$%675$&7
3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV &HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH 7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP0$ 0HQWRU-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K' 'XULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKH3DQWKpRQZDVFUHDWHGDVDQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXP
WRKRXVHWKHUHPDLQVRIWKHgrands hommesRI)UDQFH$ORQJVLGHWKHUHFHQWO\GHFHDVHG
KHURHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHGHSXWLHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\VHOHFWHGLOOXVWULRXV
ILJXUHVIURP)UHQFKKLVWRU\WREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH3DQWKpRQ2QO\WZRRIWKHVHOHFWHG
ILJXUHVZHUHUHEXULHGZLWKLQWKHPRQXPHQW9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX
7KLVWKHVLVH[DPLQHVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHVHFHUHPRQLDOUHEXULDOVRQWKH)UHQFK
5HYROXWLRQ5HEXULDOVDOWKRXJKODUJHO\LJQRUHGLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ
ZHUHNH\WRWKHFUHDWLRQRIDPRGLILHGFXOWXUHRIGHDWKZKLFKDOORZHGWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV
WRPRYHSDVWWKH&DWKROLFGHDWKFXOWXUHRIWKHancien regime
3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV&HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH
E\
7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP%$
$7KHVLV
$SSURYHGE\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\
.LPEHUO\5.HOOLVRQ3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ
6XEPLWWHGWRWKH*UDGXDWH)DFXOW\RI %D\ORU8QLYHUVLW\LQ3DUWLDO)XOILOOPHQWRIWKH 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH'HJUHH RI 0DVWHURI$UWV
$SSURYHGE\WKH7KHVLV&RPPLWWHH
-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ
0LFKDHO3DUULVK3K'
$QQ0F*ODVKDQ3K'
$FFHSWHGE\WKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO $XJXVW
-/DUU\/\RQ3K''HDQ
Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School. &RS\ULJKWE\7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP
$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 7$%/(2)&217(176
$&.12:/('*0(176Y &+$37(521( ,QWURGXFWLRQ &+$37(57:2 7KH3DQWKpRQ ³/HYRLOjOHYRLOj´ 7KH1HZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH$SSURXYpj9HUVDLOOHV 7KH)XQHUDORI0LUDEHDX /HV*UDQGV+RPPHV $1HZ&HUHPRQ\ &+$37(57+5(( 9ROWDLUH 7KH5HEXULDORI9ROWDLUH $1HZ&XOWXUHRI'HDWK &+$37(5)285 5RXVVHDX 9ROWDLUH¶V%RRNHQG 7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDX ([KXPDWLRQDQG7ULXPSK $6HFRQG5HEXULDO 7KH/HJDF\RI9ROWDLUH &+$37(5),9( &RQFOXVLRQ $SSHQGL[$ +\PQHj9ROWDLUH $SSHQGL[±% +\PQHj5RXVVHDX %,%/,2*5$3+<
LY $&.12:/('*0(176 7KLVSURMHFWFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHGZLWKRXWWKHKHOSRIDP\ULDGRI
SHRSOH,ZRXOGILUVWOLNHWRWKLQNP\DGYLVRU'U-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFKIRUOHWWLQJPH
WDNHKLPRQH[FXUVLRQWRHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFH+LVDGYLFHDQGJXLGDQFHZDV
LQYDOXDEOH,ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRWKLQN'UV$QQ0F*ODVKDQDQG0LFKDHO3DUULVKIRUWKHLU
DFDGHPLFPHQWRUVKLS7KHVHFWLRQVRQPXVLFDQGFRPSRVLWLRQFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQ
FRPSOHWHZLWKRXWWKHJXLGDQFHRI&DWULRQD/RQJPXVLFWKHRULVWH[WUDRUGLQDLUH,ZRXOG
OLNHWRWKLQNP\IDPLO\/\QQ0DULO\Q7DQHDQG7DQQHUZKRNHSWPHJRLQJ$QG
ILQDOO\WRWKH%DURQHVV(PPD2UF]\DQGKHU6FDUOHW3LPSHUQHOZKRWDXJKWPHVRORQJ
DJRWKDWKLVWRU\ZDVDQDGYHQWXUHMXVWZDLWLQJWREHWROG
Y 7R)UHGGLH-XDQLWD7DWXP
YL &+$37(521( ,QWURGXFWLRQ C’est le jour du triomphe et non pas de regrets Que nos chants d’allégresse Accompagnent la cendre Du plus illustre des français. ,WLVWKHGD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRIUHJUHWV 7KDWRXUVRQJVRIHQWKXVLDVP $FFRPSDQ\WKHDVKHV 2IWKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVRIWKH)UHQFK 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVDIDLOXUH6RGHFODUHG0RQD2]RXILQKHUHVVD\The Pantheon:
The École Normale of the Dead5HVLGLQJLQWKHVHDRIQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVWKDWLV3DULV
WKH3DQWKpRQUHPDLQVHHULO\HPSW\DVKRUGHVRIWRXULVWVSDVVE\7KHLQVFULSWLRQDERYH
WKHHQWUDQFH³7RJUHDWPHQWKHJUDWHIXOpatrie´VHHPVWRULQJKROORZWKURXJKWKH
FDYHUQRXVLQWHULRU&UHDWHGGXULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWREHDSODFHRIPHPRU\RIWKH
³grands hommes´RIDQHZDQGIUHHUHSXEOLFWKH3DQWKpRQDQGLWVUHYROXWLRQDU\RULJLQV
DUHQRZODUJHO\IRUJRWWHQ)URPLWVFUHDWLRQLQWRWKHHQGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQILIWHHQ
8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQ)UHQFKVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG 0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUDQG)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHF³+\PQH6XU/D7UDQVODWLRQ'X&RUSVGH9ROWDLUH$X 3DQWKpRQ´DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ 0RQD2]RXI³7KH3DQWKHRQ7KHeFROH1RUPDOHRIWKH'HDG´LQRealms of MemoryYRO 1HZ ILIWHHQRQO\WZRUHPDLQHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQDWWKHFORVHRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ9ROWDLUHDQG 5RXVVHDX%XWZDVWKH3DQWKpRQWUXO\DIDLOXUH"'LGLWQRWKDYHVRPHODVWLQJHIIHFWRQ WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQRUWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGFUHDWHGLW" 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVQRWDIDLOXUH$OWKRXJKWKHVWUXFWXUHLWVHOIQHYHUUHDFKHGLWV IXOOSRWHQWLDODVDPDXVROHXPRIWKH³JUHDWPHQ´RIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH 3DQWKp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ancien régime 5HEXULDOVFUHDWHGDPHDQVLQZKLFKWREHJLQWKLVUHDOLJQPHQW 7KLVWKHVLVZLOOH[DPLQHWKHWZR3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX 7KHVHWZRUHEXULDOVFDQEHHQVHHQDVERRNHQGVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KHILUVWUHEXULDOIRU 9ROWDLUHRFFXUUHGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGWKHRIILFLDO GHQRXQFHPHQWRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQE\3RSH3LXV9,LQ7KHVHFRQGUHEXULDO IRU5RXVVHDXRFFXUUHGLQDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKHUDGLFDO-DFRELQJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKH ,DPXVLQJWKHWHUP³3DQWKpRQL]HG´DVDQDGMHFWLYHWRGHVFULEHWKRVHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH SODFHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQE\DGHFUHHRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WKH/HJLVODWLYH$VVHPEO\RUWKH1DWLRQDO &RQYHQWLRQRI)UDQFH1RWDOOLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH3DQWKpRQL]HGJDLQHGDSK\VLFDOSODFHLQWKH PDXVROHXP 7KLVGHQXQFLDWLRQFDPHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHSDSDOEXOOQuod aliquantum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¶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istoriography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igging up the Dead: A History of Notable American ReburialsIRFXVHV HQWLUHO\RQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV2XWVLGHRIWKHILHOGRIKLVWRU\VRPHZRUNRQUHEXULDOVKDV EHHQGRQHLQWKHILHOGRIUHOLJLRQLQUHJDUGVWRVDLQWUHOLFVDVZHOODVLQWKHILHOGVRI 0LFKDHO*.DPPHQDigging up the Deadࣟ: A History of Notable American Reburials &KLFDJR ,OOLQRLV8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV DQWKURSRORJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\LQUHJDUGVWKHUHORFDWLRQRIDQFLHQWEXULDOVLWHVRUPDVV JUDYHVOHIWE\JHQRFLGH2YHUDOOUHEXULDOVRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ±LQIDFWRI(XURSH DVDZKROH±KDYHEHHQODUJHO\LJQRUHGDVDXQLTXHIDFHWRIGHDWKFXOWXUHRUFHUHPRQ\ 'HVSLWHWKLVODFNRIVFKRODUVKLSDQ\H[DPLQDWLRQRIUHEXULDOVPXVWQHFHVVDULO\ UHO\RQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKHVHWZRJHQUHV,QWKHVWXG\RIGHDWKDQGGHDWKFXOWXUHRQH PXVWLQLWLDOO\ORRNWRWKHZRUNRI3KLOLSSH$ULqVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWKHIDWKHURIGHDWK VFKRODUVKLS,QKLVJURXQGEUHDNLQJDUWLFOH³Attitudes devant la vie et devant la mort du XVIIe au XIXe siècle´$ULqVPDGHWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWWKHUHZHUHFKDQJHVWRWKH IXQGDPHQWDODWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWKEHWZHHQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV 7KURXJKWKLVVHHPLQJO\VLPSOHREVHUYDWLRQ$ULqVFUHDWHGDQHQWLUHO\QHZILHOGRI KLVWRULFDOVWXG\±WKDWRIWKHFXOWXUHRIGHDWK%HIRUHKLVDUWLFOHKLVWRULDQVWHQGHGWR FRQVLGHUGHDWKZLWKDPRGHUQPLQGVHW$ULqV¶ZRUNUHYHDOHGWKDWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGGHDWK ZHUHLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGWRWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDODVSHFWVWRDSDUWLFXODUSRLQWLQKLVWRU\ +XPDQVDSSURDFKHGGHDWKEDVHGRQWKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZRUOGDURXQGWKHP 7KURXJKWKHGHOLEHUDWHFUHDWLRQRIULWXDODQGWKHLQDGYHUWHQWDGRSWLRQRIVXSHUVWLWLRQ VRFLHWLHVFUHDWHGYHULWDEOHFXOWXUHVRIGHDWKWKDWERWKUHYHDOHGDQGH[SDQGHGRWKHUDVSHFWV RIWKDWVRFLHWLHV¶FXOWXUH,QAttitudes devant la vieDQGKLVRWKHUZRUNV$ULqVDUJXHGWKDW WKLVFXOWXUHVXUURXQGLQJGHDWKHYROYHGDORQJVLGHFKDQJHVLQSROLWLFDOHQYLURQPHQWV VFLHQWLILFGLVFRYHULHVVRFLDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJVDQGUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIV7KLVDUJXPHQW 5HFHQWVFKRODUVKLSLQWKHILHOGVRIDQWKURSRORJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\KDYHLQFOXGHGZRUNRQWKH UHORFDWLRQRI1DWLYH$PHULFDQDQG9LNLQJEXULDODVZHOODVWKHH[KXPDWLRQDQGUHEXULDORIWKHYLFWLPVRI PDVVYLROHQFHLQUHJLRQVRI6RXWK$PHULFD 3KLOLSSH$ULqV³$WWLWXGHV'HYDQW/D9LHHW'HYDQW/D0RUW'X;9,,H$X;,;H6LqFOH 4XHOTXHV$VSHFWVGH/HXUV9DULDWLRQV´Population (French Edition)QR ± )RUDGGLWLRQDOZRUNVE\$ULqVRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRIWKH:HVWVHH3KLOLSSH$ULqVL’homme devant la mort. I, I, 3DULV6HXLO 3KLOLSSH$ULqVL’homme devant la mort. 2, 2, 3DULV6HXLO LQQRYDWLYHIRULWVWLPHFUHDWHGDQHZZDYHRIVFKRODUVKLSWKDWIRFXVHGVSHFLILFDOO\RQWKH FUHDWLRQDQGHYROXWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUH,QDVLPLODUYHLQWR$ULqVPXFKRIWKLVGHDWK FXOWXUHVFKRODUVKLSIRFXVHVRQWKH:HVWZKLFKIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVWKHVLVZHZLOO DOVRIRFXVRQ ,QUHODWLRQWRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVILYHNH\ZRUNVZLWKLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIGHDWK FXOWXUHVWDQGRXW,QWKHILUVWRIWKHVHDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death in Eighteenth Century France-RKQ0F0DQQHUVH[SORUHGKRZGHDWKLQIOXHQFHG ³PHQWDODWWLWXGHVDQGVRFLDOFXVWRPV´DQGLQWXUQKRZWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWLQIOXHQFHG DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWK7KLVZRUNLVLQYDOXDEOHIRULWVGHWDLOHGH[SORUDWLRQRISUH 5HYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXVWRPV2QWKHWRSLFRIUHEXULDOVWKLVZRUNLVXQVXUSULVLQJO\VLOHQW DVLWFRQFHQWUDWHVLWVIRFXVRQWKH\HDUVEHIRUHWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQ1H[WLQWKH Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism0LFKHO 5DJRQDUJXHVWKDWFKDQJLQJDWWLWXGHVDERXWGHDWKDUHUHYHDOHGLQWKHZD\VDVRFLHW\ GLVSRVHVRIRUPHPRULDOL]HVWKHFRUSVH$OWKRXJK5DJRQGLVFXVVHVLQGHWDLOWKHFUHDWLRQ DQGGHFRUDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQPHQWLRQVRIUHEXULDOVDUHQRWLFHDEO\ODFNLQJ)RU5DJRQ WKH3DQWKpRQLVRQO\DSODFHRIIXQHUDOVVXFKDVWKRVHRI0LUDEHDXDQG0DUDWUDWKHUWKDQ UHEXULDO 3KLOLSSH$ULqVThe Hour of Our DeathOVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ Deaths under the French Revolution%\H[SORULQJWKHWUHDWPHQWRIFRUSVHVGXULQJWKH 5HYROXWLRQ'H%DHFTXHVHHNVWR³XQGHUVWDQGWKHPRUELGSDVVLRQVWKDWSHUYDGHGWKH VRFLHW\´7KLVZRUNLVPRVWVLJQLILFDQWIRULWVDUJXPHQWWKDWWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ SROLWLFL]HGWKHFRUSVH+HUHIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRQGHDWKGRZHVHHD GHWDLOHGH[DPLQDWLRQRIDUHEXULDO±WKDWRI9ROWDLUHLQ+RZHYHU'H%DHFTXH¶V ZRUNIRFXVHVPRUHRQWKHSROLWLFL]HGFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUHUDWKHUWKDQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKH FHUHPRQ\ZKLFKDFFRPSDQLHGWKHFRUSVHWRWKH3DQWKpRQ )LQDOO\WZRNH\ZRUNVRQ)UHQFKIXQHUDOVE\$YQHU%HQ$PRVDQG-RVHSK &ODUNHDOVRSURYLGHVLJQLILFDQWLQVLJKWLQWRWKHVWXG\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV,Q Funerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France 1789-1996%HQ$PRVDUJXHVWKDW VWDWHIXQHUDOVGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHGFKDQJHVLQWKHGHDWKULWXDOVDQGPHPRU\RIPRGHUQ )UDQFH%HQ$PRVDOVRPDNHVWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWWKHVWDWHIXQHUDOZDVQRWMXVWD ³VLPSOHULWHRISDVVDJH´EXWWKDWLWEHORQJHGLQVWHDGWR³WKHFDWHJRU\RIFHUHPRQLHVRI SRZHUWKDWFRQVWLWXWHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIDQ\SROLWLFDOUHJLPH´7KLVZRUNLVLPSRUWDQW WRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVSDUWLFXODUO\LQUHJDUGVWRWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX $OWKRXJKUHEXULDOVDUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUIXQHUDOV%HQ$PRVGRHVUHFRJQL]H $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French RevolutionWUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ FXOWXUH ,QCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&ODUNHH[DPLQHGKRZWKHVHFXODUL]DWLRQRIIXQHUDU\SUDFWLFHV GXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQFKDQJHGWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKH)UHQFKDSSURDFKHGGHDWK&ODUNH DUJXHGWKDWGUDVWLFFKDQJHVLQWKHUHOLJLRXVDVSHFWVRIIXQHUDOVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DIIHFWHG KRZWKH)UHQFKSDUWLFXODUO\WKH3DULVLDQVDSSURDFKHGGHDWK:KLOH&ODUNHSURYLGHV LPSRUWDQWLQVLJKWLQWRWKHHIIHFWRIVHFXODUL]DWLRQRQGHDWKFXOWXUHKLVZRUNKDVWZR PDMRUOLPLWDWLRQV)LUVW&ODUNHGRHVQRWH[SODLQKRZIXQHUDU\SUDFWLFHVZHUHDEOHWR VKHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVRI&DWKROLFULWXDOVRUZK\WKHVKHGGLQJRIWKHVHULWXDOVZDV VLJQLILFDQW6HFRQGO\DOWKRXJKWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXDUHEULHIO\ H[DPLQHG&ODUNHFRQVLGHUVWKHVHRQO\DVDGGLWLRQDOH[DPSOHVRIWKHVHFXODUIXQHUDO 6HSDUDWLQJRXWWKHVHUHEXULDOVIURPWKHQRUPDOIXQHUDOVZRXOGDOORZIRUDQH[SDQVLRQRI &ODUNH¶VDUJXPHQWVDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIVHFXODUL]DWLRQRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI)UDQFHE\ SURYLGLQJQHZLQVLJKWVRQKRZDQGZK\GHDWKULWXDOVEHFDPHVHFXODU ,QWKHVHFRQGJHQUHRIVFKRODUVKLSUHODWHGWRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVWKDWRIV\PERO DQGFHUHPRQ\WKHZRUNRIWZRKLVWRULDQVVWDQGVRXW)LUVWWKHUHVHDUFKRI/\QQ+XQW SURYLGHVNH\LQVLJKWVLQWRWKHV\PEROLVPDQGSKLORVRSK\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUH,Q Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution+XQWDUJXHGWKDW³SROLWLFDO PHDQLQJZDVFORVHO\ZRYHQLQWR«V\PEROLFH[SUHVVLRQV´,QWKLVZRUN+XQW -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ H[WHQGLQJ+XQW¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHVHV\PEROVWRUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVRQHFDQEHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGWKHSROLWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHGUHVVLPDJHU\DQGUKHWRULFRIWKHVH FHUHPRQLHV 6HFRQGWKHZRUNRI0RQD2]RXISURYLGHVDIUDPHZRUNLQZKLFKWRXQGHUVWDQG UHEXULDOVDVDSXEOLFVSHFWDFOHDQGWKHLQIOXHQFHVXFKDFHUHPRQ\FRXOGKDYHRQWKH REVHUYLQJSXEOLF,QFestivals and the French Revolution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pRQ “/HYRLOj! OHYRLOj!” 