Development of high-temperature geothermal energy in the French West Indies (FWI) Bernard Sanjuan

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Bernard Sanjuan. Development of high-temperature geothermal energy in the French West Indies (FWI): Key Note speaker. Geothermal DHC digital Workshop - Geothermal energy use for heating and electricity in volcanic islands - EGEC Geothermal, Geothermal DHC (Towards Decarbonized Heating and Cooling) - European COoperation in Science and Technology (ECOST), Oct 2020, Héraklion - Crête, Greece. ￿hal-03022533￿

HAL Id: hal-03022533 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03022533 Submitted on 24 Nov 2020

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES (FWI)

B. SANJUAN (BRGM – GEOTHERMAL DIVISION, GEO-RESOURCE DIVISION)

GEOTHERMAL DHC DIGITAL WORKSHOP « POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE FOR HEATING AND PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY AT VOLCANIC ISLANDS » - THURSDAY 1ST OCTOBER 2020

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS (DOM)

 These departments are called « Not Interconnected Areas » (because not connected to the Metropolitan electrical network) and have particular legislations. These areas need a permanent equilibrium between energy production and consumption

France  Because of their isolation and geographical specificities, which limit the size of the production tools, the energy costs are much more higher than in metropolitan France (about two times)

 In order to compensate for this extra-cost, the public authority has established a national fee for the « Contribution to power utility » (CSPE)

Source : Observatoire Régional de l’Energie et du Climat (OREC) - Publication 2016

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 1 DOM: POWER PRODUCTION FROM 2010 TO 2015

 Similar power productions in Guadeloupe and Martinique  Martinique (photovoltaic and bagasse) and Guadeloupe (photovoltaic and geothermal energy) have the lowest amounts of renewable energies  If the proportion of renewable energies is increasing, for the moment, it remains only an additional support to the fossil energies (fuel and coal), which are the main sources of energy for power production, especially in Guadeloupe and Martinique  From an environmental point of view, these territories represent biodiversity reservoirs which must be taken into account and preserved

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 2 THE ENERGETIC CHALLENGE

 Law of the Energy Transition (2015): 50% of renewable energy in the French Overseas Departments in 2020  Energy autonomy in 2030  The sensitivity of the electrical systems, observed in these areas, has conducted to limit to 30% of the power injected in the electrical network the contributions of the intermittent energies (solar, wind), sources of weakness of the network (ministerial ruling on 23/04/08). So, it is necessary to develop smarts grids in order to best manage the energetic mix  The objectives of the law of the Energy Transition cannot be attained at a sustainable cost for the collectivity, without the development of the geothermal energy, continuously available (24h/24), and at a competitive cost  Perspectives : 100 MWe in 2023 in the French Overseas Departments

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 3 USES AND ADVANTAGES OF THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Uses o Power / Heat / Cold Advantages o Local and non intermittent renewable energy o Competitive cost of production o Important potential o Low land occupation o Limited impacts o Source of local jobs o Reduced and stable operational costs Weaknesses o Delays o Important initial investments (high costs for drilling wells) o Geological risks o Societal acceptance (environmental integration) BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 4 INDUSTRIAL CHALLENGE FOR THE DOM

 Geothermal energy is a mature technology at the worldwide scale: 13 GWe installed in 2015 (against 18,5 GWe expected) 70 GWe are expected in 2050 (+70 GWe EGS)

 It must be noted that, in the French Overseas Departments (but also in all the Caribbean islands), new geothermal projects have difficulty being developed (the Bouillante geothermal plant is the alone example in this region)

 The situation for the French Overseas Departments is particular:

o a specific geological and geographical context o insular constraints (small power stations and no possibility of external connection)

o important ecological sensitivity and population density in the coastal areas => strengthened environmental requirements

 It is necessary to develop tailor-made geothermal projects

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 5 GEODYNAMIC CONTEXT OF THE LESSER ANTILLES VOLCANIC ARC

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 6 VOLCANO-TECTONIC REGIONAL CONTEXT

 Location of the Bouillante field at the intersection of the transform fault system Montserrat - Les Saintes N160° and the fault system of the Marie-Galante Graben (E-W)

 Volcanic substratum: Bouillante volcanic chain (0,8 - 0,5 Ma) on the flanks of the “Axiale chain”

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 7 HISTORY OF THE BOUILLANTE GEOTHERMAL FIELD

1963 1970 1977 1980 1986 1992 1995199619981999 2005 2016 2020

BRGM + BRGM BRGM investigation works ORMAT EURAFREP Exploration (1995-2016) MT works + exploration BO-4 thermal tests on wells stimulation (1998-1999) EURAFREP : GB (2000-2002) : Partial reinjection into wells BO-1, BO-2, wells BO-5, BO-6, BO-2, since 2014 BO-3, BO-4 BO-7

