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MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS by a Thesis Submitted to The Comparative hydrology of Mediterranean shrublands : promo 1990-1992 Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Andreassian, Vazken Paul Jerome. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 19:02:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192070 COMPARATIVE HYDROLOGY OF MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS by Vazken Paul Jérôme Andréassian A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1992 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Request for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS COMMITTEE This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Vicente L. Lopes Date Assistant Professor of Watershed Management i. "/E)wvt 10/1/5 2_ Richard H. Hawkins Date Professor of Watershed Management (t tTZ tojqi D. PilIip Guertin Date Assistant Professor of Watershed Management 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express sincere thanks to all the faculty members who helped me during the realization of this thesis. Dr Martin Fogel played a special role by helping me to get into the watershed management program, and provided a safe and quiet study haven in his office. Dr Vicente Lopes was helpful from the first day I came on campus. He followed closely the elaboration of my research plan, providing a continuous guidance and showing much interest and enthusiasm for my research. Dr Richard Hawkins was also helpful by providing his own software and unpublished studies for this research, and discussing rugby issues with me. Dr Philip Guertin initiated my interest for chaparral and encouraged me to look for foreign sources of data, he has therefore a special responsibility in this thesis. Dr Peter Ffolliott gave very useful advice in the early phase of this research, and helped me define better its topic. Dr Eric Parent at the ENGREF Paris, provided very efficient and strategic support of my project to come to study at the University of Arizona, which without him would have probably not been successful. The help of all the research institutions who made available their data for this study is gratefully acknowledged. Data were provided by Dr Jacques Lavabre (CEMAGREF, France), Mr David Scott (Jonkershoek Forestry Research Centre, South Africa), Dr Philip Riggan (USDA Forest Service, Riverside, California), Dr Malchus Baker (USDA Forest Service, Tempe, Arizona) and Dr J. Pifiol (CREAF, Spain). Financial support to study at the University of Arizona was provided by the Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt, and the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Programme des Bourses Lavoisier). However, the most important support of all has been the friendship of Michael Ellingson, of the members of the U of A rugby team, and the continuous encouragement of my family. My aunt Aghavni and my cousin Ida were a great support for the defense of this thesis. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 9 LIST OF TABLES 10 ABSTRACT 1 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 Hydrology and Ecology : a missing link? 13 1.2 Objective 15 1.3 Methods 16 1.4 Benefits achieved 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 19 2.1 Mediterranean-type shrubland ecosystems and their geographic repartition 19 2.1.1 Definition of mediterranean-type shrublands 19 2.1.2 Repartition of mediterranean-type shrublands 20 2.2 Evidences of ecological similarities between mediterranean shrublands 21 2.3 The need for Comparative Hydrology 24 2.4 Is there really a link between Ecology and Hydrology? 26 5 Table of Contents -- Continued Page CHAPTER THREE: NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE ANALYZED DATA. 28 3.1 Review of the watersheds used in the comparison 29 3.1.1 Mediterranean-type shrubland watersheds 29 3.1.1.1 France: Mal Collobrier (RC) Research Watersheds 31 3.1.1.2 South Africa 32 3.1.1.3 California (USA): San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF) 33 3.1.2 Non-mediterranean chaparral watershed 34 3.1.3 Mediterranean-type shrubland watershed used in validation 36 3.2 Limits to the analysis imposed by the data 37 CHAPTER FOUR: TESTING THE FIRST HYPOTHESIS 39 4.1 Characterization of Watershed Behavior using a two-slope linear rainfall-runoff model 39 4.1.1 Methodology used to separate baseflow using daily rainfall-runoff data 39 4.1.1.1 Use of Storm Data in hydrological analysis 39 4.1.1.2 Generation of stormflow data 40 6 Table of Contents -- Continued Page 4.1.2 Computation of model parameters and reasons why Hawkins' method was not used for comparative analysis 46 4.2 Establishment of regression-type relationships to describe the watersheds' dynamic hydrological behavior 48 4.2.1 Research of the best regression equations to describe mediterranean shrubland watersheds' hydrological behavior 48 4.2.2 Relationship between annual precipitation and streamflow values (Model 1) 49 4.2.3 Relationship between precipitation and streamflow during the wet season (Model 2) 54 4.2. 