DOCSLIB.ORG

Photonics Research— NSF Enabling Exploration at the Frontiers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Photonics Research— NSF Enabling Exploration at the Frontiers Photonics Research— NSF Enabling Exploration at the Frontiers Pramod Khargonekar Assistant Director for Engineering National Science Foundation Photonics Conference Boston University December 3, 2015 6/22/17 1 Outline • Introduction to NSF • Photonics Relevant NSF Programs • Example Projects in Plasmonics in Engineering • Conclusions 6/22/17 2 Image courtesy MIT Museum “to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense…” NSF Act, 1950 6/22/17 3 OFFICE OF DIVERSITY & INCLUSION (ODI) Rhonda Davis, Acting Head NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 703.292.8020 OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD (NSB) OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL COUNSEL (OGC) Dan E. Arvizu 703.292.8000 Lawrence Rudolph, General Counsel Chair Peggy Hoyle, Deputy GC 703.292.8060 Kelvin K. Droegemeier Vice Chair France A. Córdova OFFICE OF 703.292.7000 France A. Córdova INTEGRATIVE ACTIVITIES (OIA) Director Director Suzanne Iacono, Acting Head Richard Buckius 703.292.8040 NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Chief Operating OFFICE Offcer Michael Van Woert OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (OISE) Executive Offcer Vacant 703.292.7000 Vacant Rebecca Keiser, Head Deputy DirectorDeputy Director 703.292.8710 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL (OIG) OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE & PUBLIC AFFAIRS (OLPA) Allison C. Lerner, Inspector General Amanda Greenwell, Head 703.292.7100 703.292.8070 DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR DIRECTORATE FOR OFFICE OF BUDGET, OFFICE OF INFORMATION BIOLOGICAL COMPUTER & EDUCATION & HUMAN ENGINEERING GEOSCIENCES MATHEMATICAL & SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, & FINANCE, & AWARD & RESOURCE SCIENCES INFORMATION SCIENCE & RESOURCES (ENG) (GEO) PHYSICAL SCIENCES ECONOMIC SCIENCES MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT (BIO) ENGINEERING (CISE) (EHR) (MPS) (SBE) (BFA) (OIRM) James F. Kurose, Joanne S. Tornow, Joan Ferrini-Mundy, Pramod P. Roger Wakimoto, Fleming Crim, Fay L. Cook, James L. Olds, Assistant Director Martha A. Rubenstein, Head / Chief Human Assistant Director Khargonekar, Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Assistant Director Head / Chief Financial Capital Offcer Erwin Gianchandani, Offcer William (Jim) Lewis, Margaret Cavanaugh, Clifford Gabriel, Kellina M. Craig- Jane Silverthorne, Acting Deputy AD Donna Butler, Deputy AD Grace Wang, Deputy AD Acting Deputy AD Henderson Deputy AD Karen Tiplady, Deputy Offce Head Deputy AD Deputy AD Acting Deputy Head 703.292.8600 703.292.8500 703.292.8800 703.292.8400 703.292.8900 703.292.8300 703.292.8100 703.292.8700 703.292.8200 DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVISION OF COMPUTER & DIVISION OF GRADUATE DIVISION OF CHEMICAL, DIVISION OF ATMOSPHERIC & DIVISION OF ASTRONOMICAL DIVISION OF BEHAVIORAL & BUDGET DIVISION (BUD) DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE (DBI) NETWORK SYSTEMS (CNS) EDUCATION (DGE) BIOENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL & GEOSPACE SCIENCES (AGS) SCIENCES (AST) COGNITIVE SCIENCES (BCS) Michael Sieverts, SERVICES (DAS) James Deshler, Peter Arzberger, Dean Evasius, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (CBET) Paul Shepson James Ulvestad, Amber Story, Division Director Wonzie Gardner, Acting Division Director Acting Division Director Division Director JoAnn Lighty, Division Director Division Director Acting Division Director 703.292.8260 Acting Division Director 703.292.8470 703.292.8950 703.292.8630 Division Director 703.292.8520 703.292.8820 703.292.8740 703.292.8190 703.292.8320 DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION OF COMPUTING & DIVISION OF HUMAN RESOURCE DIVISION OF EARTH DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY (CHE) DIVISION