EURAFREP-EDF GB (2003-2005) : (1980-1986) : Bouillante 1 B2 unit construction construction EDF (1986-1992) : GB (since 1995, with B1 complete rehabilitation B1 exploitation in 1996) : B1 exploitation (4.5 MWe) (4.2 MWe) GB (since 2005) : B2 exploitation (11 MWe) 1998: ≈ 2% island 2005-2020: annual electricity ≈ 5 à 6% Géothermie Bouillante S.A. - GB (BRGM majority group, EDF group) : 1995 - 2016 GB (64% ORMAT, 15% BRGM group, 21% Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations) : since 2016 Production wells (in red) BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 8 BOUILLANTE CURRENT CONFIGURATION

NW SE Platform of the wells 200 200 Faille de BO-4, BO-5, BO-6 and Faille de Descoudes Steam pipe and Cocagne 0 BO-7 Niveau de la mer phase separator 0 0 0

200 Ravine Blanche Pumping -200 200 -200 4 0 00 station 40 BO-2 -400 -400

6 0 00 60 Unit Bouillante 2 600

(10 MWe) -600 -600 8 0 00 80

800

00 10 10 -800 00 -800

position de la principale zone 1000 productrice 120 0 0 Unit Bouillante 1 -1000 120 -1000 BO-6 140 (4.75 MWe) and 1200 0

well BO-2 -1200 BO-7 -1200

Bouillante 1400

town -1400 -1400 Bouillante Bay BO-4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0 200 M

N

1784000 1784000 1783800 BO-6 1783800 Unit Bouillante 2 Faille de la Baie BO-3 BO-2 1200 1200 BO-5 1000

1000 1783600 Faille de Cocagne 1783600 800 BO-1 800

600 600 Faille de Plateau 400

400 200

1783400 1783400

200 0 0 0 200 1590.500 400

600

BO-4 1783200 800 1783200 Faille de Descoudes

1000

1200 Unit Bouillante 1 1400

K

1783000 1783000

BO-7

1782800 1782800

631800 632000 632200 632400 632600 632800

0 200 M

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 9 METHODS OF SURFACE EXPLORATION USED IN THE BOUILLANTE AREA Bouillante concession (17 June 2009) for 50 years

 Geology

o Structural geology (1996-2013) o Hydrothermal manifestations (mainly in 1996-2008) o Age determinations, especially in 2006-2008 and 2013 (Verati et al., 2013) : the Bouillante geothermal system could have started since about 0,3 Ma, according to several samples of adularia collected in a hydrothermal breccia  Geophysics

o High-resolution marine reflection seismic (2003) o Offshore and onshore magnetic survey (2003-2005) o Dipole-dipole electrical panel (2004-2007) o Broad-band seismology (2004-2013) o MT survey (2017)

 Geochemistry

o Geochemistry of thermal waters (1996-2013) o Chemical analyses of the soil gases (2003-2004)

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 10 SYNTHESIS OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION CAMPAIGNS (Sanjuan, 2001; Millot et al., 2010)

35,0

30,0 MerSeawater

25,0 Mixing hyperbola between 20,0 Hyperbole de mélange entre fluide géothermal et eau de mer 87 86 3500 geothermal(résultats semblables fluid sur diagramme and seawaterSr/ Sr - Li/Cl)

3000 (‰) Li seawater 7 2500 δ 15,0 2000

(mg/l) Submarine 4 thermal 1500 10,0 GeothermalFluide géothermal fluid SO 1000 springs thermal springs Sources thermales sous-marines 7 δ7 500 deep fluid δ Li =Li 4.4 = 4,4 ± ±0.3‰ 0,3‰ 0 5,0 0 10000 20000 30000 8000

6000 deep fluid 0,0

4000 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0

Li (µg/l) Li thermal 4 2000 springs Li/Cl (x10 )

0 seawater 0 10000 20000 30000 Cl (mg/l) The deep fluid discharged from the Bouillante production wells is constituted of 58% seawater et 42% freshwater The deep fluid has acquired its chemical and isotopic composition after interaction with volcanic rocks at 250-260°C The water of all the submarine thermal springs is constituted of a mixing between this type of fluid and seawater  this suggests the existence of a big common geothermal reservoir

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 11 MAIN AREAS OF DEEP GEOTHERMAL WATER ESCAPES IN THE BOUILLANTE REGION (Sanjuan, 2001)

Fluid mixtures: 93% SW - 7% deep geothermal fluid (DGF) sampled at 62°C 80% SW - 20% GF (72°C) 58% SW - 42% GF (96°C)

Bouillante 3

62% SW - 38% DGF (92°C) 48% SW - 52% DGF (94°C)

