TATUM-THESIS-2016.Pdf (369.7Kb)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
$%675$&7 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV &HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH 7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP0$ 0HQWRU-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K' 'XULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKH3DQWKpRQZDVFUHDWHGDVDQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXP WRKRXVHWKHUHPDLQVRIWKHgrands hommesRI)UDQFH$ORQJVLGHWKHUHFHQWO\GHFHDVHG KHURHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHGHSXWLHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\VHOHFWHGLOOXVWULRXV ILJXUHVIURP)UHQFKKLVWRU\WREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH3DQWKpRQ2QO\WZRRIWKHVHOHFWHG ILJXUHVZHUHUHEXULHGZLWKLQWKHPRQXPHQW9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX 7KLVWKHVLVH[DPLQHVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHVHFHUHPRQLDOUHEXULDOVRQWKH)UHQFK 5HYROXWLRQ5HEXULDOVDOWKRXJKODUJHO\LJQRUHGLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ ZHUHNH\WRWKHFUHDWLRQRIDPRGLILHGFXOWXUHRIGHDWKZKLFKDOORZHGWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV WRPRYHSDVWWKH&DWKROLFGHDWKFXOWXUHRIWKHancien regime 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV&HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH E\ 7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP%$ $7KHVLV $SSURYHGE\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\ .LPEHUO\5.HOOLVRQ3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ 6XEPLWWHGWRWKH*UDGXDWH)DFXOW\RI %D\ORU8QLYHUVLW\LQ3DUWLDO)XOILOOPHQWRIWKH 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH'HJUHH RI 0DVWHURI$UWV $SSURYHGE\WKH7KHVLV&RPPLWWHH -RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ 0LFKDHO3DUULVK3K' $QQ0F*ODVKDQ3K' $FFHSWHGE\WKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO $XJXVW -/DUU\/\RQ3K''HDQ Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School. &RS\ULJKWE\7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 7$%/(2)&217(176 $&.12:/('*0(176Y &+$37(521( ,QWURGXFWLRQ &+$37(57:2 7KH3DQWKpRQ ³/HYRLOjOHYRLOj´ 7KH1HZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH$SSURXYpj9HUVDLOOHV 7KH)XQHUDORI0LUDEHDX /HV*UDQGV+RPPHV $1HZ&HUHPRQ\ &+$37(57+5(( 9ROWDLUH 7KH5HEXULDORI9ROWDLUH $1HZ&XOWXUHRI'HDWK &+$37(5)285 5RXVVHDX 9ROWDLUH¶V%RRNHQG 7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDX ([KXPDWLRQDQG7ULXPSK $6HFRQG5HEXULDO 7KH/HJDF\RI9ROWDLUH &+$37(5),9( &RQFOXVLRQ $SSHQGL[$ +\PQHj9ROWDLUH $SSHQGL[±% +\PQHj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’est le jour du triomphe et non pas de regrets Que nos chants d’allégresse Accompagnent la cendre Du plus illustre des français. ,WLVWKHGD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRIUHJUHWV 7KDWRXUVRQJVRIHQWKXVLDVP $FFRPSDQ\WKHDVKHV 2IWKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVRIWKH)UHQFK 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVDIDLOXUH6RGHFODUHG0RQD2]RXILQKHUHVVD\The Pantheon: The École Normale of the Dead5HVLGLQJLQWKHVHDRIQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVWKDWLV3DULV