OF SOCIAL & DIVISION OF ACQUISITION AND DIVISION OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT (HRD) Carol Bessel, ECONOMIC SCIENCES (SES) COOPERATIVE SUPPORT (DACS) SYSTEMS (DIS) BIOLOGY (DEB) DIVISION OF CIVIL, SCIENCES (EAR) FOUNDATIONS (CCF) Sylvia James, Acting Division Director Alan Tomkins, Jeffery Lupis, Dorothy Aronson, Paula M. Mabee, MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING Carol Frost, Rao Kosaraju, Division Director 703.292.8840 Acting Division Director Division Director Division Director Division Director INNOVATION (CMMI) Division Director Division Director 703.292.8640 703.292.8760 703.292.8240 703.292.8150 703.292.8480 Deborah Goodings, 703.292.8550 703.292.8910 Division Director 703.292.8360 DIVISION OF INTEGRATIVE DIVISION OF RESEARCH ON DIVISION OF OCEAN DIVISION OF MATERIALS NATIONAL CENTER FOR DIVISION OF FINANCIAL DIVISION OF HUMAN RESOURCE ORGANISMAL SYSTEMS (IOS) LEARNING IN FORMAL & SCIENCES (OCE) RESEARCH (DMR) SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT (DFM) MANAGEMENT (HRM) DIVISION OF ADVANCED Robet D. Miller, INFORMAL SETTINGS (DRL) Richard Murray, Linda S. Sapochak, STATISTICS (NCSES) John Lynskey, Judy Sunley, CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE (ACI) Acting Division Director Evan Heit, DIVISION OF ELECTRICAL, Division Director Acting Division Director John Gawalt, Acting Division Director Division Director Irene Qualters, 703.292.8420 Division Director COMMUNICATIONS & CYBER 703.292.8580 703.292.8810 Division Director 703.292.8280 703.292.8180 Division Director 703.292.8620 SYSTEMS (ECCS) 703.292.8780 703.292.8970 Samir El-Ghazaly, Division Director DIVISION OF MOLECULAR & DIVISION OF MATHEMATICAL DIVISION OF GRANTS & 703.292.8339 DIVISION OF CELLULAR BIOSCIENCES (MCB) SCIENCES (DMS) AGREEMENTS (DGA) DIVISION OF INFORMATION & DIVISION OF UNDERGRADUATE POLAR PROGRAMS (PLR) Linda E. Hyman, Michael Vogelius, Jamie French, INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (IIS) EDUCATION (DUE) Kelly Falkner, Division Director Division Director Acting Division Director Lynne E. Parker, Susan Singer, Division Director 703.292.8440 703.292.8870 703.292.8210 Division Director Division Director DIVISION OF ENGINEERING 703.292.8030 703.292.8930 703.292.8670 EDUCATION & CENTERS (EEC) Mario Rotea, OFFICE OF EMERGING Division Director DIVISION OF PHYSICS (PHY) DIVISION OF INSTITUTION & FRONTIERS (EF) 703.292.8380 Denise Caldwell, AWARD SUPPORT (DIAS) Charles Liarakos, Division Director Dale Bell, Acting Division Director 703.292.8890 Division Director 703.292.8508 703.292.8230 DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION & PARTNERSHIPS (IIP) Barry Johnson, Division Director OFFICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY LARGE FACILITIES OFFICE 703.292.8050 ACTIVITIES (OMA) Matthew J. Hawkins, Clark Cooper, Deputy Director Offce Head 703.292.4416 703.292.8800 OFFICE OF EMERGING National Science Foundation FRONTIERS IN RESEARCH & INNOVATION (EFRI) Sohi Rastegar, 4201 Wilson Boulevard Senior Advisor Arlington, Virginia 22230 703.292.8301 TEL: 703.292.5111 | FIRS: 800.877.8339 | TDD: 800.281.8749 November 2015 Directorate for Engineering Fundamental Translational CBET IIP EFRI EEC ••Chemical & Biochemical Systems ••Academic ••Engineering Partnerships ••Bioengineering and Engineering Healthcare Research ••Environmental Engineering and Sustainability Centers ••Small Business Partnerships ••Transport, Thermal, & Fluid Phenomena ••Engineering Education CMMI ••Engineering Workforce ••Advanced Manufacturing ••Mechanics and Engineering Materials ••Resilient and Sustainable Infrastructure ••Operations Design and Dynamical Systems ECCS ••Electronics, Photonics, and Magnetic Devices ••Communications, Circuits, and Sensing Systems ••Energy, Power, Control and Networks 6/22/17 5 FY 2016 Budget Request NSF § FY 2016 Budget Request: $7723.55 Million § Increase over FY 2015 Est: $379.34 Million, +5.2% ENG 6/22/17 6 Early Academic Career Program (CAREER) • Junior faculty • Single Investigator (PI) • Career