for everyone. Evidence at Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is an evidence based organisation. We seek to ensure that our strategy, decisions, operations and advice to Welsh Government and others are underpinned by sound and quality-assured evidence. We recognise that it is critically important to have a good understanding of our changing environment. We will realise this vision by: Maintaining and developing the technical specialist skills of our staff; Securing our data and information; Having a well resourced proactive programme of evidence work; Continuing to review and add to our evidence to ensure it is fit for the challenges facing us; and Communicating our evidence in an open and transparent way. This Evidence Report series serves as a record of work carried out or commissioned by Natural Resources Wales. It also helps us to share and promote use of our evidence by others and develop future collaborations. However, the views and recommendations presented in this report are not necessarily those of NRW and should, therefore, not be attributed to NRW. Page 2 of 41 www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk Report series: NRW Evidence Report Report number: 235 Publication date: January 2018 Title: Severn Estuary / Môr Hafren Special Area of Conservation: Indicative site level feature condition assessments 2018 Author(s): NRW Restrictions: None Distribution List (core) NRW Library, Bangor 2 National Library of Wales 1 British Library 1 Welsh Government Library 1 Scottish Natural Heritage Library 1 Natural England Library (Electronic Only) 1 Recommended citation for this volume: NRW, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Ga. COASTAL FLOODING in the BRISTOL CHANNEL and SEVERN
    INTERNAL DOCUMENT (Ga. COASTAL FLOODING IN THE BRISTOL CHANNEL AND SEVERN ESTUARY ON 13TH DECEMBER 1981 by R.A. Flather, L. Draper and R. Proctor lOS Internal Document No. 162 May 1982 [This document should not be cited in a published bibliography, and is supplied for the use of the recipient only]. INSTITUTE OF % OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES % INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 BUB (042-879-4141) (Director: Dr. A. S. Laughton, FRS) Bidston Observatory, Crossway, Birkenhead, Taunton, Merseyside L43 7RA Somerset TA1 2DW (051-653-8633) (0823-86211) (Assistant Director: Dr. D. E. Cartwright) (Assistant Director: IVI. J. Tucker) COASTAL FLOODING IN THE BRISTOL CHANNEL AND SEVERN ESTUARY ON 13TH DECEMBER 1981 by R.A. Flather, L. Draper and R. Proctor lOS Internal Document No. 162 May 1982 Prepared at the request of the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. {Rie meteorological situation 3. Tides and surges 3.1 Observed sea levels and predicted tides 3.2 The storm surge 3.3 The surge forecasts 4. Surface waves 4.1 Incoming wave energy 4.2 Locally-generated waves 4.3 Total wave energy 5. Conclusions / 1. INTRODUCTION A storm crossing south-west Britain on the evening of 13th December I981, coinciding with high water of a spring tide, caused coastal flooding in the Bristol Channel. The area affected stretched along the south side of the Channel east of Bideford extending up the River Severn almost as far as Gloucester. The worst flooding occurred on the west-facing coast between the mouth of the River Parrett and just north of Weston-Super-Mare.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Wye Catchment Management Plan Consultation Report
    N SLA- Ij/S 5 2 UPPER WYE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSULTATION REPORT N.R.A - Welsh Region REGIONAL TECHNICAL (PLANNING) Reference No : RTP017 LIBRARY COPY - DO NOT REMOVE RECYCLED PAPER A)£A V\I^GS 52- n a t io n a l RIVERS AUTHORITY . .WELSH REGION ____ - - - UPPER WYE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSULTATION REPORT National Rivers Authority - Welsh Region South East Area Rivers House St Mellons Business Park St Mellons Cardiff CF3 OLT June 1993 UPPER WYE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN CONSULTATION REPORT CONTENTS PAGE No. FOREWORD iv MISSION STATEMENT OF THE NRA v THE NATIONAL RIVERS AUTHORITY vi 1.0 CONCEPT OF THE CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 2.0 THE UPPER WYE CATCHMENT 4 2.1 Catchment Description 5 2.2 Data collection Within the Catchment 7 2.3 Key Details 8 3.0 CATCHMENT USES 9 3.1 Introduction 10 DEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE 3.2 Development 11 3.3 Flood Defence - 14 3.4 Forestry 17 3.5 Farming 19 CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES 3.6 Conservation - Ecology 20 3.7 Conservation - Landscape and Archaeology 24 3.8 Fisheries Ecosystem 26 3.9 Angling and Commercial Fishing 29 ABSTRACTIONS 3.10 Abstraction for Potable Water Supply - Groundwater 31 3.11 Abstraction for Potable Water Supply - Surface Water 34 3.12 Agricultural Abstraction 37 3.13 Livestock Watering 40 3.14 Industrial and Commercial Abstraction 41 3.15 Water Power 43 DISCHARGES AND POLLUTION CONTROL 3.16 Sewage and Trade Discharges 45 3.17 Waste Disposal to Land 47 AMENITY, NAVIGATION AND WATER SPORTS 3.18 Amenity 48 3.19 Navigation and Boating 50 3.20 Immersion Sports 52 4.0 CATCHMENT TARGETS 53 4T Introduction.
