DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dissolution Implication for of Lithium Minerals in Salt Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dissolution Implication for of Lithium Minerals in Salt Solutions Geochemical Journal Vol. 17, pp. 153 to 160, 1983 The dissolution of lithium minerals in salt solutions: Implication for the lithium content of saline waters NOBUKITAKAMATSU,' MASAYUKI IMAHASHI,1 KYOKO SHIMODAIRA' and HIROSHIKAMIYA2 Department of Chemistry, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274,1 and Department of Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466,2 Japan (Received November 10, 1982: Accepted April 22, 1983) Lithium minerals, petalite (Li[AlSi 10]) and lepi to (K2(Li,Al)s -.6[Si6-7A12-1020] (OH,F)4), were reacted with seawater and NaC olutions for 240 hours at 150 to 250°C and with a water/mineral ratio of 25 by weight, to clarify the role of 'ssolved is on the enrichment of lithium in natural saline waters such as coastal thermal waters fossil seawaters. Lithium leachingfrom the minerals was en hanced with increasingsalt concen ation and temper It was proved from the experiments using various salt solutions that NaCIsolution and seawater are effective for the leaching of lithium from rocks and that even the altered seawaters containing low magnesiumhave the ability to extract lithium from rocks. This investigation suggeststhat the non-volcanicsaline waters of hi lithium content (e.g. fossil seawater) can be produced by a long term seawater-rockinteraction at relativelylow temperature without a contribution from the so-called"magmatic emanation". INTRODUCTION MATSUet al., 1980b). The hot springs in Japan have been classified Many papers have been presented on the into 4 types by SAKAIand. MATSUBAYA(1974) lithium content of natural waters. WHITE from the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratio (1957) suggested that among the natural surface of the spring waters: Arima type, Greentuff waters volcanic NaCI type waters are most type, coastal and volcanic thermal waters. In enriched in lithium and it may be used as al general, the waters except volanic thermal very significant criterion to distinguish natural waters have high salinity. Arima and Greentuff waters of volcanic origin. On the other hand, type thermal waters which are flowing out from ELLIS and MAHON(1964) suggested that the Neogene or pre-Neogene formations show high composition of volcanic thermal water could lithium contents and have high Li/I:' ratios. be explained by high temperature reaction of On the other hand, in coastal thermal waters water with rocks, and do not require contribu which are heated by conduction from the tion from a "magmatic" fluid rich in the typical Quarternary volcanic rocks, these values are low. hydrothermal phase elements such as Li, As, B, The chemical composition of NaCl type etc. ICHIKUNIet al. (1974) suggested that even waters originated from present or fossil seawater the cold pore waters in sediments can be may be affected by one or some of the following changed into waters with Li/Na and K/Na ratios mechanisms during their ascent to the surface resembling geothermal waters if the waters are (NADLERet al., 1980): 1) reactions with rocks, maintained under certain conditions. In fact, 2) evaporation and precipitation of salts and some non volcanic NaCl type waters in Japan 3) ultrafiltration. The first mechanism would are of the same order of magnitude as those be most significant for solutions of shallow of volcanic NaCI type waters, e.g., Kashio, Tw = coastal aquifers in which evaporation and ultra 11.0°C, Li = 80ppm, Li/Na = 5.7 X 10-3 (TAKA filtration can not take place. It is known that 153 154 N. TAKAMATSU et al. even the coastal thermal waters, that may be Table 1. The chemical composition and the surface area derived by short term seawater-rock interaction, of the lithium minerals contain more lithium than does seawater (TAKA Petalite Lepidolite MATSUet al., 1980b). This indicates that lithium H20 0.23 0.08 in waters may be derived from rocks by reaction H20(+) 1.73 0.90 Si02 75.58 56.40 with seawater and that the lithium content of A1203 15.92 24.02 non-volcanic NaCI type water may prove to be a F e2 03 0.02 0.12 CaO 0.38 good criterion for the degree of seawater-rock MgO 0.15 interaction. Lie 0 3.38 3.46 Lithium minerals were reacted with salt Nat 0 1.54 0.71 K20 0.60 8.98 solutions and seawater, to examine whether the MnO 0.00 0.28 lithium in the NaCI type waters could be derived F 3.68 from rocks by the reaction with the salt solu Total 99.53(%) 98.63(%) tions such as seawater. Surface area 4.0(m2/g) 5.1 (m2/g) : Not determined. EXPERIMENTAL Most igneous and