development plan • One submission/yr. (July) • Limited to three submissions • Five year grant (Typ. $500k) 7 Unsolicited • Single PI or Multiple PIs • Collaborative Proposals possible • Liaison with Industry (GOALI) encouraged • Mostly one submission window/year • Typical Award $350-400k, 3yrs 8 Other Research Programs • NSF Early Concept Exploratory Research (EAGER) – Seed funding (typically 9-18 months) -Contact PO First- • EFRI - Exploring Frontiers in Research and Innovation) – ACQUIRE: Advancing Communication Quantum Information Research in Engineering – NewLAW: New Light & Acoustic Wave Propagation: Breaking Reciprocity and Time-Reversal Symmetry 9 Other Research Programs • Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) – Several centers supporting plasmonic research • Science & Technology Centers (STC) – Center for Energy Efficient Electronic Science • Engineering Research Centers (ERC) – 3 active Centers in Photonics (MIRTHE, CIAN, Smart Lighting) • Laser Interferometer Gravity Wave (LIGO) • Partnership for International Research and Education (PIRE) – Every 2 years (5 year grant) 10 Translational Research • Industry /University Collaborative Center (I/UCRC) – Free Form Optics (CEFO, Rochester/UNCC) – Biophotonics Sensors (CBSS, BU/UCDavis) – Optical Wireless (COWA, PSU) • I-Corps (Innovation & Entrepreneurship mentoring) • PFI (Partnership For Innovation) -AIR (Accelerating Innovation Research) or -TT (Technology Transfer) • SBIR/STTR (Small Business) 11 NSB Merit Review Criteria (1) • Intellectual Merit – Creative, original – Potentially transformative concepts – Advancing knowledge – Proposer(s) qualification – Research plan and resources 12 NSB Merit Criteria (2) • Broader Impacts • Potential of the proposed activity to benefit society and contribute to the achievement of specific, desired societal outcome. • This may be accomplished through: • the research itself, • activities that are directly related to specific research projects, • activities that are supported by, but are complementary to the project 13 Photonics Research Enabled by NSF 14 Photonics Activities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Engines of Creation : the Coming Era of Nanotechnology K
    Engines of Creation : The Coming Era of Nanotechnology K. Eric. Drexler, Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1986 (downloaded from : http://www.foresight.org/EOC/EOC_Chapter_1.html) Chapter 1 : ENGINES OF CONSTRUCTION COAL AND DIAMONDS, sand and computer chips, cancer and healthy tissue: throughout history, variations in the arrangement of atoms have distinguished the cheap from the cherished, the diseased from the healthy. Arranged one way, atoms make up soil, air, and water; arranged another, they make up ripe strawberries. Arranged one way, they make up homes and fresh air; arranged another, they make up ash and smoke. Our ability to arrange atoms lies at the foundation of technology. We have come far in our atom arranging, from chipping flint for arrowheads to machining aluminum for spaceships. We take pride in our technology, with our lifesaving drugs and desktop computers. Yet our spacecraft are still crude, our computers are still stupid, and the molecules in our tissues still slide into disorder, first destroying health, then life itself. For all our advances in arranging atoms, we still use primitive methods. With our present technology, we are still forced to handle atoms in unruly herds. But the laws of nature leave plenty of room for progress, and the pressures of world competition are even now pushing us forward. For better or for worse, the greatest technological breakthrough in history is still to come. Two Styles Of Technology Our modern technology builds on an ancient tradition. Thirty thousand years ago, chipping flint was the high technology of the day. Our ancestors grasped stones containing trillions of trillions of atoms and removed chips containing billions of trillions of atoms to make their axheads; they made fine work with skills difficult to imitate today.
