On the Possible Roles of Microsaccades and Drifts in Visual
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Motion Perception of Saccade-Induced Retinal Translation
Motion perception of saccade-induced retinal translation Eric Castet*, Se´ bastien Jeanjean, and Guillaume S. Masson Institut de Neurosciences Physiologiques et Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France Edited by Dale Purves, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, and approved September 25, 2002 (received for review June 25, 2002) Active visual perception relies on the ability to interpret correctly to the occurrence of saccades (Fig. 1). Only two percepts were retinal motion signals induced either by moving objects viewed reported across trials; the grating appeared either as static or as with static eyes or by stationary objects viewed with moving eyes. moving against the saccade direction. Observers indicated their A motionless environment is not normally perceived as moving percept by pressing one of two buttons. In all experiments, during saccadic eye movements. It is commonly believed that this observers were encouraged to use a conservative criterion, that phenomenon involves central oculomotor signals that inhibit in- is, to respond ‘‘motion’’ only when the motion percept was trasaccadic visual motion processing. The keystone of this ex- conspicuous. To assess intrasaccadic perception of naı¨ve observ- traretinal theory relies on experimental reports showing that ers (who were not aware that the stimulus was always stationary physically stationary scenes displayed only during saccades, thus on the screen), we first run preliminary sessions in which the producing high retinal velocities, are never perceived as moving observers were not required to report any specific percept. At the but appear as static blurred images. We, however, provide evi- end of each of these preliminary sessions, observers were simply dence that stimuli optimized for high-speed motion detection elicit asked to describe the appearance of the stimuli presented across clear motion perception against saccade direction, thus making the trials. -
Visual Fixation Development in Children
Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2007) 245:1659–1665 DOI 10.1007/s00417-007-0585-6 CLINICAL INVESTIGATION Visual fixation development in children Eva Aring & Marita Andersson Grönlund & Ann Hellström & Jan Ygge Received: 12 December 2006 /Revised: 2 March 2007 /Accepted: 31 March 2007 / Published online: 24 April 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract there were no significant differences with regard to gender Background The ability to keep steady fixation on a target or laterality in any of the investigated variables. No is one of several aspects of good visual function. However, nystagmus was observed. there are few reports on visual fixation during childhood in Conclusion This study establishes values for visual fixation healthy children. behaviour in a non-clinical population aged 4–15 years, Methods An infrared eye-tracking device (Orbit) was used which can be used for identifying children with fixation to analyse binocular fixation behaviour in 135 non-clinical abnormalities. participants aged 4–15 years. The children wore goggles and their heads were restrained using a chin and forehead Keywords Blinks . Drifts . Intruding saccades . rest, while binocularly fixating a stationary target for 20 s. Centre of gravity Results The density of fixations around the centre of gravity increased with increasing age (p<0.01), and the time of fixation without intruding movements increased Introduction with increasing age (p=0.02), while intruding saccades decreased with increasing age (p<0.01). The number of The ability to visually fixate a target is one of several blinks and drifts did not differ between 4 and 15 years, and aspects of good visual function [1]. -
Subliminal Afterimages Via Ocular Delayed Luminescence: Transsaccade Stability of the Visual Perception and Color Illusion
ACTIVITAS NERVOSA SUPERIOR Activitas Nervosa Superior 2012, 54, No. 1-2 REVIEW ARTICLE SUBLIMINAL AFTERIMAGES VIA OCULAR DELAYED LUMINESCENCE: TRANSSACCADE STABILITY OF THE VISUAL PERCEPTION AND COLOR ILLUSION István Bókkon1,2 & Ram L.P. Vimal2 1Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary 2Vision Research Institute, Lowell, MA, USA Abstract Here, we suggest the existence and possible roles of evanescent nonconscious afterimages in visual saccades and color illusions during normal vision. These suggested functions of subliminal afterimages are based on our previous papers (i) (Bókkon, Vimal et al. 2011, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B) related to visible light induced ocular delayed bioluminescence as a possible origin of negative afterimage and (ii) Wang, Bókkon et al. (Brain Res. 2011)’s experiments that proved the existence of spontaneous and visible light induced delayed ultraweak photon emission from in vitro freshly isolated rat’s whole eye, lens, vitreous humor and retina. We also argue about the existence of rich detailed, subliminal visual short-term memory across saccades in early retinotopic areas. We conclude that if we want to understand the complex visual processes, mere electrical processes are hardly enough for explanations; for that we have to consider the natural photobiophysical processes as elaborated in this article. Key words: Saccades Nonconscious afterimages Ocular delayed bioluminescence Color illusion 1. INTRODUCTION Previously, we presented a common photobiophysical basis for various visual related phenomena such as discrete retinal noise, retinal phosphenes, as well as negative afterimages. These new concepts have been supported by experiments (Wang, Bókkon et al., 2011). They performed the first experimental proof of spontaneous ultraweak biophoton emission and visible light induced delayed ultraweak photon emission from in vitro freshly isolated rat’s whole eye, lens, vitreous humor, and retina. -