    [Show full text]
  • River Wye SSSI Restoration Technical Report Finaldraftforconsultation
    River Wye SSSI Restoration Technical Report –Draft for Comment Issued for comment January 2015 River Wye SSSI Restoration Technical Report_FinalDraftForConsultation Executive summary Jacobs was commissioned by the Environment Agency to produce separate Technical Reports for the restoration of the Lower Wye and River Lugg. In addition, Management Reports to complement each Technical Report were also produced by Jacobs. This is a Technical Report on the geomorphological assessment of the Lower Wye. The Lower River Wye and is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The river is designated due to the presence of grayling, freshwater pearl mussel, white-clawed crayfish, shad, otter, salmon, bullhead, lamprey, various invertebrate assemblages and water-crowfoot communities. The Upper and Middle Wye are also designated, however those reaches lie within Wales and were not investigated for this Technical Report. Reports for the Upper and Middle Wye will be produced separately by Natural Resources Wales (NRW). A combination of all reports will provide a catchment wide restoration strategy for all the SACs and SSSIs in the River Wye catchment. The Lower Wye mainly flows through England; however there is a section around Monmouth that is entirely within Wales. Here the right bank of the river is generally regulated by NRW, whilst the left bank is regulated by Natural England and the Environment Agency. Natural England has subdivided the Lower Wye SSSI into seven management units, six of which are assessed to be in ‘unfavourable condition’. This report is required to assess the current geomorphological condition and pressures on the Lower Wye to inform a Management Report that will provide suggestions to help achieve favourable condition in each of the management units.
    [Show full text]
  • Display PDF in Separate
    DRAFT ISSUES REPORT A joint project by the Environment Agency and the Severn Estuary Strategy November 1996 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 103433 ASIANTAETH YR AMGTLCHEDD CYMRU E n v ir o n m e n t A g e n c y w a l e s GWASANAETH LLYFRGELL A GWYBODAETH CENEDLAETHOL NATIONAL LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICE PR1F SWYDDFA/MAIN OFFICE Ty Cambria/Cambria House 29 Heol Casnew ydd/29 Newport Road Caerdydd/Cardiff CF24 OTP ENVIRONMENT a g e n c y WELSH REGION CATALOGUE ACCESSION CODE_AO_L: CLASS N O . ______________ M151 Lydney Newport^ n Caldicot Tusker jMonks Ditcl Rock T h o rn b u ry Porion Wjefsh Llantwit Grounds v Major Cardiff M id dle Denny Dinas„ Grounds Athan ^0*2. A von mouth Portishead Clevedo S cully Island Lanaford Grounds t i n # Holm Bristol Steep Hotm Weston-super-Mare KEY Minehead Boundary Built up area Burnham-on-Sea Major River Canal Motorway W illiton A Road Railway Sandbank Bridgwater Contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 2. Overview ........... .......................... ........................ ............................................. 7 3 Planning and management in the estuary. ..................................................... 25 4. Urban development, infrastructure & transport.................................................... 43 5. Agriculture and rural land use ............................................................................. 53 6. Coastal defence ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Planning for the Protection of European Sites: Habitat Regulations Assessment/Appraisal (HRA)