    [Show full text]
  • Amfep Fact Sheet on Protein Engineered Enzymes
    Amfep/09/1 7 Brussels , 07 .0 5.2009 Amfep Fact Sheet on Protein Engineered Enzymes Protein engineering is a technique to change the amino acid sequence of proteins in order to improve their specific properties. This paper addresses the background of this technique, why it is used in the case of industrial enzymes, as well as regulatory and safety aspects. Natural evolution, biodiversity and traditional methods of improving industrial enzyme proteins All proteins, including enzymes, are based on the same 20 different amino acid building blocks arranged in different sequences. Enzyme proteins typically comprise sequences of several hundred amino acids folded in a unique three-dimensional structure. Only the sequence of these 20 building blocks determines the three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines all properties such as catalytic activity, specificity and stability. Nature has been performing ‘protein engineering’ for billions of years since the very start of evolution. Natural spontaneous mutations in the DNA coding for a given protein result in changes of the protein structure and hence its properties. This natural variation is part of the adaptive evolutionary process continuously taking place in all living organisms, allowing them to survive in continously changing environments. Natural variants of enzyme proteins are adapted to perform efficiently in different environments and conditions. This explains why in nature enzymes belonging to the same enzyme family but isolated from different organisms and environments often show a variation in amino acid sequence of more than 50%. The properties of enzymes used for industrial purposes sometimes also require some adaptations in order to function more effectively in applications for which they were not designed by nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Expertise
    Technical Expertise Kilpatrick Townsend’s large patent practice is characterized by a large depth and breadth of technical experience. The below list sets forth representative technical and industry expertise of selected partners & counsel who are available to work on patent due diligence matters and does not include the still wider wide range of expertise among our associates and patent agents. Many of the professionals highlighted below have expertise across multiple technical disciplines, but we have indicated areas that illustrate the diversity of our overall technical expertise. If you don’t see a technology/industry listed that you are interested in, we likely have expertise – please ask us. Electronics & Software Aeronautics Mark Mathison, M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering (also has expertise in electromechanical devices, software, Internet, network, e-commerce). AI (Artificial Intelligence) Kate Gaudry, Ph.D. in Computational Neurobiology (also expertise in software, computers, and quantitative-biology). Rob Curylo, B.S. Electrical Engineering (also has expertise in machine learning for online marketing and credit risk assessment, & as workflow and machine-learning solutions for image and video editing). Autonomous Vehicles Ko-Fang Chang, former engineer at ViaSat (also has expertise in mobile devices and applications, wireless communications, networking and computer architecture). Bioinformatics Dave Raczkowski, Ph.D. in Physics (also has expertise in medical diagnostics, image processing, machine learning, databases and cloud computing; programmable logic, computer hardware, networking, energy management, nanotechnology, power supplies, and financial transactions and other Internet commerce). Blockchain (Cryptocurrency) Tom Franklin, former engineer at Lockeed & Hughes Electronics (also has expertise in Internet technology, content delivery, business methods, clean technology, circuit design, imaging arrays, cryptographic design, telecommunications, electronic design tools, wireless communications, networking and telemetry systems).
    [Show full text]
  • Protein Nanotechnology
    PROTEIN NANOTECHNOLOGY Jayachandra S. Yaradoddi1,2,6*, Merja Kontro2, Sharanabasava V. Ganachari1, Sulochana M. B.3 Dayanand Agsar4, Rakesh Tapaskar5 and Ashok S. Shettar1 1,2Centre for Material Science, Advanced research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi and Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, 3Department of PG Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi-585106, INDIA 4Department of PG Studies and Research in Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi-585106, INDIA 5School of Mechanical Engineering KLE Technological University, Hubballi-580031, INDIA 6Extremz Biosciences private limited, CTIE start up street, KLE Technology University campus, Hubballi-580031 Abstract: Medical management is to be preserved well, especially diagnosis is fast, easy and cheap. Sometimes RNA and DNA nanobio-based diagnostic may not give the precise data in respect to specific disorders. Therefore, some quantifiable protein information and molecular folding are very much required for the analysis of such disorders. Proteins in minute concentration is typically not detectable under the normal circumstances. Nowadays which can be measured and quantified using protein nanotechnology methods. On the other side protein machineries brings out the tasks unsafe to cell behavior, comprises DNA duplication, intracellular carriage, ion pump, cellular motility. They have changed unbelievable multiplicity, precision, efficacy and a substantial quantity of study in contemporary biology intended to expose the vital mechanisms or processes primarily their function. This chapter also emphasizes the recent development in protein nanotechnology with special focus on molecular cytoskeletal motors, dyneins, myosin’s and kinesins. They constitute subcategory of the protein machineries, they have distinguished properties and can be able to convert biochemical energy directly to automatic work.
    [Show full text]
  • FACULTY ENGAGED in SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH Data from Research.Berkeley.Edu, Faculty Expertise, Pulled 1/18-23/2013
    FACULTY ENGAGED IN SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH Data from research.berkeley.edu, Faculty Expertise, pulled 1/18-23/2013. Please note that only UC Berkeley faculty members with permanent academic appointments are listed in this database. Total number of faculty members listed in database = 1928; Number engaged in sustainability research = 217 Name Expertise Department Norman civil and environmental engineering, earthquake ground motions, Department of Civil and Environmental Abrahamson spectral attenuation relations Engineering David Ackerly adaptation, california biodiversity, climate change Department of Integrative Biology environmental impact of severe accidents, mathematical safety Joonhong Ahn assessment of deep geologic repository, radioactive waste Department of Nuclear Engineering management, transport of radionuclides in geologic formations Fluid Flow Control, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems, Nonlinear Wave Mechanics, Ocean and Coastal Waves Phenomena, M. Reza Alam Department of Mechanical Engineering ocean renewable energy, Ocean Renewable Energy (Wave, Theoretical Fluid Dynamics, Tide and Offshore Wind Energy) A. Paul nanoscience, physical chemistry, semiconductor nanocrystals Department of Chemistry Alivisatos seismology earthquakes earthquake hazard mitigation earth structure Department of Earth and Planetary Richard Allen tomography natural hazards Science biodiversity, grasslands, grazing, oak woodlands, plant ecology, Barbara Allen- Environmental Science, Policy & rangeland ecology, rangeland management, water resources, Diaz Management
    [Show full text]
  • National Institute of Technology
    B. Tech. in METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING FLEXIBLE CURRICULUM (For students admitted from 2015-16 onwards) DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 015 TAMIL NADU, INDIA Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology: Tiruchirappalli – 620 015 Vision, Mission of the Institute Vision of the Institute To provide valuable resources for industry and society through excellence in technical education and research Mission of the Institute To offer state-of-the-art undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes To generate new knowledge by engaging in cutting-edge research To undertake collaborative projects with academia and industries To develop human intellectual capability to its fullest potential Vision, Mission of MME department Vision of the Department MME To evolve into a globally recognized department in the frontier areas of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Mission of the Department MME • To produce Metallurgical and Materials Engineering graduates having professional excellence • To carry out quality research having social & industrial relevance • To provide technical support to budding entrepreneurs and existing industries 2 | P a g e Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology: Tiruchirappalli – 620 015 Summary of Flexible curriculum Courses Credits General Institute 17 68 Requirement (GIR) (Institute Formula) Programme core (PC) 20 64 (MME proposal) Essential Laboratory 12 12 Requirement (ELR) (MME proposal) Programme Elective + 12 36 Open Elective + Minor (Min. 4 PE, Min. 3 OE) (PE+OE+MI) (MME proposal) Total 60 180 3 | P a g e Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology: Tiruchirappalli – 620 015 CURRICULUM The total minimum credits for completing the B.Tech.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Engineering
