Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling In Ontario Aboriginal Communities

FIVE COMMUNITY FINAL RESEARCH REPORTS

1ST OF TWO PROJECT FINAL REPORTS

Prepared by:

Harold J. Wynne, Ph.D. and John McCready, Ph.D.

Submitted on Behalf of:

Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres and the Métis Nation of Ontario to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre

JUNE 2005

Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in this final report are those of the investigator(s), and do not necessarily represent the views of the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (OPGRC).

Note: Final research reports submitted to the OPGRC are reviewed and edited by the Centre’s staff prior to posting; however, to preserve the views and opinions offered by study participants in each of the Aboriginal communities, the contents of this document have not been edited as per this standard practice.

TABLE OF REPORTS

MOOSONEE ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY ………………………………………………… 1

NIAGARA REGION ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY ………………………………………... 46

NORTH BAY ABORGINAL COMMUNITY ………………………………………………… 85

OTTAWA ABORGINAL COMMUNITY …………………………………………………….. 119

THUNDER BAY ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY ……………………………………………. 181

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLGC) allocates a portion of gambling revenues to the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC) for treatment, prevention, and research to address the issue of problem gambling in Ontario. The funding for this research project was provided from this allocation. This contribution from the OLGC is gratefully acknowledged.

The MOHLTC and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (OPGRC) have been working together over the past five years to facilitate research into gambling and the issue of problem gambling in “special populations” (e.g., youth, seniors, ethnic, and aboriginal communities) in Ontario. The MOHLTC allocated funding for this research, which was managed by the OPGRC, and the contributions of these two organizations is gratefully acknowledged.

The Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres (OFIFC) (http://www.ofifc.org) and the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) (http://www.metisnation.org) are both active in providing leadership to programs and services for their people and communities throughout Ontario. The OFIFC and MNO formed a partnership to undertake this study of gambling and problem gambling in aboriginal communities in Ontario. This partnership provided effective oversight and consultation to the researchers and the communities.

The Métis Nation of Ontario also provided additional “training funding” to supplement the community budgets, which allowed the communities to complete their research tasks. This contribution is gratefully acknowledged.

A Regional Research Advisory Committee comprised of representatives from various Ontario community organizations, agencies, and government departments met as a group to provide advice to the aboriginal community representatives. The contribution of talent and time from these individuals helped shape the project.

Finally, credit for the successful completion of this research lies with the five communities themselves. In each community, a local agency stepped forward and agreed to serve as the research project sponsor, and this leadership was crucial to the success that was experienced. The people on each of the five Local Research Advisory Committees met, discussed, and made the research happen in each community. In every community, different individuals stepped forward to help with the research tasks, including writing the local research plans, collecting and interpreting data, and writing the final reports. The many community people who contributed to this research project are identified in each community final report. In the final analysis, this study begins to tell the story of gambling and problem gambling in each of the five aboriginal communities, to the great credit of the dedicated community people who participated.

PROJECT FINAL REPORTS

There are two separate, but related, project final reports that describe the design/methodology and contain the findings and conclusions from the research project entitled, Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities. Both of these reports are available from the Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres (http://www.ofifc.org), the Métis Nation of Ontario (http://www.metisnation.org) and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre website (http://www.gamblingresearch.org). Readers are encouraged to download and read both of the following two companion reports to gain a complete understanding of this research project.

Phase I – Research

In Phase I of this project, each of the five participating aboriginal communities completed exploratory research into gambling and problem gambling in their populations. Subsequently, each community wrote a final research report describing their experience and findings, and each of these five reports have been compiled into the first compendium research report entitled:

Report 1 – Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities. Five Community Final Research Reports

Drs. Wynne and McCready, the project co-investigators, then synthesized the findings and conclusions from these five aboriginal community research reports and prepared a second final summary research report entitled:

Report 2 – Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities. Final Summary Report.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community

Prepared by:

Moosonee Local Research Advisory Committee

Moosonee, Ontario

March 31, 2005

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...... 4

1. INTRODUCTION...... 5

1.1 Background ...... 5

1.2 Participants ...... 5

2. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION ...... 7

3. RESEARCH ...... 10

3.1 Purpose and Goals ...... 10

3.2 Research Questions...... 10

4. METHODS ...... 11

4.1 Community Survey...... 12

4.2 Focus Groups...... 12

4.3 Key Informant Interviews...... 13

4.4 Case Studies...... 14

5. FINDINGS ...... 14

6. CONCLUSIONS...... 29

APPENDIX I Community Survey Questionnaire ...... 33

APPENDIX II Focus Group Discussion Guide ...... 40

APPENDIX III Key Informant Interview Questionnaire...... 41

APPENDIX IV Case Study Interview Framework ...... 42

APPENDIX V Case Studies ...... 43

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 Prevalence of Gambling among Survey Respondents,...... 15

TABLE 2 Gambling Activities ...... 15

TABLE 3 Gambling Frequency ...... 16

TABLE 4 Gambling Duration...... 17

TABLE 5 Gambling Expenditure Monthly ...... 17

TABLE 6 Gambling Expenditure Most Spent...... 18

TABLE 7 Gender and Marital Status of Gamblers ...... 18

TABLE 8 Education and Income...... 19

TABLE 9 Minor Children Living in Residence with Gamblers ...... 19

TABLE 10 Problem Gambling Prevalence by Gambler Sub-Type...... 21

TABLE 11 Attributable Behaviours by Gambler Sub-type ...... 21

TABLE 12 Adverse Consequences by Gambler Sub-Type ...... 23

TABLE 13 Gender and Marital Status of “Problem Gamblers” ...... 25

TABLE 14 Education and Income of “Problem Gamblers” ...... 25

TABLE 15 Employment Status and Occupation of “Problem Gamblers”...... 26

TABLE 16 Minor Children Living in Residence with “Problem Gamblers” ...... 26

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to understand gambling within the cultural context in Moosonee and to develop culturally relevant stimulus and action strategies to address this serious health issue in the Aboriginal community of Moosonee. The research methods include a community survey, focus group sessions and key informant interviews.

The expected research outcomes are as follows:

1. An identification of values and attitudes in each community towards gambling;

2. A description of gambling preferences, activities, and pervasiveness in each community;

3. A description of the nature and pervasiveness of problem gambling in each community;

4. An identification of culturally relevant resources and/or strategies communities do/may utilize to mitigate problem gambling; and

5. The development of a strategic action plan to address the issue of problem gambling in the community.

The study found that there is gambling and problem gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal community. There are problems from problem gambling but there is considerable denial of the problems. There are some services to assist problem gamblers but more prevention and treatment services would be useful. In an upcoming action planning phase, an evidence-based action plan will be developed to address and meet the needs of the members of the Moosonee Aboriginal community.

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1. INTRODUCTION As indicated by the title, this research project examined gambling and problem gambling in the Aboriginal community in Moosonee. The following subsections provide a description of the Moosonee community and the major participants.

1.1 Background The town of Moosonee is located on the west banks of the Moose River, a short 12 miles from the salt waters of the James Bay.

The first signs of development began with the arrival of the Revillon Freres fur trading company of Paris, France. Since then the Cree began to settle at the trading post, marking the beginning of the Moosonee town site.

The fur traders often referred to the post as “the moose”. The Cree in turn would use Moosoneek meaning “at the moose”. With the arrival of the railway and the hopes of establishing a saltwater port, the name Moosonee was appointed to the community in 1932.

Population Characteristics: The community of Moosonee has a population of approximately 3,000 people.

The following information is provided by Statistics Canada (1996) The Aboriginal population accounts for 82.7% of the total population The population ages 15 and over is 63.9% Persons in the employed labour force (675) Unemployment rate is 13.5% Participation rate is 62.8% Average total income of husband-wife or common-law families is $52,662 Average total income of lone-parent families is $26,954 Persons in service industries (705) Persons in resource based industries (10) Persons in manufacturing and construction industries (30)

Languages: Aboriginal Languages 27.6% French 2.6% English 68.3% Other Languages 1.3% Enter the background section of your research plan

1.2 Participants The overall project was funded by the Ontario Problem Gambling Centre and administered by the Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres and the Métis Nation of Ontario. The Moosonee community project was sponsored by the Moosonee Native Friendship Centre and overseen by a Local Research Advisory Committee.

Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres

The Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres (OFIFC) was formed in July 1971. The OFIFC began mainly as a lobbying and resource agent and since has expanded its role to include the design

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 6 and delivery of culturally-based training programs, program development and advocating Aboriginal development and communication. Currently there are 28 member centres that are located throughout the Province of Ontario. The vision of the OFIFC is to improve the quality of life for Aboriginal people by supporting self-determined activities which encourage equal access to and participation in Canadian society and which Aboriginal cultural distinctiveness.

Métis Nation of Ontario

The Métis Nation of Ontario was founded in 1993. It was established as the representative body reflecting the values and inspirations of the Métis of Ontario; the Métis being one of the Aboriginal peoples whose treaty and Aboriginal rights are recognized in Canada’s Constitution.

The MNO founded on a “rights-based” agenda, is specific to Métis people only and based on a long- term vision expressed in our Statement of Prime Purpose. The structure and operations of the MNO are distinct from membership-based organizations modeled on corporations or non-profit associations. The MNO’s objectives are to design and provide programs to registered citizens rather than to simply acquire funding for existing programs. At the community level, the MNO structure is such that there are 26 Community Councils across the province in which are chartered through the MNO and governed in accordance with the MNO’s Charter Agreements. Elections are held at the community level every three years.

Chartered Community Councils obtain funding resources to provide programs and services and to undertake activities according to local priorities. The Métis Nation in Ontario, together with similar representative bodies in western Canada from the Métis National Council, (MNC) which is the governing body of the historic Métis Nation in Canada. The Métis Nation in Ontario is represented at the international level through the MNC, which holds a consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of United Nations.

Local Research Advisory Committee

The local “sponsoring agency” was the Moosonee Native Friendship Centre and it organized a Local Research Advisory Committee (LRAC) to oversee the community project. A composition of the Local Research Advisory Committee is representative of most of the organizations that have a direct interest in problem gambling. The members and their affiliations are as follows.

Victor Mitchell, Executive Director Moosonee Native Friendship Centre

Gloria Sutherland, Community Justice Coordinator Moosonee Native Friendship Centre

Janet Solomon, Gambling Addictions Counsellor North Cochrane Addictions Services

Katie Normand Retired Registered Nurse

Joy Anne Cheechoo, Aboriginal Healing and Wellness Worker Moosonee Native Friendship Centre

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2. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION

Background/History:

The town of Moosonee is located on the west banks of the Moose River, a short 12 miles from the salt waters of the James Bay.

Population Characteristics:

The community of Moosonee has a population of approximately 3,000 people.

Languages:

Aboriginal Languages 27.6% French 2.6% English 68.3% Other Languages 1.3%

Community Characteristics:

There are various services and businesses that serve the members of the community. Some of the organizations include the following.

Education:

Moosonee District School Area Board Moosonee Public School Bishop Belleau Separate School Board Bishop Belleau Separate School James Bay Lowlands Secondary School Board Northern Lights Secondary School Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology

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Contact North Literacy Centre, Moosonee Native Friendship Centre

Day Care and Nursery:

Day Care, Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology Nursery School, Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology Tikinagan Day Care, Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology

Health Services:

James Bay General Hospital James Bay Community Mental Health Moosonee Health Clinic Porcupine Health Unit Cochrane District Community Care Access Centre Northern Pharmacy

Government Services:

Ministry of Natural Resources Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Correctional Services Keewaytinok Native Legal Services Payukotanyno James and Hudson Bay Family Services James Bay Association for Community Living Family Resource Centre

Aboriginal Organizations:

Sagashtawao Healing Lodge Moosonee Native Friendship Centre Mushkegowuk Métis and Aboriginal Peoples’ Alliance Moosonee Cree Alliance First Nation Aboriginal Head Start Program

Housing:

Moosonee Non-Profit Housing Corporation B and H Electric Ltd., South Porcupine Mocreebec Housing Association Timmins Housing Authority Cochrane District Housing

Retail/Grocery/Gift:

Artic Arts Necessities Northern Stores Tasha’s Variety Le Tempo S & C Variety

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Two Bay Enterprises Ltd. Radio Shack

Distributors:

Meechim Enterprises Keewayton Distributors

Restaurants/Fast Food:

Sky Ranch Restaurant Quick Stop Mark’s Chip Stand Moosonee Take Out

Other Services:

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Moosonee Chamber of Commerce Canada Post Corporation Liquor Control Board of Ontario

Employment Services:

Muskegowuk Council – Employment and Training Services (partnership with Human Resources Development Canada)

Hotels:

Busy Bee Bed and Breakfast Tamarack Suites Osprey Country Inn Polar Bear Lodge Wabun Bed and Breakfast

Appliances Repair:

J.L. Gerard - Maintenance Services Charles A. Weische – Oil Burner and Appliance Repair

Automotive:

Two Bay Enterprises

Oils/Petroleum:

Paytahpun Construction:

Great North Builder’s Supplies Limited M.J. Labelle Co. Ltd. – Cochrane, Ontario Innlink Concrete Limited – Moose Factory, Ontario

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Car Rentals/Transportation:

James Bay Car & Truck Rental – Moosonee Airport Gateway Enterprizes Moosonee Transportation Limited Ontario Northland Railway Canadian Helicopters Limited (Health Services) Helicopter Transport Services Bushland Airways Wabusk Air Air Creebec

Clubs/Associations:

Moosonee Lions Club Moosonee Minor Hockey Association Preventing Unwanted Puppies (PUPS) Moosonee Golf Association

3. RESEARCH This research was descriptive and exploratory and was pursued as a participatory action research project. The research examined the area of gambling and problem gambling in the Aboriginal community of Moosonee. The following subsections provide the purpose statement, research goals and research questions.