7KHDXGLHQFHRIWKHThéâtre de la NationZDWFKHGDVWKHFXUWDLQEHJDQWRULVHIRU WKHILQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUHYLYDORI9ROWDLUH¶VBrutus%HIRUHWKHSOD\FRXOGEHJLQD YRLFHFDOOHGRXWUHTXHVWLQJWRVSHDNWRWKHDXGLHQFH7KHFXUWDLQGHVFHQGHGDQGWKH 0DUTXLV&KDUOHVGH9LOOHWWHWKHDGRSWHGVRQDQGODZDQGGHYRWHGGLVFLSOHRI9ROWDLUH WRRNKLVSODFHRQWKHVWDJHDQGEHJDQKLVVSHHFK Messieurs,GHPDQGLQWKHQDPHRIWKHKRPHODQGWKDW 9ROWDLUH¶VFRIILQEHWUDQVSRUWHGWR3DULV7KLVWUDQVIHUDO ZLOOEHWKHODVWJDVSRIIDQDWLFLVP7KHJUHDWPDQZKR HWFKHGWKHFKDUDFWHURI%UXWXVZRXOGWRGD\EHWKHILUVWJUHDW GHIHQGHURIWKHSHRSOH«,WLVXSWR5RPDQVWRWKH)UHQFK OLNH\RXWRH[SLDWHVRPDQ\RXWUDJHVLWLVXSWR\RXWR GHPDQGWKDWWKHDVKHVRI9ROWDLUHEHGHSRVLWHGLQWKH %DVLOLFDRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHRSSRVLWHRI'HVFDUWHVZKLFK ZHVWLOOVHDUFKHGIRUHYHQVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK 6L[PRQWKVDIWHUWKLVEROGGHFODUDWLRQ9LOOHWWH¶VZLVKZDVJUDQWHG2QWKH WKLUWHHQWKDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\GHFUHHGWKDW9ROWDLUH ZDV³ZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVDZDUGHGWRJUHDWPHQ´±KLVUHPDLQVZRXOGEH 8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQ Chronique de Paris. T2 (1790),1RYHPEHU 3DULVVQ %LEOLRWKpTXHQDWLRQDOGH )UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN9LOOHWWH VPHQWLRQRI³VL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK´ UHIHUVWRWKHWUDQVIHUDORI'HVFDUWHVUHPDLQVIURP6ZHGHQWR)UDQFHVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKHKDGGLHGLQ 6WRFNKROP)RUDQLQWHUHVWLQJKLVWRU\RIWKHFRUSVHRI'HVFDUWHVVHH5XVVHOO6KRUWRDescartes’ Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict between Faith and Reason 1HZ GHFUHHDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWUHEXULDO9LOOHWWHKDGDOUHDG\UHFHLYHGLQVWUXFWLRQVWRRYHUVHH WKHWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQVWR3DULVIURPWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVORFDWHGQHDUWKH WRZQRI5RPLOO\VXU6HLQH $OWKRXJKWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVWREHVRPDMHVWLFWKDWWKHMRXUQDOLVW 3UXGKRPPHZRXOGFRPSDUHLWWRWKHIXQHUDOVRISDVWNLQJVWKHH[KXPDWLRQRIWKH SKLORVRSKHU¶VFRUSVHZDVQRWODFNLQJLQDVSOHQGRURILWVRZQ7KHPD\RUDQGPXQLFLSDO RIILFHUVRI5RPLOO\ORFDOFLWL]HQVWZRVXUJHRQVDQGIRXUFKRVHQZLWQHVVHVDFFRPSDQLHG WKH5RPLOO\1DWLRQDO*XDUGWRWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWREHJLQWKHH[KXPDWLRQSURFHVV 7KHJURXQGZKLFKFRYHUHG9ROWDLUH¶VFRIILQZDVWRUQDZD\ZLWKSLFND[HVWRUHYHDOWKH grand homme$VKLVIDFHZDVH[SRVHGWKHVRXQGRIDWKRXVDQGYRLFHVFULHGRXWLQMR\ ³Le voilà! le voilà!´WKH\VKRXWHG³7KHUHKHLV´$VWKHYRLFHVFULHGRXWDVFUDSRI SDSHUIOHZIURPWKHFURZGDQGODQGHGLQWKHRSHQJUDYH:ULWWHQRQWKLVVFUDSZHUHWKH IROORZLQJYHUVXV $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French RevolutionWUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ FDUH9LOOHWWHKDGJLYHQWRKDYLQJWKHFRUSVHHPEDOPHGWKLUWHHQ\HDUVSUHYLRXVO\,QIDFW WKHFRUSVHKDGEHHQVRZHOOSUHVHUYHGWKDWLWZDVGHFLGHG9ROWDLUHZRXOGEHJLYHQDQ ³RSHQFDVNHW´UHEXULDOVRWKDWWKH)UHQFKSHRSOHFRXOGORRNXSRQWKHERG\RIWKHLU QDWLRQDOKHURDVKHWUDYHOOHGWRKLVILQDOUHVWLQJSODFH $QGORRNWKH\GLG$V9ROWDLUH¶VERG\ZDVWUDQVIHUUHGILUVWWR5RPLOO\D SURFHVVLRQRIRQORRNHUVJDWKHUHGDORQJWKHSDWKRIWKHFDUULDJH7KHIDFHZDVOHIWYLVLEOH KLVKHDGDGRUQHGZLWKDFURZQRIRDNOHDYHVDQGKLVERG\FRYHUHGE\DOLQHQFORWK VWUHZQZLWKIORZHUV$VWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\UHFDOOHGZRPHQKHOGXSWKHLUFKLOGUHQDV WKHERG\SDVVHGE\DQGPDGHWKHPNLVVWKHFORWK5HDFKLQJWKHFKXUFKDW5RPLOO\DW DURXQGHLJKWR¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJ9ROWDLUH¶VERG\ZDVH[KLELWHGIRUDIHZKRXUVPRUH EHIRUHWKHERG\ZDVWHPSRUDULO\VHDOHGDZD\DJDLQLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKHILQDOSURFHVVLRQ WR3DULV 7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI9ROWDLUHDQGWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WKDWZDVWRIROORZWKLV H[KXPDWLRQOHIWDODVWLQJPDUNRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHSODQQLQJRIWKH FHUHPRQ\VWDUWHGDVWKHHIIRUWRIRQHPDQWRPHPRULDOL]HKLVPHQWRUWKHUHEXULDORI Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\ 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\-RVHSK&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris, et Détails de La Cérémonie Qui Aura Lieu Le 4 Juillet . Arrêtés Par Le Directoire Du Département de Paris, Sur Le Rapport de M. Charron,... Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\ 9ROWDLUHEHFDPHDSROLWLFDOWRROXVHGE\WKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWRVHSDUDWHWKHLUUHYROXWLRQ IURPD)UHQFKFXOWXUHLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGWRWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOH[DPLQH KRZWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWRI)UDQFHDORQJZLWKWKHKHOSRI9LOOHWWHDQGKLV FRPSDQLRQVXVHGWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWRSDYHWKHZD\IRUDQHZ VHFXODUFXOWXUHRIGHDWK)LUVWKRZHYHULWLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHVRPHEDFNJURXQGRQ WKH3DQWKpRQIRULWZDVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKLVEXLOGLQJWKDWVSDUNHGWKHQHHGIRUDVWDWH UHEXULDO The New Sainte-Geneviève: $SSURXYpj9HUVDLOOHV 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVQRWDOZD\VDPDXVROHXPQRUZDVLWDOZD\VDEXLOGLQJRIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ:KHQWKHILUVWVWRQHZDVODLGRQ6HSWHPEHUE\/RXLV;9WKH 3DQWKpRQZDVGHVWLQHGWREHDQHZFKXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR6DLQW*HQHYLqYHWKHSDWURQVDLQW RI3DULV+RZWKHQGLGLWEHFRPHWKHUHVWLQJSODFHIRU9ROWDLUH±D)UHQFKSKLORVRSKHU LQIDPRXVIRUKLVFULWLFLVPRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK"7KHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQSURYLGHV DEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFHOHDGLQJXSWRWKH 3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOV ,Q)UDQFHZDVHQWDQJOHGLQWKH:DURIWKH$XVWULDQ6XFFHVVLRQ/RXLV;9 DFWLQJRQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGXWLHVRIWKHPRQDUFK\WUDYHOHGWR0HW]WRUHYLHZKLVWURRSV VWDWLRQHGWKHUH'XULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLQVSHFWLRQWKHNLQJIHOOGHDWKO\LOO+RZHYHU MXVWDVWKHUHFRYHU\RIWKHNLQJVHHPHGLPSRVVLEOH/RXLV;9ZDVUHVWRUHGWRKHDOWK $WWULEXWLQJWKLVSHUFHLYHGPLUDFOHWRWKHSDWURQVDLQWRI3DULVWKHNLQJYRZHGWREXLOGD -HDQ)UDQoRLV'HFUDHQHDictionnaire des gloires du Panthéon 3DULV(GGX3DWULPRLQH QHZFKXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR6DLQW*HQHYLqYHWRUHSODFHWKHRXWGDWHGJRWKLFFKXUFK7KLV QHZFKXUFKZRXOGEHEXLOWLQWKHQHRFODVVLFVW\OHDQGZRXOGEHFRPHWKHQHZKRXVHIRU WKHUHOLFVRI3DULV¶VSDWURQVDLQW 0RUHWKDQDGHFDGHSDVVHGEHIRUH/RXLV;9¶VSURPLVHEHFDPHDUHDOLW\,Q DPDQE\WKHQDPHRI-DFTXHV*HUPDLQ6RXIIORWZDVFKDUJHGZLWKWKHSURMHFW7DNLQJ LQVSLUDWLRQIURP6DLQW3HWHU¶V%DVLOLFDLQ5RPH6RXIIORWSUHVHQWHGWKHNLQJZLWKDSODQ IRUDFKXUFKGHFRUDWHGZLWKFROXPQV*UHFLDQUHOLHIVDQGDPDJQLILFHQWGRPHWRSSHGE\ DVWDWXHRIWKHYHQHUDWHGVDLQW2Q0D\WKHNLQJDSSURYHGWKHSODQVIRUWKHQHZ FKXUFKEXWDQXPEHURIREVWDFOHVLQFOXGLQJDODFNRIIXQGLQJVWDOOHGFRQVWUXFWLRQ 6HYHQ\HDUVODWHU/RXLV;9GHFODUHGWKDWLWZDVWLPHWRSODFHWKHILUVWVWRQHDQG FRQVWUXFWLRQEHJDQLQWKH6HSWHPEHURI %\VL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHU/RXLV;9GHFODUHGKLVLQWHQWLRQWREXLOGDQHZ FKXUFKFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHKDGEHHQFRPSOHWHG'HVSLWH/RXLV ;9¶VYRZWKHQHZEXLOGLQJZDVQHYHUWRUHFHLYHWKHUHOLFVRI6DLQW*HQHYLqYHRUVHHWKH WUDQVIHURIWKHFOHUJ\IURP2OG6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH)UDQFHKDGHQWHUHGLQWRDSHULRGRI SROLWLFDOWXUPRLODQGFRQFHUQRYHUWKHQHZFKXUFKIDGHGIURPWKHPLQGVRI3DULVLDQV 7KDWLVH[FHSWIURPWKHPLQGRIWKH0DUTXLVGH9LOOHWWH)RU9LOOHWWHWKHQHZ FKXUFKUHSUHVHQWHGDIUHVKRSSRUWXQLW\WRDUJXHIRUWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVRI9ROWDLUH %LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire ,ELG%LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire7KHUHZDVDGLVWLQFWODFNRIIXQGV IRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFKXUFKZDVEHLQJFRQVWUXFWHGD QHZPLOLWDU\VFKRRODVZHOODVDQXPEHURIRWKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVZHUHDOUHDG\XQGHUZD\ZKLFKOHIW WKHVWDWHFRIIHUVGDQJHURXVO\HPSW\2WKHUSUREOHPVWKDW6RXIIORWHQFRXQWHUHGLQFOXGHGSUREOHPVZLWKWKH WHUUDLQDQGUXPRUVVSUHDGE\DULYDODUFKLWHFWFODLPLQJWKDWWKHSODQQHGGRPHZDVOLNHO\WRFROODSVH 'HQLV%RFTXHW³3DQWKpRQRXpJOLVH6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH"/HVDPELJXwWpVG¶XQPRQXPHQW ´ RWKHU8QLYHUVLWp3DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQH %LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire WR3DULV3URPSWHGE\WKHSULYDWHVDOHRIWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVZKHUH9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV ZHUHEXULHG9LOOHWWHDSSURDFKHGWKH-DFRELQ&OXELQ1RYHPEHURIDQGGHPDQGHG LWVPHPEHUVVXSSRUWWKHSODFHPHQWRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VUHPDLQVLQWKHQHZO\FRQVWUXFWHG 6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH 7KHERG\RI9ROWDLUHUHVWV>DWWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHV@LW EHORQJVWRWKHQDWLRQ:LOO\RXVXIIHUWKDWWKLVSUHFLRXV UHOLFEHFRPHWKHSURSHUW\RIDQLQGLYLGXDO":LOO\RXVXIIHU WKDWLWEHVROGOLNHVWDWHRUHFFOHVLDVWLFDOSURSHUW\">«@>,@I WKH(QJOLVKUHXQLWHGWKHLUJUHDWPHQLQ:HVWPLQVWHUZK\ GRZHKHVLWDWHWRSODFHWKHFRIILQRI9ROWDLUHLQWKHPRVW EHDXWLIXORIRXUWHPSOHVLQWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH RSSRVLWHWKHPDXVROHXPRI'HVFDUWHVWKDWKDGDOVREHHQ VHDUFKHGIRUDW6WRFNKROPVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK" $OWKRXJKWKHLGHDRID)UHQFK:HVWPLQVWHU$EEH\UHFHLYHGZLGHVXSSRUWRWKHUSUHVVLQJ PDWWHUVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQPHDQWWKDW9LOOHWWH¶VSURSRVLWLRQZDVFRQVLVWHQWO\SXWDVLGH 7KLVFKDQJHGRQ$SULOZKHQWKHGHDWKRI+RQRUp*DEULHO9LFWRU5LTXHWWLGH 0LUDEHDXDSRSXODUDQGLPSRVLQJGHSXW\RIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\DGGHGQHZSUHVVXUH IRUWKHQHHGRIDSODFHWRKRQRUWKHGHDGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ 7KHGD\DIWHUWKHGHDWKRI0LUDEHDXUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURPWKHIRUW\HLJKWsections RI3DULVVHQWDGHPDQGWRWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WRDOORZWKHEXULDORIWKHGHSXW\DWWKH &KDPSGH0DUV7KH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\ZKLOHQRWRSSRVHGWRKRQRULQJ0LUDEHDX WKURXJKFHUHPRQLDOEXULDOZRUULHGWKDWWKH&KDPSGH0DUVZDVWRRFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGWR WKHPRQDUFK\DV/RXLV;9,KDGUHFHQWO\YLVLWHGWKHSODFHGXULQJWKH)rWHGHOD )pGpUDWLRQ(DJHUIRUDVROXWLRQWKH$VVHPEO\UHDFWHGSRVLWLYHO\WRDVXJJHVWLRQWKDW )UDQoRLV$OSKRQVH$XODUGLa Société Des Jacobinsࣟ: Recueil de Documents Pour L’histoire Du Club Des Jacobins de Paris. Tome 1 / Par F.-A. Aulard 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror WKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHEHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXP2QHGD\ODWHUWKH $VVHPEO\GHFUHHGWKHIROORZLQJVL[DUWLFOHV $UWLFOH2QH±7KHQHZEXLOGLQJRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHZLOO EHGHVWLQHGWRUHFHLYHWKHDVKHVRIWKHGrands HommesRI WKHHUDRI)UHQFK/LEHUW\ $UWLFOH7ZR±7KH/HJLVODWLYH%RG\DORQHZLOOGHFLGHWR ZKLFKSHUVRQVWKHVHKRQRUVZLOOEHUHQGHUHG $UWLFOH7KUHH±+RQRUp5LTXHWWL0LUDEHDXLVMXGJHG ZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKLVKRQRU $UWLFOH)RXU±7KH/HJLVODWXUHFDQQRWDZDUGWKLVKRQRUWR RQHRILWVPHPEHUVZKRKDVGLHG,WFDQRQO\EHDZDUGHG E\WKHIROORZLQJ/HJLVODWXUH $UWLFOH)LYH±([FHSWLRQVIRUVRPHGrands HommesZKR GLHGEHIRUHWKH5HYROXWLRQFDQEHPDGHE\WKH/HJLVODWLYH %RG\ $UWLFOH6L[±7KH'LUHFWRU\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI3DULVZLOO EHFKDUJHGWRSURPSWO\SXWWKHEXLOGLQJRI6DLQWH *HQHYLqYHLQDVWDWHWRILOOLWVQHZSXUSRVHDQGWRHQJUDYH DERYHWKHHQWUDQFHWKHVHZRUGV³7RWKHJUHDWPHQWKH JUDWHIXOFRXQWU\´ :LWKWKLVGHFUHHWKHEXLOGLQJ/RXLV;9KDGLQWHQGHGWREHDPRQXPHQWWRDUHYHUHG VDLQWRIWKH&DWKROLFIDLWKEHFDPHLQVWHDGDPRQXPHQWWRWKHKHURHVRIDVHFXODU 5HYROXWLRQ$VRQHUHYROXWLRQDU\QHZVSDSHUGHVFULEHGLW³7KHWHPSOHRIUHOLJLRQ EHFRPHVWKHWHPSOHRIWKHQDWLRQ´ $QHDUOLHUYHUVLRQRIWKHGHFUHHSURSRVHGE\&ODXGH(PPDQXHOGH3DVWRUHWVSHFLILFDOO\OLVWHG 9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXDQG'HVFDUWHVDVH[DPSOHVRIVXFKgrands hommes6HH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror ,Q)UHQFKWKHZRUGVFDUYHGRYHUWKHHQWUDQFHDUH³AUX GRANDS HOMMES, LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE´&RS\RIWKHGHFUHHSULQWHGLQ%LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire -DFTXHV3LHUUH%ULVVRWGH:DUYLOOHHGLe Patriote Françoisࣟ: Journal Libre, Impartial et National / Par Une Société de Citoyens, & Dirigé Par J. P. Brissot de Warville$SULO 3DULV The Funeral of Mirabeau 7KHIXQHUDORI0LUDEHDXZDVLQVRPHVHQVHWKHILQDOJDVSRIWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI WKHancien régime$VZHVKDOOH[SORUHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH 3DQWKpRQDQGWKHUHEXULDOVWKDWILOOHGLWVHPSW\WRPEVEHJDQWKHSURFHVVRIIRUPLQJD QHZUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHRIGHDWK7KHIXQHUDOIRU0LUDEHDXKRZHYHUVWLOOUHWDLQHGWKH GHDWKULWXDOVRIROGGHVSLWHLWVRFFXUUHQFHDIWHUWKHGHGLFDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKp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grand hommeWRHQWHUWKH3DQWKpRQWKH DUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\DOORZHGIRUWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDO %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 3RSH3LXV9,LVVXHGDSDSDOEXOONQRZQDVWKHQuod aliquantumLQ0DUFKRIGHQRXQFLQJ WKH5HYROXWLRQDQGLWV&LYLO&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\1HZVRIWKLVEXOOUHDFKHG)UDQFHZLWKLQWKH IROORZLQJPRQWKV ,QHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHGHDWKFXOWXUHZDVLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGZLWK&DWKROLFLVP DQGLWVDGRSWHGGHDWKULWXDOV7KHVHULWXDOVEHJDQLQWKHKRPHRIWKHG\LQJVXEMHFWDQG IURPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJLQFOXGHGSUD\HU$VGHDWKGUHZQHDUDPHPEHURIWKHFOHUJ\ ZRXOGDGPLQLVWHUWKHODVWULWHVDQGVD\SUD\HUVLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUGHDWK2QFHGHDWK FDPHZRPHQ±HLWKHUIDPLO\RUKLUHGSURIHVVLRQDOV±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e &DWKROLFLVPZDVERWKWKHRIILFLDODQGPDMRULW\UHOLJLRQLQ)UDQFHXSXQWLOWKH5HYROXWLRQ3DULV ZKHUHDOORIWKHFHUHPRQLHV,GLVFXVVWRRNSODFHZDVRYHUZKHOPLQJO\&DWKROLF)RUWKLVUHDVRQ,KDYH FRQFHQWUDWHGRQO\RQ&DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOV:KLOH3URWHVWDQWLVPDQGRWKHUQRQ&KULVWLDQUHOLJLRQVGLGH[LVW LQ)UDQFHWKHLUSUHVHQFHZDVPRVWO\FRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQUHJLRQVRI)UDQFHDIDUGLVWDQFH IURP3DULVZKHUHWKH3DQWKpRQIXQHUDODQGUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVRFFXUUHG 7KHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQGHDWKULWXDOVRIHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHODUJHO\FRPHVIURP 0F0DQQHUV¶ZRUNLQDeath and the Enlightenment:KLOHWKHUHKDVEHHQPXFKUHVHDUFKRQ)UHQFKGHDWK FXOWXUHLQ0RGHUQ)UDQFH0F0DQQHUV¶ZRUNLVXQLTXHLQWKDWLWEULGJHVWKHJDSEHWZHHQSUHPRGHUQDQG PRGHUQGHDWKFXOWXUH+HZRUNDOVRLQFOXGHVH[WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQUHJLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVRIGHDWKFXOWXUHLQ )UDQFH-RKQ0F0DQQHUVDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France2[IRUG3DSHUEDFNV 2[IRUGௗ1HZ DQGILQDOO\WKHRequiem aeternamSUD\HU 8SRQUHDFKLQJWKHFKXUFKWKHFRUSVHZDVSODFHGLQWKHHDVWHQGRIWKHQDYHZLWK WKHFURVVEHDUHUDWWKHKHDGWKHFHOHEUDQWDWWKHIHHWDQGWKHRWKHUFOHUJ\PHQOLQHGXS DORQJWKHVLGHV$VHULHVRISUD\HUVVHWRXWLQWKHRoman Ritual of 1614ZHUHJLYHQ IROORZHGE\WKH/RUG¶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¶VJRYHUQPHQWGHSXWLHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WKHUR\DODUP\WKH FRQVWLWXHQWERGLHVWKH1DWLRQDO*XDUGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH3DULV&RPPXQHDQG PHPEHUVRIYDULRXVSDWULRWLFDQGSROLWLFDOFOXEV2WKHUZLVHWKHFHUHPRQ\ZDVW\SLFDO $VSHFWDWRUWRWKHFHUHPRQ\GHVFULEHGWKHHYHQWLQDOHWWHU 7KHFRQYR\OHIWIURPWKH>SODFH@RIGHDWK«DWVL[ R¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJWRJRWR6WH*HQHYLqYHLWZDV SUHFHGHGDFFRPSDQLHGDQGIROORZHGE\PRUHWKDQVL[ WKRXVDQGVROGLHUVDQG1DWLRQDO*XDUGVPHQZKRPDUFKHG 5LFKDUG5XWKHUIRUGThe Death of a Christian: The Rite of Funerals6WXGLHVLQWKH5HIRUPHG 5LWHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKY 1HZ ZKHUHDUHTXLHPPDVVZDVSHUIRUPHG)LQDOO\DWHOHYHQR¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJWKH FRUSVHZDVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPWKHFKXUFKWRLWVWHPSRUDU\SODFHRIEXULDOLQWKH2OG6DLQWH *HQHYLqYHXQWLOWKHILQDOUHQRYDWLRQVWRWKH3DQWKpRQFRXOGEHFRPSOHWHG /HV*UDQGV+RPPHV :LWKWKHUHGHGLFDWLRQRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHDVWKH3DQWKpRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRI )UDQFHKDGVXFFHVVIXOO\FUHDWHGWKHLUGHVLUHG)UHQFK:HVWPLQVWHU%XWDVWKHFRUSVHRI 0LUDEHDXZDVSODFHGLQVLGHWKHVWRQHZDOOVRIWKHPRQXPHQWWKHHPSWLQHVVRIWKH 3DQWKpRQVHHPHGDOOWKHPRUHDSSDUHQW,IWKH3DQWKpRQZDVWUXO\WREHDSODFHRIWKH PHPRULDOL]DWLRQRIJUHDWPHQWKHQLWPXVWILUVWFRQWDLQWKRVHJUHDWPHQ,QRUGHUIRUWKLV WRKDSSHQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKDGWRGHWHUPLQHZKRZDVZRUWK\RIEHLQJODEHOHGDgrand homme ,QThe Pantheon: The École Normale of the Dead0RQD2]RXIGLVFXVVHVWKH REVHVVLRQWKDWWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKKDGZLWKKRQRULQJJUHDWPHQ(YHQEHIRUH WKH5HYROXWLRQKDGEHJXQWKHphilosophesRIWKHVDORQVRI)UDQFHKDGSRQGHUHGRYHUWKH 1LFRODV5XDXOWDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796HG$QQH9DVVDO 3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror5XDXOWDQG5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution 2]RXI³7KH3DQWKHRQ7KHeFROH1RUPDOHRIWKH'HDG´Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French PastYRO TXDOLWLHVRIles grands hommes$V2]RXIH[SODLQVDQXPEHURINH\WUDLWVZHUH JHQHUDOO\DJUHHGXSRQ)LUVWJUHDWPHQZHUHQHYHUDORQHLQWKHLUJUHDWQHVVEXWLQVWHDG EHORQJHGWRDVRUWRI³DVVHPEO\´LQZKLFKDOOJUHDWPHQZHUHUHFRJQL]HGDQGZHOFRPHG E\RQHDQRWKHU(YHQLQWKHFDVHZKHUHWZRJUHDWPHQIRXQGGLVFRUGZLWKRQHDQRWKHU RQHDUWK±DVZDVWKHFDVHZLWK9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX±WKHWZRZRXOGZHOFRPHRQH DQRWKHUDVHTXDOVDIWHUGHDWK 6HFRQGO\WKHJUHDWPDQGLGQRWLQKHULWKLVJUHDWQHVVEXWUDWKHUHDUQHGLWRQKLV RZQPHULWV,QWKLVZD\WKHJUHDWPDQZDVGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPDNLQJZKRHDUQHGKLV JUHDWQHVVIURPKLVLQKHULWHGWLWOH1RUGLGWKHJUHDWPDQHDUQKLVJUHDWQHVVIURP VXSHUQDWXUDOSRZHUVRUIURPDVLQJOHDFKLHYHPHQW7KLVTXDOLW\GLVWLQJXLVKHGJUHDWPHQ IURPKHURHVZKRVHJUHDWQHVVZDVLQVWHDGHDUQHGWKURXJKVXSHUKXPDQIHDWVRUPLOLWDU\ YLFWRU\$V2]RXIGHVFULEHGLW³WKHJUHDWPDQKDGQRWDUROHEXWDOLIHZRYHQRIDVLQJOH FORWK´ 7KLUGO\WKHJUHDWPDQZDVDQH[HPSODURIYLUWXH7KHMRXUQDOLVW-HDQ3DXO 0DUDWZKRKDGKLVRZQUHVHUYDWLRQVDERXWWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQGHVFULEHGWKH YLUWXRXVFLWL]HQLQKLVMRXUQDOL’Ami du people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pRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZHUHIRUFHGWRQDUURZWKHLU FULWHULDWRILWZLWKLQWKHUHDOLWLHVRIWKHLUVLWXDWLRQDQGSROLWLFDODJHQGD,QWKHGHFUHH FUHDWLQJWKH3DQWKpRQWKHGHSXWLHVKDGDOUHDG\QDUURZHGGRZQWKLVFULWHULDWRLQFOXGH RQO\WKHJUHDWPHQRIWKH³HUDRI)UHQFK/LEHUW\´DQGDVHOHFWIHZZKRKDGGLHGEHIRUH WKH5HYROXWLRQEHJDQ$VZHZLOOVHHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVGHFLGLQJRQVSHFLILF QDPHVIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQSURYHGWREHDGLIILFXOWWDVNGHVSLWHDOOWKHHIIRUWWKDWKDG JRQHLQWRGHILQLQJDJUHDWPDQ A New Ceremony $VLGHIURPGHFLGLQJZKRZDVZRUWK\IRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV DOVRKDGWRGHFLGHKRZWRFHOHEUDWHWKHHQWUDQFHRIJUHDWPHQLQWRWKHLUQHZPRQXPHQW %\FHUHPRQ\DQGV\PEROKDGDOUHDG\EHFRPHDQLQWHJUDOIHDWXUHRIUHYROXWLRQDU\ OLIH$VKLVWRULDQV0RQD2]RXIDQG/\QQ+XQWGLVFXVVLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHZRUNV)UHQFK UHYROXWLRQDULHVXVHGFLYLFIHVWLYDOVSDLUHGZLWKFRVWXPHVVLJQVDQGVSHFLILFUKHWRULFDV WRROVWRVKDSHWKHSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFH,Q3DULVDQGRWKHUFLWLHV DFURVV)UDQFHIHVWLYDOVFHOHEUDWLQJOLEHUW\UHSXEOLFDQLVPDQGYDULRXVSROLWLFDOHYHQWV -HDQ3DXO0DUDW³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple, Ou Le Publiciste Parisienࣟ: Journal Politique Libre et Impartial$SULO%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH 6HHWKHWH[WRIWKHGHFUHHTXRWHGHDUOLHULQWKLVFKDSWHU%LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire ZHUHFUHDWHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWWRLQYROYHWKHSXEOLFLQWKHSURJUHVVLRQRIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ7KHVHIHVWLYDOVZHUHVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKDP\ULDGRIV\PEROV±DVWDWXHRI 5HDVRQWKHFRORUVRI3DULVFRVWXPHVRIDQFLHQW5RPH±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estivals and the French Revolution &DPEULGJH0DVV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV )RUDGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIV\PEROVDQGWKHLUXVHGXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQVHHSDUWRQHRI+XQW Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution 2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution ,ELG +XQWPolitics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution 3DQWKpRQZDVFUHDWHGLQUHYROXWLRQDU\FHUHPRQ\DQGV\PEROZDVVWLOOHYROYLQJ $VWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWWUDQVLWLRQHGDZD\IURPWKHSRZHURIWKH&DWKROLF ancien régimeVRWRRGLGWKHFHUHPRQLHVDQGV\PEROVVKHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVRIWKLVROGHU FXOWXUH $VZHZLOOH[SORUHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGWKH GHFLVLRQWRLQFOXGHFHUWDLQgrands hommesIURP)UDQFH¶VSDVWJDYHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVDQ RSSRUWXQLW\WRFUHDWHDQHQWLUHO\QHZW\SHRIFHUHPRQ\±DFHUHPRQ\RIUHEXULDO 7KURXJKWKHWUDQVIHUDORIFRUSVHVLQWRWKHLUQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXPWKH)UHQFKGLVFRYHUHGD QHZZD\WRVKDSHWKHLPDJHRIWKH5HYROXWLRQE\WKHPDQLSXODWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUH7KH IROORZLQJFKDSWHUVRQWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXZLOOGLVFXVVKRZDQGZK\ WKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVFUHDWHGDQHZFHUHPRQ\RIUHEXULDODVZHOODVZKDWVLJQLILFDQFHWKLV XQLTXHFHUHPRQ\KDGRQWKH5HYROXWLRQ &+$37(57+5(( 9ROWDLUH The Reburial of Voltaire :LWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQFDPHWKHQHHGWRILOOWKHQHZPRQXPHQWZLWK WKHgrands hommesRI)UDQFH$OWKRXJK0LUDEHDXZDVWKHILUVWSHUVRQWREHSODFHGLQ WKH3DQWKpRQWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\UHFRJQL]HGWKDWKHZDVQRWWKHILUVWDQGRQO\JUHDW PDQRI)UDQFH$WWKHWLPHWKH$VVHPEO\GHFODUHG0LUDEHDXZRUWK\RI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ GLVFXVVLRQKDGDOUHDG\EHJXQRQZKLFK)UHQFKKHURHVRIWKHSDVWZHUHZRUWK\RIWKH VDPHKRQRU$QXPEHURIQDPHVZHUHVXJJHVWHGE\YDULRXVLQGLYLGXDOVDQGSROLWLFDO IDFWLRQV0RQWHVTXLHX%XIIRQ3DVFDO)pQHORQDQGHYHQ/RXLV;,,DQG+HQU\,9 UHFHLYHGVXSSRUWIURPWKH$VVHPEO\PHPEHUV$PRQJWKHPDQ\VXJJHVWLRQVWKUHH QDPHVPDGHWKHWRSRIWKHOLVW±9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXDQG'HVFDUWHV2IWKHVHWKUHH 9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXZRQWKHLUSODFHLQWKH3DQWKpRQ 7KDQNVWRWKHSHUVLVWHQWHIIRUWVRI9LOOHWWH9ROWDLUHZDVWKHILUVWRIWKHVHSDVW KHURHVWRUHFHLYHDGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQIURPWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQW2Q 0D\QHDUO\WZRPRQWKVDIWHUWKH$VVHPEO\KDGGHFUHHGWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQ 9ROWDLUHUHFHLYHGWKH³KRQRUVDZDUGHGWRJUHDWPHQ´3ODQVIRUDJUDQGUHEXULDO (YHOLQH*%RXZHUVPublic Pantheons in Revolutionary Europeࣟ: Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, C. 1790-1840 %DVLQJVWRNH+DPSVKLUH*%53DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror FHUHPRQ\LQ-XO\ZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\PDGHDQGLQWKLVPDQQHUWKHWUDQVIHURI9ROWDLUH¶V UHPDLQVEHFDPHWKHILUVW3DQWKp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¶VFRUSVHEXULHGZLWKLQWKHFLW\ $OWKRXJK0LUDEHDXZDVWHPSRUDULO\EXULHGLQWKHROG6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHZKLOHWKHLQWHULRURIWKH 3DQWKpRQZDVUHPRGHOHGDQGZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\H[KXPHGDQGUHEXULHGLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ,FRQVLGHU 9ROWDLUHDVWKHILUVWUHEXULDOEHFDXVH0LUDEHDX¶VRULJLQDOEXULDOZDVDOZD\VLQWHQGHGWREHWHPSRUDU\ &RQYHUVHO\9ROWDLUH¶VRULJLQDOEXULDOLQWKH$EEH\GH6HOOLqUHVZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHSHUPDQHQWUHVWLQJ SODFHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUEHIRUHWKHGHFLVLRQWRWUDQVIHUKLVUHPDLQVWRWKH3DQWKpRQ-DFTXHV3LHUUH%ULVVRW GH:DUYLOOHHGLe Patriote Françoisࣟ: Journal Libre, Impartial et National / Par Une Société de Citoyens, & Dirigé Par J. P. Brissot de Warville$SULO 3DULV -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ ZKHUHWKHSULRURIWKHDEEH\KDGDJUHHGWRSHUIRUPWKH&DWKROLFIXQHUDOULWXDO :KHQUHYROXWLRQEURNHRXWLQ3DULVDGHFDGHDIWHU9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKKLVDQWL FOHULFDOZULWLQJVKDGJDLQHGQHZSRSXODULW\DVUHIRUPPLQGHG3DULVLDQVEHJDQSXVKLQJ EDFNDJDLQVWWKHSRZHURIWKH&KXUFKDQGWKHPRQDUFK\(IIRUWVZHUHPDGHWRUHSDLUWKH UHSXWDWLRQRI9ROWDLUHEXWSURJUHVVZDVVORZWRFRPH7KHFOHUJ\FRQWLQXHGWRH[SUHVV WKHLUGLVDSSURYDORIWKHSKLORVRSKHUDQGJURZLQJGHPDQGVWRKRQRU5RXVVHDX¶V FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQRIWHQRYHUVKDGRZHGHIIRUWVWRKRQRU9ROWDLUH$VWKH 5HYROXWLRQFRQWLQXHGLWEHFDPHLQFUHDVLQJO\REYLRXVWR9LOOHWWHDQGRWKHUDGPLUHUVRI 9ROWDLUHWKDWWKHSKLORVRSKHUZRXOGQRWUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVKHZDVGXHXQOHVVVRPHWKLQJ FRXOGVSDUNUHQHZHGLQWHUHVW 7KHILUVWRIWKHVH³VSDUNV´ZDVWKHVDOHRIWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWRDSULYDWH EX\HU8VLQJWKHUKHWRULFRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ9LOOHWWHDSSHDOHGWRWKHQDWLRQDQGWRWKH LGHDRISXEOLFSURSHUW\6KRXOG9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHUHDOO\EHDOORZHGWREHVROGOLNH HFFOHVLDVWLFDOSURSHUW\"'LGQRWDOO)UHQFKFLWL]HQVKDYHDULJKWWRRZQWKHERG\RIVXFK DQLOOXVWULRXVPDQRIWKHLUSDVW"&HUWDLQWKDWKLVDSSHDOVZRXOGZLQVXSSRUW9LOOHWWH JDYHVSHHFKHVDWSROLWLFDOFOXEVDQGZURWHWRWKHPD\RURI3DULVGHPDQGLQJWKDWWKHFLW\ RI3DULVUHFODLPWKHERG\RI9ROWDLUH *XLOODXPH7KRPDV5D\QDO)ULHGULFK0HOFKLRU*ULPPDQG9ROWDLUHCorrespondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique. Tome 12 / Par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, Etc.