    School of Engineering E Engineering Education in a University Setting 288 Degree Programs in Engineering 290 Special Programs 292 Honors 294 Academic Regulations 296 Courses of Study 301 Engineering Courses 325 Administration and Faculty 350 288 VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY Engineering Education in a University Setting ANDERBILT University School of Engineering is the students also participate in the university’s Summer Research largest and oldest private engineering school in the Program for Undergraduates. South. Classes offering engineering instruction began Vin 1879, and seven years later Engineering was made a separate Facilities department with its own dean. The school’s program empha- The School of Engineering is housed in 5 main buildings with sizes the relationship of the engineering profession to society several satellite facilities. William W. Featheringill Hall which and prepares engineers to be socially aware as well as techni- houses a three-story atrium designed for student interac- cally competent. tion and social events, more than fifty teaching and research The mission of the School of Engineering is threefold: to laboratories with the latest equipment and computer resources, prepare undergraduate and graduate students for roles that and project rooms. The new Engineering and Science build- contribute to society; to conduct research to advance the ing is an eight-story state of the art building that houses the state of knowledge and technology and to disseminate these Wond'ry at the Innovation Pavilion, numerous research labs, advances through archival publications, conference publica- interactive class rooms, clean rooms and space for students tions, and technology transfer; and to provide professional to work, study and socialize.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Branches
    List of engineering branches Engineering is the discipline and profession that applies scientific theories, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to design, create, and analyze technological solutions cognizant of safety, human factors, physical laws, regulations, practicality, and cost. In the contemporary era, engineering is generally considered to consist of the major primary branches of chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.[1] There are numerous other engineering subdisciplines and interdisciplinary subjects that may or may not be part of these major engineering branches. Contents Chemical engineering Civil engineering Electrical engineering Mechanical engineering Interdisciplinary See also References Chemical engineering Chemical engineering is the application of chemical, physical and biological sciences to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties Genetic engineering (of whole genes and their chromosomes) Biomolecular Immunology and Focuses on the manufacturing ofbiomolecules . engineering biomolecular/biochemical engineering Engineering of DNA and RNA (related to genetic engineering) Metallurgical engineering, works with metals Ceramic engineering works with raw oxide materials (e.g. alumina oxide) and advanced materials that are polymorphic, polycrystalline, oxide and Materials Involves properties of matter (material) and its applications to non-oxide ceramics engineering engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Engineering of Therapeutic Proteins
    Engineering of 7 Therapeutic Proteins Fei Wen, Sheryl B. Rubin-Pitel, and Huimin Zhao CONTENTS Protein Therapeutics versus Small Molecule Drugs .............................................. 154 Sources of Protein Therapeutics ................................................................... 155 Targets of Protein Therapeutics and Modes of Action .................................. 155 Engineering Effective Protein Therapeutics .......................................................... 156 Challenges in Pharmaceutical Translation of New Therapeutic Proteins ..... 156 Strategies for Designing Effective Protein Therapeutics .............................. 156 Strategies for Improving Pharmacokinetics ...................................... 157 Strategies for Reducing Immunogenicity ......................................... 158 Genetic Engineering ......................................................................... 