4 Relationship between precipitation and streamf low during the dry season (Model 3) 58 4.2.5 Watershed characterization using stormf low data 61 4.2.6 Conclusion relative to the 4 relationships chosen to describe mediterranean shrubland watersheds' hydrological behavior 65 4.3 Test of results homogeneity for Models 1 through 4 66 7 Table of Contents -- Continued Page 4.4 Selection of relevant and non-correlated identifiers by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) 69 4.4.1 Selection of identifiers 70 4.4.2 Discussion of the PCA results 74 4.4.3 Stepwise multiple regression analysis 76 4.4.4 Validation of Model 1 using an additional watershed 82 4.4.5 Conclusions relative to Hypothesis 1 83 CHAPTER FIVE: TESTING THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS 85 5.1 Assessment of botanical similarities between interior and coastal chaparral 85 5.2 Comparison of the hydrological behavior of chaparral in Arizona and California 86 5.3 Conclusions relative to Hypothesis 2 89 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 90 6.1 Summary of the procedures used and conclusions on the two hypotheses tested 90 6.2 Conclusions relative to the selected identifiers 91 6.3 Limits of the study 92 6.4 Recommendations 92 8 Table of Contents -- Continued Page APPENDIX A: Addresses of the Institutions that provided the data used in this study 95 APPENDIX B: Topographic maps of the watersheds used in this study 99 APPENDIX C : Plots of the four descriptive relationships used for watershed behavior characterization 107 LITERATURE CITED 136 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1 World Map of the Areas with Mediterranean-type Shrublands (Di Castri, 1981) 22 2.2 Degree of Ecological Similarity between the Different Mediterranean-type Shrublands of the World (Di Castri, 1981) 25 4.1 Separation of Baseflow and Stormflow 41 4.2 Baseflow Separation Using Daily Hydrographs 44 4.3 Two-straight-lines model for the rainfall-runoff relationship 47 4.4 Model 1 52 4.5 Model 2 56 4.6 Model 3 60 4.7 Model 4 63 10 LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Summary of the general characteristics of the mediterranean-type shrubland watersheds used in this study 30 3.2 General characteristics of the non-mediterranean chaparral watershed used in this study 35 3.3 General characteristics of the mediterranean-type shrubland watersheds used for validation 36 4.1 Summary of the storm events analyzed in this chapter 45 4.2 Coefficient values and significance level for Model 1 53 4.3 Coefficient values and significance level for Model 2 57 4.4 Coefficient values and significance level for Model 3 59 4.5 Comparison of Model 4 coefficients obtained when using original and matched (ranked) pairs 62 4.6 Climatic Variables Selected to Analyze Mediterranean Shrubland Watersheds' Behavior 71 4.7 Morphometric Variables Selected to Analyze Mediterranean Shrubland Watersheds' Behavior 72 4.8 Dynamic and Static Hydrological Output Variables Selected to Describe Mediterranean Shrubland Watersheds' Behavior 73 11 List of Tables -- continued Page 4.9 Multiple Regression Equations Obtained for the Hydrological Behavior Variables of the Mediterranean Shrubland Watersheds 78 4.10 Computed and estimated values of Model l's coefficients for Placer County Watershed A 82 5.1 Parameters Values of the Models 1 to 4 for the Interior and Coastal Chaparral Watersheds 87 5.2 Predicted Parameters Values for the Interior and Coastal Chaparral Watersheds 88 1 2 ABSTRACT A comparative hydrology approach was proposed to analyze the hydrological behavior of small mediterranean shrubland watersheds and provide a potential basis for regionalization studies. Four simple regression- type models were used to describe the behavior of nine mediterranean shrubland watersheds from France, California and South Africa. The values of the models' paramaters were found significantly different.
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