ࣟ; Revue Sur Les Textes Originaux... Par Maurice Tourneux'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France 6HHWKHSUHYLRXVO\TXRWHGH[FHUSWRI9LOOHWWH¶VVSHHFKWRWKH-DFRELQ&OXELQ1RYHPEHURI $XODUGLa Société Des Jacobins'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror (YHQWXDOO\9LOOHWWH¶VHIIRUWVSDLGRII$QRIILFHURIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\&KDUURQ WRRNLWXSRQKLPVHOIWRSHWLWLRQWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WRDOORZWKHWUDQVIHUDORI 9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV,QDOHWWHUWRWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH$VVHPEO\&KDUURQVKDUHG9LOOHWWH¶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rand-Homme>@,GDUHEHJRI\RXM. le PrésidentWRDVN IRUDGHFUHHZKLFKSURYLVLRQDOO\RUGHUVWKDWWKHFRUSVHRI 9ROWDLUHZLOOEHWUDQVSRUWHGDWRQFHWRWKHFKXUFKRI 5RPLOO\DQGWKDWLWZLOOEHHQWUXVWHGWRWKHJXDUGDQG VXUYHLOODQFHRIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RIWKDWSODFHXQWLOLWKDV EHHQRUGHUHGRWKHUZLVH &KDUURQ¶VOHWWHUPHWZLWKVXFFHVV7KH$VVHPEO\VKDULQJLQ&KDUURQ¶VDODUPDJUHHGWR DOORZWKHWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQVWRWKHFKXUFKLQ5RPLOO\2Q0DUFK &KDUURQZURWHWR9LOOHWWHWRVKDUHWKHJRRGQHZVDQGWRFKDUJHKLPZLWKWKHWDVNRI KDYLQJWKHUHPDLQVWUDQVIHUUHG2QHPRQWKODWHURQ0D\XQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRI 9LOOHWWHWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\RYHUVDZWKHH[KXPDWLRQDQGWUDQVIHURI9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVH $FFRUGLQJWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\LQDOHWWHUWR9LOOHWWH&KDUURQ¶VUHTXHVWIRUDJXDUGIRU 9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHZDVQRRYHUFDXWLRXV2QWZRVHSDUDWHRFFDVLRQVWKHJXDUGKDGWRVWRSSHUVRQVRIPDO LQWHQWIURPGHVWUR\LQJRUVWHDOLQJWKHFRUSVH7KHPD\RUHQVXUHG9LOOHWWHWKDW7KH\ZRXOGKDYHWREUHDN WZRWKRXVDQGDUPVEHIRUHWKH\FRXOGVWHDOWKLVWUHDVXUHIURPXV&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\ 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris WRWKH5RPLOO\FKXUFK7KHUHLWZRXOGUHPDLQVHDOHGDZD\LQDFRIILQXQWLODVHFRQG GHFUHHDOORZLQJDWUDQVIHUDOWR3DULVFRXOGEHPDGH 7KHVHFRQGVSDUNZDVWKHGHDWKRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\GHSXW\0LUDEHDXDQG WKHVXEVHTXHQWSXEOLFGHPDQGVIRUKLVFRPPHPRUDWLRQ$VKLVWRULDQ-RVHSK&ODUNHQRWHV LQKLVZRUNCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKFDPH DWDWLPHZKHQWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQRIWKHGHDGZDVXQGHUJRLQJUDSLGFKDQJH7KH FRPPHPRUDWLYHFXOWXUHRIWKHancien régimeZKLFKKDGEHHQJURXQGHGLQUHOLJLRXV ULWXDOKDGFRPHWREHDWRGGVZLWKDQHZVHFXODUDQGUHSXEOLFDQFXOWXUHRI FRPPHPRUDWLRQ%\WKHWLPHRI0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKLQ$SULORIWKLVSUREOHPDWLF FODVKRIFXOWXUHVKDGKDUGO\EHHQUHVROYHG7KH)UHQFKOHIWZLWK³VHYHUDOFHQWXULHVRI PDVVHVIHVWLYDOVDQGIXQHUDOVULWHV>«DQG@WKHPDUW\UGRPRIVDLQWV´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hronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\ &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France ,ELG 0RQD2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution &DPEULGJH0DVV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV RIWKHSXEOLFWRFRPPHPRUDWH0LUDEHDXZKLOHNHHSLQJZLWKWKHVSLULWRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ 5XVKHGLQWRGHFLVLRQE\WKHPRXUQLQJSXEOLFDQGWKHYRFDOGHSXWLHVZKRDJUHHGWKDW 0LUDEHDXPXVWEHKRQRUHGWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\SDVVHGDGHFUHHFUHDWLQJDQHZ)UHQFK 3DQWKpRQUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKH3DQWKHRQRI5RPH :LWKWKHRIILFLDOFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQWKHUHZHUHQHZJURXQGVWRGHPDQGD VHFRQGDQGILQDOWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV%XWLWZDVQRWXQWLOWKHWKLUGDQGILQDO VSDUNWKDW9ROWDLUHZRXOGILQDOO\JDLQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQWKDW9LOOHWWHKRSHGIRUWKLV7KLV ODVWVSDUNZDVWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIQuod aliquantumDSDSDOEXOOLVVXHGE\3RSH3LXV9,LQ ZKLFKKHGHQRXQFHGWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHHFFOHVLDVWLFDOUHIRUPVWDNLQJSODFHLQ )UDQFH$V&ODUNHDUJXHGWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQZDVZKDWILQDOO\FRQYLQFHGWKHGHSXWLHVRI WKH$VVHPEO\WRSDQWKpRQL]H9ROWDLUH)DFHGZLWKWKHIDLOXUHWRILQGFRPSURPLVHZLWK &DWKROLF&KXUFKWKH$VVHPEO\HPEUDFHGWKHDQWLFOHULFDO9ROWDLUHDVWKHVWDQGDUGEHDUHU IRUWKHLUFDXVH2QHGHSXW\HYHQZHQWVRIDUDVWRFODLPWKDW9ROWDLUHKDGSUHGLFWHGWKH 5HYROXWLRQDQGVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHRQHWKHILUVWKRQRUHGE\3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ2Q0D\ WKHWKLUWHHQWKDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKWKHIROORZLQJGHFUHHZDVSDVVHG 7KH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\>«@GHFUHHVWKDW0DULH)UDQoRLV $URXHW9ROWDLUHLVZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVDZDUGHGWR ,WLVLQDVHQVHLURQLFWKDWWKHQDPH³3DQWKpRQ´ZDVFKRVHQIRUWKHGHVWLQDWLRQRIJUHDWPHQ $OWKRXJKWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZLVKHGWRVHSDUDWHWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQRIJUHDWPHQIURP&DWKROLFUHOLJLRQ DQGULWXDOWKH5RPDQ3DQWKHRQLWVHOIKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDVD&DWKROLF&KXUFKKRQRULQJWKH9LUJLQ0DU\DQG &KULVWLDQPDUW\UVE\3RSH%RQLIDFH,9LQ%RXZHUVPublic Pantheons in Revolutionary Europe &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France Quod aliquantumZDVDSDSDOEXOOLVVXHGE\3RSH3LXV9,RQ0DUFKLQUHVSRQVHWKH &LYLO&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\DODZZKLFKSODFHGWKH&DWKROLFFOHUJ\LQ)UDQFHXQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKH )UHQFKJRYHUQPHQW1HZVRIWKHSDSDOEXOOGLGQRWUHDFK)UDQFHLPPHGLDWHO\EXWE\0D\LWKDGEHHQ SXEOLVKHGLQ)UDQFH &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France 7KLVFODLPRI9ROWDLUHDVSURSKHWWRWKH5HYROXWLRQUHVXOWHGLQDKHDWHGGHEDWHDPRQJWKH GHSXWLHVEXWWKHPDMRULW\VXSSRUWHGWKHFDOOIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ,ELG JUHDWPHQWKDWFRQVHTXHQWO\KLVUHPDLQVZLOOEHWUDQVIHUUHG IURPWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWRWKHFKXUFKRI5RPLOO\DQG WKHQWRWKDWRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHLQ3DULV $OWKRXJKWKHGHFUHHSDVVHGLWGLGQRWILQGXQDQLPRXVVXSSRUW&HUWDLQGHSXWLHVKDG UHVHUYDWLRQVDERXWKRQRULQJ9ROWDLUHZLWKUHEXULDOLQWRWKHQHZ3DQWKpRQ6RPHOLNH %UXJQRQDUJXHGWKDW0RQWHVTXLHXRU0DEO\ZRXOGEHDEHWWHUFKRLFHIRU 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVSODQVIRU9ROWDLUH¶VWUDQVIHUDOWR3DULVPRYHGIRUZDUG 7KLVGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\PDUNHGD PDMRUWXUQLQJSRLQWLQWKH5HYROXWLRQ%\FKRRVLQJWRWUDQVIHU9ROWDLUH¶VSUHYLRXVO\ H[LOHGUHPDLQVWR3DULVWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWKDGDGRSWHGDQHZPHWKRGRI VKDSLQJDQGPDQLSXODWLQJWKHLPDJHRIWKHLU5HYROXWLRQ:LWKWKH3DQWKp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¶VUHPDLQVKDGDOUHDG\EHHQUHPRYHGIURPWKH DEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVDQGEHHQSODFHGLQWKHFKXUFKDW5RPLOO\7KHUHOHDVHRIWKHGHFUHHZDVGHOD\HGLQRUGHU WRPDWFKWKHDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKZKLFK&KDUURQKDGUHTXHVWHGLQKLVSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHG OHWWHUWRWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\7UDQVODWLRQIURP'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror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±LIDQ\ZHUHVWLOOOLYLQJ±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¶VUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\KDGDQDLURIRSWLPLVPUDUHO\SUHVHQWLQ IXQHUDOVRIWKHWLPH'LVWDQFHGE\DSHULRGRIWKLUWHHQ\HDUVWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDV RQHRIFHOHEUDWLRQQRWORVV5HFDOOLQJWKHPXVLFSHUIRUPHGGXULQJWKHHYHQW9LOOHWWH GHVFULEHGKRZ³WKHVDGQHVVRIIXQHUDOUHJUHWVJDYHZD\WRWKHMR\RILPPRUWDOLW\´ 9ROWDLUHZDVDQHWHUQDOKHURZKRFRXOGOHDGWKH)UHQFKFLWL]HQVWROLEHUW\ :KDWEHFDPHHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWWRWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWKDQWKHGLVWDQFHRID UHEXULDOIURPGHDWKKRZHYHUZDVWKHGLVWDQFHRIUHEXULDOIURPUHOLJLRQ±SDUWLFXODUO\ &DWKROLFLVP$VGLVFXVVHGSUHYLRXVO\E\WKHWLPHRI0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKDQGWKHFUHDWLRQ RIWKH3DQWKpRQUHYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFHZDVLQDGHVSHUDWHVWUXJJOHWRUHVROYHWKH GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHDQWLFOHULFDOOHDQLQJVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHLQJUDLQHG &DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOV)URPWKHPXVLFOLWXUJ\DQGGUHVVRIWKHIXQHUDODQGEXULDO FHUHPRQLHVWRWKHVSLULWXDOHPSKDVLVRQDOLIHDIWHUGHDWKFUHDWLQJDQHZUHSXEOLFDQ FXOWXUHRIGHDWKPHDQWILUVWUHSODFLQJWKLVROGHUFXOWXUH7KHFUHDWLRQRIDUHEXULDO FHUHPRQ\KHOSHGWRHDVHWKLVWUDQVLWLRQ%HFDXVHUHEXULDOVZHUHUHODWLYHO\XQFRPPRQ 1LFRODV5XDXOWDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796HG$QQH9DVVDO 3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ 7UDQVODWLRQIURP'H %DHFTXHGlory and Terror Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\7UDQVODWHGLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror WKHUHZDVQRVSHFLILF&DWKROLFULWXDOLQSODFHIRUVXFKDQHYHQWDOORZLQJWKH UHYROXWLRQDULHVDXQLTXHEODQNFDQYDVZLWKZKLFKWRZRUN,QWKHFDVHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\ IRU9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDOWKUHHPDMRUFKDQJHVZHUHPDGH7KHILUVWDQGPRVWREYLRXV GLIIHUHQFHWRWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGRQORRNHUVZDVWKHMR\RXVWRQH 6LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKHRoman Ritual OLWXUJ\LQ&DWKROLFIXQHUDOVHUYLFHV WHQGHGWRHPSKDVL]HWKHSOLJKWRIWKHVRXOLQSXUJDWRU\7KLVFRQFHUQRYHUWKH³SRRU VRXOV´DQGRIWKHQHHGWRDSSO\IRUWKHUHOHDVHRIWKHVRXOVQDWXUDOO\FUHDWHGDQ HQYLURQPHQWRIDQ[LHW\DQGPHODQFKRO\+RZHYHULQWKHFDVHRI9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDO FRQFHUQRYHUPRUWDOVLQDQGSXUJDWRU\ZDVSXVKHGDVLGHWRDOORZIRUDFHOHEUDWLRQRIWKH grand hommeDQGRIWKHQDWLRQZKLFKFODLPHGKLP(YLGHQFHRIWKLVLQWHQWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHLQWRQHIURPDIXQHUDOFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHSODQVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\DQG LQWKHPXVLFFRPSRVHGIRUWKHRFFDVLRQ7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHFHUHPRQLDOSDUDGHWRWKH 3DQWKpRQIDUIURPLQVWLOOLQJDIHHOLQJRIGHSUHVVLRQDQGORVVLQWKHRQORRNHUVJDYHRIID VHQVHRIJUHDWWULXPSK0HQZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQGUHVVHGLQZKLWHRULQWKH³FRVWXPHVRI WKHDQFLHQWV´KHOGDORIWODXUHOZUHDWKVDQGQXPHURXVV\PEROVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQG 5HEXULDOVLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGHDUOLHUZHUHPRVWFRPPRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHUHPDLQV RIVDLQWV2WKHUUHEXULDOVVXFKDVWKRVHRIVROGLHUVRUH[SDWULDWHVW\SLFDOO\PDGHXVHWKHWUDGLWLRQDO &DWKROLFIXQHUDOULWXDOV(YHQWRGD\WKHUHLVQRVSHFLILFUHLQWHUQPHQWFHUHPRQ\LQ&DWKROLFLVP)RU H[DPSOHWKHUHEXULDORI.LQJ5LFKDUG,,,LQWR/HLFHVWHU&DWKHGUDOLQLQYROYHGWKHW\SLFDO5HTXLHP 0DVVSHUIRUPHGDWDILUVWWLPHEXULDO6LPRQ&DOGZHOO³.LQJ5LFKDUG,,,,V5HEXULHGDW/HLFHVWHU &DWKHGUDO´Catholic Herald0DUFKKWWSZZZFDWKROLFKHUDOGFRXNQHZVULFKDUG LLLLVUHEXULHGDWOHLFHVWHUFDWKHGUDO$JHQF\³5LFKDUG,,,5HEXULDO(YHU\WKLQJ WKHSKLORVRSKHUVHDWHGDQGVPLOLQJE\WKHDUWLVW+RXGRQ9LOOHWWHZKRZDVODUJHO\ UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHSODQQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVLRQFKRVHWKLVVPLOLQJVWDWXHRYHUDQRWKHU IDPRXVZRUNE\3LJDOOHZKLFKHPSKDVL]HGWKHIUDLOW\RI9ROWDLUH¶VSK\VLFDOERG\LQROG DJH9LVXDOO\WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\HQFRXUDJHGFHOHEUDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQGHVSDLU 7KHMR\RXVWRQHFRXOGDOVREHIRXQGLQWKHDXUDODVSHFWVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ DVZHOO7KHPXVLFFRPSRVHGIRUDQGSHUIRUPHGDWWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHDGGHGWRWKH VHQVHRIFHOHEUDWLRQDQGSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQPRYLQJSDVWWKHWUDGLWLRQDO&DWKROLFIXQHUDO )UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHFFRPPLVVLRQHGWRFRPSRVHWKHPXVLFIRUWKHSURFHVVLRQVKDUHG LQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV¶GHVLUHWRUHVKDSH)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUH*RVVHFZDVQRWXQIDPLOLDU ZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOPXVLFRIGHDWKFHUHPRQLHV,QKHKDGFRPSRVHGWKHGrande messe des morts, DFHOHEUDWHG5HTXLHP0DVV7KLVZRUNOLNHRWKHUFRPSRVLWLRQVLQLWVJHQUH PDGHXVHRI&DWKROLFOLWXUJ\WRSURYLGH³DVRUWRILOOXVLRQ´LQZKLFKWKHPXVLFHUDVHVWKH LPDJHRIWKHSK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHERG\E\GHDWKLQRUGHUWRHPSKDVL]HWKHVSLULWXDO UHVXUUHFWLRQ%\KRZHYHU*RVVHFKDGEHJXQWREUHDNDZD\IURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDO PRGHORIGHDWKPXVLF)RUWKHIHVWLYDOLQKRQRURIWKHVROGLHUVZKRKDGGLHGLQWKH1DQF\ Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791ࣟ: [Estampe] / [Non Identifié]%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror -HDQOH5RQGG¶$OHPEHUWDQG$QWRLQH-RVHSK'H]DOOLHUG $UJHQYLOOHERWKGHVFULEHGWKHVWDWXH E\3LJDOOHDVORRNLQJOLNHDVNHOHWRQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror/RXLV+DUGRXLQ3URVSHU7DUEp DQG-HDQ%DSWLVWH3LJDOOHLa Vie et les œuvres de J. B. Pigalle 3DULV +HUH,XVH³5HTXLHP0DVV´LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHJHQUHRIPXVLFSHUIRUPHGDWD&DWKROLFGHDWK PDVV7KHVHZRUNVJHQHUDOO\LQFOXGHDQXPEHURISLHFHVFRPSRVHGWRFRUUHVSRQGZLWKWKHWH[WVRIWKH GHDWKPDVV*RVVHF¶VZRUNLQFOXGHVWZHQW\IRXUSLHFHV*RVVHF)UDQoRLV-RVHSKGrande Messe Des Morts, 5+-HDQ/RXLV-DP³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´LQLa Révolution et La Mort 7RXORXVH3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGX0LUDLO -DP³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´ 0XWLQ\*RVVHFKDGFRPSRVHGDMarche lugubreZKLFKHPSKDVL]HGUDWKHUWKDQHUDVHG WKHSK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHGHDG7KURXJKWKHXVHRIDGLVDUWLFXODWHGPHORG\GUXPV DQGJRQJ*RVVHF¶VSLHFHSURPSWHGRQHOLVWHQHUWRFRPSDUHLWWR³WKHVLOHQFHRIWKH WRPE´ )RU9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WKHIROORZLQJ\HDU*RVVHFWRRNDQRSSRVLWH DSSURDFKIXUWKHUPRGLI\LQJWKHJHQUHRIGHDWKPXVLF,QVWDUNFRQWUDVWWRKLVMarche lugubre, WKHWZRSLHFHVKHFRPSRVHGIRUWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZHUHGLVWLQFWO\MR\RXV 7KHILUVW“Peuple, éveille-toi,”PDGHXVHRIDSRHPZULWWHQE\9ROWDLUHIRUWKHOLEUHWWRRI WKHRSHUDSamson³3HRSOHDZDNH%UHDN\RXUFKDLQV´LWGHPDQGHG:LWKDIDVW WHPSRDUK\WKPDOOXGLQJWRDPLOLWDU\PDUFKDQGDQDVFHQGLQJPHORG\*RVVHFJDYH QHZOLIHWR9ROWDLUH¶VLQVSLULQJZRUGV L’hiver détruit les fleurs et la verdure Mais du flambeau du jour La féconde clarté ranime la nature Et lui rend sa beauté L’affreux esclavage flétrit le courage Mais la liberté mais la liberté Relevé sa grandeur et nourrit sa fierté Liberté 7KHZLQWHUGHVWUR\VWKHIORZHUVDQGWKHJUHHQHU\ %XWIURPWKHWRUFKRIWKHGD\ 7KHIHUWLOHFODULW\UHYLYHVQDWXUH $QGWRLWJLYHVLWVEHDXW\ 7KHGUHDGIXOHQVODYHPHQWZLWKHUVFRXUDJH %XWOLEHUW\OLIWVLWVJUDQGHXUDQGQRXULVKHVLWVSULGH ,ELG $PRGHUQUHFRUGLQJRIWKLVSLHFHFDQEHIRXQGRQWUDFNRI“Les grands hymnes révolutionnaireFRPSLOHGE\5DGLR)UDQFHLes grands hymnes révolutionnaires )UDQFH0XVLIUDQFH 3HXSOHpYHLOOHWRLWUDQVODWHVWR3HRSOH$ZDNH)UDQoRLV-RVHSK &RPSRVLWHXU *RVVHF³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q3DUROHV GH9ROWDLUH1´ /LEHUW\ 7KLVSLHFHVXQJGXULQJDSDXVHLQWKHSURFHVVLRQLQIURQWRIWKHThéâtre de la Nation UHPLQGHGWKHOLVWHQHUVQRWRQO\RIWKHZLVGRP9ROWDLUHKDGOHIWWKHPEXWDOVRRIKLV FRQQHFWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ 7KHVHFRQGSLHFHHymne à VoltaireVKDUHGDVLPLODUFHOHEUDWRU\WRQH3DLUHGWR O\ULFVZULWWHQE\0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUWKHHymne à VoltaireWROGWKHVWRU\RI9ROWDLUH¶V OLIHGHDWKDQGKLVV\PEROLFUHVXUUHFWLRQE\3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ*RVVHFVWDUWVWKHSLHFHLQD PDMRUPRGHHQFRXUDJLQJWKHOLVWHQHUVWRWDNH&KpQLHU¶VRSHQLQJO\ULFVWRKHDUW Ce ne sont plus des pleurs qu’il est temps de répandre C’est le jour du triomphe et non pas de regrets Que nos chants d’allégresse Accompagnent la cendre Du plus illustre des français. ,WLVQRORQJHUWKHWLPHWRVKHGWHDUV ,WLVWKHGD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRIUHJUHWV 7KDWRXUVRQJVRIHQWKXVLDVPDFFRPSDQ\WKHDVKHV 2IWKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVRIWKH)UHQFK 7KHSLHFHWKHQWUDQVLWLRQVLQWRWKHPLQRUDV&KpQLHURIIHUVWKHVWRU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWK DQGH[LOH Jadis par les tyrans cette cendre exilée Au milieu des sanglots fuyait loin de nos yeux ,ELG ([DFWO\ZKHQWKLVSLHFHZDVVXQJGXULQJWKHSURFHVVLRQRI9ROWDLUH¶VERG\WRWKH3DQWKpRQLV