3.1 Purpose and Goals The purpose of this research was to understand gambling within the cultural context in Moosonee and to develop culturally relevant stimulus and action strategies to address this serious health issue in the Aboriginal community of Moosonee.

Goal One: To describe the nature and practice of gambling as a community socio-cultural activity.

Goal Two: To describe the definition, characteristics and pervasiveness of problem gambling in the community.

Goal Three: To ascertain community members’ perceptions of gambling and problem gambling (i.e. level of awareness, knowledge, attitudes and values).

Goal Four: To ascertain help-seeking preferences and behaviours of problem gamblers and concerned significant others.

Goal Five: To develop an “action plan” designed to address problem gambling issues identified through the community research (deferred to a later phase of the project).

3.2 Research Questions This research was designed to address the following research questions:

Goal One: To describe the nature and practice of gambling as a community socio cultural activity.

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Question #1 – What activities do community members define as gambling? Question #2 – What is the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the community? Question #3 – What types of gambling activities do community members engage in? Question #4 – Where and when do community members gamble? Question #5 – How frequently, and for how long/session, do community members gamble? Question #6 – How much money do community members spend on gambling? Question #7 – Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics? Question #8 – What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been (continued, abandoned) by community members in (your town or city)?

Goal Two: To describe the definition, characteristics and pervasiveness of problem gambling in the community.

Question #1 – What do community members define as “problem gambling?” Question #2 – What is the “perceived” prevalence of problem gambling in the community? Question #3 – What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community? Question #4 – What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community? Question #5 – Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics? Question #6 – Does problem gambling in (your town or city) differ from problem gambling in the past?

Goal Three: To ascertain community members’ perceptions of gambling and problem gambling (i.e. level of awareness, knowledge, attitudes and values).

Question #1 – How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling? Question #2 – How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community? Question #3 – What are community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Goal Four: To ascertain help-seeking preferences and behaviours of problem gamblers and concerned significant others.

Question #1 – What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community? Question #2 – How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community? Question #3 – What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

4. METHODS The research methods that were used for this research include a community survey, focus groups (with a mix of both male and female), key informant interviews and case studies. The research methods are addressed separately below, including a description of the related sample selection, data collection instruments and data analysis.

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4.1 Community Survey

Description

In order to understand the extent and nature of gambling and problem gambling among the members of the Moosonee community, a community survey of 200 people was conducted. All of the 200 surveys were contacted door-to door.

The community survey determined if people gamble, the gambling activities, frequency and consequences. By increasing participation in the community survey, there were public awareness campaigns about the study and the importance of contributing to helping Moosonee address gambling problems in the community. There was one community meeting held in May, where which there was no attendance at this information session. Throughout the study there were booths that were set up at the Northern Lights Secondary School and the Northern College where flyers and information was provided.

Sampling

The sampling aimed for gender balance in each of three groups: 100 heads of household, 50 youth and 50 older people. The questionnaire was administered through a door-to-door survey.

Instruments

Two research assistants were hired to administer the 200 questionnaires that were based on the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (see Appendix I).

Analysis

As the surveys were completed, they were entered into a database and later subjected to statistical analysis to produce frequencies and descriptive statistics.

4.2 Focus Groups

Description

Two focus groups were conducted. One was held with the youth and one was held with the Elders. There were three attempts to hold one for the adults no one showed or was willing to participate.

Sampling

The focus group that was held with the youth consisted of four people, two female and two male. There was suppose to be eight all together but four of the other students were absent that morning. The focus group that was held with the Elders consisted of ten people; there were six females and four males.

The youth focus group was held at the Northern Lights Secondary School with assistance from the Cultural Development Youth Worker. The principal was contacted and asked if there could be a focus group held with the students that would participate. There was a time set up after school. No students showed so we spoke with the principal to see if another time can be arranged. The principal agreed to get a mix of females and males from different grades to meet in one of the classrooms the following week. The Elders focus group was held at Moosonee Native Friendship Centre with

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 13 assistance from the Life Long Care Worker. The Life Long Care Program offers a number of services for the Elderly. Elders meet at the centre and have a sharing circle. They bead, sew and have lunch provided for them. During one of these sessions this was when the questions were asked and the Life Long Care Worker translated from Cree to English what the Elders were saying.

Instruments

The focus groups were conducted using discussion guides related to select research questions (see Appendix II).

Analysis

The information that was gathered from the focus groups was used to understand gambling and problem gambling. The results of the focus group discussions were qualitative data and were compiled from the notes and summarized into a summary report. The content of the summary report was analyzed in order to identify the patterns and themes.

4.3 Key Informant Interviews

Description

Key informants, because of their position in the community, have some special knowledge and a unique overview perspective of the community. In order to find out about the problems experienced by problem gamblers, their demographic characteristics and the sources for help, key informants were used to provide special insights. Eight key informants were interviewed.

Sampling

Letters were sent to twelve organizations and follow-up calls were made to each person to see if they were willing and available to participate in the study. Eight key informants were interviewed seven of the interviews took place at the key informants place of work and one was held at the Friendship Centre. One of the research assistants was in attendance at some of the interviews.

Eight key informants were interviewed from the following areas:

Education Gambling Service Ontario Provincial Police Probation Payukotayno Counselling Unit Aboriginal Services Church Representatives Health

Instruments

The key informant interviews were conducted using a set of questions that were related to some of the research questions (see Appendix III).

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Analysis

The key informants’ responses represent qualitative data. The interviews were recorded by note taking; none of the interviews were recorded on tape. The written summaries were analyzed in order to identify the patterns, themes and issues.

4.4 Case Studies

Description

To acquire information from the perspective and experience of real problem gamblers, the research included two problem gambler case study interviews. The case studies were collected through confidential, face-to-face interviews.

Sampling

Problem gambler case studies were developed by recruiting two known, yet self-identified, problem gamblers residing in the community of Moosonee. For their participation, time and assistance, the problem gamblers were provided with a small amount of money.

Instruments

The case studies were prepared following the four-component case study framework (see Appendix IV). The framework covers personal history, gambling history, problem gambling consequences and help-seeking recommendations.

Analysis

The case studies are considered qualitative data and were analyzed for their content, especially for the suggestions on help-seeking preferences. The full written case studies are provided in Appendix V.

5. FINDINGS Goal One: To Describe the Nature and Practice of Gambling as a Community Socio-cultural Activity.

Question 1: What activities do community members define as gambling?

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The activities that the youth defined as gambling were bingo, Nevada tickets, scratch tickets, coin toss (the game where you toss coins against the wall) poker, different card games, knock, knock (like bingo but you play with cards) rummoli and betting on stuff (sports, etc.).

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The activities that the Elders defined as gambling were bingo, poker, OKO, euchre, knock, knock, thirty-one, penny bingo, curling (paying to win something big), same with hockey tournaments, scratch tickets and lottery tickets.

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Question 2: What is the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the community?

Community Survey

Although the community survey was conducted with a non-random sample, the “suggested” prevalence rate for gambling in Moosonee was 48.0 percent as shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Prevalence of Gambling among Survey Respondents, N = 200

Non Gamblers Gamblers Gender # Gender # Percentage Male 48 Male 32 16.0% Female 56 Female 64 32.0% Total 104 Total 96 48.0%

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The youth all agreed that there is a lot of gambling that goes on within the community.

Elder Male/Female Group

The Elder focus group participants felt that there are not a lot of penny bingoes; it is their way of socializing and a way to get out. One Elder shared that her objective is to win but if she does not win she sees it as donating and what ever is raised from the bingo is used for a good cause. One made a comment saying “how will the world go around with no gambling’? There will be no money for organizations and businesses.

Key Informant Interviews

Some of the key informants felt that the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the community was fairly high, a lot of gambling in Moosonee and up the coast. The key informants suggest that gambling starts off with kids with quarters, playing bingo, oko, poker and euchre.

Question 3: What types of gambling activities do community members engage in?

Table # 2 shows the types of gambling activities community members engage in according to the written survey results. The top four listed activities are bingo, instant win, lottery tickets and raffles.

TABLE 2 Gambling Activities

Gamblers/Game (N = 96) Gambling Activity N % R

Bingo 80 83.3 1

Instant win 31 32.3 2

Lottery 24 25.0 3

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Gamblers/Game (N = 96) Gambling Activity N % R

Raffles 18 18.8 4

Cards 9 9.4 5

Casinos 8 8.3 6

Other gambling (Poker) 6 6.3 7

Sports select 4 4.2 8

Daily lottery 2 2.1 9

Slots 2 2.1 10

Sports pool 2 2.1 11

Sports events 1 1.0 12

Card rooms 1 1.0 13

Question 4: Where and when do community members gamble?

Note: There were no tables for this question, and no questions asked in the focus groups or key informant interviews. But it is obvious where gambling takes place in Moosonee. Bingoes are held at the Arena and Lion’s Den and there is also radio and TV Bingoes. Card games are held within private homes. Gambling also takes place in convenience stores/public places.

Question 5: How frequently, and for how long/session, do community members gamble?

Community Survey

As shown in Table 3 below, the vast majority of gamblers gamble once to four times per month.

TABLE 3 Gambling Frequency

Gamblers (N = 96) Gambling Frequency N % R

2-6 times per week 14 14.6 5

Once per week 30 31.2 3

2-3 times per month 35 36.4 1

Once per month 32 33.3 2

6-11 times per year 7 7.3 6

1-5 times per year 27 28.1 4

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From Table 4 below, it is clear that most gamblers spend an hour or less on each gambling occasion.

TABLE 4 Gambling Duration

Gambling Duration (N = 96) 1min- 1.1 – 2.1- 3.1- 4hrs – 1hr % 2 hrs % 3 hrs % 4hrs % Above % Lottery 22 22.9 Daily Lottery 1 1.0 1 1.0 Instant Win 30 31.3 Raffles 17 17.7 Bingo 37 38.5 10 10.413 13.5 6 6.3 14 14.6 Cards 1 1.0 5 5.2 3 3.1 Slots 2 2.1 Sport Select 3 3.1 1 1.0 Sports Pools 2 2.1 Sports Events 1 1.0 Casinos 5 5.2 1 1.0 2 2.1 Card Room 1 1.0 Other Poker

Question 6: How much money do community members spend on gambling?

Community Survey

According to the community survey, the vast majority of Aboriginal gamblers in Moosonee spend less than $100 per month on gambling.

TABLE 5 Gambling Expenditure Monthly

Gambling Expenditure Monthly Amounts (N = 96) $1- $51- $101- $201- $301- $501- 50 % 100 % 200 % 300 % 500 % Above % Lottery 24 25.0 Daily Lottery 1 1.0 1 1.0 Instant Win 30 31.3 Raffles 15 15.6 Bingo 37 38.5 20 20.8 8 8.3 8 8.3 2 2.1 4 4.2 Cards 5 5.2 2 2.1 1 1.0 Slots 1 1.0 2 2.1 1 1.0 Sports Select 1 1.0 Sports Pools 1 1.0 Sports 1 1.0 Events Casinos 1 1.0 3 3.1 2 2.1 1 1.0 Card Room 1 1.0 Other-Poker 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0

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Table 6 indicates that the largest single expenditure on gambling for most gamblers is less than $100. A small percentage has spent more than $500 in one day.

TABLE 6 Gambling Expenditure Most Spent

Largest Amount Spent in a Day (N = 96) $0 % $1- % $51- % $101- % $201- % $301- % $501- % 50 100 200 300 500 Above Lottery 14 14.6 7 7.3 Daily 1 1.0 1 1.0 Lottery Instant 8 8.3 18 18.8 4 4.2 Win Raffles 15 15.6 Bingo 23 24.0 29 30.2 9 9.4 4 4.2 1 1.0 7 7.3 6 6.3 Cards 5 5.2 3 3.1 Slots 1 1.0 1 1.0 Sports 3 3.1 1 1.0 Select Sports 1 1.0 Pools

Sports 1 1.0 Events Casinos 1 1.0 2 2.1 3 3.1 1 1.0 1 1.0 Card 1 1.0 Rooms Other- 1 1.0 3 3.1 1 1.0 Poker

Question 7: Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Community Survey

According to the community survey results reported in Table 7 below, most Aboriginal gamblers in Moosonee are female and are living with a partner.

TABLE 7 Gender and Marital Status of Gamblers

Gamblers Demographic Variables (N = 96) N % Gender Male 32 33.3 Female 64 66.7 No Response Marital Status Single 15 15.6 Married 34 35.4 Common Law 41 42.7

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Gamblers Demographic Variables (N = 96) N % Divorced/Separated 2 2.1 Widowed 2 2.1 No Response 2 2.1

Table 8 suggests that Aboriginal gamblers in Moosonee tend to have had some high school education or more. More than half of the gamblers are from households with annual income of $25,000 or less.

TABLE 8 Education and Income

Demographic Variables Gamblers (N = 96) N % Education Completed Elementary 4 4.2 Some High School 18 18.8 Completed High School 26 27.1 Some College 17 17.7 Completed College 18 18.8 Some Tech School 1 1.0 Completed Tech School 4 4.2 Some University 6 6.3 No Response 2 2.1 Total 96 Annual Household Income 0 - $14,000 22 22.9 $15,000 - $25,000 32 33.3 $25,100 - $40,000 22 22.9 $40,100 - $55,000 7 7.3 $55,100 and above 7 7.3 No Response 6 6.3 Total 96 100.0

More than half of the gamblers are from homes with 1 to 3 minors living in residence and an additional 22.9% have 4 to 5 minors living in residence.

TABLE 9 Minor Children Living in Residence with Gamblers

Gamblers (N=96) Demographic Variables N % Number Under 18 Residing No minors 16 16.7 1 -3 minors 54 56.3 4 -5 minors 22 22.9 6 or more 3 3.1 No Response 1 1.0 Total 96 100

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 20

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The youth felt that the gamblers in the community were female and twenty to forty years of age. Other gamblers are Elders and little kids that play the coin toss game.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The Elders were not aware of who gambled but they shared that some Elders do not gamble and some go out and socialize. Some mentioned that some elderly do not know how to play cards, some just stay home or maybe they choose not to gamble and they also mentioned that they stay home when they have no money.

Key Informant Interviews

The key informants indicated that gamblers in the community are adult females, adult males and children. Accordingly, gambling includes almost ever type of person. Some gamblers are employed (the majority), some are middle aged, some are welfare recipients, some live in subsidized housing, some come from one income families, some come from two income families and some are single parents. The non-gamblers people are often members of fundamentalist, religious groups.

Question 8: What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been (continued, abandoned) by community members in (your town or city)?

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

Some of the gambling practices were euchre, cards and checkers. Other games that were played in the past is where you would make a string with bone and try to catch the number of threads. One lady mentioned when she was about twelve years old, her two brothers would get a stick and sharpen both ends and then throw them in the snow banks and they would go right through them.

Goal Two: To Describe the Definition, Characteristics and Pervasiveness of Problem Gambling in the Community

Question 1: What do community members define as “problem gambling?”

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The students defined problem gambling as somebody spending money for something else, to go out to gamble. The money you have left over after you pay bills and buy food. Also mentioned was that it becomes a problem when you can not stop and when you borrow money to go out and gamble.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

They defined it as spending all your money on bingo would be a problem and it also becomes a problem when you have no money to go to bingo. All the Elders shared that they only go when they have money.

Question 2: What is the “perceived” prevalence of problem gambling in the community?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 21

Community Survey

Whereas the community survey was not conducted with a representative sample, the “suggested” prevalence rate of problem gambling among Aboriginal members of the Moosonee community was 2.1% as shown in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 Problem Gambling Prevalence by Gambler Sub-Type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers (PGSI=0) (PGSI=1-2) (PGSI=3-7) (PGSI=8+) 75 7 6 2 83.3% 7.8% 6.7% 2.2%

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The youth focus group members felt that there is some problem gambling in Moosonee but not a lot.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

They felt that people who do not have money get enticed to continue and you cannot blame anybody for your problem but yourself.

Key Informant Interviews

Some of the key informants felt that the prevalence of problem gambling in Moosonee was high and others felt that it was low. One key informant indicated that they did not know the community well enough to offer an opinion on the rate of problem gambling but they also mentioned that people do lose a lot of money.

Question 3: What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

Community Survey

According to the two problem gamblers identified in by the community survey, there are a number of problems attributable to gambling. As shown in Table 11, the problem gamblers reported betting more than they could afford to lose, spending more than they wanted, needing to gamble with larger amounts, trying to win money back, borrowing money and selling things and lying to family and others.

TABLE 11 Attributable Behaviours by Gambler Sub-type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Attributable Behaviours N % N % N % N %

Personal Consequences Bet more than can afford to lose Never 75 100.0 6 85.7 6 100.0

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 22

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Attributable Behaviours N % N % N % N % Sometimes 1 14.3 2 100.0 Most of the time Almost always Spend more than you wanted Never 75 100.0 1 14.3 Sometimes 6 85.7 6 100.0 Most of the time 1 50.0 Almost always 1 50.0 Need to gamble with larger amounts Never 75 100.0 5 71.4 4 66.7 Sometimes 2 28.6 2 33.3 2 100.0 Most of the time Almost always Tried to win money back Never 75 100.0 4 57.1 1 16.7 Sometimes 3 42.9 5 83.3 1 50.0 Most of the time 1 50.0 Almost always Borrow money or sold anything Never 75 100.0 6 85.7 3 50.0 Sometimes 1 14.3 3 50.0 2 100.0 Most of the time Almost always Social Consequences

Lied to family and others Never 75 100.0 5 71.4 5 83.3 1 50.0 Sometimes 2 28.6 1 16.7 1 50.0 Most of the time Almost always

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

Some of the behaviours that were mentioned by the youth focus group members were the loss of respect (other family members/friends not wanting to talk to them because all they may want is money) financial problems and neglect of families/children.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The Elder focus group felt that people will be sad and upset (the ones that do the most gambling are probably sad). Nobody tells you to play with your money, you go yourself and when people go to casinos there is a lot of money that is spent to go out of the community, you have to pay for your fare, hotels and you come back home broke.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 23

Key Informant Interviews

According to the key informants, the behaviours that are attributable to problem gamblers in Moosonee were the neglect and being away from their families, borrowing money and children being out late while their parents are gambling. One key informant felt that it starts as a social then there is drinking which is a whole other problem. Other behaviours that were mentioned were assaults, debt, drug use, stress in relationships/marital conflict, risks, addiction, poor work habits, conflicts in the home if one gambles and the responsibility for families.

Question 4: What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

Community Survey

The community survey identified adverse consequences for problem gamblers. As shown in Table 12, the adverse consequences included experiencing health problems (stress and anxiety), feeling like they had a gambling problem, feeling like they should stop gambling, being criticized for gambling, feeling guilty about gambling and having personal and household financial problems.

TABLE 12 Adverse Consequences by Gambler Sub-Type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Adverse Consequences N % N % N % N %

Personal Consequences Health problems (stress and anxiety) Never 75 100.0 7 100.0 6 100.0 1 50.0 Sometimes 1 50.0 Most of the time Almost always Felt had gambling problem Never 75 100.0 7 100.0 4 66.7 Never Sometimes 2 33.3 1 50.0 Most of the time 1 50.0 Almost always Felt like to stop gambling Never 75 100.0 5 71.4 6 100.0 Sometimes 2 28.6 2 100.0 Most of the time Almost always People criticized gambling Never 75 100.0 7 100.0 4 66.7 1 50.0 Sometimes 2 33.3 1 50.0 Most of the time Almost always Felt guilty

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 24

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Adverse Consequences N % N % N % N % Never 75 100.0 6 85.7 6 100.0 Sometimes 1 14.3 Most of the time 1 50.0 Almost always 1 50.0 Social Consequences Financial problems for gambler or household Never 75 100.0 7 100.0 5 83.3 Sometimes 1 16.7 2 100.0 Most of the time Almost always

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

Some of the consequences of problem gambling were that it may lead people into debt with everyone and may lead to attempted suicide if you go so far in debt. Other consequences that were mentioned included people borrowing money all the time, people calling to borrow money and some may start drinking which may lead to other addictions and problems.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The Elders felt that people may starve, children can get taken away, children starve and what is hard to see is the parents playing, not looking after their children and not feeding them which would be a problem.

Key Informant Interviews

The consequences of problem gambling for the individuals, families, friends and others in Moosonee identified by the key informants were marriage break-up, poverty, shame, low self esteem; children also may feel shame and loneliness because parents made gambling prioritized higher than the children are. Others consequences may include neglect of family and friends, laying charges of abandonment, no concept of getting ahead, stress, anger, children/families not having food, shelter and clothing, grandparents providing for the family, financial hardship, health related problems, and possible illegal activities to obtain money for gambling.

Question 5: Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Community Survey

The community survey findings identified only two problem gamblers. For this research question and the table below, problem gamblers includes “moderate risk gamblers” and “problem gamblers”.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 25

TABLE 13 Gender and Marital Status of “Problem Gamblers”

Demographic Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers Variables (N = 8) N % Gender Male 2 25.0 Female 6 75.0 Marital Status Single 1 12.5 Married 0 0 Common-Law 7 87.5 Divorced/Separated 0 0 Widowed 0 0 No Response 0 0

According to Table 13 the vast majority of the “problem gamblers” were females (75%), living common law (87.5%).

According to Table 14 below, a large portion of the “problem gamblers” was reasonably well-educated with 87.5% having completed high school or more. The “problem gamblers” had varying annual household income. The annual household income was split in quarter portions (25%) in each of four categories: under $15,000, between $15,100 and $25,000, between $25,100 and $40,000 and $40,100 and above.

TABLE 14 Education and Income of “Problem Gamblers”

Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers Demographic (N = 8) Variables N % Education Completed Elementary 0 0 Some High School 1 12.5 Completed High School 1 12.5 Some College 1 12.5 Completed College 4 50.0 Some Tech School 0 0 Completed Tech School 0 0 Some University 1 12.5 No response 0 0 Annual Household Income $0-$15,000 2 25.0 $15,100-$25,000 2 25.0 $25,100-$40,000 2 25.0 $40,100-$55,000 1 12.5 $55,100 and above 1 12.5

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 26

Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers Demographic (N = 8) Variables N % No Response 0 0

The “problem gamblers” were generally employed full-time or part-time (62.5%) but 37.5% were unemployed. Three quarters of the “problem gamblers” (75%) were from professional occupations.

TABLE 15 Employment Status and Occupation of “Problem Gamblers”

Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers Demographic (N = 8) Variables N % Employment Status Employed full-time (30 or more 3 37.5 hrs/week) Employed part-time (less than 1 12.5 30hrs/week) Unemployed (out of work but looking 3 37.5 for work) Student: employed part-time or full- 1 12.5 time Student: not employed 0 0 Retired 0 0 Homemaker 0 0 No Response 0 0 Occupation Professional 6 75.0 Retail 0 0 Hospitality 0 0 Labourer 1 12.5 Other 1 12.5

All of the “problem gamblers” were from homes with minors living in residence. The majority (62.5%) had one to three minors in residence and 37.5% had four to five minors in residence.

TABLE 16 Minor Children Living in Residence with “Problem Gamblers”

Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers (N = 8) Demographic N % Variables Number Under 18 Residing No minors 0 0 1 -3 minors 5 62.5 4 -5 minors 3 37.5

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 27

Moderate Risk and Problem Gamblers (N = 8) Demographic N % Variables 6 or more 0 0 No Response 0 0 Total 8 100

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The Elders felt that the problem gamblers dress nice, they look okay but they are starving and they look. Some problem gamblers do not say anything they also mentioned that all levels of people gamble and anybody who has money.

Key Informant Interviews

The key informants indicated that some of the problem gamblers are male and some are female. The key informants suggested that problem gamblers include people that are poor (ones that need money the most).

Question 6: Does problem gambling in (your town or city) differ from problem gambling in the past?

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

There is a difference from gambling in the past because the Elders shared that they did not have any gambling and they did not play for money. There was no gambling a long time ago, no issues of gambling, it never existed. In 1960 gambling began when the Air Forces came to Moosonee. They did not see gambling until 1960 and what was started was bingo.

Goal Three: To Ascertain Community Members’ Perceptions of Gambling and Problem Gambling. (i.e. Level of Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes and Values)

Question 1: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling?

Key Informant Interviews

The key informants indicated that there presenters going into the schools to allow community members and problem gamblers to become knowledgeable about problem gambling and to offer promotion and gambling awareness. Ontario Problem Gambling Centre magnets, posters, and these interviews would not be taking place. Everybody is aware of it, kids are playing quarters in front of Northern stores. Others felt that they deny having a problem.

Question 2: How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community?

Key Informant Interviews

Key informants noted that there are posters up all over town, advertising campaigns with Mental Health. The police and schools seem to be more concerned with the children gambling, community

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 28 members allow their children to gamble. Some key informants felt that the concern level is not that high and others felt that it was. Also noted was that alcohol, drugs and gambling are three major problems in the community. Churches and the radio are talking about it, but don’t see it as a problem, substance abuse seems more of a problem to be identified. People who do not gamble know what is going on in the community, the ones that are, they do not think about it till afterwards. If problem gambling is not an issue and gambling is considered the norm, awareness and concern is not imperative to the community, being able to define when gambling is considered a problem, even then it depends on the acknowledgement of the individual, family and community that it is a social issue. Over all there is not enough concern to do the necessary changes.

Question 3: What are community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The youth shared that they feel sorry for them. One felt that if you feel sorry for Them, then you will end up giving them money to gamble and another said they would just ignore them, they would not give them any money.