WKH3DQWKpRQUHPDLQVHHULO\HPSW\DVKRUGHVRIWRXULVWVSDVVE\7KHLQVFULSWLRQDERYH WKHHQWUDQFH³7RJUHDWPHQWKHJUDWHIXOpatrie´VHHPVWRULQJKROORZWKURXJKWKH FDYHUQRXVLQWHULRU&UHDWHGGXULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWREHDSODFHRIPHPRU\RIWKH ³grands hommes´RIDQHZDQGIUHHUHSXEOLFWKH3DQWKpRQDQGLWVUHYROXWLRQDU\RULJLQV DUHQRZODUJHO\IRUJRWWHQ)URPLWVFUHDWLRQLQWRWKHHQGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQILIWHHQ 8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQ)UHQFKVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG 0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUDQG)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHF³+\PQH6XU/D7UDQVODWLRQ'X&RUSVGH9ROWDLUH$X 3DQWKpRQ´DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ 0RQD2]RXI³7KH3DQWKHRQ7KHeFROH1RUPDOHRIWKH'HDG´LQRealms of MemoryYRO 1HZ<RUN&ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ± 7KH3DQWKpRQIUHTXHQWO\UDQNVORZLQDQQXDOYLVLWDWLRQVWDWLVWLFV,QDUHSRUWUHOHDVHGE\ WKH2IILFHGX7RXULVPHHWGHV&RQJUqVWKH3DQWKpRQRQO\UHFHLYHGDURXQGYLVLWRUVZKLOHRWKHU VLWHVOLNH1RWUH'DPHDQG%DVLOLTXHGX6DFUp&°XUUHFHLYHGRYHUYLVLWRUV,QPRUHUHFHQW UHSRUWVE\WKHWRXULVPRIILFHWKHYLVLWRUVWDWLVWLFVIRUWKH3DQWKpRQDUHQRWLQFOXGHG³)UpTXHQWDWLRQGHV SUHPLHUVVLWHVFXOWXUHOVSDULVLHQVHQ´ 2IILFHGX7RXULVPHHWGHV&RQJUqVGH3DULVF ³(Q ODIUpTXHQWDWLRQGHVVLWHVFXOWXUHOVSDULVLHQVSDUWLFLSHGHODFURLVVDQFHWRXULVWLTXH´ 2IILFHGX7RXULVPHHW GHV&RQJUqVGH3DULV-XO\ )UHQFKPHQZHUH3DQWKpRQL]HGE\WKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWRI)UDQFH2IWKHVH ILIWHHQRQO\WZRUHPDLQHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQDWWKHFORVHRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ9ROWDLUHDQG 5RXVVHDX%XWZDVWKH3DQWKpRQWUXO\DIDLOXUH"'LGLWQRWKDYHVRPHODVWLQJHIIHFWRQ WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQRUWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGFUHDWHGLW" 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVQRWDIDLOXUH$OWKRXJKWKHVWUXFWXUHLWVHOIQHYHUUHDFKHGLWV IXOOSRWHQWLDODVDPDXVROHXPRIWKH³JUHDWPHQ´RIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH 3DQWKp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ancien régime 5HEXULDOVFUHDWHGDPHDQVLQZKLFKWREHJLQWKLVUHDOLJQPHQW 7KLVWKHVLVZLOOH[DPLQHWKHWZR3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX 7KHVHWZRUHEXULDOVFDQEHHQVHHQDVERRNHQGVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KHILUVWUHEXULDOIRU 9ROWDLUHRFFXUUHGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGWKHRIILFLDO GHQRXQFHPHQWRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQE\3RSH3LXV9,LQ7KHVHFRQGUHEXULDO IRU5RXVVHDXRFFXUUHGLQDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKHUDGLFDO-DFRELQJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKH ,DPXVLQJWKHWHUP³3DQWKpRQL]HG´DVDQDGMHFWLYHWRGHVFULEHWKRVHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH SODFHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQE\DGHFUHHRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WKH/HJLVODWLYH$VVHPEO\RUWKH1DWLRQDO &RQYHQWLRQRI)UDQFH1RWDOOLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH3DQWKpRQL]HGJDLQHGDSK\VLFDOSODFHLQWKH PDXVROHXP 7KLVGHQXQFLDWLRQFDPHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHSDSDOEXOOQuod aliquantum HQGRIWKH5HLJQRI7HUURU([DPLQLQJWKHVHWZRUHEXULDOVLQGHWDLOZLOOSURYLGHDPHDQV WRGLVFHUQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV 8QWLOQRZUHEXULDOVKDYHEHHQODUJHO\LJQRUHGDVKDYLQJDQ\XQLTXHLQIOXHQFHRQ WKH5HYROXWLRQ,QWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGUHYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXOWXUH UHEXULDOVDUHDOZD\VJURXSHGZLWKIXQHUDOVRUZLWKVWDWHIHVWLYDOV,QDFWXDOLW\UHEXULDOV GRQRWIDOOZLWKLQHLWKHURIWKHVHFDWHJRULHVEXWVKRXOGUDWKHUEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDWKLUGDQG VHSDUDWHJURXS0\JRDOIRUWKLVWKHVLVLVWRDUJXHWKDWUHEXULDOVDUHDXQLTXHFDWHJRU\RI UHYROXWLRQDU\FHUHPRQ\DQGWKDWWKLVFDWHJRU\GHVHUYHVIXUWKHUVWXG\E\VFKRODUVRIWKH )UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ7KLVSURMHFWLVRQO\DEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHULFKWRSLFRI UHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV 5HEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVZHUHXQLTXHQRWRQO\LQWKHLUJRDOVEXWDOVRLQKRZWKH\ ZHUHDEOHWRDFFRPSOLVKWKHVHJRDOV5HYROXWLRQDU\OHDGHUVERWKJRYHUQPHQWDOGHSXWLHV DQGSROLWLFDOO\DFWLYHFLWL]HQVZHUHDEOHWRXVHUHEXULDOVDVDPHDQVWRPHPRULDOL]HWKH GHDGWRPDNHSROLWLFDODWWDFNVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHLGHDOVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWRUHVKDSH GHDWKULWXDOVDQGFXOWXUH7KHVHJRDOVZHUHDFKLHYHGE\WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\¶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istoriography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igging up the Dead: A History of Notable American ReburialsIRFXVHV HQWLUHO\RQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV2XWVLGHRIWKHILHOGRIKLVWRU\VRPHZRUNRQUHEXULDOVKDV EHHQGRQHLQWKHILHOGRIUHOLJLRQLQUHJDUGVWRVDLQWUHOLFVDVZHOODVLQWKHILHOGVRI 0LFKDHO*.DPPHQDigging up the Deadࣟ: A History of Notable American Reburials &KLFDJR ,OOLQRLV8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV DQWKURSRORJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\LQUHJDUGVWKHUHORFDWLRQRIDQFLHQWEXULDOVLWHVRUPDVV JUDYHVOHIWE\JHQRFLGH2YHUDOOUHEXULDOVRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ±LQIDFWRI(XURSH DVDZKROH±KDYHEHHQODUJHO\LJQRUHGDVDXQLTXHIDFHWRIGHDWKFXOWXUHRUFHUHPRQ\ 'HVSLWHWKLVODFNRIVFKRODUVKLSDQ\H[DPLQDWLRQRIUHEXULDOVPXVWQHFHVVDULO\ UHO\RQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKHVHWZRJHQUHV,QWKHVWXG\RIGHDWKDQGGHDWKFXOWXUHRQH PXVWLQLWLDOO\ORRNWRWKHZRUNRI3KLOLSSH$ULqVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWKHIDWKHURIGHDWK VFKRODUVKLS,QKLVJURXQGEUHDNLQJDUWLFOH³Attitudes devant la vie et devant la mort du XVIIe au XIXe siècle´$ULqVPDGHWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWWKHUHZHUHFKDQJHVWRWKH IXQGDPHQWDODWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWKEHWZHHQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV 7KURXJKWKLVVHHPLQJO\VLPSOHREVHUYDWLRQ$ULqVFUHDWHGDQHQWLUHO\QHZILHOGRI KLVWRULFDOVWXG\±WKDWRIWKHFXOWXUHRIGHDWK%HIRUHKLVDUWLFOHKLVWRULDQVWHQGHGWR FRQVLGHUGHDWKZLWKDPRGHUQPLQGVHW$ULqV¶ZRUNUHYHDOHGWKDWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGGHDWK