<<

        $%675$&7

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV &HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH  7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP0$  0HQWRU-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K'    'XULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKH3DQWKpRQZDVFUHDWHGDVDQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXP

WRKRXVHWKHUHPDLQVRIWKHgrands hommesRI)UDQFH$ORQJVLGHWKHUHFHQWO\GHFHDVHG

KHURHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHGHSXWLHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\VHOHFWHGLOOXVWULRXV

ILJXUHVIURP)UHQFKKLVWRU\WREHWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH3DQWKpRQ2QO\WZRRIWKHVHOHFWHG

ILJXUHVZHUHUHEXULHGZLWKLQWKHPRQXPHQW9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX

 7KLVWKHVLVH[DPLQHVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHVHFHUHPRQLDOUHEXULDOVRQWKH)UHQFK

5HYROXWLRQ5HEXULDOVDOWKRXJKODUJHO\LJQRUHGLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ

ZHUHNH\WRWKHFUHDWLRQRIDPRGLILHGFXOWXUHRIGHDWKZKLFKDOORZHGWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV

WRPRYHSDVWWKH&DWKROLFGHDWKFXOWXUHRIWKHancien regime





 3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQVDQG([KXPDWLRQV&HUHPRQLDO5HEXULDOVLQ5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH

E\

7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP%$

$7KHVLV

$SSURYHGE\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\

.LPEHUO\5.HOOLVRQ3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ

6XEPLWWHGWRWKH*UDGXDWH)DFXOW\RI %D\ORU8QLYHUVLW\LQ3DUWLDO)XOILOOPHQWRIWKH 5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH'HJUHH RI 0DVWHURI$UWV

$SSURYHGE\WKH7KHVLV&RPPLWWHH

-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFK3K'&KDLUSHUVRQ

0LFKDHO3DUULVK3K'

$QQ0F*ODVKDQ3K'

$FFHSWHGE\WKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO $XJXVW

-/DUU\/\RQ3K''HDQ

Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School.                                            &RS\ULJKW‹E\7DOM*RUGRQ7DWXP

$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG    7$%/(2)&217(176

 $&.12:/('*0(176Y  &+$37(521( ,QWURGXFWLRQ  &+$37(57:2 7KH3DQWKpRQ ³/HYRLOjOHYRLOj´ 7KH1HZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH$SSURXYpj9HUVDLOOHV 7KH)XQHUDORI0LUDEHDX /HV*UDQGV+RPPHV $1HZ&HUHPRQ\  &+$37(57+5(( 9ROWDLUH 7KH5HEXULDORI9ROWDLUH $1HZ&XOWXUHRI'HDWK  &+$37(5)285 5RXVVHDX 9ROWDLUH¶V%RRNHQG 7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDX ([KXPDWLRQDQG7ULXPSK $6HFRQG5HEXULDO 7KH/HJDF\RI9ROWDLUH  &+$37(5),9( &RQFOXVLRQ  $SSHQGL[$ +\PQHj9ROWDLUH  $SSHQGL[±% +\PQHj5RXVVHDX  %,%/,2*5$3+< 

LY     $&.12:/('*0(176    7KLVSURMHFWFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHGZLWKRXWWKHKHOSRIDP\ULDGRI

SHRSOH,ZRXOGILUVWOLNHWRWKLQNP\DGYLVRU'U-RVHSK6WXEHQUDXFKIRUOHWWLQJPH

WDNHKLPRQH[FXUVLRQWRHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFH+LVDGYLFHDQGJXLGDQFHZDV

LQYDOXDEOH,ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRWKLQN'UV$QQ0F*ODVKDQDQG0LFKDHO3DUULVKIRUWKHLU

DFDGHPLFPHQWRUVKLS7KHVHFWLRQVRQPXVLFDQGFRPSRVLWLRQFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQ

FRPSOHWHZLWKRXWWKHJXLGDQFHRI&DWULRQD/RQJPXVLFWKHRULVWH[WUDRUGLQDLUH,ZRXOG

OLNHWRWKLQNP\IDPLO\/\QQ0DULO\Q7DQHDQG7DQQHUZKRNHSWPHJRLQJ$QG

ILQDOO\WRWKH%DURQHVV(PPD2UF]\DQGKHU6FDUOHW3LPSHUQHOZKRWDXJKWPHVRORQJ

DJRWKDWKLVWRU\ZDVDQDGYHQWXUHMXVWZDLWLQJWREHWROG





Y             7R)UHGGLH-XDQLWD7DWXP  

YL     &+$37(521(  ,QWURGXFWLRQ   C’est le jour du triomphe et non pas de regrets Que nos chants d’allégresse Accompagnent la cendre Du plus illustre des français. ,WLVWKHGD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRIUHJUHWV 7KDWRXUVRQJVRIHQWKXVLDVP $FFRPSDQ\WKHDVKHV 2IWKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVRIWKH)UHQFK   7KH3DQWKpRQZDVDIDLOXUH6RGHFODUHG0RQD2]RXILQKHUHVVD\The Pantheon:

The École Normale of the Dead5HVLGLQJLQWKHVHDRIQDWLRQDOPRQXPHQWVWKDWLV3DULV

WKH3DQWKpRQUHPDLQVHHULO\HPSW\DVKRUGHVRIWRXULVWVSDVVE\7KHLQVFULSWLRQDERYH

WKHHQWUDQFH³7RJUHDWPHQWKHJUDWHIXOpatrie´VHHPVWRULQJKROORZWKURXJKWKH

FDYHUQRXVLQWHULRU&UHDWHGGXULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWREHDSODFHRIPHPRU\RIWKH

³grands hommes´RIDQHZDQGIUHHUHSXEOLFWKH3DQWKpRQDQGLWVUHYROXWLRQDU\RULJLQV

DUHQRZODUJHO\IRUJRWWHQ)URPLWVFUHDWLRQLQWRWKHHQGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQILIWHHQ

 8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQ)UHQFKVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG 0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUDQG)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHF³+\PQH6XU/D7UDQVODWLRQ'X&RUSVGH9ROWDLUH$X 3DQWKpRQ´DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\  0RQD2]RXI³7KH3DQWKHRQ7KHeFROH1RUPDOHRIWKH'HDG´LQRealms of MemoryYRO 1HZ

ILIWHHQRQO\WZRUHPDLQHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQDWWKHFORVHRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ9ROWDLUHDQG

5RXVVHDX%XWZDVWKH3DQWKpRQWUXO\DIDLOXUH"'LGLWQRWKDYHVRPHODVWLQJHIIHFWRQ

WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQRUWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGFUHDWHGLW"

 7KH3DQWKpRQZDVQRWDIDLOXUH$OWKRXJKWKHVWUXFWXUHLWVHOIQHYHUUHDFKHGLWV

IXOOSRWHQWLDODVDPDXVROHXPRIWKH³JUHDWPHQ´RIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH

3DQWKpRQOHGWRDUHVKDSLQJRI)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUH,QRUGHUWRILOOWKHLUQHZPRQXPHQW

ZLWKWKHLOOXVWULRXVGHDGRI)UDQFHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRI)UDQFHFUHDWHGDQHZFHUHPRQ\

RIUHEXULDO7KLVFHUHPRQ\XQKLQGHUHGE\SUHH[LVWLQJUHOLJLRXVULWXDOVDQGXQLTXHIURP

DSROLWLFDOIHVWLYDOSURYLGHGDEODQNVODWHRQZKLFKLGHDVRIGHDWKDQGPHPRU\FRXOGEH

UHGHILQHG:LWKWKHJURZLQJWHQVLRQVEHWZHHQWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKDQGWKH5HYROXWLRQ

WKHUHYROXWLRQDU\OHDGHUVKDGUHFRJQL]HGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIUHDOLJQLQJ)UHQFKFXOWXUHWR

UHIOHFWWKHLGHDOVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQUDWKHUWKDQWKRVHRIWKH&KXUFKDQGWKHancien régime

5HEXULDOVFUHDWHGDPHDQVLQZKLFKWREHJLQWKLVUHDOLJQPHQW

 7KLVWKHVLVZLOOH[DPLQHWKHWZR3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX

7KHVHWZRUHEXULDOVFDQEHHQVHHQDVERRNHQGVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KHILUVWUHEXULDOIRU

9ROWDLUHRFFXUUHGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGWKHRIILFLDO

GHQRXQFHPHQWRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQE\3RSH3LXV9,LQ7KHVHFRQGUHEXULDO

IRU5RXVVHDXRFFXUUHGLQDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKHUDGLFDO-DFRELQJRYHUQPHQWDQGWKH

 ,DPXVLQJWKHWHUP³3DQWKpRQL]HG´DVDQDGMHFWLYHWRGHVFULEHWKRVHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH SODFHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQE\DGHFUHHRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WKH/HJLVODWLYH$VVHPEO\RUWKH1DWLRQDO &RQYHQWLRQRI)UDQFH1RWDOOLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUH3DQWKpRQL]HGJDLQHGDSK\VLFDOSODFHLQWKH PDXVROHXP  7KLVGHQXQFLDWLRQFDPHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHSDSDOEXOOQuod aliquantum   HQGRIWKH5HLJQRI7HUURU([DPLQLQJWKHVHWZRUHEXULDOVLQGHWDLOZLOOSURYLGHDPHDQV

WRGLVFHUQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV

 8QWLOQRZUHEXULDOVKDYHEHHQODUJHO\LJQRUHGDVKDYLQJDQ\XQLTXHLQIOXHQFHRQ

WKH5HYROXWLRQ,QWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGUHYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXOWXUH

UHEXULDOVDUHDOZD\VJURXSHGZLWKIXQHUDOVRUZLWKVWDWHIHVWLYDOV,QDFWXDOLW\UHEXULDOV

GRQRWIDOOZLWKLQHLWKHURIWKHVHFDWHJRULHVEXWVKRXOGUDWKHUEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDWKLUGDQG

VHSDUDWHJURXS0\JRDOIRUWKLVWKHVLVLVWRDUJXHWKDWUHEXULDOVDUHDXQLTXHFDWHJRU\RI

UHYROXWLRQDU\FHUHPRQ\DQGWKDWWKLVFDWHJRU\GHVHUYHVIXUWKHUVWXG\E\VFKRODUVRIWKH

)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ7KLVSURMHFWLVRQO\DEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHULFKWRSLFRI

UHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV

 5HEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVZHUHXQLTXHQRWRQO\LQWKHLUJRDOVEXWDOVRLQKRZWKH\

ZHUHDEOHWRDFFRPSOLVKWKHVHJRDOV5HYROXWLRQDU\OHDGHUVERWKJRYHUQPHQWDOGHSXWLHV

DQGSROLWLFDOO\DFWLYHFLWL]HQVZHUHDEOHWRXVHUHEXULDOVDVDPHDQVWRPHPRULDOL]HWKH

GHDGWRPDNHSROLWLFDODWWDFNVWRHPSKDVL]HWKHLGHDOVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWRUHVKDSH

GHDWKULWXDOVDQGFXOWXUH7KHVHJRDOVZHUHDFKLHYHGE\WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\¶VXQLTXH

SRVLWLRQEHWZHHQIXQHUDODQGIHVWLYDODQGWKHDEVHQFHRISUHH[LVWLQJH[SHFWDWLRQVDERXW

ZKDWWKHUHEXULDOVKRXOGLQFOXGHRUVWULYHWRDFKLHYH

 7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXERWKUHYHDOWKHVHXQLTXH

TXDOLWLHV$VZLOOEHH[SORUHGLQODWHUFKDSWHUVWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX

ZHUHHDFKXVHGDVDSROLWLFDOWRROE\WKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWWRDFKLHYHDQXPEHU

RIJRDOV,QWKHFDVHRI9ROWDLUHUHEXULDOEHFDPHWKHPHDQVLQZKLFKWKH1DWLRQDO

$VVHPEO\FRXOGDWWDFNWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKILUVWE\GHQ\LQJWKHH[LOHRIWKHDQWLFOHULFDO

SKLORVRSKHUDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\E\LQWHQWLRQDOO\VHFXODUL]LQJGHDWK,QWKHFDVHRI

  5RXVVHDXUHEXULDOEHFDPHWKHPHDQVLQZKLFKWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQFRXOGDWWHPSWWR

XQLI\WKH5HSXEOLFDIWHUWKHKRUURUVRIWKH7HUURUDQGWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-DFRELQ&OXE

,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXUHYHDOVWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHLQLWLDODWWHPSWVWRFUHDWHD