Visual Perception of Facial Emotional Expressions During Saccades
behavioral sciences Article Visual Perception of Facial Emotional Expressions during Saccades Vladimir A. Barabanschikov and Ivan Y. Zherdev * Institute of Experimental Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, 29 Sretenka street, Moscow 127051, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-999-829-52-79 Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 23 November 2019; Published: 27 November 2019 Abstract: The regularities of visual perception of both complex and ecologically valid objects during extremely short photo expositions are studied. Images of a person experiencing basic emotions were displayed for as low as 14 ms amidst a saccade spanning 10 degrees of visual angle. The observers had a main task to recognize the emotion depicted, and a secondary task to point at the perceived location of the photo on the screen. It is shown that probability of correct recognition of emotion is above chance (0.62), and that it depends on its type. False localizations of stimuli and their compression in the direction of the saccade were also observed. According to the acquired data, complex environmentally valid objects are perceived differently during saccades in comparison to isolated dots, lines or gratings. The rhythmic structure of oculomotor activity (fixation–saccade–fixation) does not violate the continuity of the visual processing. The perceptual genesis of facial expressions does not take place only during gaze fixation, but also during peak speed of rapid eye movements both at the center and in closest proximity of the visual acuity area. Keywords: transsaccadic processing; facial expression; emotional perception; saccadic suppression; gaze contingency; visual recognition 1. -
Dependence of the Stimulus-Driven Microsaccade Rate Signature on 2 Visual Stimulus Polarity 3 4 Tatiana Malevich1,2,3*, Antimo Buonocore1,2, & Ziad M
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.112417; this version posted May 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Dependence of the stimulus-driven microsaccade rate signature on 2 visual stimulus polarity 3 4 Tatiana Malevich1,2,3*, Antimo Buonocore1,2, & Ziad M. Hafed1,2 5 6 1Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 7 72076 8 2Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 72076 9 3Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max-Planck Research School, 10 Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany 72076 11 12 * Correspondence to: 13 [email protected] 14 15 Abbreviated title: 16 Black versus white stimulus onset effects on microsaccades 17 18 Corresponding author address: 19 Tatiana Malevich 20 Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience 21 and 22 Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research 23 Otfried-Mueller Str. 25 24 Tuebingen, 72076 25 Germany 26 Phone: +49 7071 29 88821 27 28 29 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.112417; this version posted May 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 30 Abstract 31 Microsaccades have a steady rate of occurrence during maintained gaze fixation, 32 which gets transiently modulated by abrupt sensory stimuli. -
Steinbach (1972) Release of Pursuit Eye Movements Using After-Images
VisionRcs. Vol. 12, pp. 1307-1311.Pergamon Prss 1972.Printed in Great Britain. LElTER TO THE EDITORS RELEASE OF PURSUIT EYE MOVEMENTS USING AFTER-IMAGES’ (Receioed 8 October 1971) IT IS frequently asserted that a moving visual target is necessary in order for the eyes to make slow, conjugate pursuit movements (e.g. ROBINSON,1968). There are, however, viola- tions to this fiat (see, e.g. RICHARDSand STEINBACH,1972; YOUNG, 1971). Some subjects can smoothly track their own moving hand in complete darkness (STEINBACH,1969; VON NMRDEN and MACKENSEN,1962), indicating that an internal proprioceptive motion signal may be sufficient for pursuit. Another far more commonly observed exception concerns images rendered stable with respect to the retina. Several investigators (HEDLUNand WHITE, 1959; RIGGS and TULUNAY,1959; TEN DOESSCHATE,1954) have shown that optically stabi- lized images may produce smooth oscillations of the eyes. After-images provide another example where smooth movements can be made without any moving visual target (MACK and BACHANT,1969). Why should stable images on the retina allow the release of pursuit eye movements? This poses a conceptual problem because, when done over a homogeneous or dark back- ground, no retinal signal for motion can be present. What then is the stimulus for pursuit with a stabilized image? How can the pursuit movement begin? One testable hypothesis concerns the “outflow” or “corollary discharge” model postu- lated to account for the stability of the visual world during eye movements (see, e.g. TEUBER, 1960). It is assumed that for voluntary eye movements, a corollary discharge is issued along with the efferent signal sent to the eye muscles so that the visual reafference resulting from the movement can be cancelled. -
Saccade Generation for a Space-Variant Artificial Retina