XQFHUWDLQ9DULRXVDFFRXQWVRIWKHSURFHVVLRQUHSRUWWKDWWKHSLHFHZDVSHUIRUPHGDWWKHIRUPHUVLWHRIWKH %DVWLOOHDW9LOOHWWH¶VKRXVHRURXWVLGHRIWKH1DWLRQDO7KHDWHU7KLVODVWRSWLRQLVWKHPRVWOLNHO\DVWKH O\ULFVZHUHWDNHQIURPWKHWH[WRIDQRSHUDSamsonZKLFK9ROWDLUHKDGFRQWULEXWHGWR,WLVOLNHO\WKHQ WKDWWKHFRRUGLQDWRUVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\VHOHFWHGWKHQDWLRQDOWKHDWHUDVDVHWWLQJIRUWKLVSDUWLFXODUSLHFHRI PXVLFChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´L’Ami Du Roi, Des Français, de L’ordre et Sur-Tout de La Vérité / Par M. Montjoye, Fondateur & Rédacteur de Ce Journal, Depuis Le 1er Juin 1790-XO\%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&KDUURQ Translation de Voltaire À Paris 0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUDQG)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHF³+\PQH6XU/D7UDQVODWLRQ'X&RUSVGH 9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ´DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ /RQJDJRWKHVHDVKHVZHUHH[LOHGE\WKHW\UDQWV $PLGVWWKHVREVZKLFKIOHGIURPRXUH\HV 8OWLPDWHO\WKHPXVLFUHWXUQVWRWKHPDMRUPRGHDVWKHO\ULFVH[SUHVVWKH³UHELUWK´RI 9ROWDLUH Mais par un peuple libre aujourd’hui rappelée, Elle vient consacrer ces lieux […] Il renaît parmi nous grand, chéri, respecté %XW>WKHVHDVKHV@DUHWRGD\UHFDOOHGE\DIUHHSHRSOH 7KH\FRPHWRFRQVHFUDWHWKHVHSODFHV>«@ +HLVUHERUQDPRQJRXUJUHDWRXUFKHULVKHGRXU UHVSHFWHG 7KHOLVWHQHULVOHIWZLWKDVHQVHRIWULXPSKDVWKHPXVLFOHDGVRQHIURPVDGQHVVDWWKH HDUOLHUGHDWKDQGH[LOHRI9ROWDLUHWRMR\DWKLVV\PEROLFUHVXUUHFWLRQRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU LQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRIWKHgrands hommes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³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´ JLYLQJRILQGXOJHQFHVDQGFDOOVIRUPHUF\IURP*RGILOOHGWKHW\SLFDOIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\ ,QFRQWUDVWWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI9ROWDLUHZDVILUPO\URRWHGLQWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG 7KLVLVPRVWDSSDUHQWLQWKHZD\WKHFHUHPRQ\ZDVSODQQHGDURXQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH H[SRVHGFRUSVH 7KHYHU\QDWXUHRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\UHTXLUHGWKDW9ROWDLUH¶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³,WZLOOEHDEHDXWLIXOFHUHPRQ\´ZURWH5XDXOWDIWHUWKHH[KXPDWLRQWKHVDPHZLWQHVV ZKRKDGGHVFULEHGWKHGHSUHVVLQJWRQHRI0LUDEHDX¶VIXQHUDO³>7@KHIHDWXUHVDUH UHFRJQL]DEOHDIWHUWKLUWHHQ\HDUVLQWKHWRPE>«@´7DNLQJDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVJRRG IRUWXQHWKHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\GHYLVHGDSODQWRXVHWKHH[SRVHGFRUSVHDV V\PERORI9ROWDLUH¶VZRUOGO\WULXPSKLQWKHIDFHRIKLVUHOLJLRXVH[LOH 2QHUHSRUWRIWKHH[KXPDWLRQRI9ROWDLUHOLVWVWKHDEVHQFHRIRQHIRRW7KHKHDUWRIWKH SKLORVRSKHUKDGEHHQUHPRYHGGXULQJHPEDOPLQJDWWKHUHTXHVWRI9LOOHWWHDQGZDVNHSWLQWKHURRPV ZKHUH9ROWDLUHKDGGLHG2WKHUSLHFHVRIWKHFRUSVHZHUHDOVRUHPRYHGGXULQJWKHHPEDOPLQJSURFHVVRU DIWHUWKHH[KXPDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWZRERQHVIURPWKHUHPDLQLQJIRRWWZRWHHWKDQGSRVVLEO\HYHQWKH SKLORVRSKHU¶VEUDLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and TerrorChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\ 5XDXOWDQG5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution7UDQVODWHGLQ'H %DHFTXHGlory and Terror 7KHUHLVVRPHGHEDWHDPRQJKLVWRULDQVRYHUZKHWKHUWKHERG\ZDVH[SRVHGGXULQJWKH SURFHVVLRQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRUZKHWKHULWZDVMXVWDFDUYHGHIILJ\RQWRSRIWKHFKDULRWDVSURSRVHGE\%HQ $PRV(YLGHQFHVXJJHVWVWKDWLWZDVLQIDFWWKHFRUSVHWKDWOD\RQWRSRIWKHFKDULRW)LUVWZKLOHWKHUHDUH UHFRUGVRIWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHHODERUDWHFKDULRWDQGVDUFRSKDJXVE\'DYLGWKHUHLVQRPHQWLRQRIDFDUYHG $QHODERUDWHFKDULRWDQGVWRQHVDUFRSKDJXVZDVGHVLJQHGE\WKHDUWLVW'DYLGWR FDUU\WKHFRUSVHRQLWVFHUHPRQLDOSDWKWRWKH3DQWKp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¶VDFFRPSOLVKPHQWV7KHSURFHVVLRQDOSDUW\ ZDVGHVLJQHGWRXQGHUVFRUHWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUHLQWKHSUHVHQWSK\VLFDOZRUOG DQGRIKLVFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQFXUUHQWO\XQGHUZD\,QVWHDGRIWKHUHOLJLRXV HIILJ\6HFRQGWKHFRUSVHZDVXQGRXEWHGO\H[SRVHGGXULQJWKHWUDQVIHUIURPWKHDEEH\WR5RPLOO\DQG UHSRUWVRIWKHHYHQWFOHDUO\VWDWHWKDWWKHERG\ZDVRQO\temporarilyVHDOHGDZD\$OVRWKHH[FLWHPHQW VKRZQRYHUWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRI9ROWDLUH¶VIHDWXUHVDQGRQWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIGLVSOD\LQJWKHIDFHWRWKH SXEOLFVXJJHVWWKDWWKHFRUSVHZDVOLNHO\GLVSOD\HG)LQDOO\GLVSOD\LQJDFRUSVHZDVQRWDOOWRJHWKHU XQXVXDOLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\7UDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDOVHUYLFHVRIWHQOHIWWKHFRUSVHH[SRVHGGXULQJWKH SURFHVVLRQWRWKHFKXUFKDOWKRXJKWKHSUDFWLFHZDVEHFRPLQJ³ROGIDVKLRQHG´E\WKHWLPHRIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 /RXLV/DILWWHChar Triomphal Pour La Translation Des Cendres de Voltaire Au Panthéon %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&ODXGH1LFRODV0DODSHDX6LPRQ&KDUOHV0LJHUDQG-HDQ-DFTXHV /DJUHQpHTranslation de Voltaire Au Panthéon Françaisࣟ: Le Corps de Marie François Arouet de Voltaire Sera Transféré et Déposé Dans L’église Paroissiale de Romilly...%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791Sercophage Qui a Transporté Les Manes de Voltaire Au Panthéon Le 11 Juillet 1791%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror HPEOHPVSUHVHQWLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDO&DWKROLFIXQHUDOYDULRXVREMHFWVUHODWLQJWRWKHOLIHRI 9ROWDLUHZHUHKHOGDORIWE\PHQZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZKRZHUHGUHVVHGLQFRVWXPHVRI WKHDQFLHQWV2QHJURXSRI)UHQFKPHQFDUULHGWKHFRPSOHWHZRUNVRI9ROWDLUHGRQDWHG IRUWKHRFFDVLRQE\WKHSOD\ZULJKW%HDXPDUFKDLV2WKHUJURXSVFDUULHGDORIWV\PEROVRI WKHWKHDWHULQWULEXWHWR9ROWDLUH¶VFRQWULEXWLRQV RQHJURXSRIWKHSURFHVVLRQV\PEROL]LQJ9ROWDLUH¶VLQIOXHQFHVRQDFDGHPLD7KH FKDULRWZDVGHFRUDWHGZLWKYDULRXVV\PEROVUHFDOOLQJWKHOLIHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHULWFDUULHG 7KHDWULFDOPDVNVDO\UHJDUODQGVRIODXUHOVDQGDEOXHGUDSHU\FRYHUHGLQJROGVWDUV GHFRUDWHGWKHVDUFRSKDJXVDQGH[FHUSWVIURP9ROWDLUH¶VBrutusZKLFKDOOXGHGWRWKH 5HYROXWLRQZHUHHQJUDYHGDORQJLWVVLGHV³0RUWDOVDUHHTXDOLWLVQRWELUWKEXWYLUWXH DORQHWKDWPDNHVWKHGLIIHUHQFH´DQG³*RGJLYHXVGHDWKUDWKHUWKDQVODYHU\´(YHQ WKHPXVLFSDUWLFXODUO\WKHSLHFHFRPSRVHGDURXQG9ROWDLUH¶VRZQZRUGVSDLGWULEXWHWR WKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VHWHUQDOLQIOXHQFHRQQDWLRQ³3HRSOHDZDNH%UHDN\RXUFKDLQV´ 7KHHPSKDVLVRIWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGZDVDOVRH[SUHVVHGLQWKHSDWKRIWKH SURFHVVLRQ7KHURXWHWRWKH3DQWKpRQZDVFDUHIXOO\SODQQHGE\9LOOHWWHDQG&KDUURQWR KLJKOLJKWWKHPDUN9ROWDLUHKDGOHIWRQWKHFLW\RI3DULV7KHSURFHVVLRQPDGHXSRI Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791 &LWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror *RVVHF³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q 3DUROHVGH9ROWDLUH1´ 7KHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHUHEXULDOSURFHVVLRQFRPHVIURPWKUHHPDLQVRXUFHV7KHILUVW WKHChronique de ParisLQFOXGHVWKHPRVWGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\7KLVDFFRXQWZDVOLNHO\ ZULWWHQE\9LOOHWWHRUE\KLVJXLGDQFH7KHVHFRQGVRXUFHE\&KDUURQLQFOXGHVDGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIWKH SODQIRUWKHSURFHVVLRQ7KLVDFFRXQWLVXVHIXOLQWKDWLWJLYHVGHWDLOVRQFRVWXPHVDQGRQWKHSODFHPHQWRI 9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ7KHWKLUGVRXUFHDQDUWLFOHIURPL’ami du roiRIIHUVDFRXQWHUSLHFH WR9LOOHWWH¶VDFFRXQWZKLFKOLNHO\H[DJJHUDWHVRQWKHLPSDFWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\RQWKHVSHFWDWRUVChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris³'X0HUFUHGL -XLOOHW´ KXQGUHGVRIVROGLHUVDUWLVWVPXVLFLDQVSKLORVRSKHUVGHSXWLHVDQGVWXGHQWVIRUPHGDWWKH boulevard Saint-AntoineRQWKHPRUQLQJRI-XO\$WHLJKWR¶FORFNWKHSURFHVVLRQ EHJDQLWVSDWKLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHOpèraZKHUHDEXVWRI9ROWDLUHKDGSUHYLRXVO\EHHQ HUHFWHGLQKLVKRQRU+HUHWKHSURFHVVLRQSDXVHGIRUWKHILUVWRIIRXUWLPHVWKURXJKRXWWKH GD\7KHSDXVHDWWKHOpèraKDGWZRPDLQSXUSRVHV%\VWDUWLQJDWDSODFHZKHUH 9ROWDLUHZDVDOUHDG\KRQRUHGLWHPSKDVL]HGIURPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ WKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH7KLVZDVQRWMXVWDQRWKHU³JUHDWPDQ´WKDWWKH UHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWKDGFKRVHQWRKRQRUWKLVZDVDgrand hommeRI)UDQFHDQGRI )UHQFKFXOWXUH:KHQWKHSURFHVVLRQDUULYHGWKHEXVWKDGDOUHDG\EHHQRUQDPHQWHGZLWK JDUODQGVDQGPHGDOOLRQVDQGDJURXSEHJDQWRVLQJK\PQVLQFHOHEUDWLRQ9LOOHWWHODWHU UHPDUNHGRQWKLVILUVWSDXVHDV³O\ULFDOSURRI´WKDW9ROWDLUHZDV³XQLYHUVDOZULWHU´ 7KHVHFRQGSXUSRVHZDVOHVVRYHUWEXWSROLWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW7KHEXVWRI 9ROWDLUHZKLFKWKHSURFHVVLRQKDGSDXVHGWRDGPLUHKDGEHHQSODFHGWRKRQRUWKH SKLORVRSKHU¶VFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHRSHUDSamson7KLVRSHUDZKLFK9ROWDLUHKDG FROODERUDWHGZLWKWKH)UHQFKFRPSRVHU-HDQ3KLOOLSSH5DPHDXWRFUHDWHKDGEHHQEDQQHG RQUHOLJLRXVJURXQGV7KXVWKHFKRRVLQJRIWKLVVLWHDVWKHILUVWSDXVHLQWKHUHEXULDO SURFHVVLRQZDV\HWDQRWKHUVWULNHRQWKHUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWKDGH[LOHG9ROWDLUHDQG KDGUHQRXQFHGWKH5HYROXWLRQ 7KHQH[WSDXVHLQWKHSURFHVVLRQRFFXUUHGLQIURQWRI9LOOHWWH¶VKRXVHZKHUHWKH SKLORVRSKHUKDGGLHG7KHHPSKDVLVWKLVSDXVHJDYHWRWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\ $ODQ6&XUWLV³-HDQ3KLOLSSH5DPHDX´Encyclopaedia BritannicaDFFHVVHG-XQH KWWSZZZEULWDQQLFDFRPELRJUDSK\-HDQ3KLOLSSH5DPHDXUHI ZDVEODWDQW±LWZDVKHUHWKDW9ROWDLUH¶VKHDUWUHPRYHGGXULQJWKHHPEDOPLQJSURFHVV ZDVNHSW)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\DVPDOODPSKLWKHDWHUKDGEHHQFUHDWHGZLWK VWDQGVIRUWKHVSHFWDWRUV7KHFURZGVZHUHVRJUHDWKRZHYHUWKDWSHRSOHVSLOOHGRXWRQ WRWKHTXDLDSWO\QDPHGVoltaireDQGIDUWKHURXWWRWKHPont-RoyalDQGWKHPont-Neuf 7KHVSHFWDFOHWREHREVHUYHGZDVFDUHIXOO\RUFKHVWUDWHG0DGDPHGH9LOOHWWHWKH DGRSWLYHGDXJKWHURI9ROWDLUHDQGKHURZQGDXJKWHUVWRRGZDLWLQJWRJUHHWWKH+RXGRQ VWDWXHV\PEROL]LQJWKHOLYLQJ9ROWDLUH:KHQWKHVWDWXHUHDFKHGLWVSODFHLQIURQWRIWKH DPSKLWKHDWHUWKHZRPDQPRYHGIRUZDUGWRSODFHDFLYLFFURZQRQLWVKHDG7KHQ EULQJLQJKHUGDXJKWHUFORVHWRWKHVWDWXHVKHGHGLFDWHGKHU³WRUHDVRQWRSKLORVRSK\DQG WROLEHUW\´ 7KHPHDQLQJEHKLQGWKHDFWLRQZDVFOHDU$OWKRXJK9ROWDLUHKDGGLHGDQGKDG GRQHVRLQWKHYHU\KRXVHWKHSURFHVVLRQKDGSDXVHGDWKLVVSLULWUHPDLQHGDOLYH)RU JHQHUDWLRQVWRFRPHWKHVSLULWRI9ROWDLUHZRXOGLQVSLUHWKHSHRSOHRI)UDQFHWRHPEUDFH UHDVRQDQGOLEHUW\7KHORFDWLRQRIWKLVGHGLFDWLRQKHOGIXUWKHUVLJQLILFDQFH-XVWDFURVV WKH6HLQH5LYHULQWKH7XLOHULHV3DODFHZDVWKHNLQJRI)UDQFHZKRKDGKHORRNHGRXW KLVZLQGRZWRZDUGVWKHPont RoyalPLJKWKDYHVHHQWKHFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUHUDLVHGRQLWV FKDULRW:KLOHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVUHMRLFHGLQWKHLUKHURRIOLEHUW\RXWVLGH/RXLV;9, UHPDLQHGXQGHUKRXVHDUUHVWDIWHUKLVDWWHPSWHGIOLJKWWR9DUHQQHVWKUHHZHHNVHDUOLHU 7KHTXDLKDGUHFHQWO\EHHQUHQDPHGE\9LOOHWWH$FFRXQWVIURPDQWLUHYROXWLRQDU\QHZVSDSHUV VXFKDVWKHL’ami du roiVWLOOUHIHUUHGWRWKHTXDLE\LWVROGHUQDPHle quai des Théatins8OWLPDWHO\ 9LOOHWWH¶VQDPHZRQDQGWRGD\WKHTXDLLVNQRZQDVWKHquai VoltaireChronique de Paris. T3 (1790- 1791)'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´ $FLYLFFURZQLVDJDUODQGW\SLFDOO\PDGHRIRDNOHDYHVLQWKHVKDSHRIDFURZQ7KHVHZHUH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDQFLHQWURPDQVZKLFKWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRIWHQWULHGWRHPXODWH Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\ 7KHWKLUGSDXVHRIWKHSURFHVVLRQRFFXUUHGRXWVLGHWKHWKHDWHURIWKHAncienne Comédie6LPLODUWRWKHSDXVHDWWKHOpèraWKLVVWRSDJDLQHPSKDVL]HGWKHWKHDWULFDO DFFRPSOLVKPHQWVRI9ROWDLUH1HDUWKHFROXPQVRIWKHWKHDWHUWKHDFWRUVKDGPDGHWKH LQVFULSWLRQ³+HFUHDWHGIrèneDWHLJKW\WKUHH\HDUVRIDJH´SUDLVLQJ9ROWDLUH¶VOLIHORQJ FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHDUWV,WZDVKHUHWKDWWKHDFWRUVRIWKHWKHDWHUSHUIRUPHG³Peuple, éveille-toi´RQFHDJDLQUHFDOOLQJWKHFHQVRUHGO\ULFVRISamson 7KHILQDOVWRSRIWKHSURFHVVLRQZDVRXWVLGHWKH3DQWKpRQLWVHOI8QIRUWXQDWHO\ E\WKLVSRLQWLQWKHFHUHPRQ\WKHZHDWKHUKDGWDNHQDEDGWXUQ5DLQPL[HGZLWKWKH VORZWKUHHPLOHPDUFKKDGFKDVHGDZD\PRVWRIFURZGV9LOOHWWHZDVDSSDUHQWO\QRW GLVFRXUDJHGE\WKHFDQFHOODWLRQRIWKHILQDOULWXDOV,QKLVUHFRXQWLQJRIWKHFHUHPRQ\ SULQWHGWKHIROORZLQJGD\9LOOHWWHVSRNHRQO\RIWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\,W KDGH[SUHVVHGKHFODLPHG³WKHWULXPSKRIUHDVRQWKHGHIHDWRIIDQDWLFLVPWKHSXUHORYH IRUWKHpatrieDQGWKHUHVROXWLRQWRVDFULILFHHYHU\WKLQJIRUOLEHUW\´:KLOH9LOOHWWH PLJKWVHHPDELDVHGVSRNHVPDQLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWHYHQWKHUR\DOLVWQHZVSDSHU L’Ami du roiVSRNHEHJUXGJLQJO\RIWKHLPSUHVVLYHQHVVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\2YHUDOOWKH SURFHVVLRQZDVVXFFHVVIXOLQHPSKDVL]LQJWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH7KH SKLORVRSKHU¶VHDUOLHUH[LOHE\WKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKKDGLQWKHPLQGRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV EHHQHUDVHG 7KHWKLUGPDMRUFKDQJHEHWZHHQUHEXULDOVDQGWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDOZDVWKH VWUXFWXUHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\:KLOHWKLVGLIIHUHQFHPLJKWVHHPDUELWUDU\RQWKHVXUIDFHWKH 7KHLQVFULSWLRQUHIHUVWRWKHWUDJHG\IrèneZKLFK9ROWDLUHZURWHZKHQKHZDVHLJKW\WKUHH \HDUVROG7KLVZRUNZDVSHUIRUPHGRQQXPHURXVRFFDVLRQVDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUWKHDWHU,ELG ,ELG ³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´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qUHVDQGSURFHVVHGWRD VHFXODUVLWHWKH3DQWKpRQ7KHFHUHPRQ\GLGLQFOXGHDVWRSDWWKHKRXVHZKHUH9ROWDLUH KDGGLHGEXWLWZDVWKHVWDWXHQRWWKHFRUSVHWKDWSOD\HGDSDUWLQWKHGHGLFDWLRQ FHUHPRQ\7KHFRUSVHWKRXJKSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSURFHVVLRQDOJURXSZDVVHSDUDWHGIURP WKHVWDWXHE\DWOHDVWWKUHHODUJHJURXSVRIVWXGHQWVPHQRIOHWWHUVDQGWKHgrands corps RILQVWUXPHQWDODQGYRFDOPXVLFLDQVZKLFKPHDQWWKDWLWUHVWHGRQWKHPont-NeufGXULQJ WKLVSDXVHRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ 7KHPRVWREYLRXVGHSDUWXUHIURPWKHW\SLFDOGHDWKULWXDOVZRXOGKDYHEHHQWKH ODFNRISUD\HUVDQGELEOLFDOUHFLWDWLRQV7KHUHZHUHQRFOHUJ\KROGLQJWKHFURVVDORIWRU VSULQNOLQJKRO\ZDWHURQWKHFRUSVHWKHUHZDVQRVLQJLQJRIWKHDe profundisRUWKH Miserere,QVWHDGWKHO\ULFVRIRSHUDVYHUVHVRISRHWU\DQGOLQHVIURPSOD\VILOOHGWKH DLU&DOOVIRUPHUF\IURP*RGZHUHUHSODFHGE\GHPDQGVIRUOLEHUW\DQGUHDVRQ2YHUDOO 'H%DHFTXHGlory and TerrorChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\ WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI9ROWDLUHZDVQRWVRPXFKDQ³DFWRIIDLWKLQWKH&LYLO &RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\´DV&ODUNHDUJXHGEXWDFRQVFLRXVUHMHFWLRQRIDGHDWKFXOWXUH URRWHGLQ&DWKROLFLVP A New Culture of Death ,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWRNQRZIRUVXUHWKHPRWLYHVRIWKH0DUTXLVGH9LOOHWWHDVKH VWRRGRQWKHVWDJHRIWKHThéâtre de la NationDQGPDGHKLVGHPDQGVIRUWKHUHEXULDORI 9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV:KHWKHUKLVZRUGVVSRNHRIDWUXHGHVLUHWRPHPRULDOL]HKLVPHQWRU RUZKHWKHUKH\HDUQHGIRUSHUVRQDOIDPHKLVDFWLRQVOHIWDVLJQLILFDQWPDUNRQWKH)UHQFK 5HYROXWLRQ7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHJDYHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRI )UDQFHDPHDQVWRUHIRUPDFHQWUDOSDUWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUH±WKHFXOWXUHRIGHDWK±DURXQG WKHVHFXODUHQOLJKWHQPHQWPLQGHGLGHDOVRIWKHLU5HYROXWLRQ 7KHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHSURYLGHGWKLVPHDQVWKURXJKWKHXQXVXDOQDWXUHRILWVJRDO7KH UHEXULDOZDVQRWDW\SLFDOIHVWLYDODVWKHSUHVHQFHRIDFRUSVHPDQGDWHGFHUWDLQFXOWXUDO ULWXDOV7KHUHEXULDOZDVDOVRQRWDWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDODV9ROWDLUHKDGEHHQORQJGHDGE\ WKHWLPHRIWUDQVIHUDO7KLVOHIWWKHFHUHPRQ\LQDVRUWRIOLPERVWDWHJLYLQJWKHDUFKLWHFWV DZD\WRPHUJHWKHJURZLQJUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHZLWKDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUH VWLOOLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGZLWKWKH&DWKROLFancien regime7KHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHRSHQHG WKHZD\IRUDUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHRIGHDWK 1HLWKHUWKHSODQQHGRUGHURIWKHSURFHVVLRQUHSRUWHGE\&KDUURQRUWKHUHFRXQWRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ E\9LOOHWWHPHQWLRQWKHLQFOXVLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOFOHUJ\&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France &+$37(5)285 5RXVVHDX Voltaire’s Bookend :LWK9ROWDLUHGHDGEXULHGDQGUHEXULHGLWLVQDWXUDOWRDVNZKHWKHUWKHUHEXULDO FHUHPRQ\DFWXDOO\PDGHDGLIIHUHQFH7KHQRWLRQWKDWWKHUHEXULDOVFRXOGEHXVHGDVDQ HQWUDQFHIRUDQHZFXOWXUHRIGHDWKPLJKWEHLQWULJXLQJEXWGLGWKLVQHZFXOWXUHRIGHDWK SHUVLVWRUGLGWKHIROORZLQJIXQHUDOVDQGUHEXULDOVUHYHUWWRWKHFRPIRUWRIWKHSDVW"2QH ZD\WREHLQJDQVZHULQJWKLVTXHVWLRQLVWRH[DPLQHDFHUHPRQ\VLPLODUWRWKHUHEXULDORI 9ROWDLUHZKLFKRFFXUUHGDWWKHHQGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ±DERRNHQGSDLURIVRUWV%\ DVNLQJZKDWFKDQJHGZKDWVWD\HGWKHVDPHDQGZK\WKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVRUVLPLODULWLHV RFFXUUHGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGLVFRYHUZKHWKHUWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHPDGHDQ\ODVWLQJ PDUNVRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI)UDQFH)RUWXLWRXVO\RQHVXFKFHUHPRQ\H[LVWVWKH UHEXULDORI5RXVVHDX $OWKRXJK-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDXZDV3DQWKpRQL]HGE\GHFUHHVKRUWO\DIWHUWKH UHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWKHDFWXDOUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WRSODFHWKHUHPDLQVLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ GLGQRWRFFXUIRUDQRWKHUWKUHH\HDUV%\WKHWLPHWKHFHUHPRQ\GLGWDNHSODFHWKH SROLWLFDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFHZDVVWULNLQJO\GLIIHUHQWWKDQLWKDGEHHQLQ,QWKH \HDUVEHWZHHQWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXWKHNLQJRI)UDQFHKDGEHHQ GHSRVHGDQGWKHQEHKHDGHGDFRQVWLWXWLRQKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDQGWKHQVXVSHQGHGDQGD 5HLJQRI7HUURUKDGEHJXQDQGWKHQFROODSVHG'HVSLWHWKHVHYRODWLOHFKDQJHVWKH)UHQFK JRYHUQPHQWVWLOOIRXQGUHDVRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHWUDQVIHURI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVLQWRWKH 3DQWKpRQHYHQWKRXJK5RXVVHDXKDGEHHQDKHURRIWKHHDUOLHUPRUHUDGLFDOIDFWLRQVRI WKH5HYROXWLRQ 5RXVVHDXOLNH9ROWDLUHKDGGLHGEHIRUHWKH5HYROXWLRQKDGWDNHQLWVKROGRQ )UDQFH/LNH9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDVD³SURSKHWRIUHYROXWLRQ´+HKDG JDLQHGWKLVUHSXWDWLRQIURPKLVZULWLQJVRQSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOUHIRUPZKLFKFDOOHGIRU FRQFUHWHVROXWLRQVLQYDJXHHQRXJKWHUPVWKDWUHYROXWLRQDULHVRIPDQ\SROLWLFDOVSHFWUXPV FRXOGFODLPKLPDVWKHLURZQ³VSLULWXDOJXLGH´7KHDUJXPHQWV5RXVVHDXPDGHLQKLV Social ContractRQWKHULJKWVRIPDQDQGWKHQHHGIRUDFRQWUDFWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQD JRYHUQPHQWDQGLWVSHRSOHZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\DGRSWHGLQWRWKHUKHWRULFRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ 7KHDXWKRUVRIWKHDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenDIRXQGLQJ V\PERORIWKH5HYROXWLRQLPSOLFLWO\LQFOXGHG5RXVVHDX¶VZRUNE\UHDVVHUWLQJWKDWPHQ DUHERUQIUHHDQGWKDWWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHULJKWVRIPDQLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH JRYHUQPHQWDQGRIVRFLHW\ZKLFKPXVWKROGLWVJRYHUQPHQWDFFRXQWDEOH ,QDGGLWLRQWRKLVUHYROXWLRQDU\SROLWLFDOWUHDWLVHV5RXVVHDXZDVDOVRDOLWHUDU\ FHOHEULW\-XVWDV9ROWDLUHKDGUHDFKHGDSRSXODUDXGLHQFHZLWKKLVSOD\V5RXVVHDXKDG UHDFKHGWKHZLGHUSXEOLFWKURXJKQRYHOV7KURXJKWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIJulie, or the New Héloïse5RXVVHDXVSUHDGKLVFRQYLFWLRQVDERXWKXPDQUHODWLRQVKLSVIOXLGLW\RIFODVV VWUXFWXUHVDQGHPRWLRQWRDYDVWDXGLHQFH,QInventing Human Rights: A History KLVWRULDQ/\QQ+XQWDUJXHVWKDWLWZDVODUJHO\WKDQNVWRWKHSRSXODULW\RIJulieDQGRWKHU /\QQ+XQWPolitics, Culture, and Class in the French RevolutionWK$QQLYHUVDU\(GLWLRQ 6WXGLHVRQWKH+LVWRU\RI6RFLHW\DQG&XOWXUH %HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV ,ELG *HRUJHV/HIHEYUHThe Coming of the French RevolutionWUDQV553DOPHU%LFHQWHQQLDOHG 3ULQFHWRQ3DSHUEDFNV 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV )RUWKHWUDQVODWHGWH[WRI 5RXVVHDX VSocial ContractVHH/\QQ+XQWInventing Human Rights: A History 1HZ XQGHUVWRRGDQGDFFHSWHGE\VXFKDODUJHDXGLHQFH :LWKDOORI5RXVVHDX¶VDFFRPSOLVKPHQWVDQGKLVSRSXODULW\ERWKDPRQJWKH SXEOLFDQGSROLWLFDOWKHRULVWVLWLVQRZRQGHUWKDWKLVQDPHZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWWREH FRQVLGHUHGIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQLQ$SULORI'XULQJWKHGHEDWHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO $VVHPEO\RYHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGZKRZRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZRUWK\RI 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHSURSRVHGGHFUHHOLVWV5RXVVHDXE\QDPH'HVSLWHDOOWKLVWKH UHPDLQVRI5RXVVHDXZHUHQRWWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH3DQWKpRQXQWLO2FWREHURI The Panthéonization of Rousseau :KHQWKH$VVHPEO\SDVVHGWKHGHFUHHFUHDWLQJWKH3DQWKpRQDOOQDPHVEXWWKDWRI 0LUDEHDXZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHWH[W'HEDWHVRYHUZKRZDVZRUWK\RI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ VWDOOHGLQFOXVLRQRIPRUH)UHQFKPHQLQWRWKHPRQXPHQW$VGLVFXVVHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV FKDSWHUWKHGHSXWLHVGLVDJUHHGRYHUZKLFKJUHDWILJXUHVIURP)UHQFKKLVWRU\VKRXOGEH LQFOXGHGILUVW7KRVHZKRVXSSRUWHGWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDXKDGWRFRPSHWH DJDLQVWWKHGHSXWLHVZKRFDOOHGIRUWKHLQFOXVLRQRI9ROWDLUH'HVFDUWHVRU0RQWHVTXLHX EHIRUH5RXVVHDX(YHQWXDOO\DVZHKDYHDOUHDG\VHHQ9ROWDLUHZRQWKHKRQRUVRIEHLQJ WKHILUVWgrand hommeWREHEXULHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQWKDQNVWRWKHZRUNRI9LOOHWWHDQG WHQVLRQVZLWKWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK 9ROWDLUH¶VYLFWRU\ZDVRQO\DWHPSRUDU\GHIHDWIRUWKHVXSSRUWHUVRI5RXVVHDX :LWKLQRQO\DIHZZHHNVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\IRU9ROWDLUHDGHSXWDWLRQRIWKH +XQWEDVLVWKLVREVHUYDWLRQRQWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWQRYHOVOLNHJulieFUHDWHGDVHQVHRIHPSDWK\WKDW H[WHQGHGEH\RQGWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDOERXQGDULHV6HHFKDSWHURQH+XQWInventing Human Rights $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French RevolutionWUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ $VVHPEO\ZLWKDSHWLWLRQEHDULQJPRUHWKDQWKUHHKXQGUHGVLJQDWXUHVZKLFKGHPDQGHG WKDW5RXVVHDXUHFHLYHWKH³KRQRUVRZHGWRJUHDWPHQ´7KHSHWLWLRQVSDUNHGDQ LPPHGLDWHGHEDWHDPRQJWKHGHSXWLHVRYHUZKHWKHUWKHSKLORVRSKHUVKRXOGUHFHLYH 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ7KHPDLQFRXQWHUDUJXPHQWUHYROYHGDURXQGWKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VULJKWWR WKHERG\RILWVFLWL]HQV7KHKLVWRULDQ-RVHSK&ODUNHGLVPLVVHVWKHVHDUJXPHQWVDVD PHWKRGRIVWDOOLQJWKHLVVXHE\GHSXWLHVZKRGLGQRWZLVKWRVHH5RXVVHDX3DQWKpRQL]HG %XWWKHVHFRXQWHUDUJXPHQWVH[SUHVVHGDODUJHURQJRLQJGHEDWHLQ)UDQFHRQZKRKDG DXWKRULW\RYHUWKHFRUSVH 7KHFHQWUDOLVVXHLQTXHVWLRQZDVZKHWKHURUQRWWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\KDGWKH ULJKWWRUHPRYH5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHIURPLWVFXUUHQWUHVWLQJSODFHLQWKHJDUGHQRI (UPHQRQYLOOH7KLVJDUGHQKDGEHHQFUHDWHGE\WKH0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQXQGHUWKH LQIOXHQFHRI5RXVVHDX¶VZULWLQJVRQRUGHUHGQDWXUH,WKDGEHHQKHUHWKDW5RXVVHDXKDG UHWUHDWHGIRUWKHODVWZHHNVRIKLVOLIH:KHQWKHSKLORVRSKHUGLHG*LUDUGLQDUUDQJHGIRU DWRPEWREHEXLOWIRUKLPRQDVPDOOLVODQGFRYHUHGLQSRSODUWUHHVVRWKDWKHFRXOG UHPDLQLQWKHJDUGHQKHKDGVRORYHG7KHFRQFHUQWKHQZDVWKDWE\UHPRYLQJWKH SKLORVRSKHU¶VUHPDLQVWKHODVWZLVKHVRI5RXVVHDXZRXOGEHYLRODWHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKH -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ UHPRYLQJWKHUHPDLQVZRXOGYLRODWHWKHSURSHUW\ULJKWVRI*LUDUGLQ 7KHTXHVWLRQRYHUZKRKDGWKHULJKWWR5RXVVHDX¶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e Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France 3KLOLSSH$ULqVThe Hour of Our DeathOVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ DQGWDNHQWRWKHFRPPRQJUDYHRIWKHDVVRFLDWHGSDULVK7KHSURSRVHGSODQGLGQRW UHFHLYHFRPSOHWHVXSSRUW0DQ\SDULVKLRQHUVZHUHQRWNHHQRQKDYLQJWKHLUGHDG UHPRYHGIURPWKHLUSDULVKFKXUFKDQGVRPHFOHUJ\ZHUHUHVLVWDQWWRDOORZLQJWKH WUDQVIHUDORIUHPDLQV 7KHRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHGHFUHHPHDQWWKDWLWVSURYLVLRQVZHUHRQO\DGRSWHGLQ FHUWDLQSDULVKHVZKLOHRWKHUFKXUFK\DUGFHPHWHULHVFRQWLQXHGWRDFWDVSHUPDQHQW JUDYHVLWHV+RZHYHUDQHGLFWRI/RXLV;9,KDOWHGWKLVSUDFWLFH³&HPHWHULHVZKLFK>«@ PLJKWSROOXWHWKHDLUZLOOEHUHPRYHGDVIDUDVFLUFXPVWDQFHVSHUPLW´'HVSLWH SURWHVWDWLRQVE\WKHSDULVKLRQHUVWKHUHPRYDORIWKHFHPHWHULHVEHJDQSURPSWO\LQ 7HQVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFRUSVHVZHUHH[KXPHGIURPWKH3DULVLDQFHPHWHULHVDQGPRUHWKDQ DWKRXVDQGFDUWORDGVRIERQHVZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGLQWRROGVWRQHTXDUULHVFUHDWLQJZKDWLV NQRZQWRGD\DVWKH&DWDFRPEVRI3DULV 7KXVWKHUHPRYDORI5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHIURPWKHSULYDWHFHPHWHU\RI (UPHQRQYLOOHZDVDPDWWHUWKDWUDQGHHSHUWKDQRIIHQGLQJWKH0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQ7KH 1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\KDGWRGHFLGHZKHWKHURUQRWWKH\ZRXOGIROORZLQWKHIRRWVWHSVRIWKH NLQJDQGGHPDQGFHUWDLQULJKWVRYHUWKHORFDWLRQRIDFRUSVH(YHQWXDOO\WKHGHSXWLHV FDPHWRDFRPSURPLVH,WZDVDJUHHGWKDW*LUDUGLQVKRXOGEHFRQVXOWHGRQWKHWUDQVIHUDO RIWKHUHPDLQVEXWWKDWWKHUHZDVQRWKLQJWRSUHYHQWWKH$VVHPEO\IURPSDVVLQJDGHFUHH ,ELG5DJRQThe Space of Death 4XRWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ5DJRQThe Space of Death )LYHFHPHWHULHVZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWR7KHVHZHUHWKHFHPHWHULHVRI6DLQWV ,QQRFHQWV6DLQW5RFKH6DLQW(XVWDFKHÌOH6DLQW/RXLVDQG6DLQW6XOSLFH,QWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXULHV DGGLWLRQDOFHPHWHULHVZHUHUHPRYHGIRUFLW\SODQQLQJSXUSRVHV,ELG&ROLQ-RQHVParis: Biography of a CityVW$PHULFDQHG 1HZ GHFODULQJWKDW5RXVVHDXZDVZRUWK\RIWKHKRQRUVRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQEXWWKHFRUSVH UHPDLQHGDWWKHJDUGHQRI(UPHQRQYLOOH ,QWKHGD\VIROORZLQJWKHRIILFLDOGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHUDGLFDOMRXUQDOLVW -HDQ3DXO0DUDWSXEOLVKHGDFRXSOHRIYLWULROLFDUWLFOHVRQWKHVXEMHFWLQKLVMRXUQDO L’Ami du peuple,QRQHRIWKHVHSXEOLFDWLRQV0DUDWFDOOHGRQ*LUDUGLQWRNHHSKLVKROG RQWKHUHPDLQVRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU ,WLV\RX*LUDUGLQWKDWWKHZHDN5RXVVHDXFKDUJHGZLWKWKH WDVNRIFROOHFWLQJKLVPRUWDOUHPDLQV%\GHSRVLWLQJ>KLV UHPDLQV@LQ\RXUKDQGVKHEHOLHYHGWKDWKHSODFHGWKHP XQGHUWKHVDFUHGJXDUGRIIULHQGVKLS6KRXOG\RXVXIIHU« WKDWWKH\EHWUDQVSRUWHGIURPWKHSHDFHIXOJURYHRI +HUPHQRQYLOOH«" +RZHYHUDVWLPHSDVVHGWKHWUDQVIHUDORI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVVORZO\IDGHGIURPWKH LQWHUHVWRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV2WKHUHYHQWVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQVXFKDVWKHPDVVDFUHRQ WKH&KDPSGH0DUVZRQWKHDWWHQWLRQRIWKHGHSXWLHVDQGWKHMRXUQDOLVWV,WZRXOGEH QHDUO\WKUHH\HDUVEHIRUHDQRWKHUDWWHPSWDWWUDQVIHUULQJWKHUHPDLQVRI5RXVVHDXWRWKH 3DQWKpRQRFFXUUHG 7KLVQH[WDWWHPSWFDPHLQ$SULORIGXULQJWKHPLGVWRIWKHSHULRGRIWKH 5HYROXWLRQNQRZQDVWKH5HLJQRI7HUURU,Q2FWREHURIWKHSUHYLRXV\HDUWKH1DWLRQDO %LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire '+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH&HUHPRQ\RI 9HQGpPLDLUH SHULRGRIYLROHQFHDQGUDPSDQWGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQIROORZHG&KXUFKHVZHUHGHVHFUDWHG FHPHWHULHVGHVWUR\HGDQGUHOLJLRXVRUGHUVZHUHWHUURUL]HGE\PLOLWDQWJURXSVRIsans- culottesLQDVXSSRVHGHIIRUWWRURRWRXWFRXQWHUUHYROXWLRQDQGWKHFRQVSLUDF\RIWKH &DWKROLF&KXUFK$WILUVWWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQWROHUDWHGWKHVHDFWVRIYDQGDOLVPEXW HYHQWXDOO\WKH\UHFRJQL]HGGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQDVEHLQJGHWULPHQWDOWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ 5HVRXUFHVZKLFKFRXOGKDYHEHHQXVHGWRHQIRUFHSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFSROLFLHVRIWKH JRYHUQPHQWZHUHLQVWHDGEHLQJZDVWHGRQGLVUXSWLYHsans-culottes,QDQDWWHPSWWR UHFDOORUGHUDPRQJWKHSHRSOHDSODQZDVGHYLVHGWRFRXQWHUDWKHLVPZLWKDUHOLJLRQRI WKHUHYROXWLRQ 7KHVHFRQGGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQIRU5RXVVHDXFDPHLQWKLVVSLULWRIDQWL GHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ,QERRNRITheSocial Contract5RXVVHDXRXWOLQHGWKHYDULRXVW\SHV RIUHOLJLRQDQGDUJXHGWKDWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIUHOLJLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\IRUDKHDOWK\VWDWH 7KHVHLGHDVRQD³FLYLOUHOLJLRQ´LQVSLUHGDQHZLQWHUHVWLQWKHFRUSVHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU %\FHOHEUDWLQJWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQ FRXOGRIIHUWRWKHSHRSOHDFRXQWHUH[DPSOHWRDWKHLVP'HLVW5RXVVHDXFRXOGEHFRPH WKHQHZH[DPSOHRIWKHgrand homme 