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

The Elders shared that the ones that gamble all the time are probably sad. One also shared that she was sad when she could not play bingo. Some mentioned that people borrow money to go and gamble, and then they get into debt. One also mentioned that she would borrow to go play and they also mentioned that people do not know when to go to sleep, they stay up all night gambling and then it affects their health.

Goal Four: To Ascertain Help Seeking Preferences and Behaviours of Problem Gamblers and Concerned Significant Others

Question 1: What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community?

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The youth were aware of the Gambling Counselor at the James Bay Mental Health and they knew of the 1 -800 number for the problem gambling helpline.

Key Informant Interviews

According to the key informants, the resources that presently exist to help problem gamblers includes, the James Bay Mental Health (North Cochrane Addictions Services) where there is a gambling counselor that provides counselling and prevention. There are also other Mental Health counselors that may be of assistance to community members. People can call help lines (Ontario Problem Gambling Centre). Some businesses offer Employee Assistance programs and a key informant noted that there are resources here, but people do not recognize it when it becomes a problem.

Question 2: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community?

Key Informant Interviews

Community members and problem gamblers know that resources are there, although it is difficult to get people to these places. Some felt that being more knowledgeable would result through promotion

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 29 from the North Cochrane Addictions Services, advertising, media, sending packages of information to businesses and notices on community channels.

Question 3: What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

The only preference the youth focus group members mentioned was to have a treatment centre for problem gamblers.

Key Informant Interviews

The preferences that were noted by key informants included elementary schools requesting presentations for students due to a gambling problem, a support network, Gamblers Anonymous, family/friends, confidentiality, peer confrontation. Problem gamblers do not want to go to the program, do not want to admit that they have a problem regardless of how many people tell them (their family members). The key informants suggested providing information kits to the public about problem gambling.

Case Studies

The two problem gamblers that provided case studies both indicated that there are few opportunities to socialize without gambling. They suggested more activities and, perhaps, a drop-in centre that provide activities and life skills training. The two problem gamblers indicated that more emphasis should be placed on traditional, native ways. One suggested that outreach counsellors, not addiction counsellors, could be useful in assisting problem gamblers help themselves.

6. CONCLUSIONS Goal One: To Describe the Nature and Practice of Gambling as a Community Socio-cultural Activity.

Question 1: What activities do community members define as gambling?

In conclusion, gambling was defined as betting on something, for example, sports and playing for something that involves large amounts of money, for example, curling, and hockey/broomball tournaments.

Question 2: What is the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the community?

In conclusion, the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal community was high. Although the community survey provided a “suggested” gambling prevalence rate from the community survey was low (ninety-six people out of two hundred people indicated that they gamble), a number of the focus group members and key informants indicated the “perceived” prevalence was high.

Question 3: What types of gambling activities do community members engage in?

In conclusion, the types of gambling activities that community members engaged in were bingo/penny bingo, instant win, lottery, raffles, different card games, poker, sports select, daily lottery, sports pools, sports events, Nevada tickets, scratch tickets, coin toss, knock, knock, rummoli, OKO, euchre, thirty

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 30 one and curling/hockey tournaments. When community members go out of town some engage in activities such as casinos, slots and card rooms.

Question 4: Where and when do community members gamble?

In conclusion, members of the community gamble at the community arena in Moosonee and Moose Factory and there are penny bingo’s that are held at the Lion’s Den in Moosonee. Gambling is also held in private homes and convenience stores/public places. Bingos at the arena are held at least four to three times a week. T.V. bingo is held two times a week and radio bingo is also held two times a week.

Question 5: How frequently, and for how long/session, do community members gamble?

In conclusion, fourteen people gamble two to six times per week, thirty people gamble once per week, thirty five people gamble two to three times per month, thirty two people gamble once per month, seven people gamble six to eleven times a year and twenty seven people gamble one to five times a year. The amount of time which the gambler spends on gambling can range from one minute to fourteen thousand and four hundred minutes.

Question 6: How much money do community members spend on gambling?

In conclusion, the amount of money that is spent on gambling within the community of Moosonee ranges from the lowest being one dollar to the highest being four thousand, eight hundred per month. For the amount that is spent in a day is the lowest being zero and the highest being four thousand, eight hundred.

Question 7: Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

In conclusion, there were thirty-two males and sixty-four females that gambled. Therefore, more females gamble within the community. Some were single, some were married, some were living common law and some were divorced/separated and widowed. Their level of education varies, their income ranges from zero to fifty-five thousand or more and there are no minors in some homes and there are over six in others.

Question 8: What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been (continued, abandoned) by community members in (your town or city)?

In conclusion, some of the gambling practices that were practiced within the community have been abandoned and there are some that are still played today. Also, there is a number of gambling activities that were developed over the years.

Goal Two: To Describe the Definition, Characteristics and Pervasiveness of Problem Gambling in the Community

Question 1: What do community members define as “problem gambling?”

In conclusion, “problem gambling” is defined as having a problem when you cannot stop and keep continuing to gamble by borrowing money.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 31

Question 2: What is the “perceived” prevalence of problem gambling in the community?

In conclusion, the “suggested” problem gambling prevalence rate from the community survey is relatively low, there were seventy-five Non Problem Gamblers, seven Low Risk Gamblers, six Moderate Risk Gamblers and two Problem Gamblers. The “perceived” rate of problem gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal community is relatively low.

Question 3: What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

In conclusion, the behaviours that are attributable to problem gamblers in the community are being away from their families, borrowing money, taking risks and feeling upset at times.

Question 4: What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

In conclusion, the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community is the neglect of children, family members, friends and also problems with gambling that may lead to other addictions.

Question 5: Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

In conclusion, there are thirty-one males and fifty-nine females who are gamblers in the community, and there are more female problem gamblers within the community. Some are single, married, living common-law, divorced or separated and widowed. Their education level varies, along with the range of income from fifteen to fifty five thousand or more. Most of the gamblers are employed full time and there are five different occupations that fall under professional, retail, hospitality, labourer and other.

Question 6: Does problem gambling in (your town or city) differ from problem gambling in the past?

In conclusion, gambling does differ because there was no gambling in the past; people played for fun and when gambling began it was started by the Air Forces that came to Moosonee.

Goal Three: To Ascertain Community Members’ Perceptions of Gambling and Problem Gambling. (i.e. Level of Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes and Values)

Question 1: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling?

In conclusion, community members and problem gamblers know about problem gambling within the community, everybody knows and people in the community deny that the problem exists.

Question 2: How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community?

In conclusion, community members are aware of the presence of gambling in the community; Mental Health offers awareness and advertising campaigns within the community; and posters are up all over town. Some felt that there was a high level of concern while others did not. Police and schools were concerned with the youth gambling.

Question 3: What are community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 32

In conclusion, community members feel sorry for them and others do not and gambling also affects people’s lifestyle.

Goal Four: To Ascertain Help Seeking Preferences and Behaviours of Problem Gamblers and Concerned Significant Others

Question 1: What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community?

In conclusion, the resource that presently exists to help members in the community is the James Bay Mental Health (North Cochrane Addictions Services) where they offer counselling and prevention. There are also help lines and Employee Assistance Programs that are offered through some businesses.

Question 2: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community?

In conclusion, community members and problem gamblers know that there are resources that exist, although they may not want to seek help because they do not see it as a problem.

Question 3: What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

In conclusion, the preferences for programs and services to assist problem gamblers would be for everyone to work together to build a support network that would benefit the community as a whole. Presentations relating to problem gambling and how it can be prevented and a treatment centre were also suggested. There needs to be more social activities, a drop-in centre and more emphasis on traditional native ways.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 33

APPENDIX I Community Survey Questionnaire

CANADIAN PROBLEM GAMBLING INDEX:

Abbreviated for the Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario Aboriginal Communities Project

Demographic Questions:

Male___ Female___

What is your aboriginal ancestry? ______

What is your community of residence? ______

What is your current marital status?

1. Single (never married) 2. Married 3. Common-law 4. Divorced or separated 5. Widowed 6. No response

What is the highest level of education you have completed?

1. No schooling 2. Some elementary school 3. Completed elementary school 4. Some high school/junior high 5. Completed high school 6. Some community college 7. Some technical school 8. Completed community college (certificate, diploma) 9. Completed technical school (certificate, diploma) 10. Some University 11. Completed Bachelor’s Degree 12. Completed Master’s Degree 13. Completed Doctoral Degree 14. Professional Degree 15. Don’t know 16. No response

What is your present job status?

1. Employed full-time (30 or more hours/week) 2. Employed part-time (less than 30 hours/week)

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 34

3. Unemployed (out of work but looking for work) 4. Student – Employed part-time or full-time 5. Student – Not employed 6. Retired 7. Homemaker 8. Don’t know 9. No response

What type of work do you currently do (or, what do you do when you are employed)?

______

How many people under the age of 18 live with you?______

What is your total household income, before taxes, last year?

5,000 – 15,000 15,000 – 25,000 25,000 – 40,000 40,000 – 55,000 55,000 +

Abbreviated Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) Questions:

1-5 Thinking about the past 12 months, please check (in column 2 for Q1) all the gambling activities in column one that you have engaged in. If you did not check any activities, you are finished and please turn in your questionnaire. If you checked any of the activities, please complete the other four columns for each activity you participated in by using the legend on the next page.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Activities How Often #Minutes $ Spend Largest $ Gambling Activities (see legend) (see legend) (see legend) (see legend) (see legend)

Gambling tickets 1. Lottery tickets (e.g. 649, Super 7, POGO) 2. Daily lottery tickets (e.g. Pick 3) 3. Instant-win or scratch tickets (e.g. break-open, pull-tab, Nevada strips) 4. Raffles or fundraising tickets

Bingo 5. Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6. Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7. Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8. Casino slot machines 9. Arcade or video games for money 10. Gambling on the Internet

Sports betting

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 35

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Activities How Often #Minutes $ Spend Largest $ Gambling Activities (see legend) (see legend) (see legend) (see legend) (see legend) 11. Sport Select (e.g. Pro Line, Over/Under, Point Spread) 12. Sports pools [formal (e.g. charity- sponsored) or informal (e.g. at work)] 13. Outcome of sporting events (i.e. other than sports pool or Sports Select) 14. Sports with a bookie

Horse racing 15. Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track)

Speculative investments 18. Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs)

Other gambling 19. Games of skill for money (e.g. pool, golf, bowling, darts) 20. Card games in non-regulated settings other than with family/friends (e.g. card rooms) 21. Any other form of gambling (______specify)

LEGEND

Question Response Q1. Have you bet or spent money on this activity? Check all that apply Q2. How often did you bet or spend money on this 1. Daily activity? 2. 2-6 times/week 3. About once/week 4. 2-3 times/month 5. About once/month 6. 6-11 times/year 7. 1-5 times/year 8. Never in the past year 9. Don’t know 10. No response Q3. How many minutes/hours do you normally spend on this activity each time you play? Total number of minutes Q4. How much money, not including winnings, did you spend on this activity in a typical month? Total number of dollars Q5. What is the largest amount of money you have spent on this activity in any one day? Total number of dollars

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 36

6. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

7. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you bet or spent more money than you wanted to on gambling?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

8. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you needed to gamble with larger amounts of money to get the same feeling of excitement?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

9. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you gone back another day to try to win back the money you lost?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

10. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you borrowed money or sold anything to get money to gamble?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

11. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you lied to family members or others to hide your gambling?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 37

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

12. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you felt that you might have a problem with gambling?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

13. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you felt like you would like to stop betting money or gambling, but didn’t think you could?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

14. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have people criticized your betting or told you that you had a gambling problem, regardless of whether or not you thought it was true?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

15. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you felt guilty about the way you gamble or what happens when you gamble?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

16. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often has gambling caused you any health problems, including stress or anxiety?

1. Never 2. Sometimes

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 38

3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

17. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often has your gambling caused any financial problems for you or your household?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

18. Do you or someone in your household gamble at work?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the time 4. Almost Always 5. Don’t know 6. No response

If yes, how do you gamble?

1. Raffles 2. Scratch Tickets 3. Hockey Pool 4. 50/50 Draws 5. Internet

19. Has anyone in your family EVER had a gambling problem?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. No response

20. Has anyone in your family EVER had an alcohol or drug problem?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. No response

21. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, have you or someone in your household used alcohol or drugs while gambling?

1. Yes 2. No

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 39

3. Don’t know 4. No response

22. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, have you felt you might have an alcohol or drug problem?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. No response

23. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, if something painful happened in your life did you have an urge to gamble?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. No response

24. Thinking about the past, have you ever considered committing suicide as a result of your gambling?

1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. No response

You have reached the end of the Moosonee community survey. Thank you for your time and participation in this most important research project.

In the future we may conduct gambling research that is a follow-up to this study and to do this we may wish to speak to some people again. If you would like to be a part of any future gambling research that affects your community, please provide your name and telephone number below. Again any information you provide would be kept strictly confidential.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 40

APPENDIX II Focus Group Discussion Guide

Elder Male/Female Focus Group

1. What activities do you define as gambling?

2. What do you think the level of gambling is in the community?

3. Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

4. What do you define as problem gambling?

5. What do you think the level of problem gambling is in the community?

6. What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, others) in the community?

7. What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

8. Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

9. What are your attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

10. What gambling practices from your background, traditions, and customs have been (continued/abandoned) by community members?