Saccade Generation for a Space-Variant Artificial Retina Sumitha Balasuriya and Paul Siebert Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland {sumitha,psiebert}@dcs.gla.ac.uk Abstract Biological and artificial systems that use a space-variant strategy to extract visual information from a scene using a retina face the problem of targeting their sensor so that the central high acuity foveal region inspects salient regions in the scene. At the same time the coarse peripheral region of the retina must extract visual information over a wide field of view to find new interesting locations for future detailed examination with the fovea. This paper describes the saccadic exploration of an image using an artificial retina with a space- variant pseudo-random receptive field tessellation. A space-variant vision hierarchy extracts visual information and accumulates space-variant saliency data to determine the location for the next saccadic fixation. 1. Introduction This paper reports an investigation into a vision architecture that supports machine sensors which resemble the space-variant sampling characteristics found in human retinae. These artificial retinae have a very high acuity in their central or foveal region and have increasingly reduced acuity towards the retina’s periphery. Such a retina will therefore have a wide field of view but only a limited high resolution centre. In a human retina only a tiny fraction of the field of view is sampled with the fovea. Ballistic eye movements called saccades are used to target different scene locations such that we perceive a seamless integrated whole and are rarely consciously aware that our visual system is based on a space-variant sensor. -
Bayesian Microsaccade Detection
Journal of Vision (2017) 17(1):13, 1–23 1 Bayesian microsaccade detection * Center for Neural Science, New York University, Andra Mihali New York, NY, USA $ * Center for Neural Science, New York University, Bas van Opheusden New York, NY, USA $ Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychology, New York University, Wei Ji Ma New York, NY, USA $ Microsaccades are high-velocity fixational eye Introduction movements, with special roles in perception and cognition. The default microsaccade detection method is to determine when the smoothed eye velocity Even when people attempt to fixate, their eyes are exceeds a threshold. We have developed a new always in motion. Fixational eye movements are often method, Bayesian microsaccade detection (BMD), categorized as drift, tremor, and microsaccades (Ciuf- which performs inference based on a simple freda & Tannen, 1995). During most of the fixation statistical model of eye positions. In this model, a time, the eye is in a drift state, which is low-amplitude, hidden state variable changes between drift and low-velocity motion, sometimes modeled as a random microsaccade states at random times. The eye walk (Cornsweet, 1956; Ditchburn & Ginsborg, 1953; position is a biased random walk with different Ratliff & Riggs, 1950). A few times a second, the eye velocity distributions for each state. BMD generates makes a microsaccade, which is a high-velocity samples from the posterior probability distribution movement along a relatively straight trajectory (Corn- overtheeyestatetimeseriesgiventheeyeposition sweet, 1956; Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Engbert, Mer- timeseries.Appliedtosimulateddata,BMDrecovers genthaler, Sinn, & Pikovsky, 2011; Rolfs, 2009). the ‘‘true’’ microsaccades with fewer errors than Microsaccades have been implicated in several alternative algorithms, especially at high noise. -
Localization of Borrelia Burgdorferi in the Nervous System And
0023-6837/00/8007-1043$03.00/0 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Vol. 80, No. 7, p. 1043, 2000 Copyright © 2000 by The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Localization of Borrelia Burgdorferi in the Nervous System and Other Organs in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Lyme Disease Diego Cadavid, Tim O’Neill, Henry Schaefer, and Andrew R. Pachner Department of Neuroscience (DC, ARP), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and the Registry of Comparative Pathology (TO) and the Department of Neuropa- thology (DC), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and the Department of Neurology (DC, HS, ARP), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC SUMMARY: Lyme borreliosis is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Nonhuman primates inoculated with the N40 strain of B. burgdorferi develop infection of multiple tissues, including the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. In immunocompetent nonhuman primates, spirochetes are present in low numbers in tissues. For this reason, it has been difficult to study their localization and changes in expression of surface proteins. To further investigate this, we inoculated four immunosuppressed adult Macaca mulatta with 1 million spirochetes of the N40 strain of B. burgdorferi, and compared them with three infected immunocompetent animals and two uninfected controls. The brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, skeletal muscle, heart, and bladder were obtained at necropsy 4 months later. The spirochetal tissue load was first studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ELISA of the outer surface protein A (ospA) gene. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the localization and numbers of spirochetes in tissues and the expression of spirochetal proteins and to characterize the inflammatory response. -
An Adaptive Algorithm for Fixation, Saccade, and Glissade Detection in Eyetracking Data