    Planning for the Protection of European Sites: Habitat Regulations Assessment/Appraisal (HRA) Evidence Gathering / Baseline Report for the Gloucestershire Minerals Local Plan Update 5 February 2015 HRA Baseline / Evidence Report for Minerals Local Plan Page 1 Contents European Sites in and within 15km of Gloucestershire’s boundary .................................................................. 3 Section 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4 International / European Sites - An Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 Update 5 for the Minerals Local Plan (MLP) .............................................................................................. 5 Background to Evidence Gathering for HRA .............................................................................................. 5 Updated List of Consultees ........................................................................................................................ 6 Other Plans & Projects ............................................................................................................................... 7 HRA Reporting: Methodology ................................................................................................................... 10 Section 2: European Sites in Gloucestershire & within 15km of its administrative boundary ......................... 11 Rodborough
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Defences for Clevedon, North Somerset
    Tidal defences for Clevedon, North Somerset look after We are t\ your env ENVIRONMENT AGENCY B - for you, and for fi information Services Unit iter you Your envi- Please return or renew this item by the due date ti business, drink anc- Due Date Governm iking your environrr The Envir environm Published by: Environment Ag Manley House Kestrel Way Exeter EX2 7LQ _ Tel: 08708 506 506 Email: [email protected] www.environment-agency.gov.uk © Environment Agency All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Blind Yeo sluice Clevedon Pill Marshall’s Bank Land Yeo outfall Marshall's field River intake structure Three structures - the Land Yeo outfall, Blind Yeo sluice and Marshall’s Bank - reduce the risk of flooding for more than 4,700 properties in Clevedon, North Somerset. All three - located on the edge of the Severn Estuary - have been significantly improved by the Environment Agency. This leaflet describes our work on the Land Yeo outfall and Marshall’s Bank, carried out in 2005/2006, and the Blind Yeo sluice, carriedouLin 2004 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 1 II! 1 II J for Clevedon. North Somerset 3 102436 background The Land Yeo drains mainly rural land Marshall’s Bank - a 500-metre long upstream of Clevedon - including the embankment that stretches between low-lying Tickenham, Nailsea and the Land Yeo outfall and the Blind Yeo Kenn Moors Site of Special Scientific sluice - also dates back to medieval Interest. times. Work took place in 1958 and 1984 to raise and strengthen the When the M5 motorway was built in bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Surprise Landing of a Sea Trout from the Middle Bristol Avon
    Surprise landing of a sea trout from the middle Bristol Avon In March 2015, a local angler reported the capture of a sea trout from the Bristol Avon right up around Chippenham. Despite the fact that the Bristol Avon enters the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth, where sea trout from tributary rivers such as the Severn, Usk, Wye and many others are to be found, this is a rare capture on our home river. Sea trout are occasionally caught in the lower river, but so many weirs and other obstructions have been built on the Bristol Avon throughout history that passage is all but blocked and we A surprise sea trout from the seem to have lost what would undoubtedly have been a natural sea trout population. This fish has battled against huge odds! middle Bristol Avon What is a sea trout? The sea trout is a curious beast indeed. Sea trout and brown trout are in fact the same species (Salmo trutta). The distinction of the sea trout is that it has run down the river system to the sea to feed and grow and then returned to freshwater to breed, known as an anadromous life cycle. Whether trout remain in fresh waters or take to sea depends on a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In many short, spate rivers, the majority may take to sea often driven by a lack of food in nutrient-poor rivers systems as well as sometime by the hostility for flows where refuge habitat is impoverished. The early life stages of sea trout – the egg, alevin, fry and parr stages – are spend in fresh waters, spanning between one and three years depending on factors such as temperature and food availability.
    [Show full text]
  • Severn Estuary Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority
    FOOD CERTIFICATION INTERNATIONAL LTD Findhorn House, Dochfour Business Centre, Dochgarroch, Inverness, IV3 8GY, Scotland, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1463 223 039 Fax: +44 (0) 1463 246 380 www.foodcertint.com Severn Estuary Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority Final Report May 2011 Prepared For: Defra Prepared By: Food Certification International Ltd FOOD CERTIFICATION INTERNATIONAL LTD Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aim of this report .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Context and boundary areas ................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 IFCA responsibilities and objectives................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Local Authority boundaries .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Report structure ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Consultation ............................................................................................................................ 4 2 Commercial fisheries ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Overview of landings and ports ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Drill Cores Through the Table Mountain Latite Near Knights Ferry Carolyn Gornya, Cathy Busbya*, Christopher J
    International Geology Review Vol. 51, Nos. 9–11, September–November 2009, 824–842 An in-depth look at distal Sierra Nevada palaeochannel fill: drill cores through the Table Mountain Latite near Knights Ferry Carolyn Gornya, Cathy Busbya*, Christopher J. Pluharb, Jeanette Hagana and Keith Putirkab aDepartment of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA (Accepted 24 March 2009) The ,10.4 Ma Table Mountain Latite (TML) consists of high-K trachyandesite lavas that likely erupted from the Little Walker Center near Sonora Pass and flowed 80 miles (130 km) through the palaeo-Stanislaus river channel to Knights Ferry in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Complete sections through the proximal facies of the flow stratigraphy are common in the high-Sierra and along range-front faults, but in much of its distal facies in the Sierra Nevada foothills, the internal features of the unit are poorly exposed. Condor Earth Technologies offered us the opportunity to study three complete vertical sections through the distal facies of the TML through access to three drill cores. These cores, spaced 1500 0 (457 m) apart and oriented oblique to inferred flow direction by 308, are referred to here as cores A, B, and C, in a down-palaeoflow direction. Previous outcrop studies of the distal TML over the past century have concluded that the distal TML consists of a single flow. This is true of core B, which is dominated by a single 1440 (44 m) thick flow, underlain by a thin (,50, 1.5 m) flow with a vesiculated top, inferred to represent a toe of the thick flow, inasmuch as there is no baked zone or weathered contact between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Palaeochannel Prospectivity
    ASX Announcement ASX: DYL 16 July 2015 Palaeochannel Exploration: Enhanced Prospectivity Potential Confirmed Deep Yellow Limited (“DYL” or the “Company”) is pleased to announce the completion of a combined infill drilling program and geophysical interpretation study by its wholly-owned Namibian operating subsidiary, Reptile Uranium Namibia (Pty) Ltd (“RUN”). When combined the results of this work have successfully achieved the stated objective of demonstrating that RUN’s palaeochannels have the potential to far exceed previous interpretations of mineralisation and the existing JORC (2004) resource base of 22.2Mt at 369ppm U3O8 for 18Mlbs U3O8 at cut off grades of 100 and 200 ppm U3O8. KEY POINTS Deep Yellow’s Namibian operating entity Reptile Uranium Namibia Ltd (“RUN”) has significantly enhanced the prospectivity potential of its palaeochannels via a combination of infill drilling and sophisticated geophysical modelling using existing airborne EM survey data. The palaeochannels, located on Exclusive Prospecting Licences (“EPL”) 3496 and 3497, have existing JORC (2004) compliant resources and were the focus of earlier exploration efforts by RUN prior to 2011 and recently mineral characterisation tests to assess suitability for physical beneficiation. The close-spaced infill drill program demonstrated that the palaeochannel was continuously mineralised across a shallow 160 metre section with minimal internal dilution and grades were a good match in tenor with previous results and the existing mineral resource model. Geophysical consultants Resource Potentials produced a map of the depth to basement geometry across both EPLs using Aeroquest Helicopter Electromagnetic survey data and advanced techniques which demonstrated that the lateral extent (in excess of 100 kilometres) and depth (down to approximately 130 metres) of the electrically conductive palaeochannels far exceeded previous interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sediment Regime of the Severn Estuary Literature Review
    The Sediment Regime of the Severn Estuary Literature Review 29 June 2016 Written by Phil Cannard The Sediment Regime of the Severn Estuary Literature Review Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Aim ..................................................................................................................... 4 2. Hydrodynamics ................................................................................................... 4 3. Sediment Sources and Sinks .............................................................................. 4 3.1 Sand ................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Fine Sediment .................................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Sources ............................................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 Sediment Distribution in the Severn Estuary ..................................................... 7 3.2.3 Sinks ................................................................................................................. 9 4. Lower Avon Sediment Regime .......................................................................... 10 5. Gaps in the literature ......................................................................................... 11 6. Recommendations ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]