7KXVRQ$SULOWKH&RQYHQWLRQSDVVHGDVHFRQGGHFODUDWLRQRI 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ7KHWUDQVIHUDORIWKHFRUSVHKRZHYHUZDVRQFHDJDLQGHOD\HGGXHWRD QXPEHURIFROOLGLQJIDFWRUV)LUVW5RXVVHDXZDVQRWWKHRQO\FRUSVHZDLWLQJWREHSODFHG LQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ0DUDWZDVDOVRDZDLWLQJKLVWXUQ7KH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQKDG 'DYLG$QGUHVVThe Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France 1HZ &KDUORWWH&RUGD\DQGODEHOHGDPDUW\UIRUWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI0DUDW KRZHYHUKDGFRPHZLWKDVWLSXODWLRQ%HIRUHWKHERG\RI0DUDWFRXOGEHSODFHGLQWRWKH 3DQWKpRQWKHFRUSVHRI0LUDEHDX±QRZFRQVLGHUHGWREHDWUDLWRUWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ± KDGWREHUHPRYHG$PDJQLILFHQWIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVSODQQHGEXWWKHGHSXWLHVUDQ RXWRIWLPHWRSUHSDUHWKH3DQWKpRQEHIRUHWKHVXPPHUKHDWRI-XO\ZUHDNHGKDYRFRQWKH FRUSVHDQGVR0DUDWZDVWHPSRUDULO\EXULHGLQWKHJDUGHQRIWKH&RUGHOLHUV&OXE 7KHVHFRQGIDFWRUGHOD\LQJWKHWUDQVIHUDORI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVZDVWKH FHOHEUDWLRQRIWKH)HVWLYDORIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJ0D[LPLOLHQ5REHVSLHUUHWKHJUHDW UHYROXWLRQDU\RUDWRUDQGOHDGHURIWKH-DFRELQIDFWLRQKDGVKRZQLQFUHDVLQJFRQFHUQRYHU GHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ:KLOHWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQKDGKRSHGWKDWDJUDQGUHEXULDO FHUHPRQ\RIWKH5RXVVHDXPLJKWKHOSFXUEWKHYLROHQWDWKHLVP5REHVSLHUUHKDGD GLIIHUHQWSODQLQPLQG2Q0D\KHSURSRVHGDGHFUHHFDOOLQJIRUWKH)UHQFKWR UHFRJQL]HWKH³H[LVWHQFHRIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJDQGWKHLPPRUDOLW\RIWKHVRXO´DQGD IHVWLYDOWR³UHPLQGPHQRIWKH'HLW\´7KHVXEVHTXHQWSODQQLQJDQGH[HFXWLRQRIWKH )HVWLYDORIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJUHVXOWHGLQIXUWKHUGHOD\VLQWKHWUDQVIHURI5RXVVHDX¶V UHPDLQVDQGRQFHDJDLQWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVSRVWSRQHGLQGHILQLWHO\ 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de La Montagne-XO\ %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH )RUDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHSODQQLQJDQGH[HFXWLRQRIWKHIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\RI0DUDWVHH/LVH $QGULqVDQG-HDQ&ODXGH%RQQHWHGVLa Mort de Marat 3DULV)ODPPDULRQ *XLOODXPH0D]HDX Le Bain de L’histoire: Charlotte Corday et L’attentat Contre Marat, 1793-2009 / Guillaume Mazeauࣟ; Préface de Jean-Clément Martin/D&KRVH3XEOLTXH 6H\VVHO&KDPS9DOORQ 7KLVSURSRVHGGHFUHHLVTXRWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ*HRUJH5XGpHGRobespierre (QJOHZRRG &OLIIV1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF Exhumation and Triumph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³5RPDQFHRIWKH:LOORZ´RI-HDQ -DFTXHVWKHPXVLFLDQVSOD\HG>WKLVSLHFH@PDQ\WLPHV DQGWKHPHODQFKROLFVHQWLPHQWVZKLFKLQVSLUHGWKHSODFH WKHFKRLFHRIWKHWXQH«ILOOHGWKHVRXORIDOOWKHVSHFWDWRUV WRWKHSRLQWRIUHPRYLQJDOOPHDQVWRH[SUHVVWKHPVHOYHV 7KHH[KXPDWLRQZDVDFHUHPRQ\LQLWVHOIMXVWDVLWKDGEHHQZLWKWKHH[KXPDWLRQRI 9ROWDLUH$IWHU\HDUVRIGHOD\VDQGVHWEDFNVWKHFRUSVHRI5RXVVHDXZDVILQDOO\en route WRLWVQHZUHVWLQJSODFHLQWKH3DQWKpRQ 7KHGHFLVLRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDVEDVHGRQFDUHIXOSROLWLFDO SODQQLQJ7KUHHPRQWKVHDUOLHUDQHYHQWNQRZQDVWKH7KHUPLGRULDQ5HDFWLRQGUDVWLFDOO\ FKDQJHGWKHPDNHXSRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQW2YHUQLJKWWKHUDGLFDO-DFRELQ 4XRWHGIURPWKHZULWLQJVRI/RXLV6HEDVWLHQ0HUFLHULQ%LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire 5RPDQFHRIWKH:LOORZRULa romance du SauleZDVDSLHFHFRPSRVHGE\5RXVVHDX 4XRWHGLQ-HDQ5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830 3XEOLFDWLRQVGH/D6RUERQQH165HFKHUFKHV 3DULV$&ROLQ 7KHHDUOLHUGHEDWHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ULJKWVRI*LUDUGLQDUHPLVVLQJLQWKLVODWHU\HDURIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ'HVSLWH*LUDUGLQ¶VFRQWLQXHGSURWHVWVDWWKHUHPRYDORI5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHWKHJRYHUQPHQW GHFODUHVWKHFRUSVHWREH³propriété nationale´DQGDSSURYHVWKHWUDQVIHUDORIWKHUHPDLQVWR3DULV3LHUUH 6HUQD³3ROLWLTXHVGH5RXVVHDXHWSROLWLTXHVGH5REHVSLHUUHௗIDX[VHPEODQWVHWYUDLVPLURLUVGpIRUPpV´La Révolution françaiseQR 1RYHPEHU &OXEORVWSROLWLFDOFRQWUROWKURXJKWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHLUOHDGHUVDQGWKH5HYROXWLRQFDPH XQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRIPRUHPRGHUDWHSROLWLFDOJURXSV,QDQDWWHPSWWRUHJDLQFRQWURORI WKHLU5HYROXWLRQZKLOHNHHSLQJWKHUHVSHFWRIWKH)UHQFKSHRSOHWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQ GHFLGHGWRXVHWKH3DQWKpRQWRWKHLUDGYDQWDJH7KXVWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVRI 0DUDWDQG5RXVVHDXZHUHSODQQHGDQGVFKHGXOHG 7KHWUDQVIHURI0DUDWLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRFFXUUHGILUVWRQ6HSWHPEHU 0DUDWKDGDOUHDG\UHFHLYHGDJUDQGIXQHUDOWKHSUHYLRXVVXPPHURIDQHYHQWZKLFK DOORZVXVWRWDNHDEULHIGHWRXUWRGLVFRYHUKRZDVWDWHIXQHUDORIWKH5HYROXWLRQ FRPSDUHGWRWKHIXQHUDOVRIWKHancien régimeDQGWKHHDUO\UHYROXWLRQDU\IXQHUDORI 0LUDEHDX7KHIXQHUDOIRU0DUDWZDVGHVLJQHGDQGGLUHFWHGE\WKHDUWLVW-DFTXHV'DYLG ZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHVXUJHRQ/RXLV'HVFKDPSVDQGWKHFRPSRVHU*RVVHF7RJHWKHU WKLVWHDPFUHDWHGDPDJQLILFHQWFHUHPRQ\WKDWXQOLNHWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV HPSKDVL]HGORVVDQGWKHQHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRIGHDWK2Q-XO\WZRGD\VDIWHUWKH DVVDVVLQDWLRQRI0DUDWWKHMRXUQDOLVW¶VFRUSVHZDVSUHSDUHGIRUGLVSOD\DWWKH&RUGHOLHUV &OXE7KHFRUSVHZDVSODFHGRQDURPDQVW\OHEHGFRYHUHGE\DVKHHWLQVXFKDZD\ WKDWWKHNQLIHZRXQGZDVYLVLEOHHPSKDVL]LQJWKHKDUPWKDWWKHDVVDVVLQKDGLQIOLFWHGDV ZHOODVWKHVDFULILFHWKLVPDUW\UKDGPDGHIRUWKH5HYROXWLRQ6XUURXQGLQJWKHFRUSVH ZHUHGUDSHULHVLQtricoloreDQG0DUDW¶VVKLUWVWDLQHGLQEORRGZDVGLVSOD\HGQHDUE\ 7KHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHIXQHUDORI0DUDWFRPHVIURPWKHIROORZLQJSULPDU\DQG VHFRQGDU\VRXUFHV6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de la Montagne-XO\ 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de la Montagne-XO\$QGULqVDQG%RQQHW La Mort de Marat±0D]HDXLe Bain L’histoire±6LPRQ6FKDPDCitizens: A Chronicle of the French RevolutionVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ UHSXEOLFDQVUHVWHGRQ0DUDW¶VKHDG 'DYLGKDGLQWHQGHGWRGLVSOD\WKHFRUSVHLQWKLVZD\IRUWKUHHGD\VEXWWKHKHDWRI VXPPHUIRUFHGWKHDUWLVWWRFKDQJHKLVSODQV7KHIROORZLQJGD\'DYLGLQIRUPHGWKH $VVHPEO\WKDW³GXHWRWKHSXWUHIDFWLRQRIWKHFRUSVH´WKHEXULDOZRXOGWDNHSODFHWKDW HYHQLQJ$WVL[R¶FORFNGHSXWLHVRIWKHsections RI3DULVMRLQHGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP YDULRXVVRFLHWLHVDQGPXVLFLDQVWRIRUPDIXQHUDOSURFHVVLRQ7KHFRUSVHVWLOORQLWV URPDQEHGZDVWKHQOHGDURXQGWKHFLW\RI3DULVVRWKDWWKHSXEOLFFRXOGVHHWKHLUGHDG PDUW\UDQGPRXUQKLVORVV7KHSURFHVVLRQWKHQHQGHGLQWKHVDPHSODFHZKHUHLWKDG EHJXQDWWKH&RUGHOLHUV&OXEZKHUHWKHERG\ZDVWKHQHQWHUHGLQWKHJDUGHQXQGHUD WUHH ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKLVIXQHUDOWKHFHUHPRQ\WKDWDFFRPSDQLHG0DUDW¶VUHPDLQVWRWKH 3DQWKpRQD\HDUODWHUUHVHPEOHGPRUHDSROLWLFDOIHVWLYDOWKDQDFHUHPRQ\RIGHDWK$V ZDVVWLSXODWHGLQWKHRULJLQDOGHFLVLRQWRSODFH0DUDWLQWKH3DQWKpRQWKHFHUHPRQ\ LQFOXGHGWKHUHPRYDORI0LUDEHDX¶VUHPDLQVWDNHQRXWE\DVLGHGRRUDV0DUDWHQWHUHGE\ WKHPDLQHQWUDQFH7KLVFHOHEUDWLRQRIDPDUW\URIWKH7HUURUVHHPVXQH[SHFWHGLQWKH OLJKWRIWKHSROLWLFDOUHDOLJQPHQWEXWDV&ODUNHDSWO\H[SODLQV³1RUpJLPHFDQVXVWDLQ LWVHOIVROHO\RQWKHVHWWOLQJRIROGVFRUHV´7KHFHUHPRQ\IRU0DUDWWKHQZDVDVLJQRI JRRGZLOOE\WKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQLQDSHULRGRIFRQIXVLRQ 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´ 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France 7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI5RXVVHDXKHOGDGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHIRUWKH&RQYHQWLRQ :LWKWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXWKH&RQYHQWLRQKRSHGWRUHDOLJQWKH5HYROXWLRQZLWKWKH SULQFLSOHVWKDWKDGRULJLQDOO\EHJXQWKHUHYROWDJDLQVWWKHancien regime:LWKWKH KRUURUVRIWKH7HUURUVWLOOSUHVHQWLQWKHPLQGVRIWKH)UHQFKLWZDVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKH JRYHUQPHQWILQGDZD\WRH[SUHVVWKHLGHDOVRIWKH³WUXH´5HYROXWLRQ±WKH5HYROXWLRQRI UDWKHUWKDQWKH5HYROXWLRQRI7HUURU7KHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXEHFDPHWKHVROXWLRQ WRWKLVSUREOHP 5RXVVHDXKDGORQJEHHQDFFHSWHGDVIDWKHURIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$OWKRXJK WKHPHPEHUVRIWKH-DFRELQ&OXEKDGEHHQWKHRQHVWRPRVWRIWHQVLQJKLVSUDLVHV UHYROXWLRQDULHVDFURVVWKHSROLWLFDOVSHFWUXPKDGSUDLVHG5RXVVHDX¶VSROLWLFDOZULWLQJV DQGLGHDV7KDQNVWRWKLVZLGHDFFHSWDQFHWKH&RQYHQWLRQFRXOGXVHWKLVFHUHPRQ\WR UHDVVHUWWKHFRUHSULQFLSOHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQZLWKOLWWOHIHDURIRIIHQGLQJRQHSROLWLFDO JURXSRUDQRWKHU A Second Reburial :LWK5RXVVHDXH[KXPHGDQGDZDLWLQJHQWUDQFHLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQLWLVWLPHWR WXUQRXUJD]HEDFNWRWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH7KUHHWXPXOWXRXV\HDUVRIYLROHQFH FRQIXVLRQDQGSROLWLFDOXSKHDYDOKDGRYHUWDNHQ)UDQFHVLQFHWKHFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUH MRLQHGWKDWRI0LUDEHDXLQWKH3DQWKp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¶VRQHDFWRSHUDLe Devin du Village(DUO\ LQWKHSURFHVVLRQWKHFURZGVRIVSHFWDWRUVMRLQHGLQVLQJLQJWKHHymne à Rousseau D SLHFHZULWWHQE\WKHVDPHPXVLFDOGXRWKDWKDGFRPSRVHGWKH Hymne à VoltaireWKUHH \HDUVHDUOLHU7KHHymne à RousseauSURYLGHGDPRUHFDUHIUHHLPSUHVVLRQWKDQWKH HDUOLHUSLHFHKDG8QOLNHWKHK\PQFRPSRVHGIRU9ROWDLUHZKLFKGLSSHGLQDQGRXWRI WKHPLQRUPRGHWRH[SUHVVWKHH[LOHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUWKHK\PQIRU5RXVVHDXUHPDLQHG LQWKHPDMRUPRGHWKURXJKRXW 7KHO\ULFVE\&KpQLHUPDWFKHGWKHFKHHUIXOWRQHRIWKHPXVLF(DFKYHUVHZDV VXQJE\DGLIIHUHQWJURXSRIFLWL]HQVILUVW³WKHHOGHUO\DQGWKHPRWKHUVRIWKHIDPLO\´ IROORZHGE\³WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH3HRSOH´WKHQ³WKHFKLOGUHQ´QH[W³WKH *HQHYDQV´DQGLQFORVLQJ³WKH\RXQJPHQ´7KHO\ULFVWKHPVHOYHVFDOOHGRQ5RXVVHDX DVDPHQWRUDQGJXLGH7KHPRWKHUVUHTXHVWHGJXLGDQFHIRUWKHFKLOGUHQ (QOLJKWHQRXUVRQVDQGRXUGDXJKWHUV )RUPWKHLU\RXQJKHDUWVWRYLUWXH $QGUHWXUQKDSSLQHVVWRRXUIDPLOLHV %\WKHORYHRIWKHODZDQGWUDGLWLRQV 3LHUUH*DEULHO%HUWKDXOWDQG$EUDKDP*LUDUGHWApothéose de J.J. Rousseau. Translation Au Panthéonࣟ: Le 11 Octobre 1794, Ou 20 Vendemiaire an 3.eme de La République(QJUDYLQJ %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795- 1830%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X 3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´ 0DJDVLQjO¶XVDJHGHVIrWHVQDWLRQDOHV %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH 7KHJURXSRI*HQHYDQVZHUHLQUHIHUHQFHWR5RXVVHDX¶V*HQHYDRULJLQV)RUWKHFHUHPRQ\LW ZDVOLNHO\WKDW)UHQFKFLWL]HQVSRVLQJDV*HQHYDQVVXQJWKLVSDUWLFXODUO\YHUVH,ELG ,ELG )RUWKHFKLOGUHQ5RXVVHDXZDVDSURWHFWRU )URPWKRVHZKRP\RXGHIHQGHG 5HFHLYHWKHJUDWHIXOYRLFHV 5RXVVHDXZDVWKHIULHQGRIFKLOGKRRG +HLVFKHULVKHGE\WKHFKLOGUHQ 7KLVFHOHEUDWRU\K\PQDGGHGWRWKHWRQHRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\7KHIRUORUQVRXQGVRI WKHDe profundisDQGWKHMiserereRIWKH&DWKROLFIXQHUDOVZRXOGKDYHEHHQRXWRISODFH LQWKLVSURFHVVLRQRIWKHFRUSVH )RUWKHVSHFWDWRUVWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXZDVPRUHDIHVWLYDOWKDQDIXQHUDO &RPSDUHGWRWKHPRUHUHFHQWFHUHPRQLHVIRU0DUDWWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDV QRWLFHDEO\OLJKWKHDUWHG7KHIXQHUDODQGWUDQVIHUDOFHUHPRQLHVRI0DUDWKDGEHHQ RYHUVKDGRZHGE\WKHYLROHQFHDQGSROLWLFDOFRQIOLFWWKDWKDGVXUURXQGHGWKHUDGLFDO MRXUQDOLVW7KHUHPRYDORIWKHFRUSVHRI0LUDEHDXGXULQJWKHWUDQVIHUDOFHUHPRQ\KDG RQO\DGGHGWRWKHHYHUSUHVHQWIHHOLQJVRIWHQVLRQDPRQJWKH)UHQFK,QFRQWUDVW 5RXVVHDX¶VFHUHPRQ\H[SUHVVHGDJHQHUDOXQDQLPLW\DPRQJWKHFLWL]HQV$QDFFRXQWRI WKHFHUHPRQ\LQWKHQHZVSDSHU Courrier républicain PDNHVQRWHRIWKLVXQLW\ 2QHGLGQRWKHDUWKHULRWRXVVFUHDPVZKLFKLQRWKHU IHVWLYDOVKDGSURYRNHGWKHIXU\RIWKHSDUWLHVDQGVFHQHVRI FDUQDJHDQGEORRG 1RRQHSROLWLFDOJURXSZDVSUDLVHGRYHUDQRWKHU,QVWHDG5RXVVHDXZDVSUDLVHGDVWKH JXLGHRIDOOSHRSOHZKR\HDUQHGIRUIUHHGRPDQGYLUWXH ,ELG %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 4XRWHGLQ+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH &HUHPRQ\RI9HQGpPLDLUH FHOHEUDWHWKHOLIHRIDPDQZKRKDGLQVSLUHGWKH)UHQFKWR³EUHDNWKHLUFKDLQV´+HUH DJDLQWKHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXFKRVHWRUHSODFHWKHGHVSDLURIGHDWK ZLWKWKHWULXPSKRIWKHLUUHYROXWLRQDU\IRUHIDWKHU-R\KDGRQFHDJDLQWULXPSKHGRYHU PHODQFKRO\GHDWKFXOWXUHRIROG 7KHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXDOVRUHVHPEOHGWKDWRI9ROWDLUH¶VLQLWVJHQHUDO VWUXFWXUH$SDUDGHRIDUWLVWVPXVLFLDQVJRYHUQPHQWDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVPLOLWDU\ EDWWDOLRQVDQGFLWL]HQVGUHVVHGLQFRVWXPHVRIDQFLHQW5RPHSURFHVVHGWKURXJK3DULV KROGLQJDORIWV\PEROVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHZULWWHQZRUNVRI5RXVVHDX7KH SUHVHQFHRIWKHFRUSVHZDVEDODQFHGZLWKDVWDWXHGHSLFWLQJWKHSKLORVRSKHULQOLIH 6RQJVSUDLVLQJWKHEHQHYROHQFHRI5RXVVHDXZHUHVXQJDVVSHFWDWRUVOLQHGWKHSDWKWRWKH 3DQWKp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pothéose de J.J. Rousseau. Translation Au Panthéon&KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV 5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´5RXVVHO Jean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France5DJRQThe Space of Death+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQG DQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH&HUHPRQ\RI9HQGp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Île des PeupliersDQGWKHUHFHQWO\H[KXPHGFRIILQOD\JXDUGHGDPRQJWKHVH WUHHVRYHUQLJKWVRWKDWWKHSHRSOHRI)UDQFHFRXOGFRPHDQGSD\WKHLUUHVSHFWV7KH IROORZLQJGD\WKHSURFHVVLRQIRUPHGDWWKLVUHFUHDWHGKRPHRI5RXVVHDXDQGVWDQGLQJLQ SODFHRIWKHFOHUJ\WKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQVWRRGWRJLYHDQRSHQLQJ VSHHFK1H[WWKHSURFHVVLRQEHJDQWKHLUMRXUQH\WRWKH3DQWKpRQDGLVWDQFHRIOHVVWKDQ WZRPLOHV,QVWHDGRISDXVLQJDWDFKXUFKDVZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGIRUDIXQHUDOWKH SURFHVVLRQSDXVHGRXWVLGHRIWKH3DQWKpRQDWDVPDOOSDUNZKHUHDQDUWLILFLDOUXLQKDG EHHQPDGHRXWRIWKH&RULQWKLDQFROXPQVRIDFKDSHOWKDWKDGEHHQGHVWUR\HGHDUOLHULQ %\WKHWLPHRI5RXVVHDX¶VUHEXULDOWKH7XLOHULHVKDGEHHQUHQDPHGWKH³3DODLV1DWLRQDO´ 5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830 WKH5HYROXWLRQ+HUHWKHFURZGVZHUHRQFHDJDLQPHWE\WKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH &RQYHQWLRQ >5RXVVHDX¶V@OLIHZLOOEHDQHUDLQWKHVSOHQGRUVRIYLUWXH DQGWKLVGD\WKHVHKRQRUVWKLVDSRWKHRVLVWKHFRRSHUDWLRQ RIDZKROHSHRSOHWKLVWULXPSKDOFHUHPRQ\DOOLQGLFDWH WKDWWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQGHVLUHVWRSD\WKHGHEWRIWKH )UHQFKDQGWKHJUDWLWXGHRIPDQNLQGWRJHWKHUWRWKH SKLORVRSKHURIQDWXUH :LWKWKHFORVLQJRIWKHVSHHFK5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVZHUHFDUULHGLQWRWKH3DQWKp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pRQ7KLVZDVQRWDV 9LOOHWWHKDGKRSHGIRU9ROWDLUHDFHUHPRQ\RIUHVXUUHFWLRQ (YHQWKHK\PQZULWWHQIRUWKHRFFDVLRQRIWKHFHUHPRQ\RSHQO\DFNQRZOHGJHG 5RXVVHDXDVKDYLQJSDVVHGIURPWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG,QWKHFKRUXVVXQJLQXQLVRQE\DOO RIWKHV\PEROLFJURXSVWKHO\ULFVUHIHUWRWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VSUHVHQFHLQWKHWRPE O ROUSSEAU modèle des sages Bienfaiteur de l’humanité D’un Peuple fier et libre 5DJRQThe Space of Death -HDQ-DFTXHV5pJLVGH&DPEDFpUqVDiscours prononcé par le Président de la Convention nationale [Cambacérès], lors de la translation des cendres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau au Panthéon, le 20 vendémiaire de l’an troisième de la République... 