Behavior Research Methods 2010, 42 (1), 188-204 doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.188 An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data MARCUS NYSTRÖM AND KENNETH HOLMQVIST Lund University, Lund, Sweden Event detection is used to classify recorded gaze points into periods of fixation, saccade, smooth pursuit, blink, and noise. Although there is an overall consensus that current algorithms for event detection have serious flaws and that a de facto standard for event detection does not exist, surprisingly little work has been done to remedy this problem. We suggest a new velocity-based algorithm that takes several of the previously known limitations into account. Most important, the new algorithm identifies so-called glissades, a wobbling move- ment at the end of many saccades, as a separate class of eye movements. Part of the solution involves designing an adaptive velocity threshold that makes the event detection less sensitive to variations in noise level and the algorithm settings-free for the user. We demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm on eye movements recorded during reading and scene perception and compare it with two of the most commonly used algorithms today. Results show that, unlike the currently used algorithms, fixations, saccades, and glissades are robustly identified by the new algorithm. Using this algorithm, we found that glissades occur in about half of the sac- cades, during both reading and scene perception, and that they have an average duration close to 24 msec. Due to the high prevalence and long durations of glissades, we argue that researchers must actively choose whether to assign the glissades to saccades or fixations; the choice affects dependent variables such as fixation and sac- cade duration significantly. -
The Role of Erg/Vep and Eye Movement Recordings in Children with Ocular Motor Apraxia
THE ROLE OF ERG/VEP AND EYE MOVEMENT RECORDINGS IN CHILDREN WITH OCULAR MOTOR APRAXIA FATIMA S. SHAWKAT, CHRISTOPHER M. HARRIS, DAVID S. I. TAYLOR and ANTHONY KRISS London SUMMARY several reports of OMA or saccade failure occurring Ocular motor apraxia (OMA) is characterised by an congenitally, with no other clinical entity?-5 How intermittent inability to initiate voluntary sacca des, and ever, it can also occur as part of a wider neurological a failure to produce optokinetic and vestibular quick disorder: for example with structural brain abnorm phases. Some patients have no other abnormalities alities, such as agenesis of the corpus callosum6 and (idiopathic OMA), whereas in others it appears vermis hypoplasia;7 with neurodegenerative condi associated with a variety of neurological conditions tions;8 and with acquired neurological disease such as which may affect the sensory visual pathway. Electro posterior fossa tumours,9 ataxia telangiectasia,lO retinograms (ERGs), flash and pattern visual evoked fronto-parietal lesions,l1.l2 occipital cortex lesions,13 potentials (VEPs) and eye movements were assessed in cerebellar and brains tern neoplasm14 and olivoponto 53 children with OMA (age range 17 days to 14 years) cerebellar degeneration. 15.16 The inability to gener to determine their efficacy in helping to distinguish ate saccades often leads to the development of between idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases. Seven patients (13.2%) had idiopathic OMA and the remain compensatory behaviour to shift direction of gaze; ing 46 (86.8%) had other associated clinical conditions. this includes headthrusting, blinking and tilted head All patients had episodes of absent quick phases ('lock posture, which enables the use of vertical eye up') during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and/or movements that are usually unaffected. -
The Effect of Eye Movements and Blinks on Afterimage Appearance and Duration
Journal of Vision (2015) 15(3):20, 1–15 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/3/20 1 The effect of eye movements and blinks on afterimage appearance and duration School of Psychology, Cardiff University, # Georgina Powell Cardiff, Wales, UK $ School of Psychology, Cardiff University, # Petroc Sumner Cardiff, Wales, UK $ Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, # Aline Bompas Centre Hospitalier Vinatier, Bron, Cedex, France $ The question of whether eye movements influence argued that afterimage signals are inherently ambigu- afterimage perception has been asked since the 18th ous, and this could explain why their visibility is century, and yet there is surprisingly little consensus on influenced by cues, such as surrounding luminance how robust these effects are and why they occur. The edges, more than are real stimuli (Powell, Bompas, & number of historical theories aiming to explain the Sumner, 2012). Helmholtz (1962) identified another cue effects are more numerous than clear experimental that is important to take into account when conducting demonstrations of such effects. We provide a clearer afterimage experiments: characterization of when eye movements and blinks do or do not affect afterimages with the aim to distinguish For obtaining really beautiful positive after- between historical theories and integrate them with a images, the following additional rules should be modern understanding of perception. We found neither saccades nor pursuit reduced strong afterimage observed. Both before and after they are devel- duration, and blinks actually increased afterimage oped, any movement of the eye or any sudden duration when tested in the light. However, for weak movement of the body must be carefully avoided, afterimages, we found saccades reduced duration, and because under such circumstances they invariably blinks and pursuit eye movements did not.