Traineau et al. (2015)

Bouillante 2

Bouillante 4 ?  Bouillante 2 extension: new exploitation wells (10 MWe)  Bouillante 3: 3-4 exploration wells to drill, in the North 64% SW - 26% MW - 10% DGF (55°C) of the bouillante Bay (30 MWe expected at mean term) 11% SW - 48% MW - 41% DGF (54°C)  Bouillante 4: in the South of the Bouillante Bay (15 MWe?)  The installation of 60 MWe represents an investment of about 180 M€ (3 M€/MWe), with local expenses (civil engineering, technical subcontracting…). The power stations can generate an annual turnover of about 60 M€, with an important impact on the local employment (direct jobs, maintenance)

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 12 GUADELOUPE ISLAND: TOWARDS GREEN ENERGIES

Energetic mix in 2012 and foreseen electrical mix in 2030 (in % network production)  Bouillante annual current electricity production: 80-110 GWh (15 MWe, 120-130 tons/h steam)

 Several monitoring methods, modelling works and fluid reinjection have been developed to optimize and secure the Bouillante geothermal exploitation: o monitoring methods: soil thermometry, geophysics (seismic, gravity, InSAR…), fluid geochemistry (production fluids and fluids discharged from neighbouring thermal springs…) o modelling works: 3D-geological modelling, hydro/thermo/geochemical modelling of the Bouillante reservoir and wells, including results from chemical tracer tests o operational partial reinjection fluid (100 tons/h), since 2015 Source: « Décryptages Janvier / Février 2014, lettre de la Commission de Régulation de l’Energie (CRE) »

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 13 EXPLORATION WORKS IN THE MARTINIQUE ISLAND

 History

o 1967-1970: BRGM surface geothermal exploration Montagne Pelée (geology, fluid and gas geochemistry, geophysics) in (Test. ≈ 180-200°C) numerous areas of the island (Lamentin plain, Montagne Pelée, Anse d’Arlets, Morne Rouge, etc.) and drilling of an exploration well (about 90°C) in the Lamentin plain

o 1977-1985: new BRGM evaluation of the geothermal potential

o 2001: drilling of 3 exploration wells in the Lamentin plain (Tmax. = 95°C in only one well) Lamentin plain (T = 90-95°C) o 2002-2003: new BRGM geothermal exploration and determination of two favourable areas for high- temperature geothermal exploitation (Anse Anse d’Arlets d’Arlets, Montagne Pelée, temperatures estimated (Test. ≈ 180-200°C) at about 180-200°C)

o 2010-2020: additional BRGM exploration works in the Lamentin plain and Anse d’Arlets area for geothermal developments at low (cold production) and high- temperatures (electricity production), respectively

 No exploited area for the moment, but some requests of permit for geothermal developments

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 14 POSSIBLE GEOTHERMAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE DOMINICA ISLAND?

 Develop geothermal energy for power production in the Dominica Island (3 promising exploration wells in the Roseau Valley area, funded by AFD and drilled by Iceland Drilling, in 2011) 54 km, depth 720 m max.  20 MWe for Dominica (less than 100 €/MWh)

59 km,  It could be envisaged to export a part depth 1530 m max. of produced electricity to the Guadeloupe (40 MWe) and the Martinique (40 MWe) French Islands, via an interconnection using submarine cables (450 M€)

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 15 MAIN CONCLUSIONS

 Successful initiative of the geothermal energy progressing in the Guadeloupe island, transposable to the Martinique island. The development of geothermal electricity in the Lesser Antilles, a not intermittent renewable energy, is well adapted for these islands  The regulatory framework associated with the high-temperature geothermal energy is adapted. However, particular attention must be paid on the lead times of procedures  The incentive framework, which can be today improved (creation of GEODEEP funds), has not lead to the fast emergence of projects, the current limits being the risk coverage, the exploration financing, the community interests…  It is necessary to develop a really sustainable geothermal energy (the best environmental integration!) in these areas  Creation of a “Centre of Excellence in Geothermal Energy for Caribbean countries” (INTERREG V - TEC program) to promote and develop geothermal energy in these countries

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 16 MAIN PARTNERS, COLLABORATION, DELIVERABLES, …

Main deliverables (1996-2016) :

o about 20 scientific international papers o about 60 BRGM scientific and technical reports o about 60 oral presentations in international scientific congresses o several vulgarisation articles o 5 PhD Thesis (Antilles and Poitiers Universities) o about 20 internship reports (Masters 1 and 2, “Grande École”,…)

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR 17 Thank you for your attention ! www.geothermie-perspectives.fr

BRGM SERVICE GÉOLOGIQUE NATIONAL WWW.BRGM.FR