3DULVO¶,PSULPHULHQDWLRQDOH Accepte les hommages et du fond du tombeau Soutiens l’Egalité 252866($8PRGHORIWKHVDJHV %HQHIDFWRURIWKHKXPDQLW\RIDSURXGDQGIUHHSHRSOH $FFHSWWKHWULEXWHV $QGIURPWKHERWWRPRIWKHWRPE 6XSSRUW(TXDOLW\ 7KHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKLVFHUHPRQ\ZHUHVHHPLQJO\XQFRQFHUQHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIGHDWK PLJKWKDUPWKHWULXPSKDOWRQHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\5DWKHUWKDQGHQ\GHDWKDVKDGEHHQWKH FDVHIRUWKH³HWHUQDO´9ROWDLUHWKHVSHFWDWRUVRIWKHUHEXULDOZHUHHQFRXUDJHGWRHPEUDFH UHDOLW\DQGWKLQNRI5RXVVHDXDVLQWKHZRUGVRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQSUHVLGHQW³DQDQJHORI OLEHUW\´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pRQZKLFK KDGEHHQFUHDWHGIURPWKHSLHFHVRIDGHVWUR\HGFKXUFKZDVUHPLQGHUHQRXJKRIZK\QR SULHVWVRUSUD\HUVDFFRPSDQLHG5RXVVHDXWRKLVQHZJUDYH &KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H 9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´ &DPEDFpUqVDiscours prononcé par le Président de la Convention nationale [Cambacérès], lors de la translation des cendres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau au Panthéon, le 20 vendémiaire de l’an troisième de la République... %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996 The Legacy of Voltaire 7KHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHUHEXULDOVRI5RXVVHDXDQG9ROWDLUHUHYHDOVQRWRQO\WKH ODVWLQJVLJQLILFDQFHWKDWWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHKDGRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQEXWDOVR WKHVXFFHVVRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVDWWHPSWWRFUHDWHDQHZGHDWKFXOWXUHWKDWFRXOGPRYH SDVWWKHLQIOXHQFHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKDQGWKHancien regime'HVSLWHWKH GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHEXULDOVWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXZDVXOWLPDWHO\MXVWDQ LPSURYHGYHUVLRQRIWKHILUVW3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOLQ:KHQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKDG 3DQWKp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±DIHDWZKLFK ZRXOGKDYHEHHQLPSRVVLEOHLQ7KHDEVHQFHRIUHOLJLRQLQWKLVILQDO3DQWKpRQ UHEXULDOZDVH[SHFWHGDQGDFFHSWHGE\WKHREVHUYHUV &+$37(5),9( &RQFOXVLRQ ,WKDVDOUHDG\EHHQSURYHQWKDWWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIIHVWLYDOVDQGIXQHUDOVFDQOHDG WRQHZLQVLJKWVRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ,QFestivals and the French Revolution0RQD 2]RXIFRQFOXGHGWKDWIHVWLYDOVUHYHDOPRUHDERXWZKDWWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKRSHGWR DFKLHYHWKDQZKDWWKH\DFWXDOO\DFKLHYHG,QCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France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estivals and the French Revolution &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France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¶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³GD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRI UHJUHWV´)LQDOO\WKHFHUHPRQ\UHMHFWHG&DWKROLFLVPWKURXJKWKHGHOLEHUDWHGHQLDORI 9ROWDLUH¶VH[LOH%\SURFHVVLQJWKHH[SRVHGFRUSVHWRWKHSODFHVRI9ROWDLUH¶VWULXPSKVLQ Hymne Sur La Translation Du Corps de Voltaire Au Panthéon%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH )UDQFH OLIHWKHDUFKLWHFWVVKRZHGWKDWWKRXJKWKH&KXUFKPD\WU\WRH[LOH9ROWDLUH¶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pRQL]DWLRQWKH&RQYHQWLRQGHSXWLHVKDGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHLUQHZUHSXEOLFDQ JRYHUQPHQWKDGWKHULJKWWRFODLPWKHERG\RIWKHSKLORVRSKHURIWKHSURWHVWVRIWKH 0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQ(YHQWXDOO\WKHGHSXWLHVGLGGHFODUH5RXVVHDX¶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¶VUHEXULDOLVDOVRVLJQLILFDQWLQWKDWLWUHYHDOVWKHODVWLQJDIIHFW WKDWWKHRULJLQDOUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHKDGRQUHYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXOWXUH:KLOHFRQFUHWH FRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUHFDQQRWEHGUDZQIURPRQO\WZR UHEXULDOVWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHEXULDOV VKRZVWKDWIXUWKHUFRPSDULVRQVWRRWKHUUHEXULDOVDQGUHYROXWLRQDU\IXQHUDOVFRXOGUHYHDO SDWWHUQVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUHWKDWRULJLQDWHIURPWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH $V,KDYHDWWHPSWHGWRVKRZWKURXJKWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVHWZRFHUHPRQLHV UHEXULDOVKDGDXQLTXHHIIHFWRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDSDUWIURPRWKHUIXQHUDODQG IHVWLYDOFHUHPRQLHV6WXG\LQJUHEXULDOVDVDXQLTXHW\SHRIFHUHPRQ\KHOSVWRIXUWKHURXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHODVWLQJ LPSDFWWKH5HYROXWLRQKDGRQWKHKLVWRU\RIRXUZRUOG7KHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHUVRQWKH 3DQWKpRQUHEXULDODUHRQO\DEULHIH[DPSOHRIZKDWIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKRQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI UHEXULDOVFRXOGUHYHDO 2WKHUWRSLFVWKDWPLJKWEHH[SORUHGLQWKHIXWXUHDUHWKHUHEXULDOVRI0LUDEHDX 0DUDWDQG/HSHOOHWLHUZKRZHUHH[SHOOHGIURPWKH3DQWKpRQODWHLQWKH5HYROXWLRQWKH UHEXULDOVRIFRUSVHVUHPRYHGIURPWKHFHPHWHULHVLQ3DULVRUWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVH UHEXULDOVDJDLQVWFRQWHPSRUDU\IXQHUDOV,QDGGLWLRQIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKFRXOGEHPDGHLQWR WKHH[LVWHQFHRIUHEXULDOVRXWVLGHRI)UDQFHGXULQJWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\RUVLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOVDQGWKHPRGHUQUHEXULDOVRI9LFWRU+XJR/RXLV%UDLOOH DQGRWKHUUHLQWHUUHGILJXUHV 7KHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXKHOGWZRFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHV :KLOH9ROWDLUHKDGEHHQ3DQWKpRQL]HGWRVKRZWKHVWUHQJWKRI5HYROXWLRQLQWKHIDFHRI WKUHDWVIURPWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDXFDPHDVDQHIIRUWWR XQLI\WKH)UHQFKDIWHUDSHULRGRIYLROHQWGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ%RWKRIWKHVHUHEXULDOV UHYHDOKRZWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZHUHDEOHWRXVHUHEXULDOVDVDSROLWLFDOWRROWRVKDSHWKHLU GHVLUHGLPDJHRI5HYROXWLRQWKHPDQLSXODWLRQRIGHDWKULWXDOV $33(1',&(6 $33(1',;$ +\PQHj9ROWDLUH &HQHVRQWSOXVGHVSOHXUVTX¶LOHVWWHPSVGHUpSDQGUH &¶HVWOHMRXUGXWULRPSKHHWQRQSDVGHUHJUHWV 4XHQRVFKDQWVG¶DOOpJUHVVH $FFRPSDJQHQWODFHQGUH 'XSOXVLOOXVWUHGHVIUDQoDLV -DGLVSDUOHVW\UDQVFHWWHFHQGUHH[LOpH $XPLOLHXGHVVDQJORWVIX\DLWORLQGHQRV\HX[ 0DLVSDUXQSHXSOHOLEUHDXMRXUG¶KXLUDSSHOpH (OOHYLHQWFRQVDFUHUFHVOLHX[ 6DOXWPRUWHOGLYLQELHQIDLWHXUGHODWHUUH 1RVPXUVSULYpVGHWRLYRQWWHUHFRQTXpULU &¶HVWjQRXVTX¶DSSDUWLHQWWRXWFHTXLIXW9ROWDLUH 1RVPXUVW¶RQYXQDvWUHHWPRXULU 7RQVRXIIOHFUpDWHXUQRXVILWFHTXHQRXVVRPPHV 5HoRLVOHOLEUHHQFHQVGHOD)UDQFHjJHQRX[ 6RLVGpVRUPDLVOH'LHXGX7HPSOHGHVJUDQGVKRPPHV 7RLTXLOHVDVXUSDVVpVWRXV /HIODPEHDXYLJLODQWGHODUDLVRQVXEOLPH 6XUGHV3UrWUHVPHQWHXUVpFODLUDOHVPRUWHOV )OpDXGHFHV7\UDQVWXGpFRXYULVO¶DE\PH 4X¶LOVFUHXVDLHQWDXSLHGGHV$XWHOV 7HVWUDJLTXHVSLQFHDX[GHV'HPLGLHX[GH7LEUH 2QVXUHVVXVFLWHUOHVDQWLTXHVYHUWXV (WOD)UDQFHDFRQoXOHEHVRLQG¶rWUHOLEUH $X[ILHUVDFFHQWVGHVGHX[%UXWXV 6XUFHQWWRQVGLIIpUHQWVWD/\UHHQFKDQWHUHVVH )LGqOHjODUDLVRQFRPPHjO¶KXPDQLWp $X[PHQVRQJHVEULOODQWVLQYHQWpVSDUOD*UqFH 8QLWODVLPSOH9pULWp /\ULFVWUDQVFULEHGIURPWKHVFRUH±WKHVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU Hymne Sur La Translation Du Corps de Voltaire Au Panthéon%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH &LWR\HQVFRXUHVWRXVDXGHYDQWGH9ROWDLUH ,OUHQDvWSDUPLQRXVJUDQGFKpULUHVSHFWp &RPPHjVRQGHUQLHUMRXUQHSUrFKDQWjODWHUUH 4XH'LHXVHXOHVWOD/LEHUWp $33(1',;±% +\PQHj5RXVVHDX Les Vieillards et les Mères de Famille1 7RLTXLG¶ePLOHHWGH6RSKLH 'HVVLQDVOHVWUDLWVLQJpQXVTXLGHOD1DWXUHDYLOLH 5pWDEOLVOHVGURLWVPpFRQQXV eFODLUHQRVILOVHWQRVILOOHV )RUPHDX[YHUWXVOHXUVMHXQHVF°XUV (WUHQGVKHXUHXVHVQRVIDPLOOHV 3DUO¶DPRXUGHVORLVHWGHVP°XUV Refrain en Chœur 252866($8PRGqOHGHVVDJHV %LHQIDLWHXUGHO¶KXPDQLWp '¶XQ3HXSOHILHUHWOLEUH $FFHSWHOHVKRPPDJHVHWGXIRQGGXWRPEHDX 6RXWLHQVO¶(JDOLWp Les Représentants du Peuple 7DPDLQGHODWHUUHFDSWLYH %ULVDQWOHVIHUVORQJWHPSVVDFUpVGHVDOLEHUWpSULPLWLYH 7URXYDOHVWLWUHVpJDUpV /H3HXSOHV¶DUPDQWGHODIRXGUH (WGHFHFRQWUDWVROHQQHO 6XUOHVGpEULVGHV5RLVHQSRXGUH $SRVpVRQWU{QHpWHUQHO CHŒUR Les Enfants 7XGpOLYUDVWRXVOHVHVFODYHV 7XIOpWULVWRXVOHVRSSUHVVHXUV 3DUWRLVDQVFKDJULQVVDQVHQWUkYHV 1RVSUHPLHUVMRXUVRQWGHVGRXFHXUV 'HFHX[GRQWWXSULVODGpIHQVH 5HoRLVOHVY°X[UHFRQQDLVVDQWV 5RXVVHDXIXWO¶DPLGHO¶HQIDQFH /\ULFVWUDQVFULEHGIURPWKHVFRUH±WKHVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU ³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH /D5pSXEOLTXH´0DJDVLQjO¶XVDJHGHVIrWHVQDWLRQDOHV%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH ,OHVWFKpULSDUOHVHQIDQWV CHŒUR Les Genevois 7XYRLVSUqVGHWDFHQGUHDXJXVWH 7HVDPLVWHVFRQFLWR\HQV 3KLORVRSKHVHQVLEOHHWMXVWH 1RVRSSUHVVHXUVIXUHQWOHVWLHQV (WGDQVWDVHFRQGHSDWULH *HQqYHWDPqUHFKpULH &KDQWHVRQILOVOHERQURXVVHDX CHŒUR Les Jeunes Gens &RPEDWVWRXMRXUVODW\UDQQLH 4XHIDLWWUHPEOHUWRQVRXYHQLU /DPRUWQ¶DWWHLQWSDVWRQJpQLH &HIODPEHDXOXLWSRXUO¶DYHQLU 6HVFODUWpVSXUHVHWIpFRQGHV 2QUDQLPHODWHUUHHQGHXLO (WOD)UDQFHDXQRPGHVGHX[PRQGHV 5pSDQGGHVIOHXUVVXUWRQFHUFXHLO CHŒUR %,%/,2*5$3+< $JHQF\³5LFKDUG,,,5HEXULDO(YHU\WKLQJ %RFTXHW'HQLV³3DQWKpRQRXpJOLVH6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH"/HVDPELJXwWpVG¶XQPRQXPHQW ´2WKHU8QLYHUVLWp3DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQHKWWSVKDO HQSFDUFKLYHVRXYHUWHVIUKDOGRFXPHQW %RXZHUV(YHOLQH*Public Pantheons in Revolutionary Europeࣟ: Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, C. 1790-1840%DVLQJVWRNH+DPSVKLUH*%53DOJUDYH 0DFPLOODQKWWSVLWHHEUDU\FRPOLEDOOWLWOHV GRF'HWDLODFWLRQ"GRF,' %UHZHU'DQLHO³7KH9ROWDLUH(IIHFW´,QThe Cambridge Companion to Voltaire± &DPEULGJHௗ1HZ Chronique de Paris. T2 (1790)3DULVVQKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWN Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)3DULVVQKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWNF &ODUNH-RVHSKCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ *RVVHF)UDQoRLV-RVHSK &RPSRVLWHXU³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D 7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q3DUROHVGH9ROWDLUH1 ´KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNEWYEK Grande Messe Des Morts, RH 501 KWWSLPVOSRUJZLNL0HVVHBGHVB0RUWVB5+BB *RVVHFB)UDQ&$RLVB-R VHSK +LJJLQV'³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH &HUHPRQ\RI9HQGpPLDLUH Les grands hymnes révolutionnaires)UDQFH0XVLIUDQFH 0DODSHDX&ODXGH1LFRODV6LPRQ&KDUOHV0LJHUDQG-HDQ-DFTXHV/DJUHQpH Translation de Voltaire Au Panthéon Françaisࣟ: Le Corps de Marie François Arouet de Voltaire Sera Transféré et Déposé Dans L’église Paroissiale de Romilly...%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN EWYE 0DUDW-HDQ3DXO³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple, Ou Le Publiciste Parisienࣟ: Journal Politique Libre et Impartial$SULO%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNP ²²²³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple6HSWHPEHU%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH )UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNW 0D]HDX*XLOODXPHLe Bain de L’histoire: Charlotte Corday et L’attentat Contre Marat, 1793-2009 / Guillaume Mazeauࣟ; Préface de Jean-Clément Martin/D&KRVH 3XEOLTXH6H\VVHO&KDPS9DOORQ 0F0DQQHUV-RKQDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France2[IRUG3DSHUEDFNV 2[IRUGௗ1HZ 3DWWH3LHUUH $XWHXUGXWH[WHMémoire Sur La Construction de La Coupole, Projettée Pour Couronner La Nouvelle Église de Sainte-Geneviève À Paris... Par M. Patte,...3DULV3)*XHIILHUKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWNU 5DJRQ0LFKHOThe Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism&KDUORWWHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI9LUJLQLD 5D\QDO*XLOODXPH7KRPDV)ULHGULFK0HOFKLRU*ULPPDQG9ROWDLUHCorrespondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique. Tome 12 / Par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, Etc.ࣟ; Revue Sur Les Textes Originaux... Par Maurice Tourneux KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNV 5RXVVHO-HDQJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830 3XEOLFDWLRQVGH/D6RUERQQH165HFKHUFKHV3DULV$&ROLQ 5XDXOW1LFRODVDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796(GLWHGE\$QQH9DVVDO3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ 5XGp*HRUJHHGRobespierre(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF 5XWKHUIRUG5LFKDUGThe Death of a Christian: The Rite of Funerals6WXGLHVLQWKH 5HIRUPHG5LWHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKY1HZ 9LOOHWWH&KDUOHV0LFKHOPDUTXLVGHOeuvres Du Marquis de Villette$/RQGUHV >0RQWDUJLV@VQKWWSILQGJDOHJURXSFRPHFFR ³9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX7KHLU7RPEVLQWKH3DQWKHRQ2SHQHGDQG7KHLU%RQHV ([SRVHG´New York Times-DQXDU\VHF6DWXUGD\5HYLHZRI%RRNVDQG $UW ³9ROWDLUHDQGWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW´Mapping the Republic of Letters KWWSUHSXEOLFRIOHWWHUVVWDQIRUGHGXFDVHVWXGLHVYROWDLUHKWPO 9RYHOOH0LFKHOPiété Baroque et Déchristianisation En Provence Au XVIIIe Siècle; Les Attitudes Devant La Mort D’après Les Clauses Des Testaments.&LYLOLVDWLRQVHW 0HQWDOLWpV3DULV3ORQKWWSFDWDORJKDWKLWUXVWRUJ5HFRUG Voyage à Ermenonville ou Lettre sur la translation de J.J. Rousseau au Panthéon (Reprod.)3DULV0HXUDQWKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN