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Jahresbericht 2015 Max-Planck-Institut Für Astronomie

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Jahresbericht 2015 Max-Planck-Institut Für Astronomie Max-Planck-Institut t für Astron titu om ns ie -I k H c e n id la e l P b - e x r a g für Astronomie M M g a r x e b P l la e n id c e k H In y s m titu no Heidelberg-Königstuhl te for Astro Jahresbericht 2015 Titelbild: Hochaufgelöste Spektren wie dieses des Sterns μ Leonis wurden mit dem NARVAL-Spektrografen am Télescope Ber- nard Lyot des Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées als Teil eines großen Programmes bodengebundener Beobachtungen er- stellt. Sie sollen die mit dem Astrometriesatelliten Gaia aufgenommenen Daten ergänzen. Die detaillierte Analyse von Hunderttausenden solcher Spektren aus allen Regionen unserer Heimatgalaxie sind der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Herkunft der chemischen Elemente und der Ent ste hungs ge schichte der Milchstraße. Siehe Kapitel II.2, Seite 25. Quelle: Maria Bergemann / MPIA / NARVAL@TBL für Astro itut no st m n ie -I k H c e n id la e l P b Max-Planck-Institut - e x r a g M M g a r x e b für Astronomie P l la e n id c e k H In y s m titu no Heidelberg-Königstuhl te for Astro Jahresbericht 2015 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Wissenschaftliche Mitglieder, Kollegium, Direktoren: Prof. Thomas Henning (Geschäftsführender Direktor) Prof. Hans-Walter Rix (Direktor) Wissenschaftlicher Referent: Dr. Klaus Jäger (Telefon: +49 6221 528 379) Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (Leitung), Haus der Astronomie (Leitung): Dr. Markus Pössel (Telefon: +49 6221 528 261) Verwaltung (Leitung): Mathias Voss (Telefon: +49 6221 528 230) MPIA-Observatorien: Dr. Roland Gredel (Telefon: +49 6221 528 264) Emeritierte Wissenschaftliche Mitglieder: Prof. Immo Appenzeller, Heidelberg Prof. Guido Münch, La Jolla Prof. Karl-Heinz Böhm, Seattle † 2. März 2015 Auswärtige Wissenschaftliche Mitglieder: Prof. Steven V. W. Beckwith, Berkeley Prof. Rafael Rebolo, Teneriffa Prof. Willy Benz, Bern Prof. Volker Springel, Heidelberg Fachbeirat: Prof. Rolf-Peter Kudritzki, Honolulu (Vorsitz) Prof. Sabine Schindler, Innsbruck Prof. Ewine van Dishoeck, Leiden Prof. Stephan Shectman, Pasadena Dr. Philip John Puxley, Arlington Prof. Rens Waters, Amsterdam Prof. Dieter Reimers, Hamburg Prof. Robert Williams, Baltimore Prof. Anneila I. Sargent, Pasadena Prof. Harold Yorke, Pasadena Kuratorium: Prof. Karlheinz Meier, Heidelberg (Leitung) Dr. Wolfgang Niopek, Heidelberg Prof. Bernhard Eitel, Heidelberg Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Plenz, Wiesloch Dr. Reinhold Ewald, Weißling Prof. Roland Sauerbrey, Dresden Dr. Peter Hartmann, Mainz Dr. Bernd Scheifele, Heidelberg Prof. Matthias Hentze, Heidelberg Dr. h.c. Klaus Tschira, Heidelberg † 31. März 2015 Dr. Michael Kaschke, Oberkochen Prof. Andreas Tünnermann, Jena Min.-Dirig. Dr. Heribert Knorr, Stuttgart Dipl.-Phys. Ranga Yogeshwar, Köln Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Nagel, Bonn Anschrift: MPI für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg Telefon: +49 6221 5280 Fax:+49 6221 528 246 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.mpia.de Calar-Alto-Observatorium Anschrift: Centro Astronómico Hispano Alemán, Calle Jesús Durbán 2/2, E-04004 Almería Telefon: +34 950 230 988, 0034 950 632 500 Fax: +34 950 632 504 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.caha.es Arbeitsgruppe »Laboratorastrophysik«, Jena Anschrift: Institut für Festkörperphysik der FSU, Helmholtzweg 3, D-07743 Jena Telefon: +49 3641 947 354 Fax: +49 3641 947 308 E-Mail: [email protected] © 2015 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg Herausgeber: Thomas Henning, Hans-Walter Rix Redaktion: Markus Pössel Graphik-Redaktion: Axel M. Quetz Lektorat/Korrektorat: Sigrid Brümmer, Markus Pössel, Axel M. Quetz Texte: Ingrid Apfel (V.1), Thomas Henning (II.1), Klaus Jäger (V.1–2), Knud Jahnke (III.2), Oliver Krause (III.2), Martin Kürster (III.1, III.4, III.5), Markus Pössel (I, II.3–7, IV.1–3), Hans- Walter Rix (II.2); mit Beiträgen der unter den jeweiligen Texten als Ansprechpartner/Beteiligte angegebenen Mitarbeiter Listenteil: Axel M. Quetz Graphiken und Layout: Karin Meißner, Judith Neidel Druck: Neumann Druck, 69126 Heidelberg Gedruckt im Juni 2016 ISSN 1437-2924; Internet: ISSN 1617-0490 Inhalt Vorwort ............................................................................ 5 IV. Öffentlichkeits- und Bildungsarbeit ................... 75 I. Das Institut im Überblick ........................................ 7 IV.1 Universitäre Lehre und Doktorandenförderung 76 IV.2 Wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ........... 78 Unsere Forschungsgebiete .................................... 8 IV.3 Haus der Astronomie .......................................... 81 MPIA-Teleskope in aller Welt .............................. 10 Weltraumteleskope ................................................ 12 V. Menschen und Ereignisse ...................................... 