VHFXODUFXOWXUHRIGHDWK

 7KURXJKWKLVLQWURGXFWRU\ORRNLQWRWKHVLJQLILFDQWUROHWKDWUHEXULDOVSOD\HGLQWKH

)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHQHHGIRUIXUWKHUVWXG\ZLOOEHFRPHDSSDUHQW6LQFH

WKHVUHVHDUFKRQWKHIHVWLYDOVPHPRU\DQGGHDWKFXOWXUHRIUHYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH

KDVEHHQJURZLQJ1HZLQVLJKWVRQWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGLWVVLJQLILFDQFHRQZRUOGKLVWRU\

KDYHEHHQUHYHDOHGWKURXJKWKHFORVHH[DPLQDWLRQRIYDULRXVIXQHUDOVDQGIHVWLYDOV7KLV

WKHVLVKRSHVWREHJLQDQHZH[SORUDWLRQLQWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIUHEXULDOV

    7KHVWXG\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOVIDOOVZLWKLQWZRODUJHUJHQUHVRI)UHQFK

5HYROXWLRQVFKRODUVKLS7KHVHDUHWKHVWXGLHVRIGHDWKDQGGHDWKFXOWXUHDQGWKHVWXGLHV

RIFHUHPRQ\DQGV\PERO,QWKHILUVWJHQUHRIGHDWKDQGGHDWKFXOWXUHUHEXULDOVDUH

W\SLFDOO\JURXSHGLQZLWKVWXGLHVRIIXQHUDOVDQGEXULDOULWXDOV+RZHYHULQWKHVHFRQG

JHQUHRIIHVWLYDODQGV\PEROUHEXULDOVRI5HYROXWLRQDUHJURXSHGZLWKVWXGLHVRI

IHVWLYDOV6WXGLHVRIUHEXULDOVDVGLVWLQFWIURPIXQHUDOVDQGIHVWLYDOVDUHDOPRVW

QRQH[LVWHQW2QHKLVWRULDQ0LFKDHO.DPPHQKDVZULWWHQH[FOXVLYHO\RQUHEXULDOVEXW

KLVZRUNDigging up the Dead: A History of Notable American ReburialsIRFXVHV

HQWLUHO\RQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV2XWVLGHRIWKHILHOGRIKLVWRU\VRPHZRUNRQUHEXULDOVKDV

EHHQGRQHLQWKHILHOGRIUHOLJLRQLQUHJDUGVWRVDLQWUHOLFVDVZHOODVLQWKHILHOGVRI

 0LFKDHO*.DPPHQDigging up the Deadࣟ: A History of Notable American Reburials &KLFDJR ,OOLQRLV8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV    DQWKURSRORJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\LQUHJDUGVWKHUHORFDWLRQRIDQFLHQWEXULDOVLWHVRUPDVV

JUDYHVOHIWE\JHQRFLGH2YHUDOOUHEXULDOVRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ±LQIDFWRI(XURSH

DVDZKROH±KDYHEHHQODUJHO\LJQRUHGDVDXQLTXHIDFHWRIGHDWKFXOWXUHRUFHUHPRQ\

 'HVSLWHWKLVODFNRIVFKRODUVKLSDQ\H[DPLQDWLRQRIUHEXULDOVPXVWQHFHVVDULO\

UHO\RQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIWKHVHWZRJHQUHV,QWKHVWXG\RIGHDWKDQGGHDWKFXOWXUHRQH

PXVWLQLWLDOO\ORRNWRWKHZRUNRI3KLOLSSH$ULqVRIWHQFRQVLGHUHGWKHIDWKHURIGHDWK

VFKRODUVKLS,QKLVJURXQGEUHDNLQJDUWLFOH³Attitudes devant la vie et devant la mort du

XVIIe au XIXe siècle´$ULqVPDGHWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWWKHUHZHUHFKDQJHVWRWKH

IXQGDPHQWDODWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWKEHWZHHQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV

7KURXJKWKLVVHHPLQJO\VLPSOHREVHUYDWLRQ$ULqVFUHDWHGDQHQWLUHO\QHZILHOGRI

KLVWRULFDOVWXG\±WKDWRIWKHFXOWXUHRIGHDWK%HIRUHKLVDUWLFOHKLVWRULDQVWHQGHGWR

FRQVLGHUGHDWKZLWKDPRGHUQPLQGVHW$ULqV¶ZRUNUHYHDOHGWKDWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGGHDWK

ZHUHLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGWRWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDODVSHFWVWRDSDUWLFXODUSRLQWLQKLVWRU\

+XPDQVDSSURDFKHGGHDWKEDVHGRQWKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZRUOGDURXQGWKHP

7KURXJKWKHGHOLEHUDWHFUHDWLRQRIULWXDODQGWKHLQDGYHUWHQWDGRSWLRQRIVXSHUVWLWLRQ

VRFLHWLHVFUHDWHGYHULWDEOHFXOWXUHVRIGHDWKWKDWERWKUHYHDOHGDQGH[SDQGHGRWKHUDVSHFWV

RIWKDWVRFLHWLHV¶FXOWXUH,QAttitudes devant la vieDQGKLVRWKHUZRUNV$ULqVDUJXHGWKDW

WKLVFXOWXUHVXUURXQGLQJGHDWKHYROYHGDORQJVLGHFKDQJHVLQSROLWLFDOHQYLURQPHQWV

VFLHQWLILFGLVFRYHULHVVRFLDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJVDQGUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIV7KLVDUJXPHQW

 5HFHQWVFKRODUVKLSLQWKHILHOGVRIDQWKURSRORJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\KDYHLQFOXGHGZRUNRQWKH UHORFDWLRQRI1DWLYH$PHULFDQDQG9LNLQJEXULDODVZHOODVWKHH[KXPDWLRQDQGUHEXULDORIWKHYLFWLPVRI PDVVYLROHQFHLQUHJLRQVRI6RXWK$PHULFD  3KLOLSSH$ULqV³$WWLWXGHV'HYDQW/D9LHHW'HYDQW/D0RUW'X;9,,H$X;,;H6LqFOH 4XHOTXHV$VSHFWVGH/HXUV9DULDWLRQV´Population (French Edition)QR  ±  )RUDGGLWLRQDOZRUNVE\$ULqVRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRIWKH:HVWVHH3KLOLSSH$ULqVL’homme devant la mort. I, I, 3DULV6HXLO 3KLOLSSH$ULqVL’homme devant la mort. 2, 2, 3DULV6HXLO    LQQRYDWLYHIRULWVWLPHFUHDWHGDQHZZDYHRIVFKRODUVKLSWKDWIRFXVHGVSHFLILFDOO\RQWKH

FUHDWLRQDQGHYROXWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUH,QDVLPLODUYHLQWR$ULqVPXFKRIWKLVGHDWK

FXOWXUHVFKRODUVKLSIRFXVHVRQWKH:HVWZKLFKIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVWKHVLVZHZLOO

DOVRIRFXVRQ

 ,QUHODWLRQWRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVILYHNH\ZRUNVZLWKLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRIGHDWK

FXOWXUHVWDQGRXW,QWKHILUVWRIWKHVHDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes

to Death in Eighteenth Century -RKQ0F0DQQHUVH[SORUHGKRZGHDWKLQIOXHQFHG

³PHQWDODWWLWXGHVDQGVRFLDOFXVWRPV´DQGLQWXUQKRZWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWLQIOXHQFHG

DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVGHDWK7KLVZRUNLVLQYDOXDEOHIRULWVGHWDLOHGH[SORUDWLRQRISUH

5HYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXVWRPV2QWKHWRSLFRIUHEXULDOVWKLVZRUNLVXQVXUSULVLQJO\VLOHQW

DVLWFRQFHQWUDWHVLWVIRFXVRQWKH\HDUVEHIRUHWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQ1H[WLQWKH

Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism0LFKHO

5DJRQDUJXHVWKDWFKDQJLQJDWWLWXGHVDERXWGHDWKDUHUHYHDOHGLQWKHZD\VDVRFLHW\

GLVSRVHVRIRUPHPRULDOL]HVWKHFRUSVH$OWKRXJK5DJRQGLVFXVVHVLQGHWDLOWKHFUHDWLRQ

DQGGHFRUDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQPHQWLRQVRIUHEXULDOVDUHQRWLFHDEO\ODFNLQJ)RU5DJRQ

WKH3DQWKpRQLVRQO\DSODFHRIIXQHUDOVVXFKDVWKRVHRI0LUDEHDXDQG0DUDWUDWKHUWKDQ

UHEXULDO

 3KLOLSSH$ULqVThe Hour of Our DeathOVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ

Deaths under the French %\H[SORULQJWKHWUHDWPHQWRIFRUSVHVGXULQJWKH

5HYROXWLRQ'H%DHFTXHVHHNVWR³XQGHUVWDQGWKHPRUELGSDVVLRQVWKDWSHUYDGHGWKH

VRFLHW\´7KLVZRUNLVPRVWVLJQLILFDQWIRULWVDUJXPHQWWKDWWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ

SROLWLFL]HGWKHFRUSVH+HUHIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWKHVFKRODUVKLSRQGHDWKGRZHVHHD

GHWDLOHGH[DPLQDWLRQRIDUHEXULDO±WKDWRI9ROWDLUHLQ+RZHYHU'H%DHFTXH¶V

ZRUNIRFXVHVPRUHRQWKHSROLWLFL]HGFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUHUDWKHUWKDQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKH

FHUHPRQ\ZKLFKDFFRPSDQLHGWKHFRUSVHWRWKH3DQWKpRQ

 )LQDOO\WZRNH\ZRUNVRQ)UHQFKIXQHUDOVE\$YQHU%HQ$PRVDQG-RVHSK

&ODUNHDOVRSURYLGHVLJQLILFDQWLQVLJKWLQWRWKHVWXG\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV,Q

Funerals, , and Memory in Modern France 1789-1996%HQ$PRVDUJXHVWKDW

VWDWHIXQHUDOVGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHGFKDQJHVLQWKHGHDWKULWXDOVDQGPHPRU\RIPRGHUQ

)UDQFH%HQ$PRVDOVRPDNHVWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWWKHVWDWHIXQHUDOZDVQRWMXVWD

³VLPSOHULWHRISDVVDJH´EXWWKDWLWEHORQJHGLQVWHDGWR³WKHFDWHJRU\RIFHUHPRQLHVRI

SRZHUWKDWFRQVWLWXWHDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIDQ\SROLWLFDOUHJLPH´7KLVZRUNLVLPSRUWDQW

WRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVSDUWLFXODUO\LQUHJDUGVWRWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX

$OWKRXJKUHEXULDOVDUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUIXQHUDOV%HQ$PRVGRHVUHFRJQL]H

 $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the WUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ

FXOWXUH

,QCommemorating the Dead in France: Revolution and

Remembrance, 1789-1799&ODUNHH[DPLQHGKRZWKHVHFXODUL]DWLRQRIIXQHUDU\SUDFWLFHV

GXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQFKDQJHGWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKH)UHQFKDSSURDFKHGGHDWK&ODUNH

DUJXHGWKDWGUDVWLFFKDQJHVLQWKHUHOLJLRXVDVSHFWVRIIXQHUDOVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DIIHFWHG

KRZWKH)UHQFKSDUWLFXODUO\WKH3DULVLDQVDSSURDFKHGGHDWK:KLOH&ODUNHSURYLGHV

LPSRUWDQWLQVLJKWLQWRWKHHIIHFWRIVHFXODUL]DWLRQRQGHDWKFXOWXUHKLVZRUNKDVWZR

PDMRUOLPLWDWLRQV)LUVW&ODUNHGRHVQRWH[SODLQKRZIXQHUDU\SUDFWLFHVZHUHDEOHWR

VKHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVRI&DWKROLFULWXDOVRUZK\WKHVKHGGLQJRIWKHVHULWXDOVZDV

VLJQLILFDQW6HFRQGO\DOWKRXJKWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXDUHEULHIO\

H[DPLQHG&ODUNHFRQVLGHUVWKHVHRQO\DVDGGLWLRQDOH[DPSOHVRIWKHVHFXODUIXQHUDO

6HSDUDWLQJRXWWKHVHUHEXULDOVIURPWKHQRUPDOIXQHUDOVZRXOGDOORZIRUDQH[SDQVLRQRI

&ODUNH¶VDUJXPHQWVDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIVHFXODUL]DWLRQRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI)UDQFHE\

SURYLGLQJQHZLQVLJKWVRQKRZDQGZK\GHDWKULWXDOVEHFDPHVHFXODU

,QWKHVHFRQGJHQUHRIVFKRODUVKLSUHODWHGWRWKHVWXG\RIUHEXULDOVWKDWRIV\PERO

DQGFHUHPRQ\WKHZRUNRIWZRKLVWRULDQVVWDQGVRXW)LUVWWKHUHVHDUFKRI/\QQ+XQW

SURYLGHVNH\LQVLJKWVLQWRWKHV\PEROLVPDQGSKLORVRSK\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUH,Q

Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution+XQWDUJXHGWKDW³SROLWLFDO

PHDQLQJZDVFORVHO\ZRYHQLQWR«V\PEROLFH[SUHVVLRQV´,QWKLVZRUN+XQW

 -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ

H[WHQGLQJ+XQW¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHVHV\PEROVWRUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVRQHFDQEHWWHU

XQGHUVWDQGWKHSROLWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHGUHVVLPDJHU\DQGUKHWRULFRIWKHVH

FHUHPRQLHV

6HFRQGWKHZRUNRI0RQD2]RXISURYLGHVDIUDPHZRUNLQZKLFKWRXQGHUVWDQG

UHEXULDOVDVDSXEOLFVSHFWDFOHDQGWKHLQIOXHQFHVXFKDFHUHPRQ\FRXOGKDYHRQWKH

REVHUYLQJSXEOLF,QFestivals and the French Revolution2]RXIDUJXHGWKDWIHVWLYDOV

UHYHDOHGZKDWWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKRSHGWKHLU5HYROXWLRQZRXOGDFKLHYHUDWKHUWKDQZKDW

WKH5HYROXWLRQKDGDFKLHYHG)HVWLYDOVLQWKLVVHQVHUHIOHFWHGWKHLGHDOVRIWKH

UHYROXWLRQDULHVLQVWHDGRIWKHVXFFHVVHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ([WHQGLQJWKLVLQVLJKWRQWR

UHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVFDQOHDGWRQHZXQGHUVWDQGLQJVRIZKDWVRUWRIGHDWKFXOWXUHWKH

UHYROXWLRQDULHVKRSHGWRFUHDWH

(DFKRIWKHVHZRUNVKDVLQWKHLURZQZD\H[SDQGHGRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFXOWXUHRI

WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ%\H[DPLQLQJUHEXULDOVWKURXJKWKHOHQVRIWKHVHZRUNVRQGHDWK

V\PERODQGFHUHPRQ\RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJFDQH[SDQGHYHQIXUWKHU6HSDUDWLQJRXW

UHEXULDOVIURPRWKHUIXQHUDOVDQGIHVWLYDOVFDQDOORZIRUIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIHDFKRI

WKHVHDUJXPHQWV,QWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUV,KDYHXVHGWKHVHVFKRODUO\ZULWLQJV

DORQJVLGHSULPDU\VRXUFHVWRGLVFRYHUKRZUHEXULDOVERWKLQIOXHQFHGWKH5HYROXWLRQDQG

WKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI)UDQFH

      &+$37(57:2  7KH3DQWKpRQ   “/HYRLOj! OHYRLOj!”

 7KHDXGLHQFHRIWKHThéâtre de la NationZDWFKHGDVWKHFXUWDLQEHJDQWRULVHIRU

WKHILQDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUHYLYDORI9ROWDLUH¶V%HIRUHWKHSOD\FRXOGEHJLQD

YRLFHFDOOHGRXWUHTXHVWLQJWRVSHDNWRWKHDXGLHQFH7KHFXUWDLQGHVFHQGHGDQGWKH

0DUTXLV&KDUOHVGH9LOOHWWHWKHDGRSWHGVRQDQGODZDQGGHYRWHGGLVFLSOHRI9ROWDLUH

WRRNKLVSODFHRQWKHVWDJHDQGEHJDQKLVVSHHFK

Messieurs,GHPDQGLQWKHQDPHRIWKHKRPHODQGWKDW 9ROWDLUH¶VFRIILQEHWUDQVSRUWHGWR3DULV7KLVWUDQVIHUDO ZLOOEHWKHODVWJDVSRIIDQDWLFLVP7KHJUHDWPDQZKR HWFKHGWKHFKDUDFWHURI%UXWXVZRXOGWRGD\EHWKHILUVWJUHDW GHIHQGHURIWKHSHRSOH«,WLVXSWR5RPDQVWRWKH)UHQFK OLNH\RXWRH[SLDWHVRPDQ\RXWUDJHVLWLVXSWR\RXWR GHPDQGWKDWWKHDVKHVRI9ROWDLUHEHGHSRVLWHGLQWKH %DVLOLFDRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHRSSRVLWHRI'HVFDUWHVZKLFK ZHVWLOOVHDUFKHGIRUHYHQVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK   6L[PRQWKVDIWHUWKLVEROGGHFODUDWLRQ9LOOHWWH¶VZLVKZDVJUDQWHG2QWKH

WKLUWHHQWKDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\GHFUHHGWKDW9ROWDLUH

ZDV³ZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVDZDUGHGWRJUHDWPHQ´±KLVUHPDLQVZRXOGEH

 8QOHVVRWKHUZLVHQRWHGDOOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHP\RZQ  Chronique de . T2 (1790),1RYHPEHU 3DULVVQ %LEOLRWKpTXHQDWLRQDOGH )UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN9LOOHWWH VPHQWLRQRI³VL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK´ UHIHUVWRWKHWUDQVIHUDORI'HVFDUWHVUHPDLQVIURP6ZHGHQWR)UDQFHVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKHKDGGLHGLQ 6WRFNKROP)RUDQLQWHUHVWLQJKLVWRU\RIWKHFRUSVHRI'HVFDUWHVVHH5XVVHOO6KRUWRDescartes’ Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict between Faith and  1HZ

GHFUHHDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWUHEXULDO9LOOHWWHKDGDOUHDG\UHFHLYHGLQVWUXFWLRQVWRRYHUVHH

WKHWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQVWR3DULVIURPWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVORFDWHGQHDUWKH

WRZQRI5RPLOO\VXU6HLQH

$OWKRXJKWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVWREHVRPDMHVWLFWKDWWKHMRXUQDOLVW

3UXGKRPPHZRXOGFRPSDUHLWWRWKHIXQHUDOVRISDVWNLQJVWKHH[KXPDWLRQRIWKH

SKLORVRSKHU¶VFRUSVHZDVQRWODFNLQJLQDVSOHQGRURILWVRZQ7KHPD\RUDQGPXQLFLSDO

RIILFHUVRI5RPLOO\ORFDOFLWL]HQVWZRVXUJHRQVDQGIRXUFKRVHQZLWQHVVHVDFFRPSDQLHG

WKH5RPLOO\1DWLRQDO*XDUGWRWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWREHJLQWKHH[KXPDWLRQSURFHVV

7KHJURXQGZKLFKFRYHUHG9ROWDLUH¶VFRIILQZDVWRUQDZD\ZLWKSLFND[HVWRUHYHDOWKH grand homme$VKLVIDFHZDVH[SRVHGWKHVRXQGRIDWKRXVDQGYRLFHVFULHGRXWLQMR\

³Le voilà! le voilà!´WKH\VKRXWHG³7KHUHKHLV´$VWKHYRLFHVFULHGRXWDVFUDSRI

SDSHUIOHZIURPWKHFURZGDQGODQGHGLQWKHRSHQJUDYH:ULWWHQRQWKLVVFUDSZHUHWKH

IROORZLQJYHUVXV

 $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French RevolutionWUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ

FDUH9LOOHWWHKDGJLYHQWRKDYLQJWKHFRUSVHHPEDOPHGWKLUWHHQ\HDUVSUHYLRXVO\,QIDFW

WKHFRUSVHKDGEHHQVRZHOOSUHVHUYHGWKDWLWZDVGHFLGHG9ROWDLUHZRXOGEHJLYHQDQ

³RSHQFDVNHW´UHEXULDOVRWKDWWKH)UHQFKSHRSOHFRXOGORRNXSRQWKHERG\RIWKHLU

QDWLRQDOKHURDVKHWUDYHOOHGWRKLVILQDOUHVWLQJSODFH

 $QGORRNWKH\GLG$V9ROWDLUH¶VERG\ZDVWUDQVIHUUHGILUVWWR5RPLOO\D

SURFHVVLRQRIRQORRNHUVJDWKHUHGDORQJWKHSDWKRIWKHFDUULDJH7KHIDFHZDVOHIWYLVLEOH

KLVKHDGDGRUQHGZLWKDFURZQRIRDNOHDYHVDQGKLVERG\FRYHUHGE\DOLQHQFORWK

VWUHZQZLWKIORZHUV$VWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\UHFDOOHGZRPHQKHOGXSWKHLUFKLOGUHQDV

WKHERG\SDVVHGE\DQGPDGHWKHPNLVVWKHFORWK5HDFKLQJWKHFKXUFKDW5RPLOO\DW

DURXQGHLJKWR¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJ9ROWDLUH¶VERG\ZDVH[KLELWHGIRUDIHZKRXUVPRUH

EHIRUHWKHERG\ZDVWHPSRUDULO\VHDOHGDZD\DJDLQLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKHILQDOSURFHVVLRQ

WR3DULV

 7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI9ROWDLUHDQGWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WKDWZDVWRIROORZWKLV

H[KXPDWLRQOHIWDODVWLQJPDUNRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHSODQQLQJRIWKH

FHUHPRQ\VWDUWHGDVWKHHIIRUWRIRQHPDQWRPHPRULDOL]HKLVPHQWRUWKHUHEXULDORI

 Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\  'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\-RVHSK&KDUURQ de À Paris, et Détails de La Cérémonie Qui Aura Lieu Le 4 Juillet . Arrêtés Par Le Directoire Du Département de Paris, Sur Le Rapport de M. Charron,...  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\    9ROWDLUHEHFDPHDSROLWLFDOWRROXVHGE\WKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWRVHSDUDWHWKHLUUHYROXWLRQ

IURPD)UHQFKFXOWXUHLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGWRWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK7KLVFKDSWHUZLOOH[DPLQH

KRZWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWRI)UDQFHDORQJZLWKWKHKHOSRI9LOOHWWHDQGKLV

FRPSDQLRQVXVHGWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWRSDYHWKHZD\IRUDQHZ

VHFXODUFXOWXUHRIGHDWK)LUVWKRZHYHULWLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHVRPHEDFNJURXQGRQ

WKH3DQWKpRQIRULWZDVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKLVEXLOGLQJWKDWVSDUNHGWKHQHHGIRUDVWDWH

UHEXULDO

 The New Sainte-Geneviève: $SSURXYpj9HUVDLOOHV   7KH3DQWKpRQZDVQRWDOZD\VDPDXVROHXPQRUZDVLWDOZD\VDEXLOGLQJRIWKH

5HYROXWLRQ:KHQWKHILUVWVWRQHZDVODLGRQ6HSWHPEHUE\/RXLV;9WKH

3DQWKpRQZDVGHVWLQHGWREHDQHZFKXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR6DLQW*HQHYLqYHWKHSDWURQVDLQW

RI3DULV+RZWKHQGLGLWEHFRPHWKHUHVWLQJSODFHIRU9ROWDLUH±D)UHQFKSKLORVRSKHU

LQIDPRXVIRUKLVFULWLFLVPRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK"7KHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQSURYLGHV

DEULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFHOHDGLQJXSWRWKH

3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOV

 ,Q)UDQFHZDVHQWDQJOHGLQWKH:DURIWKH$XVWULDQ6XFFHVVLRQ/RXLV;9

DFWLQJRQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGXWLHVRIWKHPRQDUFK\WUDYHOHGWR0HW]WRUHYLHZKLVWURRSV

VWDWLRQHGWKHUH'XULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLQVSHFWLRQWKHNLQJIHOOGHDWKO\LOO+RZHYHU

MXVWDVWKHUHFRYHU\RIWKHNLQJVHHPHGLPSRVVLEOH/RXLV;9ZDVUHVWRUHGWRKHDOWK

$WWULEXWLQJWKLVSHUFHLYHGPLUDFOHWRWKHSDWURQVDLQWRI3DULVWKHNLQJYRZHGWREXLOGD

 -HDQ)UDQoRLV'HFUDHQHDictionnaire des gloires du Panthéon 3DULV(GGX3DWULPRLQH      QHZFKXUFKGHGLFDWHGWR6DLQW*HQHYLqYHWRUHSODFHWKHRXWGDWHGJRWKLFFKXUFK7KLV

QHZFKXUFKZRXOGEHEXLOWLQWKHQHRFODVVLFVW\OHDQGZRXOGEHFRPHWKHQHZKRXVHIRU

WKHUHOLFVRI3DULV¶VSDWURQVDLQW

 0RUHWKDQDGHFDGHSDVVHGEHIRUH/RXLV;9¶VSURPLVHEHFDPHDUHDOLW\,Q

DPDQE\WKHQDPHRI-DFTXHV*HUPDLQ6RXIIORWZDVFKDUJHGZLWKWKHSURMHFW7DNLQJ

LQVSLUDWLRQIURP6DLQW3HWHU¶V%DVLOLFDLQ5RPH6RXIIORWSUHVHQWHGWKHNLQJZLWKDSODQ

IRUDFKXUFKGHFRUDWHGZLWKFROXPQV*UHFLDQUHOLHIVDQGDPDJQLILFHQWGRPHWRSSHGE\

DVWDWXHRIWKHYHQHUDWHGVDLQW2Q0D\WKHNLQJDSSURYHGWKHSODQVIRUWKHQHZ

FKXUFKEXWDQXPEHURIREVWDFOHVLQFOXGLQJDODFNRIIXQGLQJVWDOOHGFRQVWUXFWLRQ

6HYHQ\HDUVODWHU/RXLV;9GHFODUHGWKDWLWZDVWLPHWRSODFHWKHILUVWVWRQHDQG

FRQVWUXFWLRQEHJDQLQWKH6HSWHPEHURI

 %\VL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHU/RXLV;9GHFODUHGKLVLQWHQWLRQWREXLOGDQHZ

FKXUFKFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHKDGEHHQFRPSOHWHG'HVSLWH/RXLV

