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Water Resource Planning Dr Peter Spillett

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Water Resource Planning Dr Peter Spillett Water Resource Planning Dr Peter Spillett Head of Environment, Quality and Sustainability Thames Water Water Resource Situation in the UK in 2000 n North & West Reservoirs in the north and west of the country emptied more rapidly in the hot summer of 1995. However, the west of the country is generally wetter o South East Drier than the north and west, and has the greatest demand and the fastest rate of increase in demand 11 p South West Occasional problems in summer due to tourists ! Water Resources Stressed Areas 22 !! Parts of the Thames and Trent basins, East Anglian and southern England are resource 33 sensitive Thames Water Utilities Ltd - Operational Area Grimsbury Banbury River Cherwell Stevenage River Lee Luton Bishop's Stortford Farmoor River Colne Cirencester Oxford Deephams River Thames Three Valleys Waltham Cross Water Coppermills Maple Lodge Medmenham Swindon Slough LONDON Beckton Gatehampton Dartford Mogden Crossness Axford Reading North Water Only Companies Surrey Newbury Kempton Long Reach River Kennet Water Hampton Sewerage Region Boundary Walton South East Water Water Region Boundary Sutton and Sevenoaks East Surrey Principal Water Treatment Works BasingstokeShalfor Water Principal Sewage Treatment Works d Guildford Groundwater Sources River Wey Crawley Reservoirs Haslemere London and River Thames from Space Existing Water Supply Infrastructure 8.1 million customers 98 water treatment works Hampton WTW is the largest 2869 M/l of water is put into supply each day (ave 2003/04) 31,454km of water mains London Ring Main 80km in length (longer than the channel tunnel) 23 surface reservoirs Background Thames Water supply area is divided up into 6 discreet Water Resource Zones (WRZ): – London – SWOX (Swindon and Oxfordshire) – Kennet Valley – Guildford – Henley – Slough / Wycombe / Aylesbury Water abstracted from either surface or groundwater sources London heavily reliant on surface water (90% of abstraction) Provinces more reliant on groundwater (70% of abstraction) Thames Water currently supplies in the region of 2869 Ml/d WATER RESOURCE ZONES Banbury NORTH OXFORDSHIRE SWINDON SLOUGH / WYCOMBE / AYLESBURY Stevenage R. Cherwell Bishop’s Stortford Luton R. Lee Cirencester Oxford R. Colne R. Thames THAMES VALLEY SOUTH LEE VALLEY Swindon OXFORDSHIRE London HENLEY R. Thames R. Kennet Reading Newbury KENNET VALLEY Basingstoke R. Wey SOUTH EAST GUILDFORD Average Rainfall Fig.1 (Source: www.worldclimate.com) 2500 2000 1500 mm / year 1000 500 0 Adelaide, Dallas, Istanbul, Jakarta, London, Los Paris, Rome, Kuala Australia USA Turkey Indonesia UK Angeles, France Italy Lumpur USA Hydrological Background - Thames Basin Rainfall 740 mm/yr Evaporation 510 mm/yr Effective Rainfall 230 mm/yr Equivalent to 8200 Ml/d Total abstraction 4500 Ml/d i.e. 55% of average effective rainfall is already abstracted. The Thames Basin is one of the most heavily used water resources systems in the world. A Twin Track Approach - Balancing Supply/Demand Resource Development Demand Management – Groundwater development – Leakage control – Artificial recharge – Metering – Surface water resources – Water efficiency Supply Demand What’s involved? Demand forecast data - Population Projections - Climate Change data Average and Peak demand - Leakage predictions forecasts - Metering activity - Household demand - Non Household demand - Water Efficiency Assumptions built into demand forecast to take account of the efficiencies derived from increased metering and use of water efficient goods in the future - Current abstractions Supply Forecast data - Future schemes - Transfers - Sustainability Reductions Components of demand In-house Non-household WC Flushing, Personal Washing, Agriculture/fishing/forestry Clothes Washing, House Cleaning, Mining/utilities/construction Dish Washing, Waste Disposal Unit, Food/drink/tobacco Cooking Water, Drinking Water Chemical industry Out-of-house Engineering Car washing, Lawn watering, Manufacturing Plant watering, Paddling/Swimming Business Services Pool, Other Public Services, Other Increase in Housing Demand Economic growth in UK and in SE England in particular – Forecast increase of 14% in service industry employment in Thames Water area – Increase in population in London Plan of c. 800,000 by 2016 (equivalent to extra 130 Ml/d demand) Changes in society – Smaller household units; occupancy forecast to reduce over next 30 years – Ageing population – Greater mobility leading to increase in migration in and around London Household Types and Size (England) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1971 1996 2021 Married Couple Cohabiting Couple Lone Parent Other Multi-Person One Person Consumption by Household Size (l/h/d) TW unweighted unmeasured hhld PCC by occupancy Apr 03 - Mar 04 201 183 154 134 130 124 Climate Change Scientific opinion (from UKCIP98 scenarios) is that climate change will result in a 0.5 – 1.5oC rise in temperatures in the South East by 2020. Impacts: – More extreme events with increased variability of rainfall, temperature, and evaporation affecting the hydrological cycle. – Generally, summers will be hotter and drier, with increased evaporation and lower river flows. – Clear link between temperature increases and peak water demand. – Overall, the average annual amount of rainfall may increase slightly, but the increased demand for water will occur when the environment is most stressed. Future Extremes – Warm and Wet Anomaly 2020s 2050s 2080s Mean Temperature A hot ‘1995-type’ year 3.4°C 1% 20% 63% warmer A warm’1999-type’ year 1.2°C 28% 73% 100% warmer Precipitation A dry ‘1995-type’ summer 37% drier 10% 29% 50% A wet ‘1994/95-type’ winter 66% wetter 1% 3% 7% Percentage of years experiencing various extreme seasonal anomalies across central England & Wales for the UKCIP02 Medium High Scenario relative to the 1961-1990 climate. Changing Rainfall Patterns Wetter winters Winter precipitation will increase for all periods under all scenarios by between 10% and 35% by the 2080s Wetter winters like the 1994/95 winter become more common Drier summers Very dry summers like 1995 may occur 30% of the time by 2050 under the Medium-High scenario Source: UKCIP02 Scientific Report Thames Catchment - Agreed Low Flows Grimsbury Banbury Stevenage R.Dikler R. Ch Luton Bishop's e r Stortford w R R . L e e . R.Windrush e C ll h u r n Ampney R.Bulbourne Brook Oxford Farmoor Cirencester es R. Tham R.Wye Lee Valley Blewbury e Swindon London Beckton R. Coln R.Lambourne es R.Pang R. Tham Crossness net Mogden R. Ken Reading Newbury t n e r Thames Valley a D . R Basingstoke Guildford y R. We Law Brook AMP3 Low Flow Investigations - eight investigations with reporting times Sulham and Tidmarsh Meadows SSSI, Berks (’03) Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain cSAC, Berks (’03) River Windrush, Oxon (‘03) Blewbury Ponds, Oxon (’03) Amwell-Magna Loop, Lee Valley, Herts (’04) Law Brook, Surrey (’05) River Dikler, Gloucs (’05) River Kennet SSSI, Wilts (’05) Future Sustainability Reductions Habitats Directive – potentially large impacts on licensed volumes up to and beyond 2010. Growing numbers of nationally and internationally designated sites of environmental interest. – UK has 991 internationally designated sites (Ramsar, cSAC, SPA), – A further 30 sites are currently being proposed. Environment Agency indicates many areas are either at the limit of abstraction or over abstracted for both surface and groundwater. Leakage History 1996 – Present Performance and Investment £90M 1300 ) Expenditure Leakage £80M 1200 e, CSL l sib £70M i 1100 e, V v ) cti £60M A ( 1000 d e (Ml/d £50M l Spen eakag ro 900 t L n y l £40M h t Co n e g 800 Mo eaka £30M l L a u n 700 n £20M A £10M 600 £0M 500 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 Leakage and Mains Replacement Leakage is key challenge for Thames Water and is currently at about 948Ml/d (2003/04 average) Made worse in London due to London clay and climatic shock £80 million spent on finding and fixing leaks involving 500 staff (2002/03) and increasing Use of sophisticated technology to detect leaks more effectively More than half Thames water mains are over 100 years old. Around a third are over 150 years old Initiated accelerated mains replacement programme to tackle issue which will replace 1830km of mains by 2010 Metering - Historic All new properties metered since 1989 using mechanical meters standard in the UK All sprinkler users and swimming pool owners to be metered Free meter option Target high non-essential users All commercial properties metered TWUL - Current Position 21% Domestic customers metered 20,000 Commercially assessed properties 8,000 meter optants / pa 23,000 new connections / pa Domestic meter growth currently 31,000 / pa Service costs high due to low installation volume across the estate Average revenue loss £40 / meter after tariff basket adjustment 91% external installation Reactive meter exchange Water Efficiency Promotion (1990 – 2003) Water audits Waterwise pack Waterwise web site Practical measures – Sensible Use of Water Appliances – Good housekeeping Metering Leakage Reduction Millennium Dome Water Efficiency Water Efficiency European water use relatively low Measured Per Capita Consumption Options include fixtures and fittings in new properties plus retrofit devices in existing properties. NL – Cistern displacement devices Australia – Low flow showers and taps America – Some devices becoming more efficient with time London (new) – On the other hand, increasing London ownership of power
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