11. Does problem gambling differ in your town differ from problem gambling in the past?

Youth Male/Female Focus Group

1. What activities do you define as gambling?

2. What do you think the level of gambling is in Moosonee?

3. Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

4. What do you define as problem gambling?

5. What do you think the level of problem gambling is in Moosonee?

6. What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

7. What are your attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

8. Do you have any preferences for programs and services to assist problem gamblers in the community?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 41

APPENDIX III Key Informant Interview Questionnaire

What is the “perceived” prevalence of gambling in the community?

Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

What is the “perceived” prevalence of problem gambling in the community?

What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, others) in the community?

Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling?

How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community?

What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community?

How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community?

What do you think the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

At the end of each interview I asked each one if they would like to add anything.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 42

APPENDIX IV Case Study Interview Framework

1. Case history (life story, personal history and background)

2. Gambling history (beginnings and developments)

3. Problem gambling description (behaviours, rewards and consequences)

4. Help-seeking recommendations (this is not an attempt to convince the problem gambler to go for help but a search for the types of services, programs and help that problem gamblers would use to get help)

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 43

APPENDIX V Case Studies

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Community of Moosonee

Case Study No. 1

This person was born at a wilderness camp. He attended Residential School. He attended high school for the first half of the semester and begun abusing alcohol and never returned.

His working career began at a retail store. When the owner retired, he purchased it. Later he worked in management positions. He also worked other jobs and at the present time he is employed.

He grew up in a remote community where there was no highway access and no regular air schedule, maybe there was air service once a month when A grew up.

Regular activities were going to church on Sundays or week days, special occasions like carnivals (where you would win prizes). Carnivals and activities had set prizes where young people competed. That is how they were trained to start gambling from being bored. You wanted to win all the time (merchandise bingoes). The prizes were good, you could select your own but, there was also a jack pot prize at the end. This is done to take grade students (that is how he realized it was gambling).

People in the community played games like checkers, chess, pool and there were prizes to win. He would see the Elders playing. First it was for fun then money was involved which became a norm to gamble.

He started gambling by tossing coins because he had seen elders and mid life people, then he would look at them and model them. Youth were doing that, it showed him it was a norm in the community. Then he started seeing poker games with nine players, OKO, bingo card games (you would bet on it). Then it escalated to other activities/events where there are always prizes involved and now competition and that is how it triggers.

He has been in residential school; he was sexually, physically and mentally abused. For a remedy he started to sniff glue and gas. He used these substances as a remedy that triggered the bad experiences from residential school. When he became of age he started to drink as a remedy from flash backs. He quit sniffing, then starting drinking. When he got married, he quit drinking cold turkey, and he does not drink anymore.

Other remedies that he used was to eat food, then he gained weight, started to smoke, that’s how he lost weight, then got into gambling. The game he likes is straight poker and he is still gambling at the present time. He gambles to forget, because of family problems of gambling, and he also gambles to forget triggers and flash back experiences from Residential School.

He expressed that gambling was fun; it helps him forget his problems and his experiences. In the community where he is now, everywhere you turn now there is gambling. There is a lack of social activities for the gamblers to go to. There is also pressure from DeBeers.

He has seen people quit but, what they do is join churches to stay away from gambling. Some people are still looking for help but, they are looking for social activities that do not involve money. For example there maybe a co-ed night to go out and play games with no prizes, bingoes and cards but with no prizes and money involved.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 44

Another solution is to have a Drop In Centre where there is activities such as; painting, carving, pottery, and making stuff with moose hide. There are many activities that do not involve money. There could be money for the materials and also there could also be nutritional cooking workshops, money/time management, self awareness, sewing classes, fixing/repairing, target shooting in the summer, aubry? (bow and arrows).

He stressed that organizations have to be involved to encourage people to do this, to teach people the norms of living, to teach people traditions, native beliefs, native values. Other organizations such as Payukotayno and James Bay Mental Health may do other work shops because there is no place to go. All organizations have to all come together, a network of organizations coming together. Gambling, alcohol and drugs and how to minimize it right now is the max. An easy way to make money is to have a wet dance and a bingo, people contribute.

He mentioned that here in Moosonee, there is too many activities that involves competition and some people that want to quit drinking or gambling go to church. Some that drink also goes to poker and people that gamble go to church. There is no place to meet and socialize. People do not visit anymore unless there is a party that involves alcohol. A sharing circle is poker.

Some men and women do not want to go to circles because there is a fear that they would be laughed at and they feel ashamed of themselves to express issues that they have because there might have been betrayals from parents, friends, family because when they share it, it becomes a laughing stock. For example, Residential School, people are afraid to share their issues and feel ashamed to express them.

Examining Gambling and Problem in the Community of Moosonee

Case Study No. 2

This person grew up in a small community. She left for school for three years and attended university for one year. She has children.

She was raised by her grandmother. Her grandmother always played bingo. Her grandmother did not play lottery tickets, poker, just bingo. She would go to bingo with her grandmother when she was a kid, she would sit there with one card. Gambling, going to bingoes, she never cared if she won or not. It was a time to socialize and spend time with her grandmother.

As she kept going to bingo, bills came in, her kids grew. Now she was going there to try and win, she had a desire to win. For ten years she went to bingoes with an average of three times a week. She then went into debt. She knows now that back then she blamed it on other reasons except herself.

It has six years that she went cold turkey. She did go back and was disgusted with it. One bad habit became another. She met a friend who taught her card games, started teaching her and she still plays today. She plays twice a week and also has a bad habit of drinking. At times she would rather go to a dance than to poker. Most of the time she does not win, but it is something she likes doing. She goes to casinos once or twice a year. She associates gambling to being with friends. She does not play Nevada’s or scratch tickets and she rarely plays 649 (may be three/four times a year).

She got into poker through a friend and bingo she went with her grandmother, and then started going alone. She went with her grandmother to keep an eye on her because she was old, she would go and visit. That was her grandmother’s only passion. She stopped going when her granny got sick, she found it to be boring, but she still plays radio bingo every Saturday.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 45

Right now she is here for employment but, if she was in a city she would probably start up at bingoes and casinos. Now that she is getting older she is spending more time with her grandchildren and right now she does not see it as a problem. If she loses money she does not dwell on it, she will go again if nothing is planned. She punishes herself; she does not blame it on other people. But she mentioned that it would be different if she had smaller kids. She sees a young mother being more addictive. When she goes she does not think that she will win and get her money back. If she wins, she takes her family/friends out for breakfast, or takes her grandchildren out, gives them money. She does not gamble to better her life, generally gives it away.

She does get annoyed. Nobody criticizes her about her gambling expect one of her family members, the others do not. She mentioned before her mother passed away, her mother use to tell her not to spend too much money playing poker, she would say to her I know.

She feels that the James Bay Mental Health is good to have but should not call them addiction counsellors, they are just counsellors. She feels you start to pin point and others get offended. She would not go see an addiction counsellor and she also feels that only the person with the problem can help themselves. She prefers to call them outreach workers because they are reaching out to the community. If people have problems, gamblers know where to go for help.

Any type of an addiction to her is a social issue. People know where they can go, just like an alcoholic. They can gamble and gamble or stop or go down hill. It would be good to have someone to talk to and to have a Drop In Centre.

Last she shared that it is not good to pin point, it gets her mad when they do that. You win you win you don’t you don’t. She does not see it as a problem right now, sees it with others though but she cannot judge them and they know where to go for help.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Moosonee Aboriginal Community 46

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community

Prepared by:

Regional Municipality of Niagara Local Research Advisory Committee

Niagara Region, Ontario

March 31, 2005

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 47

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...... 49

1. INTRODUCTION...... 50

1.1 Background ...... 50

1.2 Participants ...... 50

2. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION ...... 50

3. RESEARCH ...... 51

3.1 Purpose and Goals ...... 52

3.2 Research Questions...... 52

3.3 Methods ...... 53

3.3.1 Community Survey ...... 53

3.3.2 Focus Groups...... 54

3.3.3 Key Informant Interviews...... 54

3.3.4 Case Study Interviews...... 54

4. FINDINGS ...... 55

5. CONCLUSIONS...... 67

APPENDIX I Community Survey Questionnaire ...... 71

APPENDIX II Focus Group Discussion Guide ...... 79

APPENDIX III Key Informant Interview Questionnaire...... 80

APPENDIX IV Case Study Interview Framework ...... 81

APPENDIX V Case Studies ...... 82

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 48

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 ”Suggested” Prevalence of Gambling Activities ...... 55

TABLE 2 Gambling Activity...... 56

TABLE 3 Gambling Frequency ...... 57

TABLE 4 Gambling Duration...... 58

TABLE 5 Gambling Expenditure ...... 58

TABLE 6 Gender, Age and Marital Status of Gamblers...... 59

TABLE 7 Education and Income...... 60

TABLE 8 Aboriginal Ancestry...... 60

TABLE 9 Minor Children Living in Residence with Gamblers ...... 61

TABLE 10 Problem Gambling Prevalence by Gambler Sub-Type...... 61

TABLE 11 Attributable Behaviours by Gambler sub-type ...... 62

TABLE 12 Adverse Consequences by Gambler Sub-Type ...... 63

TABLE 13 Gender, Age and Marital Status of Problem Gamblers ...... 64

TABLE 14 Education and Income of Problem Gamblers...... 64

TABLE 15 Employment Status and Occupation of Problem Gamblers ...... 65

TABLE 16 Aboriginal Ancestry of Problem Gamblers...... 66

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 49

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to gain an understanding of gambling in an Aboriginal context and to examine and address the issue of gambling in the Aboriginal community in the Niagara Region. This research was exploratory and descriptive in nature, so that we would be better able to understand gambling in an Aboriginal cultural context.

In the Niagara Region, focus was comprised of four main local communities: Welland, Fort Erie, Niagara Falls/Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines. Our research contained descriptive baseline data as to the nature and characteristics of gambling and problem gambling. The research methods included surveys, focus groups, key informant interviews and case studies. We surveyed 203 Aboriginal people who were 18 years of age and over. We held six focus groups. We also held 16 key informant interviews to further gather information and to help find six problem gamblers for our case studies.

The outcome of the gathered data ultimately helped to raise some peoples’ awareness about gambling issues in our community. The collected data will also help to design a culturally appropriate intervention that will mitigate problem gambling and to conduct further research by building on the information we have gathered. The findings describe gambling and problem gambling and this information may be used to advise future community wide problem gambling interventions.

The research outcome included the identification of values and attitudes of our community members towards gambling. It includes a description of gambling preferences, activities and the pervasiveness of gambling in our community. It provides a description of the nature and pervasiveness of problem gambling in our community. It provides an identification of culturally relevant resources and strategies and those needed in our community that may help to mitigate problem gambling. Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community is defined as an activity where you spend money in hopes of gaining more money through activities such as lottery tickets, scratch tickets, horse racing, slot machines and bingo to name a few. The overall prevalence of gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal community is high at 92%.

The Aboriginal gambler in the Niagara Region is a female, age 26 to 55 years old with a low to middle annual income. The Aboriginal problem gambler as described from the survey results, are both males and females aged 26 to 55 years old, married with low to middle income ranges.

Finally, this research assessed the effectiveness of the participatory action research methodology by engaging our Aboriginal community in examining gambling related issues and mounting appropriate responses.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 50

1. INTRODUCTION This Aboriginal gambling research project was jointly sponsor by the MNO and the OFIFC. The data collected throughout the Niagara Region was acquired by contacting the various Aboriginal groups and their citizens of the area. First Nations and Métis were both included in the research data. As well, local agencies and professional people were consulted and interviewed.

1.1 Background Métis Nation of Ontario The MNO was founded in 1993. It was established as the representative body reflecting the values and inspirations of the Métis of Ontario; the Métis being one of the Aboriginal peoples whose treaty and Aboriginal rights are recognized in Canada’s Constitution. The MNO was founded on a “rights- based” agenda, is specific to Métis only and based on a long-term vision expressed in our Statement of Prime Purpose. The structure and operations of the MNO are distinct from membership-based organizations modeled on corporations or non-profit associations. The MNO’s objectives are to design and provide programs to registered citizens rather than to simply acquire funding for existing programs. At the community level the MNO structure is such that there are 27 Community Councils across the Province which are chartered through the MNO and governed in accordance with the MNO’s Charter Agreements. The Métis Nation of Ontario, Welland Council, established its’ office in Welland in 1997.

Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centers The OFIFC was formed in July 1971. The OFIFC began mainly as a lobbying and resource agent and since has expanded its role to include the design and delivery of culturally-based training programs, program development and advocating Aboriginal development and communication. Currently, there are 28 member Centers that are located throughout the Province of Ontario. The vision of the OFIFC is to improve the quality of life for Urban Aboriginal people by supporting self-determined activities which encourage equal access and participation in Canadian society and which respect Aboriginal cultural distinctiveness. 1.2 Participants Aboriginal people from the Métis Nation of Ontario and the Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres are partnering to host this gambling research project. A “Local Research Advisory Committee” was formed by local citizens to develop a local research plan and serve as a resource to provide guidance throughout the research project. We surveyed Aboriginal people using the CPGI; we also held key informant interviews, focus groups and conducted case studies. Elders and other esteemed community members from the local Aboriginal centres and aforementioned organizations greatly assisted us as well.

2. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION As a community, the Niagara Region has a population of approximately 450,000 people. It has an Aboriginal population of approximately 47,400 persons. The median age of the Aboriginals in the Niagara area is 29.6*. The employment rate for Aboriginals in this area is 60.3%, with 6.1% of the Aboriginal population, 25 years or older, having a University education at a bachelor’s degree or higher* (*Statistics Canada). The Niagara Region is largely an industrial area with the Welland Ship Canal transporting cargo manufactured throughout the Great Lakes and the world through the heart of our community. Additionally, our area is also known for its agricultural base where tender fruit, vegetables and grains are grown in abundance. We also have a thriving horse racing industry both thoroughbred and standard bred.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 51

The area is also largely known throughout the world as a tourist attraction having the Horseshoe Falls and many museums in Niagara Falls, Ontario as well as holding many annual festivals and fairs throughout the area. Festivals include the Grape and Wine Festival, Canal Days and an annual Jazz Festival.

We have many schools in our area, which are highly diversified and include public, private, French, and those with affiliations to religion. We have a community college, Niagara College of Applied Arts and Technologies, having campuses in the major population centres and, in St. Catharines, we have Brock University.

We are located on the Niagara Peninsula that is surrounded by water on three sides, namely: Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Niagara River. We have access to parks and waterways including the Welland, Chippawa and Grand Rivers.

The historical town of Niagara-on-the-Lake boasts many tourist attractions. There is the Shaw Festival Theatre and Fort George. The War of 1812 was fought in the Niagara Region and there are many sites commemorating famous battles including Brock’s Monument. The Niagara Region Native Centre is located in Niagara-on-the-Lake in close proximity to Thorold, St. Catharines and Niagara Falls. Located directly across the Niagara River from the town proper is Lewiston, New York and Fort Niagara.

Niagara Falls is the “Honeymoon Capital of the World” and is very famous for the Horseshoe Falls and the Niagara River that it is named after. Niagara Falls is also home to the Sir Adam Beck Generating Station that is powered by the Niagara River and supplies power to Ontario, Quebec and the United States of America. Niagara Falls is also home to two Casinos. Located directly across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls, New York.

The town of Fort Erie also has its historical properties and was the site of various battles during the war of 1812. Historical Fort Erie is located on the bank of the mouth of the Niagara River. That town is home to the Fort Erie Race Track where thoroughbreds race. The track also includes a casino with approximately 1,200 slot machines. There are numerous bingo halls. The town is also home to the Aboriginal Fort Erie Friendship Centre. The town’s annual Festival, the ‘Fort Erie Friendship Festival,’ is held over the long weekend in July (Canada Day, July 1st and Independence Day, July 4th). It is held in co-operation with the Americans and boasts live music and various activities. Located directly across the Niagara River is Buffalo, New York.

Welland is famous for its recreational waterways, its rowing club and competitions, its roses and its annual ‘Welland Rose Festival’ that is held in June of each year. June is also a month long festival which embraces the multiculturalism of the area. It culminates with a parade that basically shuts down the City. Everyone comes out for it. Afterwards, there is a ‘party’ on Merrit Island that continues the multiculturalism theme and goodwill of the City. The month of September is for the annual food festival where different cuisines can be tasted. The main courthouse for the Judicial District of Niagara South is located in Welland. Welland is home to the Métis Nation of Ontario Welland Council.

St. Catharines has its ‘Grape and Wine Festival.’ The city and surrounding area are renowned for their grapes and the number of wineries in the area. St.Catharines is located on the southerly shore of Lake Ontario.

3. RESEARCH The research was exploratory and descriptive in nature and it was conducted in a fashion consistent with the participatory action research (PAR) methodological approach. The following subsections provide the purpose statement, research goals and research questions.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 52

3.1 Purpose and Goals The purpose of this research is to understand gambling in an Aboriginal cultural context and to examine and address the issue of problem gambling in the Aboriginal community in the Niagara Region.

There were five major research goals as follows:

Goal One: To describe the nature and practice of gambling as a community socio- cultural activity.

Goal Two: To describe the definition, characteristics and pervasiveness of problem gambling in the community.

Goal Three: To ascertain community members’ perceptions of gambling and problem gambling (i.e. level of awareness, knowledge, attitudes and values).

Goal Four: To ascertain help-seeking preferences and behaviours of problem gamblers and concerned significant others.

Goal Five: To develop an “action plan” designed to address problem gambling issues identified through the community research (deferred to a later phase of the project).

3.2 Research Questions The research was designed to address a number of important research questions. The questions are listed below in relation to the first four goals. The fifth goal, the action planning goal, will be pursued in a separate action planning, phase based on the “answers” or findings to the research questions.

Goal One: To describe the nature and practice of gambling as a community socio-cultural activity.

Question 1 - What activities do community members define as gambling? Question 2 - What is the ‘’perceived’’ prevalence of gambling in the community? Question 3 - What types of gambling do community members engage in? Question 4 - Where and when do community members gamble? Question 5 - How frequently and for how long/session, do community members gamble? Question 6 - How much money do community members spend on gambling? Question 7 - Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics? Question 8 - What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been continued/abandoned by community members in each town or city?

Goal Two: To describe the definition, characteristics, and pervasiveness of problem gambling in the community.

Question 1 - What do community members define as ‘’problem gambling’’? Question 2 - What is the ‘’perceived’’ prevalence of problem gambling in the community? Question 3 - What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community? Question 4 - What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 53

Question 5 - Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics? Question 6 - Does problem gambling in differ from the problem gambling in the past?

Goal Three: To ascertain community members’ perceptions of gambling and problem gambling (i.e. level of awareness, knowledge, attitude and values).

Question 1 - How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling? Question 2 - How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community? Question 3 - What are the community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Goal Four: To ascertain help-seeking preferences and behaviours of problem gamblers and concerned significant others.

Question 1 - What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community? Question 2 - How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about the resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community? Question 3 - What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers? 3.3 Methods The research methods consisted of a community survey, focus group sessions, key informant interviews and problem gambler case studies. Each method is described below and includes references to sampling, data collection and data analysis.

3.3.1 Community Survey With the aim of describing the extent and nature of gambling and problem gambling among Aboriginal people in Niagara Region, we conducted a community survey. A community survey was conducted to obtain information on how community members are involved in gambling, how much they participate in gambling and their experience with gambling.

Sampling We used a broad, representative sample of 203 Aboriginal people in the urban Aboriginal communities of the Niagara Region; approximately 50 respondents from each of the four communities: Welland, Fort Erie, Niagara Falls/Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines. Within the sample of convenience, attempts were made to have a balance between males and females and reasonable representation of different age groups such as young people, adults and older people.

Instruments Data collection consisted of encouraging Aboriginal people to complete a pencil and paper questionnaire done in public places. The questionnaire was comprised of demographical questions and the first 17 questions of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (see Appendix I).

Analysis The questionnaire produced quantitative data that lent itself to statistical analysis. The data from the questionnaires was coded and entered into a database. The database was analyzed with the aim of developing descriptive statistics on the extent and nature of gambling and problem gambling among Aboriginal people in the Niagara Region. The results of the analysis are considered to represent answers to the research questions and be part of the research findings.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 54

3.3.2 Focus Groups We used focus groups to gather information on the perceptions, attitudes and values of the members of the community in relation to gambling and problem gambling.

Sampling The focus group participants were recruited from each of the four focus communities in Niagara Region: Welland, Fort Erie, Niagara Falls/Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines. From each of these four communities, there were two to three people selected for each focus group. There were a total of six focus groups with three different age categories for male and female. The age groups were: youth (ages 18 to 25), adults (ages 26 to 55) and Elders (age 56 and older). Each focus group consisted of 8 - 12 Aboriginal people, along with a facilitator.

Instruments Each focus group was led by a facilitator and each group had a recorder. The facilitator used a discussion guide (see Appendix II) and the recorder took notes. With the permission of the participants, the sessions were tape-recorded. The group responses to the discussion guide questions and topics formed the data that were collected as notes and tape recordings.

Analysis The data or results of the focus group sessions represent qualitative data which was subjected to content analysis. The content analysis consisted of reviewing the notes and tapes and compiling the group responses, themes and issues. The results of the content analysis are reported as the findings.

3.3.3 Key Informant Interviews To obtain the perceptions and opinions of people who have an overview of the Aboriginal community in Niagara Region, there were 16 key informant interviews conducted. The key informant interviews were conducted with very knowledgeable and available people.

Sampling The key informants were people who knew about the Aboriginal community in their respective communities in Niagara Region. From the four focus communities, four knowledgeable people were interviewed: an Elder and a key person from a health agency, a social service agency and an addiction services agency.

Instruments Data collection was done by recording the responses to a set of open-ended questions for key informants (see Appendix III). The responses were recorded by taking notes during the interview and tape-recording with the permission of the key informant.

Analysis The key informants’ responses represent qualitative data that were analyzed for its content. The notes and tapes were reviewed and summarized in order to identify the themes, patterns and issues.

3.3.4 Case Study Interviews In order to obtain the experiences, views and opinions of problem gamblers, we obtained 8 case studies from problem gamblers: two problem gamblers from each of our four focus communities. The data for the case studies were in the form of the anonymous, voluntary problem gamblers, telling their story through a problem gambler case study.

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 55

Sampling We encouraged the involvement of two problem gamblers from each community with an overall balance of gender and age groups for the 8 case studies we had in mind. Problem gamblers were identified by survey respondents, focus group participants, key informants and other contacts. We attempted to recruit two problem gamblers from each of the four respective communities. We were able to locate 6 problem gamblers for our case studies. For all six case studies, the problem gambler agreed to participate as the problem gambler

Instruments All participants were promised absolute assurance of confidentiality and anonymity. The interviews were guided by using the four-component framework that is provided in Appendix IV. We used questions and prompts to get the participants to tell their own story in their own way and in their own words. They were comfortable interviews, with the participants’ needs upper most. Subject to gaining the approval of the interviewee, the interviewer took notes and the interview was taped. The notes and tapes were then transcribed as brief written case studies for inclusion in this findings report (see Appendix V).

Analysis The case studies represent qualitative data that were analyzed for their content and incorporated into the findings. For their interest value, the eight case studies are also provided as full case studies in this report (see Appendix V).

4. FINDINGS The findings are presented as a summary of the research data that were collected. All the collected data were obtained by using one or more of the research methods as described in the methods section. The findings are organized by the goal areas and the respective research questions that were developed and identified within the research plan.

Goal One: To Describe the Nature and Practice of Gambling as a Community Socio-cultural Activity.

Question 1: What activities do community members define as gambling?

Focus Groups The community members considered the following legal activities as gambling: casinos, bingo halls, slot machines, horse racing, card games, video games, purchase of lottery tickets, scratch tickets, pull tickets, sports betting and raffles to name a few.

Question 2: What is the perceived prevalence of gambling in the community? Community Survey

Although the community survey did not have a representative random sample, Table #1 shows the results from the survey and the “suggested” prevalence of gambling in the community. Based on the responses from the community survey, over 92% of Aboriginal people gamble.

TABLE 1 ”Suggested” Prevalence of Gambling Activities

Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total Demographics N % N % N % Total Respondents 188 92.6 15 7.4 203 100%

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 56

Focus Groups The focus groups suggested that pretty much everyone gambles in one form or another. They felt there is more gambling in the community due to all the various forms of gambling that are available. “It is so prevalent that has become habit forming for our whole community”

Question 3: What types of gambling activities do community members engage in?

Community Survey Table #2 shows the types of gambling activities community members engage in according to the community survey results. The top four listed activities are lottery tickets, scratch tickets, bingo, raffles and fundraisers.

TABLE 2 Gambling Activity

Gamblers/Game (N=191)

Gambling Activity N % R

Lottery tickets 139 72.8 1

Instant win or scratch tickets 102 53.4 2

Bingo 94 49.2 3

Raffles or fund raising tickets 93 48.7 4

Coin slots in a casino 71 37.2 5 Card/board games with family or 61 22.6 6 friends Horse races (live or off-track) 38 19.9 7 Casino games other than coin slots 23 12.0 8 (poker, blackjack, roulette, Keno) Daily lottery 23 12.0 9

Sport Select 21 11.0 10

Sports pools 17 8.9 11

Stocks, options, commodities 16 8.4 12

VLTs in a bar or lounge 16 8.4 13 Games of skill (pool, golf, bowling, 14 7.3 14 darts) Games at Casio’s outside of 14 7.3 15 province i.e. - Las Vegas Outcome of sporting events 11 5.8 16 Card games in non-regulated 9 4.7 17 settings Internet gambling 6 3.1 18

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 57

Gamblers/Game (N=191)

Gambling Activity N % R

Arcade or Video games for money 4 2.1 19

Sports with a bookie 4 2.1 20

Question 4: Where and when do community members gamble?

Focus Groups The focus groups suggested that gambling took place nearly anywhere: at bingo halls, corner stores, family homes, through a bookie and at casino’s. The focus groups indicated that gambling took place at all times of the day and night.

Question 5: How frequently and for how long/session, do community members gamble?

Community Survey Table #3 addresses how frequently community members gamble. The highest percentage of gamblers, gamble at least once per week.

TABLE 3 Gambling Frequency

Gamblers (N=191)

Gambling Frequency N %

Daily 9 4.7

2-6 times per week 31 16.2

Once per week 36 18.8

2-3 times per month 33 17.3

Once per month 19 9.9

6-11 times per year 11 5.8

1-5 times per year 34 17.8

Never in the past year 1 .5

Don’t know 4 2.1

No response 11 5.8

Missing 2 1.0

Total 191 99.9

Table #4 indicates the duration or amount of time spent gambling. The majority of Aboriginal gamblers in the Niagara Region do so for an hour or less per occasion.

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TABLE 4 Gambling Duration

Gamblers (N=191)

Gambling Duration N %

1 minute - 1 hour 82 42.9

1.1 hour – 2 hours 19 9.9

2.1 hours – 3 hours 23 12.0

3.1 hours – 4 hours 12 6.3

4.1 hours and above 21 11.0

No response 30 15.7

0 time spent 4 2.1

Total 191 99.9

Key Informant Interviews The key informants indicated knowledge of gambling preferences from a few minutes at a time (to purchase lottery tickets) to hours or days at a time (bingo, casino and private poker games). Frequency was noted to be dependant upon the choice of gambling venue and the amount of money spent or the amount of money an individual was attempting to win (to pay their rent). Many of the key informants were aware that gamblers frequent gaming facilities on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.

Question 6: How much money do community members spend on gambling?

Community Survey Table #5 shows the amount of money community members spend on gambling each month. The majority of Aboriginal gamblers spend $50.00 or less per month and more than 5% spent more than $501 per month.

TABLE 5 Gambling Expenditure

Gamblers (N=191)

Money Spent per Month N %

1 - 50 90 47.1

51 -100 23 12.0

101 - 200 13 6.8

201 -300 11 5.8

301 -500 6 3.1

501 - above 10 5.2

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 59

Gamblers (N=191)

Money Spent per Month N %

0 money spent 3 1.6

No response 35 18.3

Total 191 99.9

Question 7: Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Community Survey Table #6 gives us the gender, age and marital status of Aboriginal gamblers in the Niagara Region according the respondents to the community survey. In terms of gender and within the surveyed group, over 60% of the Aboriginal respondents indicated they were female. Those respondents in the middle age group have the highest number of gamblers. Over 35% of the Aboriginal people surveyed that gamble are married.

TABLE 6 Gender, Age and Marital Status of Gamblers

Demographic Variables Gamblers N % Gender Male 72 37.7 Female 116 60.7 No Response 3 1.6 Age 18-25 21 11.0 26-55 113 59.2 56 and above 36 18.8 No Response 21 11.0 Marital Status Single 40 20.9 Married 68 35.6 Common Law 32 16.8 Divorced/Separated 28 14.7 Widowed 18 9.4 No Response 4 2.1

Table #7 shows the amount of education and income reported by respondents to the survey. The majority of the respondents in the survey have at least some high school or a high school diploma. As far as income is concerned, the bulk of the Aboriginal gamblers that were surveyed indicate a lower to middle annual income ($15,000 to $40,000).

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 60

TABLE 7 Education and Income

Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Education No School 1 .5 Some Elementary 10 5.2 Completed Elementary 6 3.1 Some High School 40 20.9 Completed High School 37 19.4 Some College 18 9.4 Completed College 22 11.5 Some Tech School 7 3.7 Completed Tech School 4 2.1 Some University 20 10.5 Completed Bachelor’s 15 7.9 Completed Masters 4 2.1 Professional Degree 5 2.6 No Response 2 1.1 Total 191 100 Annual Household Income 0 - $14,000 20 10.5 $15,000 - $25,000 31 16.2 $25,100 - $40,000 31 16.2 $40,100 - $60,000 27 14.1 $60,100 - $100,000 22 11.5 $100,100 and above 9 4.7 No Response 51 26.7 Total 191 99.9

Aboriginal ancestry for gamblers is shown in Table #8. Within the Aboriginal community in the Niagara Region, the Métis people that participated in the survey reported having the largest number of gamblers.

TABLE 8 Aboriginal Ancestry

Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Aboriginal Ancestry First Nation 91 47.6 Métis 93 48.7 No Response 7 3.7 Total 191 100.0

Table #9 indicates the number of minor children living in the gambler’s household. The majority of gamblers reported that there were no minors living in the same household. Of the households reporting minors most have only one, two or three minors living in the home (minors are defined as persons’ under the age of eighteen).

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 61

TABLE 9 Minor Children Living in Residence with Gamblers

Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Number Under 18 Residing No minors 112 58.6 1 -3 minors 68 35.6 4 -5 minors 3 1.6 6 or more 2 1.0 No Response 6 3.1 Total 191 99.9

Question 8: What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been (continued, abandoned) by community members in the Niagara Region?

Focus Groups

The people in the Elders’ focus groups spoke of gambling on dog races, snow snakes and peach pits as traditional gambling practices from their background, traditions and customs.

Goal Two: To Describe the Definition, Characteristics and Pervasiveness of Problem Gambling in the Community

Question 1: What do community members define as “problem gambling”?

Focus Groups The focus groups thought that problem gamblers were people that were addicted to gambling. People that would often try to win back their lost money and would gamble almost every day at bingo or casinos. The focus groups thought that the problem gambler allowed gambling to become the priority in their lives. Problem gamblers were further defined as people who spend all their money on gambling instead of necessities and then have to ask the community for support.

Question 2: What is the perceived prevalence of problem gambling in the community?

Community Survey Table #10 offers the “suggested” prevalence of problem gambling in the community, based on the sample of people that completed the community survey questionnaire. The “suggested” prevalence of problem gamblers is 5.2%.

TABLE 10 Problem Gambling Prevalence by Gambler Sub-Type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers (PGSI=0) (PGSI=1-2) (PGSI=3-7) (PGSI=8+) 92 33 21 10 48.2% 17.3% 11.0% 5.2%

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Focus Groups The focus group participants thought that nearly everyone gambles in one form or another but very few people would admit to being a problem gambler. The focus group members indicated that the “perceived” prevalence of problem gambling is low.

Question 3: What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

Community Survey Table #11 shows personal and social behaviours experienced by problem gamblers such as health problems, feeling guilty and having financial problems as a result of their gambling.

TABLE 11 Attributable Behaviours by Gambler sub-type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Attributable Behaviours N % N % N % N %

Personal Behaviours Bet more than can afford to lose Never 84 91.3 17 51.5 8 38.1 1 10.0 Sometimes 7 7.6 14 42.4 11 52.4 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 1 3.0 2 9.5 2 20.0 Almost always 1 1.1 1 3.0 0 0 1 10.0 Spend more than you wanted Never 92 100.0 10 30.3 6 28.6 0 0 Sometimes 0 0 22 66.7 14 66.7 5 50.5 Most of the time 0 0 1 3.0 1 4.8 4 40.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Need to gamble with larger amounts Never 92 100.0 29 87.9 13 61.9 0 0 Sometimes 0 0 4 12.1 8 38.1 9 90.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tried to win money back Never 92 100.0 27 81.8 8 38.1 1 10.0 Sometimes 0 0 6 18.2 13 61.9 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Borrow money or sold anything Never 92 100.0 33 100.0 15 71.4 1 10.0 Sometimes 0 0 0 0 6 28.6 9 90.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Social Behaviours

Lied to family and others Never 92 100.0 31 93.9 13 61.9 3 30.0 Sometimes 0 0 2 6.1 8 38.1 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0

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Focus Groups The focus group members spoke of attributable behaviours as being denial and financial difficulties that increased amounts of time spent gambling and abusive toward family and friends.

Question 4: What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

Community Survey Problem gamblers, as shown in Table #12, indicate that they have health problems, feel guilty and have financial problems as a result of their gambling.

TABLE 12 Adverse Consequences by Gambler Sub-Type

Non-Problem Low Risk Moderate Risk Problem Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Gamblers Adverse Consequences N % N % N % N % Personal Consequences Health problems (stress and anxiety) Never 92 100.0 32 97.0 11 52.4 1 10.0 Sometimes 0 0 1 3.0 10 47.6 7 70.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20.0 Felt had gambling problem Never 92 0 32 97.0 13 61.9 0 0 Sometimes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Most of the time 0 0 1 3.0 8 38.1 10 100.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Felt like to stop gambling Never 90 97.8 33 100.0 16 76.2 3 30.0 Sometimes 0 0 0 0 4 19.0 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 People criticized gambling Never 92 100.0 30 90.9 15 71.4 1 10.0 Sometimes 0 0 3 9.1 6 28.6 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20.0 Felt guilty Never 92 100.0 31 93.9 10 47.6 1 10.0 Sometimes 0 0 2 6.1 11 52.4 6 60.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20.0 Social Consequences Financial problems for gambler or household Never 92 100.0 30 90.9 13 61.9 0 0 Sometimes 0 0 3 9.1 8 38.1 7 70.0 Most of the time 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20.0 Almost always 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10.0

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Question 5: Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Community Survey A demographic profile of problem gamblers in the community is presented in the following four tables (Table #13, Table #14, Table #15 and Table #16). These tables show the gender, age, marital status, education and income, employment status/occupation and their Aboriginal ancestry.

Aboriginal problem gamblers in the Niagara Region by gender, age and marital status are presented in Table #13. In terms of gender, males and females are evenly split. Age groups show that the middle age groups have the higher number of problem gamblers. Marital status indicates that those reporting as married have the highest percentage of problem gamblers.

TABLE 13 Gender, Age and Marital Status of Problem Gamblers

Problem Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Gender Male 4 7.1 Female 4 4.1 Age 18-25 0 0 26-55 8 8.8 56 and above 2 6.3 No Response 10 6.4 Marital Status Single 0 0 Married 7 11.5 Common-Law 0 0 Divorced/Separated 2 9.1 Widowed 1 6.7 No Response 0 0

Table #14 shows the education and income levels of problem gamblers. The problem gamblers tend to have the highest annual household incomes.

TABLE 14 Education and Income of Problem Gamblers

Problem Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Education Some Elementary 0 0 Completed Elementary 1 33.3 Some High School 2 6.9 Completed High School 0 0 Some College 2 13.3

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Problem Gamblers Completed College 2 10.5 Some Tech School 0 0 Completed Tech School 0 0 Some University 3 15.0 Completed Bachelor’s 0 0 Completed Master’s 0 0 Professional Degree 0 0 Annual Household Income $0-$14,000 1 6.7 $15,100-$25,000 1 4.2 $25,100-$40,000 2 7.7 $40,100-$60,000 1 4.0 $60,100-$100,000 1 4.8 $100,100 and above 2 22.2 No Response 2 5.6

Table #15 presents employment status and occupations of problem gamblers. As far as employment status, the category of retired people has the highest percentage of problem gamblers. Those that are employed in the hospitality industry have the highest percentage of problem gamblers in their field of occupation.

TABLE 15 Employment Status and Occupation of Problem Gamblers

Problem Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Employment Status Employed full-time (30 or more hrs/week) 4 5.5 Employed part-time (less than 30hrs/week) 3 11.1 Unemployed (out of work but looking for work) 0 0 Student: employed part-time or full-time 0 0 Student: not employed 0 0 Retired 3 13.6 Homemaker 0 0 No Response 0 0 Occupation Professional 2 4.3 Retail 0 0 Hospitality 2 16.7 Labourer 0 0 Other 2 9.5 No Response 4 11.4

The problem gamblers’ Aboriginal ancestry is shown in Table #16. Of the problem gamblers identified through the community survey, 7.1% are First Nations people.

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TABLE 16 Aboriginal Ancestry of Problem Gamblers

Problem Gamblers Demographic Variables N % Aboriginal Ancestry First Nation 5 7.1 Métis 4 5.1 No Response 1 14.3

Question 6: Does problem gambling in the Niagara Region differ from problem gambling in the past?

Focus Groups The focus groups thought that most of the games are different now, although cards (poker) have been around for a long time and are still around. Generally not much difference reported.

Key Informants Key Informants thought that problem gambling is a more acceptable part of our culture today due to the increased access and availability today to casinos, lottery tickets and bingo halls.

Goal Three: To Ascertain Community Members’ Perceptions of Gambling and Problem Gambling. (i.e. Level of Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes and Values)

Question 1: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling?

Focus Groups The focus groups thought that generally speaking, the community members and the problem gamblers are not very knowledgeable or educated about problem gambling. Most people are not knowledgeable about problem gambling because they do not believe it exists. The community is not fully aware of the seriousness of problem gambling.

Question 2: How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community?

Focus Groups The focus group participants thought there was a general lack of concern. It was suggested that the community members do not think that a problem exists; therefore, there is no real concern.

Question 3: What are community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Focus Groups The focus groups felt that community members generally do not feel that there are significant numbers of gamblers with problems. Therefore, they did not identify any attitudes that people hold toward problem gamblers.