159 Examples of Protein Therapeutics ......................................................................... 160 Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics.............................................................. 161 Enzyme Therapeutics Acting on Extracellular Targets ................................. 161 Protein Therapeutics as Replacements for Defective or Deficient Proteins .....162 Protein Hormones ............................................................................. 162 Coagulation Factors .......................................................................... 163 Enzyme Replacement Therapy ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Altering Protein Specificity: Techniques and Applications
    Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13 (2005) 2701–2716 Review Altering protein specificity: techniques and applications Nina M. Antikainen and Stephen F. Martin* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA Received 20 December 2004; accepted 26 January 2005 Abstract—Protein engineering constitutes a powerful tool for generating novel proteins that serve as catalysts to induce selective chemical and biological transformations that would not otherwise be possible. Protocols that are commonly employed for altering the substrate specificity and selectivity profiles by mutating known enzymes include rational and random methods as well as tech- niques that entail evolution, selection and screening. Proteins identified by these techniques play important roles in a variety of industrial and medicinal applications and in the study of protein structure–function relationships. Herein we present a critical over- view of methods for creating new functional proteins having altered specificity profiles and some practical case studies in which these techniques have been applied to solving problems in synthetic and medicinal chemistry and to elucidating enzyme function and bio- logical pathways. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 2701 2. Rational methods for altering protein substrate selectivity . 2702 2.1. Representative techniques for site-directed mutagenesis . 2703 2.2. Selected applications of site-directed mutagenesis . 2704 3. Random methods for altering protein substrate selectivity . 2707 3.1. Representative techniques for random mutagenesis . 2708 3.2. Selected applications of random mutagenesis . 2708 4. Evolutionary methods for altering enzyme substrate selectivity . 2710 4.1. DNA shuffling techniques for enzyme evolution .
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse of Materials Research in China a Report from an Interagency Study Team on Materials Visiting China from June 19, 1995 to June 30, 1995
    NATL INST. OF STAND ^JECH Rrf^ I PUBLICATIONS mill nil nil I II A111Q4 7T2m3 United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Special Publication 893 A Glimpse of Materials Research in China A Report From an Interagency Study Team on Materials Visiting China From June 19, 1995 to June 30, 1995 Stephen M. Hsu and Lyle H. Schwartz^ Editors QC 100 ,U57 NO. 893 1995 Jhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. Major technical operating units and their principal activities are listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-N Protein Engineering with Data-Efficient Deep Learning
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.23.917682; this version posted January 24, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Low-N protein engineering with data-efficient deep learning 1† 3† 2† 2 1,4 Surojit Biswas ,​ Grigory Khimulya ,​ Ethan C. Alley ,​ Kevin M. Esvelt ,​ George M. Church ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University 2 MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3 Somerville, MA 02143, USA 4 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School †These authors contributed equally to this work. *Correspondence to: George M. Church: gchurch{at}genetics.med.harvard.edu ​ Abstract Protein engineering has enormous academic and industrial potential. However, it is limited by the lack of experimental assays that are consistent with the design goal and sufficiently high-throughput to find rare, enhanced variants. Here we introduce a machine learning-guided paradigm that can use as few as 24 functionally assayed mutant sequences to build an accurate virtual fitness landscape and screen ten million sequences via in silico directed evolution. As demonstrated in two highly dissimilar proteins, avGFP and ​ ​ TEM-1 β-lactamase, top candidates from a single round are diverse and as active as engineered mutants ​ ​ obtained from previous multi-year, high-throughput efforts. Because it distills information from both global and local sequence landscapes, our model approximates protein function even before receiving experimental data, and generalizes from only single mutations to propose high-functioning epistatically non-trivial designs.
    [Show full text]