Appl. Entomol. Zool. 44 (3): 455–464 (2009) http://odokon.org/

An analysis of Thysanoptera associated with citrus flowers in , : Composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of species

I˙lyas TEKS¸AM1 and Irfan˙ TUNC¸ 2,* 1 Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM); Antalya, Turkey 2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department; Antalya, Turkey (Received 28 November 2008; Accepted 3 April 2009)

Abstract Composition, distribution, abundance and pest status of thrips species associated with citrus flowers in Antalya, Turkey was investigated in 2006 and 2007. The survey revealed 36 thrips species. The most common and abundant species in descending order were: Thrips major Uzel, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), T. tabaci Lindeman, T. meridionalis (Priesner), T. angusticeps Uzel and Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The thrips fauna was predominated by T. major being found in 84% of the samples and constituting 51% of the specimens. F. occidentalis was the second most common and abundant species which was present in 55% of the samples and rep- resenting 22% of the specimens. The other four major species were detected in 12–28% of the samples and had a share of 4–6% in the total number of specimens. Average number of thrips per flower ranged between 0.26 and 0.55 depending on the citrus species. Proportion of scarred fruits ranged between 0.8 to 2.4%. Only P. kellyanus is known as a citrus pest and currently is less common and abundant than in those countries where it causes crop losses. These findings in Turkey do not provide any clear evidence concerning the country of origin of P. kellyanus.

Key words: Thrips; citrus; Turkey; Pezothrips kellyanus; Thrips major

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) which causes discol- INTRODUCTION oration of rind was also reported as an occasional Citrus is attacked by a number of thrips species pest of citrus along with the species mentioned in in different parts of the world. Depending on the California, Florida, Australia, New Zealand and species thrips feed on flowers, fruits and leaves of some Mediterrranean countries. citrus. The most common damage is, however, in- In Turkey until recently thrips have not been flicted in the form of scabby, grayish or silvery considered pests of citrus as no visible damage at- scars on the rind which results in a fruit of lower tributed to them has been reported. This may have market grade and value (Parker and Skinner, 1997). been due to the species composition which lacked Major thrips pests of citrus leading to such blem- those known as citrus pests and/or the inadequate ishes are citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) abundance of the existing species. The first data on in California (Anonymous, 1984), South African citrus thrips fauna in Turkey did not appear until citrus thrips Scirtothrips aurantii Faure in South 1988–1990, as a part of a study aiming to discover Africa (Grov’e et al., 2000), yellow tea thrips Scir- the Thysanoptera fauna of (Tunç, tothrips dorsalis Hood in East Asia (Masui, 2007) 1991a, b, 1992a, b, c). Afterwards specimens col- and Kelly’s citrus thrips Pezothrips kellyanus (Bag- lected incidentally by different investigators on the nall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Australia (Web- suspicion of thrips damage in major citrus growing ster et al., 2006), New Zealand (Froud et al., 2001) areas were processed. The indigenous species, and in two Mediterranean islands Sicily (Marullo, Thrips major Uzel, T. meridionalis (Priesner), 1998) and Cyprus (Vassiliou, 2007). The green- T. tabaci Lindeman and T. angusticeps Uzel house thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were the most common

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at: E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1303/aez.2009.455

455 456 Thysanoptera Associated with Citrus

Fig. 1. The map of districts of Antalya province. The place of the province in Turkey is indicated by the black area in the in- serted map at the bottom. thrips inhabitants of citrus in Turkey until the intro- plant, pepper and tomato), and cereals (including duced western flower thrips, Frankliniella occiden- corn) are grown in almost all districts surveyed. talis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and However larger areas are allocated for citrus in also P. kellyanus were first noticed on citrus in this central district, , and , and country in 2002 and 2003. for greenhouse crops in Demre and Kumluca (Fig. The present study was undertaken to gain a fresh 1). is a major banana district and this crop insight into the thrips fauna on citrus of Antalya, can be cultivated only there and in Gazipas¸a. Cot- and to address the increasing complaints about ton is grown mainly in Serik, however the area scars on citrus fruits that have been attributed to used for the crop in also is not negligi- thrips. Such surveys are important to gather first ble. Cereals and legumes are produced in relatively hand information on the pest situation in orchards, larger areas in the two latter districts. Other impor- and to establish a basis for rejecting the tendency tant crops are loquat in Alanya, Gazipas¸a and Man- towards unnecessary sprays based on unfounded avgat, and are greenhouse grown strawberry and and/or exaggerated claims of crop losses. A partic- cutflowers (mainly carnation, rose, Gerbera and ular objective of the study was to clarify the status Gypsophylla) in Gazipas¸a and Serik, respectively. of two important thrips pests, F. occidentalis, a Orange is the major citrus crop (mainly Navel, worldwide pest of greenhouse and other crops, and Valencia and some local varieties) in all districts P. kellyanus, a serious pest of citrus in many coun- and is followed at a far distance by lemon and tries including those in EPPO (European and mandarin which is reflected in the number of sam- Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) re- ples taken in both years (Table 1). Grapefruit or- gion (EPPO, 2005). The composition, distribution chards are much less frequent and exist mainly in and abundance of the thrips species on various cit- Alanya, central district and Serik. Sour orange, in rus species in districts of Antalya was analysed. general, is grown as an ornamental plant along The potential of these species to pose a commercial roadsides, in recreational areas and backyards, and threat was evaluated, and the significance of the may sparsely be distributed as single plants in cit- findings concerning the area of origin of P. rus orchards. kellyanus was also considered. Sampling and laboratory processing of speci- mens. Samples were collected during the flowering period, from March to May 2006–2007, from citrus MATERIALS AND METHODS orchards in the central and other districts of An- Crop pattern in districts. Citrus, pomegranate, talya province, e.g., Alanya, Demre, Finike, Gazi- greenhouse vegetables (mainly cucumber, egg- pas¸a, , Kumluca, Manavgat and Serik. The I˙. TEKS¸AM and I.˙ TUNC¸ 457

Table1. Number of samples collected in each district, citrus species and year

Number of samples per citrus species and per year Total District Grapefruit Lemon Mandarin Orange Sour orange

2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007

Gazipas¸a — — 3— 1— 1131 — — 15 31 Alanya — 2 4 18 1 — 28 71 — — 33 91 Manavgat — — 4 5 8 9 33 56 — — 45 70 Serik — 8 — 25 — 1 10 16 — 11 10 61 Central 3 12 5 13 4 — 35 30 — — 47 55 Kemer — — — — — — 5 — — — 5 — Kumluca — — 1 1 — — 26 15 — — 27 16 Finike — — — 7 1 — 14 47 — — 15 54 Demre — — 3 — — — 9 22 — — 12 22 Total 3 22 20 69 15 10 171 288 0 11 209 400 citrus species sampled were sour orange Citrus au- flowers or flower buds in 67 citrus orchards from rantium L., lemon Citrus limon (L.) Burm., grape- all districts mentioned except Kemer in 2007. fruit Citrus paradise (Macfadyen), mandarin Cit- Flower samples were put into polyethylene bags rus reticulata (Blanco) and orange Citrus sinensis containing paper sheets to absorb excess moisture, (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae). Influorescences at four di- transported in ice-boxes to the laboratory, and re- rections of randomly selected trees were beaten on tained in a refrigerator for subsequent thrips extrac- a white tray measuring 20308 cm. The number tion and examination. of the trees selected for each sample varied be- Percentage of scarred fruits. About 1,000 tween 1–5 depending on the thrips load in flowers. young fruits at four directions of trees selected ran- Thrips were collected with a fine paint brush into domly from 13 orchards were examined for scars 8 small glass vials containing a mixture of 9 parts weeks after petal fall in 2007. All kinds of scars in- 60% ethyl alcohol with 1 part glacial acetic acid. cluding those which are likely caused by wind were Counting and identification was carried out under a counted (Fig. 2). Scars caused by thrips (Fig. 3) are stereomicroscope, and representative specimens ring shaped around stem end of the fruit and some- were prepared for slide mounting by clearing in a times may extend downwards along the sides of the lactophenol mixture (a 1 : 1 mixture of lactic acid fruit (Broughton and De Lima, 2002). and phenol on weight basis) and mounting in Hoyer’s medium. A total of 10,713 thrips speci- RESULTS mens from 609 samples were examined. District and host index. To analyse distribution Composition, distribution and abundance of pattern of a given thrips species in the districts or species on citrus species a simple district or host index was A total of 36 thrips species were recorded (Table used. District and host indices were calculated as 2). The species found are listed with their fre- follows: quency (total number of samples where a given District indextotal number of individuals of a species was present) and abundance (total number given thrips species in the district/total number of individuals collected for a given species). All of samples in the district. major species were from the family Thripidae; rep- Host indextotal number of individuals of a resentatives of Aeolothripidae and Phlaeothripidae given thrips species on the host species/total were relatively less common. The survey revealed number of samples from the host species. the presence in Antalya of the serious citrus pest, Number of thrips per flower. For comparison P. kellyanus. The most notable species, present in of abundance of thrips with other countries addi- at least 10% of samples, were in descending order tional samples were collected consisting of 50 T. major, F. occidentalis, T. tabaci, T. meridionalis, 458 Thysanoptera Associated with Citrus

district. Its district index for Alanya was 4.0 but 0.5 or less for other districts. Similarly, T. angusticeps and T. meridionalis were localized in Manavgat where these species had a higher district index than elsewhere. Based on the district index and the per- centage of specimens in total number of specimens collected in a given district T. major was the domi- nant species in Gazipas¸a, Alanya, Manavgat and central districts, while F. occidentalis was the dom- inant in Serik and Demre.

Distribution on citrus species Fig. 2. Scars likely caused by wind on young orange fruit. F. occidentalis, T. angusticeps, T. major and T. tabaci were recorded on all citrus species inves- tigated whereas P. kellyanus and T. meridionalis were not found or represented with very low num- bers on sour orange and mandarin (Table 4). The highest host indices for F. occidentalis, P. kellyanus and T. major were calculated in mandarin, lemon and grapefruit, respectively. P. kellyanus had a markedly higher, 3.6 vs. 0.8, host index on lemon than other citrus species. Based on the percentage of specimens in total number of specimens collected on a given citrus species and the host index, T. major predominated thrips fauna Fig. 3. Scars caused by P. kellyanus on young orange on sour orange, grapefruit and orange. However fruit. F. occidentalis was the most abundant species on lemon and mandarin. T. angusticeps and P. kellyanus. The thrips fauna An analysis of samples (only those containing was dominated by T. major, this being found in more than 10 specimens are included) on the basis 84.4% of the samples and constituting 51.1% of of individual orchards revealed that each of the the specimens. The second major species F. occi- major species has the potential to dominate a cer- dentalis was present in 55.8% of the samples and tain number of orchards though T. major predomi- constituted 22.2% of the specimens collected. The nated the highest number of orchards in all citrus other four species were found in 12.0–28.4% of the species (Table 5). samples and represented 4.4–6.7% of the total number of specimens. The number of thrips Number of thrips per flower and percentage of species found increased from 21 in 2006 to 33 in scarred fruits 2007 as the number of samples increased from 209 Average number of thrips per citrus flower to 400 (Table 2). An increase in frequency and ranged between 0.26 and 0.55 depending on the abundance of F. occidentalis and P. kellyanus was citrus species (Table 6). Percentage of scarred found in 2007 compared to 2006. fruits ranged between 0.8 and 2.4% among the or- chards of various citrus species (Table 7). Distribution in districts F. occidentalis, T. major and T. tabaci were pres- DISCUSSION ent in citrus orchards of all districts, while the other major species, P. kellyanus, T. angusticeps The thrips fauna on citrus varies between parts and T. meridionalis, were less frequent and tended of the world. The species found in Antalya differ to be localized (Table 3). The majority (85.4%) of from those in Florida (Childers and Nakahara, P. kellyanus specimens were collected in Alanya 2006), Australia (Blank and Gill, 1997) and New I˙. TEKS¸AM and I.˙ TUNC¸ 459

Table2. The list, frequency and abundance of Thysanoptera species found on citrus in Antalya in 2006 and 2007

Frequencya Abundanceb Overall Overall per year per year frequency abundance List No. Family and species 2006 2007 2006 2007 Number % Number %

Aeolothripidae 1 Aeolothrips collaris Priesner 5 17 5 32 22 3.6 37 0.3 2 Aeolothrips ericae Bagnall 4 1 4 1 5 0.8 5 0.1 3 Aeolothrips gloriosus Bagnall 29 31 38 38 60 9.9 76 0.7 4 Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall — 3 — 3 3 0.5 3 0.1 5 Melanthrips fuscus Sulzer 22 18 35 21 40 6.6 56 0.5 6 Melanthrips pallidior Priesner 4 3 4 3 7 1.1 7 0.1 7 Melanthrips trifasciatus Priesner — 1 — 1 1 0.2 1 0.1 8 Rhipidothrips brunneus Williams 2 — 2 — 2 0.3 2 0.1 9 Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel — 2 — 3 2 0.3 3 0.1 Thripidae 10 Anaphothrips obscurus Müller 1 5 1 5 6 1.0 6 0.1 11 Aptinothrips rufus (Haliday) — 3 — 4 3 0.5 4 0.1 12 Chirothrips manicatus Haliday — 1 — 1 1 0.2 1 0.1 13 Dendrothrips phyllireae (Bagnall) 1 1 1 1 2 0.3 2 0.1 14 Frankliniella intonsa Trybom 3 24 3 92 27 4.4 95 0.9 15 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 93 247 360 2,017 340 55.8 2,377 22.2 16 Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) — 3 — 3 3 0.5 3 0.1 17 Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski — 2 — 2 2 0.3 2 0.1 18 Limothrips cerealium Haliday 11 14 15 21 25 4.1 36 0.3 19 Oxythrips ajugae Uzel — 7 — 7 7 1.1 7 0.1 20 Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) 6 67 7 577 73 12.0 584 5.5 21 Rubiothrips vitalbae (Bagnall) — 2 — 2 2 0.3 2 0.1 22 Thrips angusticeps Uzel 34 82 89 633 116 19.0 722 6.7 23 Thrips italicus (Bagnall) — 3 — 4 3 0.5 4 0.1 24 Thrips major Uzel 181 333 1,625 3,854 514 84.4 5,479 51.1 25 Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) 69 58 119 353 127 20.9 472 4.4 26 Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus 3 — 6 — 3 0.5 6 0.1 27 Thrips tabaci Lindeman 44 129 96 546 173 28.4 642 6.0 Phlaeothripidae 28 Cephalothrips monilicornis (Reuter) — 1 — 1 1 0.2 1 0.1 29 Haplothrips aculeatus Priesner 1 7 1 8 8 1.3 9 0.1 30 Haplothrips andresi Priesner — 1 — 1 1 0.2 1 0.1 31 Haplothrips bolacophilus Priesner 1 — 1 — 1 0.2 1 0.1 32 Haplothrips distinguendus (Uzel) 5 16 5 22 21 3.4 27 0.3 33 Haplothrips flavicinctus (Karny) 1 1 1 1 2 0.3 2 0.1 34 Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) — 7 — 28 7 1.1 28 0.3 35 Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) — 3 — 3 3 0.5 3 0.1 36 Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz — 4 — 7 4 0.7 7 0.1 Total 209c 400c 2,418 8,295 609cd10,713 100

a Number of samples in which the species was found. b Number of individuals. c Total number of samples exceeds this figure since one sample may contain several species. d Total of percentages exceeds 100 for the same reason.

Zealand (Broughton and De Lima, 2002), but are among species commonly encountered on Mediter- similar to those found in other Mediterranean ranean citrus (Conti et al., 2001, 2003; Kersting countries including Portugal. F. occidentalis, H. et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2006). Although H. haem- haemorrhoidalis, P. kellyanus, Thrips flavus orrhoidalis exists in Turkey (Alkan, 1962) no reli- Schrank, T. major, T. meridionalis and T. tabaci are able records are available associating this species 460 Thysanoptera Associated with Citrus Thrips tabaci Thrips tabaci 0.1 11 0.4 Thrips Thrips of the species a of the species a Thrips major Thrips major 0.1 1,210 9.8 48 0.4 44 0.4 Number of individuals and host index Number of individuals Number of individuals and district index Number of individuals 0.10.1 594 33 5.2 0.5 1,599 13.9 359 5.1 331 2.9 0 25 0 0.2 36 0.5 0.1 0 0 591 12.8 55 1.2 6 0.1 istribution of major thrips species on citrus species in Antalya in 2006–2007 istribution of major thrips species on citrus species in Antalya istribution of major thrips species on citrus in districts of Antalya in 2006–2007 istribution of major thrips species on citrus in districts of Antalya ankliniella Pezothrips ankliniella Pezothrips Thrips ankliniella Pezothrips ankliniella Pezothrips Thrips .D occidentalis kellyanus angusticeps meridionalis occidentalis kellyanus angusticeps meridionalis Fr Fr .D No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index No. Index e4 e3 bl bl Ta Ta otal number of otal number of T T uals ples index uals ples index individ- sam- general individ- sam- general total number of individuals of the species in district/total number samples from district. total number of individuals ¸a 718 46 15.6 20 0.4 2 Citrus species emerumluca 500 16 43 5 11.6 3.2 212 1 4.9 0.2 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.1 0 217 5.0 7 1.4 8 0.2 2 41 0.4 1.0 5 1.0 inike 1,148 69 16.6 305 4.4 35 0.5 5 0.1 343 5.0 8 0.1 423 6.1 otal 10,713 609 2,377 584 722 5,479 472 642 District otal 10,713 609 2,377 584 722 5,479 472 642 CentralK K 1,481F Demre 102T 14.5 457 284 34 2.8 13.4 241 41 7.1 0.4 83 0 0.8 0 958 0 9.4 0 17 195 0.2 5.7 47 3 0.5 0.1 15 0.4 Gazipas AlanyaManavgatSerik 1,950 3,253 124 115 1,190 15.7 28.3 71 584 68 16.8 5.1 0.5 662 499 9.3 4 4.0 3 1 GrapefruitLemonMandarin 631OrangeSour orange 1,448 25 477T 7,933 224 89 25.2 25 459 16.3 11 19.1 151 17.3 20.4 594 237 1,300 6.0 95 6.7 9.5 2.8 21 8.6 323 240 0.8 0 3.6 0 0.5 0 21 8 0 586 0.8 106 0.1 1.3 1 411 4.2 4,579 270 16.4 0.1 101 10.1 3.0 4.0 9 118 413 49 10.7 0.4 0.9 1 0.6 549 0 11 62 1.2 0 0.4 0.7 9 0.8 District index Host index=total number of individuals of the thrips species on host/total number samples from host. number of individuals Host index=total a a I˙. TEKS¸AM and I.˙ TUNC¸ 461

Table5. Number of citrus orchards dominated by major thrips species in Antalya in 2006–2007 (only samples containing 10 or higher specimens are included)

Number of orchards dominated Thrips species Total Grapefruit Lemon Mandarin Orange

Frankliniella occidentalis 0101 21 32 Pezothrips kellyanus 12069 Thrips angusticeps 10157 Thrips major 4137 95 119 Thrips meridionalis 01034 Thrips tabaci 01078 Total 6 27 9 137 179

Table6.Average number of thrips per flower in citrus frequency and abundance of individual thrips orchards of Antalya in 2007 species as certain species tended to occur in higher numbers in certain districts and citrus species. No. of Average no. Citrus species orchards thrips per flower However, as shown below, misinterpretation of these data was avoided to some extent by referring Grapefruit 5 0.30 to district and host indices. Lemon 3 0.29 The major thrips species on citrus in Antalya are Mandarin 2 0.55 all polyphagous, so differences in the abundance of Orange 57 0.26 different species between districts possibly results Total/average 67 0.35 from differences in the nearby crops and wild flora. For instance, the greenhouse and cotton pest, F. oc- Table7.Percentage of fruits with scars in citrus orchards cidentalis, was common on citrus in the major in Antalya in 2007 greenhouse district Demre, and in the major cotton growing district Serik, where citrus orchards are Average no. Scarred Orch. Citrus thrips scattered among greenhouses or cotton fields. F. District-site fruits No. species per occidentalis is active throughout year (˙I. Tun¸c, un- (%) samplea published data) thus its outdoor populations estab- lished on alternative hosts after harvest of cotton 1 Alanya-Oba Grapefruit 18.0 1.2 and greenhouse populations as well may migrate to 2 Alanya-Oba Lemon 15.2 1.9 citrus in spring. In the polyculture district of Man- 3 Manavgat-Yeniköy Mandarin 64.2 2.1 4 Alanya-Konaklı Orange 23.3 2.4 avgat citrus orchards are mixed with fields of the 5 Alanya-Oba Orange 23.2 1.1 preferred hosts of T. angusticeps, cereals and 6 Demre-Alakent Orange 21.5 1.0 legumes, and the district index of the species was 7 Demre-Kö¸skerler Orange 18.7 0.8 highest there. 8Finike-Sahilkent Orange 11.3 0.9 Localization of P. kellyanus in the Alanya dis- 9Finike-Sahilkent Orange 23.5 1.1 10 Finike-Hasyurt Orange 20.2 1.2 trict is possibly related to slightly warmer weather 11 Kumluca Orange 11.7 1.2 of that district, its mean annual temperature being 12 Manavgat-Ta¸sagˇıl Orange 17.4 0.8 0.5–1.1°C higher than in the other citrus growing 13 Manavgat-Evrenseki Orange 33.0 1.3 districts. This area is protected from cold north

a winds by the abruptly rising . One sample consists of numerous flowers or flower buds. It should be noted that even consistent occur- rence of a given thrips species on a given citrus with citrus fauna in this country. species does not necessarily mean that a thrips Nevertheless the number of samples from each breeds on it. However, a host index of 3 or 4 times district and citrus species, and in each year varied higher than the nearest citrus species suggests that and this may have had some impact on the overall mandarin and lemon are preferred as a host by T. 462 Thysanoptera Associated with Citrus

Fig. 4. Annual host sequence of Thrips major in Antalya based on data collected in 1988–1989 by Tunç (1991b). Shaded areas indicate the periods T. major was collected. angusticeps and P. kellyanus, respectively. Lemon 2007), although it was reported as a pest of citrus was among the preferred hosts of P. kellyanus in in Korea (DongHwang et al., 2000) and Japan New Zealand (Blank and Gill, 1997), also in Oeste (Tsuchiya and Furuhashi, 1993). region of Portugal (Costa et al., 2006). The absence The only existing record of T. major as a pest of or low incidence of P. kellyanus on mandarin both citrus is from North Africa where its feeding on in the present study and in New Zealand (Blank flowers and newly formed fruits was reported to and Gill, 1997), suggests non-preference by the cause scars on the rind (Bournier, 1963). T. major thrips for this citrus species. builds up populations on numerous plants flower- The reason for the increase in area and abun- ing at different times from September to May, thus dance of F. occidentalis and P. kellyanus in 2007 its abundance peaks at the flowering period of cit- compared to 2006 is not known. However, mean rus in Antalya (Tunç, 1991b) (Fig. 4). Future stud- annual temperature was 1.4°C higher in 2007 than ies should consider to find out whether T. major 2006 (20.1 vs. 18.7°C), and annual precipitation and other important thrips species compete with lower (568 vs. 1,324 mm). Further investigations P. kellyanus for pollen and nectar and thereby sup- are required to establish if this indicates some press it on citrus in Turkey in the fashion Thrips effect of global climate change. obscuratus (Crawford) likely does in New Zealand The only thrips that damage citrus fruit are those (Blank and Gill, 1997). that feed on the developing fruits, just as, or soon Infestation of citrus flowers by the polyphagous after, the petals fall, not those that feed only on T. tabaci seems to be common in various countries pollen and floral tissues. P. kellyanus is the only it is, however, rarely considered a pest of citrus. It species amongst those recorded here that is known was reported to cause damage in greenhouse to feed on very young citrus fruits. The other grown Satsuma mandarin in Japan (Tsuchiya, species listed here from citrus flowers are not gen- 2002). erally regarded as citrus pests, and there are very Data on thrips abundance in relation to propor- few reports of any of these species damaging this tion of scarred fruits is lacking. However the abun- crop. F. occidentalis, for the reasons to be discov- dance of thrips in citrus flowers is apparently lower ered, replaced T. tabaci and became the single in Antalya than in other citrus growing areas where thrips pest in all greenhouse crops, vegetable or thrips are pests, such as up to 50 P. kellyanus or 56 ornamental (Bulut and Göçmen, 2000; Kılıç and T. obscuratus per lemon flower in New Zealand Yoldas¸, 2004) and replaced Frankliniella intonsa (Blank and Gill, 1997); or up to 200 Frankliniella Trybom on cotton (Atakan, 2003). However it was bispinosa (Morgan) per citrus flower in Florida able to dominate the thrips fauna of citrus only in (Childers and Nakahara, 2006). some orchards in Antalya. Similarly, in southern The proportion of citrus fruits with injury attrib- Italy F. occidentalis is not considered a pest of cit- utable to thrips is also much lower in Antalya than rus (Marullo, 2001). Moreover, this thrips did not other countries. P. kellyanus led to scarred fruit at cause scarring of citrus fruits in Cyprus (Vassiliou, levels of 20–40% in New Zealand (Blank and Gill, I˙. TEKS¸AM and I.˙ TUNC¸ 463

1997), Australia (Baker et al., 2001), Sicily (Conti abundance the presence of P. kellyanus itself in An- et al., 2001) and Cyprus (Vassiliou, 2007). Scars talya deserves attention as the experience in other caused on rind by P. kellyanus in Turkey and other countries suggests. Further investigations are re- countries are similar to those caused by Scir- quired to determine the pest status of the most tothrips species, S. auranti, S. citri and S. dorsalis. common and abundant species T. major and F. oc- The only difference is that Scirtothrips species as cidentalis. leaf inhabiting species may inflict some damage in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS leaves also (Blank and Gill, 1997). Recently attention has been focused on the ques- Authors are much thankful to Laurence A. Mound D.Sc. tion of the country of origin of P. kellyanus. (CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia) for constructive Species of the genus Pezothrips are found only in criticism of a former draft of the manuscript. The comments of two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript. This the Western Palaearctic, with the exception of study was supported by the Scientific Projects Administration P. kellyanus which was described from Australia in Unit of Akdeniz University. 1916 (zur Strassen, 2000; Webster et al., 2006). The first record of P. kellyanus from the Western REFERENCES Palaearctic Region was from Greece based on the Alkan, B. (1962) Preliminary investigations on pest specimens collected in 1981 (zur Strassen, 1986; Thysanoptera of Turkey. 1962 Yearbook of Ankara Uni- Palmer, 1987). Currently the species is recorded in versity Faculty of Agriculture 3-4: 195–201 (in Turkish with German summary). Europe from Turkey, Israel, Greece, Italy, Sicily, Anonymous (1984) Integrated Pest Management for Citrus. Netherlands, Spain, Portugal (zur Strassen, 2003), University of California, California. 144 pp. also Cyprus (Kersting et al., 2005). Atakan, E. (2003) Investigation on Frankliniella occidentalis P. kellyanus was not recorded in Antalya (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) damage on cotton province during a survey conducted in 1988–1989, plant. Türk. Entomol. Derg. 27: 39–49 (in Turkish with during which approximately 10,000 thrips speci- English summary). Baker, G., M. Keller, A. Mac Gregor, D. Jackman and S. mens from 177 plant species, including citrus, Purvis (2001) Development of an integrated pest man- were examined (Tunç, 1992a). At least three possi- agement system for thrips in citrus: summary, conclu- bilities may be put forward to explain why P. sions and recommendations of the 1997–2000 Kelly’s kellyanus was absent in the samples collected year citrus thrips research project. http://www.sardi.sa.gov. around in 1988 and 1989, but present in 2006 and au/pages/ento/hort_pests/kct_report97_00.htm:sectID 960&tempID1 2007. Though the sampling method was same in Blank, R. H. and G. S. C. 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