87 Infrastruktur .......................................................... 14 MPIA in Zahlen ..................................................... 15 V.1 Auszeichnungen und Preise ............................... 88 V.2 Ereignisse und Veranstaltungen ........................ 93 II. Forschung: Abteilungen, V.3 Beruf und Familie / Doppelkarrieren Kooperationen, Highlights ....................................... 17 (Dual Career) / Work-Life-Balance .................. 99 II.1 Planeten- und Sternentstehung ........................... 18 VI. Anhang ................................................................. 101 II.2 Galaxien und Kosmologie .................................... 25 II.3 Wissenschaftliche Initiativen ............................... 30 VI.1 Mitarbeiter ............................................................ 102 II.4 Galaktischer »Raketenantrieb« erklärt VI.2 Gästeliste ............................................................... 104 ungewöhnliche Sternbewegungen in Galaxien .. 32 VI.3 Tagungen, Vorträge ............................................. 104 II.5 Wenn das scheinbar Unmögliche passiert: VI.4 Lehre und Service ................................................ 109 Astronomen rätseln über Entdeckung eines Quasar-Quartetts ................................................... 36 VI.5 Haus der Astronomie .......................................... 111 II.6 Ungewöhnliche bewegte Strukturen in der VI.6 Veröffentlichungen .............................................. 115 Staubscheibe eines Sterns ..................................... 40 VI.7 Zusammenarbeit mit Firmen ............................ 133 II.7 Wie massereiche Sterne ihre Masse bekommen .............................................................. 44 III. Instrumentierung und Technik ............................. 51 III.1 Instrumentierung für bodengebundene Astronomie ........................................................... 52 III.2 Instrumentierung für Weltraumteleskope ....... 57 III.3 LINC-NIRVANA: Vom Königstuhl ans Large Binocular Telescope ............................................ 62 III.4 Übersicht aktueller Projekte .............................. 68 III.5 Technische Abteilungen ..................................... 72 5 Vorwort stronomischer Fortschritt ist eng an die Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Daten gekoppelt. Qualität und Menge der Daten, die astronomische Entdeckungen ermöglichen, hängen wiederum eng mit dem aktuellen Stand der Technik zusammen – und das Ain einer Weise, von der beide Seiten profitieren. Die diesjährigen Entwicklungen am Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA) bieten dafür eindrucksvolle Beispiele. So fanden unsere Forscher in der Staubscheibe um den na- hen Stern AU Microscopii ungewöhnliche bewegte Strukturen. Diese ersten Beobachtun- gen zeitlicher Veränderungen solcher Strukturen überhaupt waren nur mithilfe des Instru- ments SPHERE möglich, an dessen Konstruktion das Institut in entscheidender Weise be- teiligt war und das Ende 2014 am Paranal-Observatorium der ESO in Betrieb gegangen ist. Umgekehrt wirken die Anforderungen der beobachtenden Astronomie als Technolo- gietreiber. Ein Beispiel ist das Instrument LINC-NIRVANA, das dieses Jahr nach mehr als einem Jahrzehnt Entwicklungs- und Bauzeit am MPIA fertiggestellt und zur Installation an das Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona verschifft wurde, an das größte Einzelteles- kop der Welt. In diesem Jahr gab es außerdem erstes Licht, »first light« für den neuen Planetenjäger CARMENES, der gleichzeitig mit seinem optischen und seinem Infrarot-Arm Spektren aufnahm. CARMENES ist das größte deutsch-spanische Instrumentierungsprojekt, und das MPIA hat dazu in entscheidender Weise beigetragen. Das Instrument soll im Frühjahr 2016 an der Calar Alto-Sternwarte die Jagd nach Exoplaneten aufnehmen. Noch deutlich weiter in die Zukunft weist der offizielle Baubeginn für die Instrumente MICADO und METIS, der Ende des Jahres von der ESO beschlossen wurde: den ersten Instrumenten für das zukünftige 39-Meter European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Das MPIA ist Teil der Konsortien für beide Instrumente. Zur Beobachtung gehört andererseits auch grundlegendes Verständnis – und zusätzlich zur sorgfältigen Planung nicht selten ein gewisses Quäntchen Glück! Die Arbeit unserer Doktorandin Athanasia Tsatsi zum »Raketenantrieb« für verschmelzende Galaxien ist ein schönes Beispiel für das erstere, die Entdeckung eines Vierfach-Quasars durch Joe Hen- nawi und Kollegen für das letztere. Beide Ergebnisse werden im wissenschaftlichen High- light-Teil dieses Berichts vorgestellt. Institute sind in unserer Zeit nur dann erfolgreich, wenn sie Teil eines größeren Netz- werks sind. Beispiele für wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit ziehen sich quer durch diesen Bericht. Hervorzuheben ist die Gründung der Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life (HIFOL), die Forscher aus der Astrophysik,
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