Goal Four: To Ascertain Help Seeking Preferences and Behaviours of Problem Gamblers and Concerned Significant Others

Question 1: What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 67

Focus Groups The focus groups indicated that the telephone hotline number was available and that there is Gamblers Anonymous.

Key Informant Interviews The key informants reported that the Niagara Alcohol and Drug Assessment Service has a gambling assistance program with counsellors and health workers, also reported were resources available at the Women’s Addiction Recovery in Fort Erie. Two other addiction programs were identified, one in Brantford and one on the Six Nations Reserve

Question 2: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community?

Focus Groups The focus groups thought that community members and problem gamblers do not know what programs or services exist. It was generally thought that community members may feel there are some services available but do not know how or where to access them.

Key Informants The key informants thought that the community members and the problem gamblers were not very knowledgeable at all about what resources are available. It was felt that the level of awareness is very low.

Question 3: What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

Focus Groups The focus groups thought the preferences were for more public education and more talking circles.

Key Informants The key informants thought that more private counselling was needed and more community involvement. It was also felt that more Aboriginal specific programs and services were needed, such as talking circles and sweat lodges.

5. CONCLUSIONS Goal One: To Describe the Nature and Practice of Gambling as a Community Socio-cultural Activity.

Question 1: What activities do community members define as gambling?

Conclusion The Aboriginal community in Niagara Region defined gambling in relationship to a number of legal gambling activities. These activities include gambling on lottery tickets, scratch tickets, horse racing, slot machines, bingos and casino gambling.

Question 2: What is the perceived prevalence of gambling in the community?

Conclusion The “perceived” prevalence of gambling within the Niagara Regional Aboriginal community is that almost everyone gambles and, therefore, the “perceived” prevalence of gambling is high. The

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 68

“suggested” prevalence from the community survey of gambling among Aboriginal people in the Niagara Region is 92%.

Question 3: What types of gambling activities do community members engage in?

Conclusion The top five activities that community members engage in are the legal activities of lottery tickets, instant win or scratch tickets, bingos, raffles and coin slots in casinos.

Question 4: Where and when do community members gamble?

Conclusion The gambling is taking place at any location where gambling tickets are sold and in bingo halls and gambling casinos. Gambling at bingo almost always takes place in the evening. Community members gamble at casinos mostly during the daytime but with some evening activity and in many cases 24 hours per day.

Question 5: How frequently and for how long/session, do community members gamble?

Conclusion The highest percentages of gamblers gamble at least once per week and gamble at least an hour per session. The exception would be the purchase and playing of lottery tickets and scratch tickets that takes very little time.

Question 6: How much money do community members spend on gambling?

Conclusion The majority of Aboriginal gamblers in the Niagara Region spend less than $100.00 per month on gambling.

Question 7: Who are the gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Conclusion The gamblers in the Niagara Region Aboriginal community, as identified from our survey results, tend to be females. Most gambles are between 26 to 55 years of age and are married. The majority of the gamblers have at least some high school education. The income level of the Aboriginal gambler in the Niagara Region is between $15,000 and $40,000 per year. Of the Aboriginal groups represented in the Niagara Region, the Métis people have the highest percentage of gamblers.

Question 8: What gambling practices from your background, traditions and customs have been continued or abandoned by Aboriginal community members in the Niagara Region.

Conclusion Gambling on dog races, snow snakes and peach pits are gambling practices that have been abandoned from local Aboriginal traditions and customs.

Goal Two: To Describe the Definition, Characteristics and Pervasiveness of Problem Gambling in the Community

Question 1: What do community members define as “problem gambling”?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 69

Conclusion The Aboriginal community in Niagara Region thought that problem gamblers were people that were addicted to gambling. People that would often try to win back their lost money and would gamble almost every day at bingo or casinos. They thought that the problem gambler allowed gambling to become the priority in their lives. Problem gamblers were further defined as people who spend all their money on gambling instead of necessities and then have to ask the community for support.

Question 2: What is the perceived prevalence of problem gambling in the community?

Conclusion The “perceived” prevalence rate of problem gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal community is low. Although not drawn from a non-random survey, the evidence provided by the community survey results offered a “suggested” problem gambling prevalence rate of 5.2%.

Question 3: What are the behaviours attributable to problem gamblers in the community?

Conclusion The behaviours attributable to problem gambling are denial, spending more time away from home, financial difficulties, lying and making excuses about gambling. Others behaviours include, more focus on gambling and abusive toward family and friends.

Question 4: What are the consequences of problem gambling for the (individual, family, friends, others) in the community?

Conclusion Problem gamblers have health problems, feel guilty about their gambling and have financial problems. Other consequences include disruption of family life, bankruptcies and abuse of credit.

Question 5: Who are the problem gamblers in the community and what are their demographic characteristics?

Conclusion The problem gamblers in the Niagara Region Aboriginal community as defined from our survey results are males and females, aged 26 to 55 years of age and they tend to be married. They are not well educated and have a low to middle income level between $25,000 and $40,000 per year. Of the Aboriginal groups represented in the Niagara Region, the First Nations people have the highest percentage of problem gamblers.

Question 6: Does problem gambling in the Niagara Region differ from problem gambling in the past?

Conclusion Some of the games played are different today but by in large not a tremendous amount of difference from problem gambling in the past.

Goal Three: To Ascertain Community Members’ Perceptions of Gambling and Problem Gambling. (i.e. Level of Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes and Values)

Question 1: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about problem gambling?

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 70

Conclusion The community members and problem gamblers are not very knowledgeable about problem gambling. The community in general lacks knowledge and does not believe problem gambling exists.

Question 2: How (aware, concerned) are community members about the presence of problem gambling in the community?

Conclusion There is a general lack of concern and, perhaps, most community members do not even think problem gambling exists. Because the community does not believe a problem exists, there is no real concern.

Question 3: What are community members’ attitudes towards those with a gambling problem?

Conclusion Since the community members do not think there is problem gambling, there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about the attitudes the community members hold toward those with a gambling problem.

Goal Four: To Ascertain Help Seeking Preferences and Behaviours of Problem Gamblers and Concerned Significant Others

Question 1: What resources presently exist to help problem gamblers in the community?

Conclusion Community members were only able to identify the telephone hotline number and that there may be a Gambler’s Anonymous group but, generally it was felt that there is not much in the way of resources available.

Question 2: How knowledgeable are (community members, problem gamblers) about resources that are available to help problem gamblers in the community?

Conclusion For the most part, community members and problem gamblers do not know what programs or services exist. The community members feel that there are some services available but they do not know how or where to access them.

Question 3: What are the preferences of (community members, problem gamblers) for programs and services to assist problem gamblers?

Conclusion The community members’ preferences are that there be more public education, more private counselling and more Aboriginal specific programming, such as talking circles and sweat lodges.

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APPENDIX I Community Survey Questionnaire

The following Survey Questions are a portion of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index

All Responses are Confidential

No Names are Required

Date of Birth:______19_____

Male___ Female___

What is your aboriginal ancestry?______

What is your community of residence?______

What is your current marital status?

7. Single (never married) 8. Married 9. Common-law 10. Divorced or separated 11. Widowed 9. No response

What is the highest level of education you have completed?

17. No schooling 18. Some elementary school 19. Completed elementary school 20. Some high school/junior high 21. Completed high school 22. Some community college 23. Some technical school 24. Completed community college (certificate, diploma) 25. Completed technical school (certificate, diploma) 26. Some University 27. Completed Bachelor’s Degree 28. Completed Master’s Degree 29. Completed Doctoral Degree 30. Professional Degree 98. Don’t know 99. No response

What is your present job status?

10. Employed full-time (30 or more hours/week) 11. Employed part-time (less than 30 hours/week) 12. Unemployed (out of work but looking for work)

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13. Student – Employed part-time or full-time 14. Student – Not employed 15. Retired 16. Homemaker 17. Don’t know 18. No response

What type of work do you currently do (or, what do you do when you are employed)?

How many people under the age of 18 live with you?______

What is your total household income, before taxes, last year?______

The following questions were used to determine gambling involvement, problem gambling behaviour and adverse consequences.

1. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, have you bet or spent money on any of the following: (select all that apply)

Bingo 5. Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6. Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7. Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8. Casino slot machines 9. Arcade or video games for money 10. Gambling on the Internet

Sports Betting 11. Sport Select (e.g. Pro Line, Over/Under, Point Spread) 12. Sports pools [formal (e.g. charity-sponsored) or informal (e.g. at work)] 13. Outcome of sporting events (i.e. other than sports pool or Sports Select) 14. Sports with a bookie

Horse Racing 15. Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track)

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Speculative investments 18. Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs)

2. Thinking of the past twelve (12) months, how often did you bet or spend money on the following:

Gambling tickets 1.Lottery tickets (e.g. 649, Super 7, POGO) 2.Daily lottery tickets (e.g. Pick 3) 3.Instant-win or scratch tickets (e.g. break-open, pull-tab, Nevada strips) 4.Raffles or fundraising tickets

Bingo 5.Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6.Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7.Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8.Casino slot machines 9.Arcade or video games for money 10.Gambling on the Internet

Sports betting 11.Sport Select (e.g. Pro Line, Over/Under, Point Spread) 12.Sports pools [formal (e.g. charity-sponsored) or informal (e.g. at work)] 13.Outcome of sporting events (i.e. other than sports pool or Sports Select) 14.Sports with a bookie

Horse racing 15.Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track)

Speculative Investments 18.Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs)

Other gambling 19.Games of skill for money (e.g. pool, golf, bowling, darts) 20.Card games in non-regulated settings other than with family/friends (e.g. card rooms) 21.Any other form of gambling (______specify)

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 74

1. Daily 2. 2-6 times/week 3. About once/week 4. 2-3 times/month 5. About once/month 6. 6-11 times/year 7. 1-5 times/year 8. Never in the past year 98. Don’t know 99. No response

3. Thinking of the past twelve (12) months, when spending money on any of the following activities, how many minutes/hours do you normally spend each time?

Gambling tickets 1.Lottery tickets (e.g. 649, Super 7, POGO) 2.Daily lottery tickets (e.g. Pick 3) 3.Instant-win or scratch tickets (e.g. break-open, pull-tab, Nevada strips) 4.Raffles or fundraising tickets

Bingo 5.Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6.Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7.Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8.Casino slot machines 9.Arcade or video games for money 10.Gambling on the Internet

Horse racing 15.Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track)

Speculative investments 18.Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs)

Other gambling 19.Games of skill for money (e.g. pool, golf, bowling, darts) 20.Card games in non-regulated settings other than with family/friends (e.g. card rooms) 21.Any other form of gambling (______specify)

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 75

4. Thinking of the past twelve (12) months, how much money, not including winnings, do you spend on the following activities in a typical month?

Gambling tickets 1.Lottery tickets (e.g. 649, Super 7, POGO) 2.Daily lottery tickets (e.g. Pick 3) 3.Instant-win or scratch tickets (e.g. break-open, pull-tab, Nevada strips) 4.Raffles or fundraising tickets

Bingo 5.Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6.Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7.Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8.Casino slot machines 9.Arcade or video games for money 10.Gambling on the Internet

Horse racing 15.Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track) Casinos 16.Games at Provincial casinos [i.e. other than coin slots or VLTs (e.g. poker, blackjack, roulette)] 17.Games at casinos outside of Province (e.g. Las Vegas, Regina) [i.e. other than coin slots or VLTs (e.g. poker, blackjack, roulette)]

Speculative investments 18.Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs)

Other gambling 19.Games of skill for money (e.g. pool, golf, bowling, darts) 20.Card games in non-regulated settings other than with family/friends (e.g. card rooms) 21.Any other form of gambling (______specify)

5. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, what is the largest amount of money you ever spent on any of the following activities in any one day?

Gambling tickets 1.Lottery tickets (e.g. 649, Super 7, POGO) 2.Daily lottery tickets (e.g. Pick 3) 3.Instant-win or scratch tickets (e.g. break-open, pull-tab, Nevada strips) 4.Raffles or fundraising tickets

Bingo

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 76

5.Bingo

Gambling with family or friends 6.Cards or board games with family or friends (i.e. for money)

Electronic gambling 7.Video lottery terminals (VLTs) (i.e. in bar or restaurant lounge) 8.Casino slot machines 9.Arcade or video games for money 10.Gambling on the Internet

Horse Racing 15.Horse races (i.e. live at track and/or off-track)

CASINOS 16.Games at Provincial casinos [i.e. other than coin slots or VLTs (e.g. poker, blackjack, roulette)] 17.Games at casinos outside of Province (e.g. Las Vegas, Regina) [i.e. other than coin slots or VLTs (e.g. poker, blackjack, roulette)]

Speculative Investments 18.Stocks, options, commodities markets (i.e. not mutual funds or RRSPs) Other Gambling 19.Games of skill for money (e.g. pool, golf, bowling, darts) 20.Card games in non-regulated settings other than with family/friends (e.g. card rooms) 21.Any other form of gambling (______specify)

6. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 8. Don’t know 9.No response

7. Thinking about the past twelve (12) months, how often have you bet or spent more money than you wanted to on gambling?

1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. Most of the Time 4. Almost Always 8. Don’t know 9. No response

Examining Gambling and Problem Gambling in the Niagara Region Aboriginal Community 77