sedimentary rocks have ture. The pressure effect on the dissolution of lithium concentrations in a restricted range of lithium was ignored in the experiments because 10-70ppm (HEIER and BILLINGS, 1969). How the effect is considered to be small. ever, the lithium concentrations of rocks are Resulting solutions were filtered through too low to determine the lithium concentration 0.45µm cellulose membrane filters and the pH of the solutions in the dissolution experiments. was measured immediately. The lithium, So lithium minerals, petalite and lepidolite, were potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium con used as our starting materials. tents of the filtrates were determined by atomic Petalite (Southwest of Africa) and lepidolite absorption spectrophotometry. The chloride (South-Dakota, U.S.A.) were purchased from and sulfate ions were determined by ion the Iwamoto Mineral Compnay, Tokyo. They chromatography. We did not analyze the solid were crushed to under 200 mesh for the use in reaction products. Therefore, we will not dis the experiments. Their chemical compositions cuss the alteration products in this paper. are given in Table 1. Reagent grade NaCI was dissolved in distilled water to prepare 0.01, 0.1 RESULTS and 0.555M NaCI solutions. Natural seawater used for the experiments was collected off Dissolution in NaC1 solutions Figure 1 Torishima Island, Tokyo and passed through a shows the amounts of lithium leached from 0.45µm cellulose membrane filter. petalite and lepidolite by NaCI solutions. The The lithium minerals were reacted with NaCl lithium concentrations in 0.555M NaCl solution solutions and seawater (or diluted seawater) at during the reaction with petalite at 150, 200 and moderate temperature (150, 200 and 250°C) 250°C are shown in Fig. 2. The dissolution rate and at a water/mineral ratio of 25 by weight. In of lithium increased with increasing NaCI con order to elucidate the role of cations in the dis centration and with temperature. The pH of the solution of lithium, petalite was reacted with resulting solutions became slightly low with 0.1 M solution of NaCI, KCI, RbCI and CsC1each increasing NaCI concentration and temperature. at 200° C. The experiments were carried out in a The effect of NaCl on the dissolution of lithium shaking type autoclave using a reaction vessel from petalite was larger than that from lepido made of titanium alloy. Pressure was main lite (Figs. 1 and 3). At low temperature (40 tained at the vapor pressure at given tempera 90'C), however, the effect of NaCl on the Dissolution of Li minerals 155 ._50 rn E %-40 30 20 10 6 18 30 66 150 Time(hr) 240 Fig. 1. Li concentrationsin salt solutionsduring reactionwith petalite and lepidoliteat 200°C and water/rock ratio of 25. Petalite: 0.555M NaCI (•), 0.1M NaCI (0), 0.01M NaCI (.) and H20 (p). Lepidolite: 0.1M NaCI (A), (Lx). H20 (Lx). dissolution of lithium from petalite was smaller Dissolution in seawater and diluted sea than that from lepidolite (TAKAMATSUet al., water Table 2 shows. the concentrations of 1976). This may be due to the structural dif lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride ference between lepidolite and petalite; phil and sulfate ions found in seawater and the losilicate and tectosilicate. The rate of release diluted seawater adjusted to 0.1 and 0.01M of lithium from lepidolite into the solution may chloride concentration which reacted with reflect the rate at which the interlayer cations petalite. The pH of the reacted solutions are removed and that from petalite may reflect decreased with increasing Cl concentration and the rate of attack on the tetrahedral frame with the progress of reaction (Table 2). works. Dissolution rate constants in salt solutions 100[ ~-. .~ Fromthe experimentalresults, the dissolution of lithium minerals are considered to be in congruent. Many studies have been reported on the incongruent dissolution kinetics of feld rnE XJI~~ thesparhypotheses and mica. onPETROVicthe dissolution et al. (1976)kinetics.reviewed The -50 hypotheses involve surface reaction and diffu sion through amorphous precipitates, crystal line precipitates and leached layer. The ojbect of this study, however, is not to discuss the dissolution mechanism. We calculated an ap 0 6 30 66 150 240 propriate rate constant of lithium dissolution Time (hr) in all the experiments to know the effect of Fig. 2. Li concentrations in 0.555M NaCI solution dur temperature and salt concentration on the ing reaction with petalite at 250 (0), 200 (o) and 150 dissolution of the lithium minerals. An ion (o)°Cc exchange equilibrium will be established, when 156 N. TAKAMATSU et al. Table 2. The pH and the concentrations of Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4 found from the experiments of petalite and seawater and diluted seawater (adjusted to 0.1 and 0.01M chloride concentration) Time pH Li Na K Ca Mg C1 S04 (hr) (mg/1) Start 6.72 0.00 195 7.33 7.50 23.8 353 49.0 6 6.87 6.90 206 26.8 3.78 1.08 357 48.8 30 7.03 11.0 196 23.4 2.09 0.23 357 48.7 0.01 M C1 42 6.99 12.1 195 23.1 1.93 0.17 357 48.7 66 7.14 12.8 196 22.9 1.68 0.07 353 49.5 150 7.06 15.8 197 20.7 1.55 0.16 354 48.0 240 7.24 18.3 198 18.6 1.48 0.11 353 47.5 Start 7.38 0.02 1,950 73.3 75.0 238 3,530 490 6 5.47 9.00 1,940 105 84.5 198 3,600 513 30 4.61 18.1 1,950 107 51.1 171 3,540 0.1 M C1 42 5.10 21.1 1,940 105 53.6 175 3,520 413 66 4.55 23.2 1,970 103 47.5 161 3,530 393 150 4.74 29.2 1,960 110 46.0 157 3,530 390 240 4.33 33.8 1,970 112 40.7 145 3,540 364 S tart 8.21 0.15 10,800 407 416 1,320 19,700 2,720 6 5.20 10.6 10,800 450 173 1,400 19,800 2,170 30 4.57 20.2 445 205 1,220 Seawater 42 4.01 22.0 10,900 437 160.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries
    Session 1: Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Adrian Griffin Managing Director, Lithium Australia NL ABSTRACT Lithium, as a feedstock for the battery industry, originates from two primary sources: hard-rock (generally spodumene and petalite), and brines. Brine processing results in the direct production of lithium chemicals, whereas the output from hard-rock production is tradeable mineral concentrates that require downstream processing prior to delivery, as refined chemicals, into the battery market. The processors of the concentrates, the 'converters', are the major constraint in a supply chain blessed with abundant mineral feed. The battery industry must overcome the constraints imposed by the converters, and this can be achieved through the application of the Sileach™ process, which produces lithium chemicals from concentrates direct, without the need for roasting. The cathode chemistries of the most efficient lithium batteries have a common thread – a high dependence on cobalt. Battery manufacturers consume around 40% of the current production of cobalt, a by-product of the nickel and copper industries. This means cobalt is at a tipping point – production will not keep up with demand. In the short term, the solution lies in developing alternative cathode compositions, while in the longer term recycling may be the answer. Lithium Australia NL is researching the application of its Sileach™ process to waste batteries to achieve a high-grade, low-cost source of battery materials and, in so doing, ease the supply constraints on cathode metals. To ensure that the battery industry is sustainable, better utilisation of mineral resources, more efficient processing technology, an active battery reprocessing capacity and less reliance on cobalt as a cathode material are all necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH Petrogenesis of the Cogenetic
    RESEARCH Petrogenesis of the cogenetic Stewart pegmatite-aplite, Pala, California: Regional implications Douglas M. Morton1, J. Blue Sheppard2, Fred K. Miller3, and Cin-Ty A. Lee4 1U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92521, USA 2STEWART LITHIA MINES, P.O. BOX 382, PALA, CALIFORNIA 92059, USA 3U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, SPOKANE, WASHINGTON 99201, USA 4DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES, RICE UNIVERSITY, HOUSTON, TEXAS 77005, USA ABSTRACT The Stewart pegmatite-aplite dike in Pala, California (USA) is well known as a source of lithium, gem minerals, and unusual phosphate minerals. We reinterpret the petrogenesis of the dike based on a combination of new regional and detailed geochemical isotopic and textural data. The Stewart dike, like other pegmatites in the Pala district and other major pegmatite districts in the northern Peninsular Ranges batholith, is enclosed within gabbro/mafic tonalite. The 40Ar/39Ar method of dating on muscovite from the dike, and U/Pb dating of zircon from the gabbro yield essentially the same age. Initial 87Sr/86Sr is similar for the dike, 0.7042, and the gabbro, 0.7036–0.7037, indicating a juvenile and likely common source for both. The extreme mineralogic, lithologic, and textural variations within the dike are interpreted to have resulted from in situ mineral seg- regation, autometasomatism, and migration of volatiles within an essentially closed system. Contacts between the pegmatite dike and the host gabbro are diffuse. All previous interpretations of the Stewart pegmatite dike invoked an allogenic origin, formed by fluids derived externally from a nearby or distant granitic body, with the fluids subsequently migrating to, and intruding, their gabbro/mafic tonalite host.
    [Show full text]
  • Batterierohstoffe Für Lithiumionenbatterien by Dr
    DERA Industrieworkshop Lithium Batterierohstoffe für Lithiumionenbatterien by Dr. Reiner Haus Dorfner ANZAPLAN GmbH, D-92242 Hirschau, Germany www.anzaplan.com Berlin, 27. June 2017 Berlin 06-2017 page 1 © DORFNER Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesellschaft mbH COPYRIGHT/DISCLAIMER Neither this publication nor any part thereof may be copied, reprinted, sold, published or distributed without prior written permission. This presentation provides non-binding information only and we do not assume any liability for correctness, accuracy and completeness of the information provided. Dorfner Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesellschaft GmbH makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information. Nevertheless, mistakes and confusions may occur. The information and statistical data herein have been obtained from sources we believe to be reliable. Nevertheless, such information has not been independently verified and we do not assume any liability. Any opinions or estimates herein reflect the judgment of Dorfner Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesell- schaft GmbH at the date of publication and are subject to changes at any time without notice. This applies especially to information reflecting estimations and technical standards since they are subject to changes over time. Dorfner Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesellschaft GmbH does not intend, and does not assume any liability or obligation whatsoever, to update these forward-looking statements and/or estimations or to conform them to future events and developments. Berlin 06-2017 page 2 © DORFNER Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesellschaft mbH Dorfner Group of Companies Renowned in the Industrial and Speciality Minerals Business ° Founded 1895 ° More than 100 years experience in industrial and specialty minerals processing ° Family owned ° Independent Berlin 06-2017 page 3 © DORFNER Analysenzentrum und Anlagenplanungsgesellschaft mbH Dorfner ANZAPLAN The Service Company ° Founded in 1985 to become the most independent venture within the Dorfner Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium 2017
    2017 Minerals Yearbook LITHIUM [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior September 2020 U.S. Geological Survey Lithium By Brian W. Jaskula Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Annie Hwang, statistical assistant. In the United States, one lithium brine operation with an cobalt oxide and 2,160 kg of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum associated lithium carbonate plant operated in Silver Peak, oxide (Defense Logistics Agency Strategic Materials, 2017). At NV. Domestic and imported lithium carbonate, lithium yearend 2017, the NDS held 540 kg of lithium-cobalt oxide and chloride, and lithium hydroxide were consumed directly 1,620 kg of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide. in industrial applications and used as raw materials for downstream lithium compounds. In 2017, lithium consumption Production in the United States was estimated to be equivalent to The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected domestic 3,000 metric tons (t) of elemental lithium (table 1) [16,000 t production data for lithium from a voluntary canvass of the of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE)], primarily owing to only U.S. lithium carbonate producer, Rockwood Lithium Inc. demand for lithium-based battery, ceramic and glass, grease, (a subsidiary of Albemarle Corp. of Charlotte, NC). Production pharmaceutical, and polymer products. In 2017, the gross weight and stock data collected from Rockwood Lithium were withheld of lithium compounds imported into the United States increased from publication to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. by 7% and the gross weight of exports increased by 29% from The company’s 6,000-metric-ton-per-year (t/yr) Silver Peak those in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction of Zinnwaldite from Mining and Processing Wastes
    Sborník vědeckých prací Vysoké školy báňské – Technické univerzity Ostrava Řada hornicko-geologická Volume LI (2005), No.2, p. 9-16, ISSN 0474-8476 Jiří BOTULA*, Pavel RUCKÝ**, Vlastimil ŘEPKA*** EXTRACTION OF ZINNWALDITE FROM MINING AND PROCESSING WASTES ZÍSKÁVÁNÍ CINVALDITU Z ODPADŮ PO TĚŽBĚ A ÚPRAVĚ Abstract Lithium is the lightest metal in the periodic table of elements, whose world reserves in the available deposits are estimated to be 20Mt, and in the Czech Republic Li makes up about 1% of the world reserves as the residual element in Sn-W ore mineralization. Significant reserves of Li are also represented in waste from the former mining and processing of Sn-W ores in the Krušné hory region, containing about 0.2% Li. The world consumption of lithium is estimated 6 kt/year and a gradual increase is expected, as well as an increase of the price. With regard to the fact that the consumption of Li in the Czech Republic is covered by the import, it would be suitable to eliminate this dependence to some extent and utilize the Czech resources of Li for production. At the beginning, the easiest method seems to be utilization of the present waste piles from the gravity processing of Sn-W ores in the estimated amount of 3.5 Mt in the former deposit of Cínovec. This paper is devoted to the possibilities of extracting Li-concentrates from raw materials. Abstrakt Lithium je nejlehčím kovem periodické soustavy prvků, jehož světové zásoby v dostupných ložiscích se odhadují na 20Mt, přičemž v České republice tvoří Li jako doprovodný prvek Sn-W zrudnění přibližně 1% světových zásob.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
    resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Spodumene and Quartz Intergrowth – Textural and Genesis Point of View
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-13404, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Spodumene and Quartz Intergrowth – Textural and Genesis Point of View Alexandre Lima and Filipa Dias Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Porto (Portugal) ([email protected]) The observation of spodumene quartz intergrowth both in the field and in microscopy is a common texture found in Lithium-rich pegmatites from different parts around the world. However, this texture may result from different environments of formation, it may be a primary texture or a secondary texture resultant from secondary reactions or posterior deformation. This study will approach the meaning of these terminologies and how different types of spodumene and quartz intergrowth can have similar textures but completely different conditions of formation. The amazing variety of textures and crystal morphologies in pegmatites are related to the crystal growth rate and to the degree of undercooling of the pegmatitic melt (the difference between the liquidus temperature and the actual temperature of the magma) resultant from non-equilibrium kinetic factors (Vernon, 2004; Webber and Simmons, 2007; London, 2008). The fact that pegmatites with symplectites of SQI originated from petalite seems to indicate that the rock after being solid still had some time at an elevated temperature to try to re-equilibrate its mineral phases while cooling down, indicating a low-to-moderate degree of undercooling. Another indication for its relatively low degree of undercooling is the lack of abundant textures reflecting a high degree of undercooling, such as skeletal, and radial crystals morphologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogical, Petrogenetic, and Geochemical Characteristics of the Meldon Aplite and Its Implications to Cornwall and Devon for Rare- Element Pegmatite Exploration
    Mineralogical, petrogenetic, and geochemical characteristics of the Meldon Aplite and its implications to Cornwall and Devon for rare- element pegmatite exploration Submitted by Janviere Uwanyirigira to the University of Exeter as a dissertation towards the degree of Master of Science in Mining geology, August, 2018. ‘I certify that the material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which has been previously been conferred on me’ ………………..Signature 0 Abstract Recent development of high-tech industries and the global drive towards a carbon free economic have placed a tremendous demand on Li and placed substantial importance on exploration of lithium deposits. The Meldon Aplite has long been described as unique feature across SW England in terms of its mineralogy and exception enrichment in rare-element such as lithium, caesium, fluorine, phosphorous and niobium-tantalum. The Meldon Aplite present a potential for lithium mineralization. This study has identified a range of lithium rich minerals in the Meldon Aplite including lepidolite, elbaite, petalite, amblygonite-montebrasite, and eucryptite. It has equally ruled out the presence of spodumene in the aplite. Mineralogy and textural studies conducted in this study resulted in the identification of four different crystallization stages. These are magmatic, magmatic-hydrothermal, hydrothermal and supergene stages. In terms of lithium mineralisation, lepidolite, elbaite, petalite and amblygonite-montebrasite are primary magmatic phases with eucryptite forming at the expenses petalite complete hydrothermal replacement and clay montmorillonite forming from petalite weathering. The close association of amblygonite-montebrasite with fluorapatite indicate that it is altered at a certain extent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Lithium to Prevent Or Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavements and Structures
    The Use of Lithium to Prevent or Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavements and Structures PUBLIcatION NO. FHWA-HRT-06-133 MARCH 2007 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 Foreword Progress is being made in efforts to combat alkali-silica reaction in portland cement concrete structures—both new and existing. This facts book provides a brief overview of laboratory and field research performed that focuses on the use of lithium compounds as either an admixture in new concrete or as a treatment of existing structures. This document is intended to provide practitioners with the necessary information and guidance to test, specify, and use lithium compounds in new concrete construction, as well as in repair and service life extension applications. This report will be of interest to engineers, contractors, and others involved in the design and specification of new concrete, as well as those involved in mitigation of the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction in existing concrete structures. Gary L. Henderson, P.E. Director, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this manual. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants
    processes Article A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants Thi Hong Nguyen 1,2 and Man Seung Lee 1,* 1 Department of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Rare Metal, Mokpo National University, Jeollanamdo 534-729, Korea; [email protected] 2 College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Viet Nam * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-61-450-2492 Received: 10 April 2018; Accepted: 9 May 2018; Published: 12 May 2018 Abstract: The growing demand for lithium necessitates the development of an efficient process to recover it from three kinds of solutions, namely brines as well as acid and alkaline leach liquors of primary and secondary resources. Therefore, the separation of lithium(I) from these solutions by solvent extraction was reviewed in this paper. Lithium ions in brines are concentrated by removing other metal salts by crystallization with solar evaporation. In the case of ores and secondary resources, roasting followed by acid/alkaline leaching is generally employed to dissolve the lithium. Since the compositions of brines, alkaline and acid solutions are different, different commercial extractants are employed to separate and recover lithium. The selective extraction of Li(I) over other metals from brines or alkaline solutions is accomplished using acidic extractants, their mixture with neutral extractants, and neutral extractants mixed with chelating extractants in the presence of ferric chloride (FeCl3). Among these systems, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)- methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-FeCl3 and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO)- benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA) are considered to be promising for the selective extraction and recovery of Li(I) from brines and alkaline solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Spodumene: the Lithium Market, Resources and Processes
    minerals Review Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes Colin Dessemond 1, Francis Lajoie-Leroux 1, Gervais Soucy 1,* , Nicolas Laroche 2 and Jean-François Magnan 2 1 Département de génie chimique et de génie biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (F.L.-L.) 2 Nemaska Lithium Inc., Quebec, QC G1K 3X2, Canada; [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (J.-F.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-819-821-8000 (ext: 62167) Received: 17 April 2019; Accepted: 24 May 2019; Published: 29 May 2019 Abstract: This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes. Keywords: lithium review; spodumene processes; thermodynamic of spodumene; lithium extraction 1. Introduction Lithium is the third element of the periodic table. It is the lightest of all solid elements (d = 0.53 g cm 3 at 20 C), has the highest specific heat capacity, the smallest ionic radius of all · − ◦ the alkali metals, and a high electrochemical potential [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Mineralogy of Li Mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal)
    Mineralogical Magazine, February 2016, Vol. 80(1), pp. 103–126 Geology and mineralogy of Li mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal) 1,* 1 1 2,3 3,4 1 5 E. RODA-ROBLES ,A.PESQUERA ,P.P.GIL-CRESPO ,R.VIEIRA ,A.LIMA ,I.GARATE-OLAVE ,T.MARTINS 6 AND J. TORRES-RUIZ 1 Departamento Mineralogía y Petrología, Univ. País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, 48080-Bilbao, Spain 2 Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (Portugal) S.A., Portugal 3 Instituto Ciências da Terra (Pólo da UP), Porto, Portugal 4 Departamento Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal 5 Manitoba Geological Survey, 360-1395 Ellice Av., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G 3P2, Canada 6 Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain [Received 2 April 2015; Accepted 16 September 2015; Associate Editor: Kathryn Goodenough] ABSTRACT Lithium mineralization is common in the Central Iberian Zone and, to a lesser extent, in the Galizia-Trás-Os- Montes Zone of Spain and Portugal, occurring along a ∼500 km-long NNW-SSE striking belt. There are different styles of Li mineralization along this belt; they are mainly associated with aplite-pegmatite bodies and, to a much lesser extent, with veins of quartz and phosphate. Lithium mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone may be classified into four types: aplite-pegmatite dykes occurring in pegmatitic fields, Li mineralization associated with leucogranitic cupolas, beryl-phosphate pegmatites and quartz-montebrasite veins. The main Li minerals of these bodies include Li-mica, spodumene and/or petalite in the pegmatitic fields and leucogranitic cupolas; triphylite–lithiophilite in the beryl-phosphate pegmatites, and amblygonite–montebrasite in the quartz-montebrasite veins.
    [Show full text]