;9¶VYRZWKHQHZEXLOGLQJZDVQHYHUWRUHFHLYHWKHUHOLFVRI6DLQW*HQHYLqYHRUVHHWKH

WUDQVIHURIWKHFOHUJ\IURP2OG6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH)UDQFHKDGHQWHUHGLQWRDSHULRGRI

SROLWLFDOWXUPRLODQGFRQFHUQRYHUWKHQHZFKXUFKIDGHGIURPWKHPLQGVRI3DULVLDQV

 7KDWLVH[FHSWIURPWKHPLQGRIWKH0DUTXLVGH9LOOHWWH)RU9LOOHWWHWKHQHZ

FKXUFKUHSUHVHQWHGDIUHVKRSSRUWXQLW\WRDUJXHIRUWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVRI9ROWDLUH

 %LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire  ,ELG%LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire7KHUHZDVDGLVWLQFWODFNRIIXQGV IRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFKXUFKZDVEHLQJFRQVWUXFWHGD QHZPLOLWDU\VFKRRODVZHOODVDQXPEHURIRWKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVZHUHDOUHDG\XQGHUZD\ZKLFKOHIW WKHVWDWHFRIIHUVGDQJHURXVO\HPSW\2WKHUSUREOHPVWKDW6RXIIORWHQFRXQWHUHGLQFOXGHGSUREOHPVZLWKWKH WHUUDLQDQGUXPRUVVSUHDGE\DULYDODUFKLWHFWFODLPLQJWKDWWKHSODQQHGGRPHZDVOLNHO\WRFROODSVH  'HQLV%RFTXHW³3DQWKpRQRXpJOLVH6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH"/HVDPELJXwWpVG¶XQPRQXPHQW   ´ RWKHU8QLYHUVLWp3DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQH %LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire   WR3DULV3URPSWHGE\WKHSULYDWHVDOHRIWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVZKHUH9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV

ZHUHEXULHG9LOOHWWHDSSURDFKHGWKH-DFRELQ&OXELQ1RYHPEHURIDQGGHPDQGHG

LWVPHPEHUVVXSSRUWWKHSODFHPHQWRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VUHPDLQVLQWKHQHZO\FRQVWUXFWHG

6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH

7KHERG\RI9ROWDLUHUHVWV>DWWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHV@LW EHORQJVWRWKHQDWLRQ:LOO\RXVXIIHUWKDWWKLVSUHFLRXV UHOLFEHFRPHWKHSURSHUW\RIDQLQGLYLGXDO":LOO\RXVXIIHU WKDWLWEHVROGOLNHVWDWHRUHFFOHVLDVWLFDOSURSHUW\">«@>,@I WKH(QJOLVKUHXQLWHGWKHLUJUHDWPHQLQ:HVWPLQVWHUZK\ GRZHKHVLWDWHWRSODFHWKHFRIILQRI9ROWDLUHLQWKHPRVW EHDXWLIXORIRXUWHPSOHVLQWKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH RSSRVLWHWKHPDXVROHXPRI'HVFDUWHVWKDWKDGDOVREHHQ VHDUFKHGIRUDW6WRFNKROPVL[WHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLVGHDWK"  $OWKRXJKWKHLGHDRID)UHQFK:HVWPLQVWHU$EEH\UHFHLYHGZLGHVXSSRUWRWKHUSUHVVLQJ

PDWWHUVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQPHDQWWKDW9LOOHWWH¶VSURSRVLWLRQZDVFRQVLVWHQWO\SXWDVLGH

7KLVFKDQJHGRQ$SULOZKHQWKHGHDWKRI+RQRUp*DEULHO9LFWRU5LTXHWWLGH

0LUDEHDXDSRSXODUDQGLPSRVLQJGHSXW\RIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\DGGHGQHZSUHVVXUH

IRUWKHQHHGRIDSODFHWRKRQRUWKHGHDGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ

 7KHGD\DIWHUWKHGHDWKRI0LUDEHDXUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURPWKHIRUW\HLJKWsections

RI3DULVVHQWDGHPDQGWRWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WRDOORZWKHEXULDORIWKHGHSXW\DWWKH

&KDPSGH0DUV7KH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\ZKLOHQRWRSSRVHGWRKRQRULQJ0LUDEHDX

WKURXJKFHUHPRQLDOEXULDOZRUULHGWKDWWKH&KDPSGH0DUVZDVWRRFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGWR

WKHPRQDUFK\DV/RXLV;9,KDGUHFHQWO\YLVLWHGWKHSODFHGXULQJWKH)rWHGHOD

)pGpUDWLRQ(DJHUIRUDVROXWLRQWKH$VVHPEO\UHDFWHGSRVLWLYHO\WRDVXJJHVWLRQWKDW

 )UDQoRLV$OSKRQVH$XODUGLa Société Des ࣟ: Recueil de Documents Pour L’histoire Du Club Des Jacobins de Paris. Tome 1 / Par F.-A. Aulard  'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror    WKHQHZ6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHEHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXP2QHGD\ODWHUWKH

$VVHPEO\GHFUHHGWKHIROORZLQJVL[DUWLFOHV

$UWLFOH2QH±7KHQHZEXLOGLQJRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHZLOO EHGHVWLQHGWRUHFHLYHWKHDVKHVRIWKHGrands HommesRI WKHHUDRI)UHQFK/LEHUW\  $UWLFOH7ZR±7KH/HJLVODWLYH%RG\DORQHZLOOGHFLGHWR ZKLFKSHUVRQVWKHVHKRQRUVZLOOEHUHQGHUHG  $UWLFOH7KUHH±+RQRUp5LTXHWWL0LUDEHDXLVMXGJHG ZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKLVKRQRU  $UWLFOH)RXU±7KH/HJLVODWXUHFDQQRWDZDUGWKLVKRQRUWR RQHRILWVPHPEHUVZKRKDVGLHG,WFDQRQO\EHDZDUGHG E\WKHIROORZLQJ/HJLVODWXUH  $UWLFOH)LYH±([FHSWLRQVIRUVRPHGrands HommesZKR GLHGEHIRUHWKH5HYROXWLRQFDQEHPDGHE\WKH/HJLVODWLYH %RG\  $UWLFOH6L[±7KH'LUHFWRU\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI3DULVZLOO EHFKDUJHGWRSURPSWO\SXWWKHEXLOGLQJRI6DLQWH *HQHYLqYHLQDVWDWHWRILOOLWVQHZSXUSRVHDQGWRHQJUDYH DERYHWKHHQWUDQFHWKHVHZRUGV³7RWKHJUHDWPHQWKH JUDWHIXOFRXQWU\´  :LWKWKLVGHFUHHWKHEXLOGLQJ/RXLV;9KDGLQWHQGHGWREHDPRQXPHQWWRDUHYHUHG

VDLQWRIWKH&DWKROLFIDLWKEHFDPHLQVWHDGDPRQXPHQWWRWKHKHURHVRIDVHFXODU

5HYROXWLRQ$VRQHUHYROXWLRQDU\QHZVSDSHUGHVFULEHGLW³7KHWHPSOHRIUHOLJLRQ

EHFRPHVWKHWHPSOHRIWKHQDWLRQ´

 $QHDUOLHUYHUVLRQRIWKHGHFUHHSURSRVHGE\&ODXGH(PPDQXHOGH3DVWRUHWVSHFLILFDOO\OLVWHG 9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXDQG'HVFDUWHVDVH[DPSOHVRIVXFKgrands hommes6HH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  ,Q)UHQFKWKHZRUGVFDUYHGRYHUWKHHQWUDQFHDUH³AUX GRANDS HOMMES, LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE´&RS\RIWKHGHFUHHSULQWHGLQ%LYHULe Panthéon à L’époque Révolutionnaire   -DFTXHV3LHUUH%ULVVRWGH:DUYLOOHHGLe Patriote Françoisࣟ: Journal Libre, Impartial et National / Par Une Société de Citoyens, & Dirigé Par J. P. Brissot de Warville$SULO 3DULV      The Funeral of Mirabeau

7KHIXQHUDORI0LUDEHDXZDVLQVRPHVHQVHWKHILQDOJDVSRIWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI

WKHancien régime$VZHVKDOOH[SORUHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH

3DQWKpRQDQGWKHUHEXULDOVWKDWILOOHGLWVHPSW\WRPEVEHJDQWKHSURFHVVRIIRUPLQJD

QHZUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHRIGHDWK7KHIXQHUDOIRU0LUDEHDXKRZHYHUVWLOOUHWDLQHGWKH

GHDWKULWXDOVRIROGGHVSLWHLWVRFFXUUHQFHDIWHUWKHGHGLFDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQ7KH

UHDVRQVIRUWKLVZHUHWZRIROG)LUVWDOWKRXJKWHQVLRQVEHWZHHQWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK

DQGWKH5HYROXWLRQZHUHKLJKWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZRXOGQRWIRUPDOO\EUHDNIURPWKH

&KXUFKXQWLOODWHUDIWHUWKHRIILFLDOGHQXQFLDWLRQRIWKH5HYROXWLRQE\3RSH3LXV9,KDG

UHDFKHG)UDQFH7KLVPHDQWWKDWWKHQHHGIRUQHZQRQ&DWKROLFULWXDOVZDVQRWDQ

LPPHGLDWHO\SUHVVLQJQHHG0LUDEHDXKDGGLHGD&DWKROLFDQGVREXU\LQJKLPDVRQH

ZDVDFFHSWDEOHWRWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV

7KHVHFRQGUHDVRQVIRUNHHSLQJWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGHDWKULWXDOVZDVWKHUXVKHGQDWXUH

RIWKHFHUHPRQ\8QOLNHWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVWKDWZHZLOOH[SORUHSODQQLQJWLPHIRU

IXQHUDOVZDVOLPLWHGGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIDGHFD\LQJFRUSVH:LWKWKHIXQHUDORI

0LUDEHDXWKHJRYHUQPHQWDOGHSXWLHVDOVRKDGWRFRQWHQGZLWKWKHLPSDWLHQWGHPDQGVRI

WKHSXEOLFWRVHHWKHLUEHORYHGGHSXW\SURSHUO\PHPRULDOL]HG$QGVRZLWKWRROLWWOHWLPH

WRSUHSDUHDXQLTXHFHUHPRQ\IRUWKHILUVWgrand hommeWRHQWHUWKH3DQWKpRQWKH

DUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\DOORZHGIRUWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDO

 %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996  3RSH3LXV9,LVVXHGDSDSDOEXOONQRZQDVWKHQuod aliquantumLQ0DUFKRIGHQRXQFLQJ WKH5HYROXWLRQDQGLWV&LYLO&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\1HZVRIWKLVEXOOUHDFKHG)UDQFHZLWKLQWKH IROORZLQJPRQWKV    ,QHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHGHDWKFXOWXUHZDVLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGZLWK&DWKROLFLVP

DQGLWVDGRSWHGGHDWKULWXDOV7KHVHULWXDOVEHJDQLQWKHKRPHRIWKHG\LQJVXEMHFWDQG

IURPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJLQFOXGHGSUD\HU$VGHDWKGUHZQHDUDPHPEHURIWKHFOHUJ\

ZRXOGDGPLQLVWHUWKHODVWULWHVDQGVD\SUD\HUVLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUGHDWK2QFHGHDWK

FDPHZRPHQ±HLWKHUIDPLO\RUKLUHGSURIHVVLRQDOV±ZRXOGFRPHWRZDVKWKHERG\DQG

ZUDSLWLQDVKURXGZLWKWKHIDFHH[SRVHG&DQGOHVZHUHOLWDQGDVPDOOEDVLQRIKRO\

ZDWHUZDVODLGRXWVRWKDWYLVLWRUVDQGIDPLO\FRXOGSD\WKHLUODVWUHVSHFWVDQGVSULQNOHWKH

KRO\ZDWHURQWRWKHFRUSVH1ROHVVWKDQWZHQW\IRXUKRXUVODWHUDIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\ZDV

SODQQHG

2QFHWKHIXQHUDOKDGEHHQDQQRXQFHGDQGWKHFOHUJ\KDGEHHQJDWKHUHGDWWKH

KRPHRIWKHGHFHDVHGWKHFHUHPRQ\ZRXOGEHJLQ7KHFRUSVHSUHSDUHGIRUEXULDOZDV

ODLGRXWDWWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHKRXVHDQGZDVOLQHGRQERWKVLGHVE\FDQGOHV+RO\ZDWHU

ZDVVSULQNOHGWRUFKHVZHUHOLWDQGWKHFRUSVHZDVKRLVWHGRQWRWKHVKRXOGHUVRIWKH

SDOOEHDUHUVWREHFDUULHGWKHHQWLUHGLVWDQFHWRWKHFKXUFK'XULQJWKHSURFHVVLRQWKH

FRUSVHZDVSUHFHGHGE\WKHH[RUFLVWZLWKKRO\ZDWHUWKHFURVVEHDUHUWKHFOHUJ\LQSDLUV

DQGILQDOO\WKHRIILFLDWLQJSULHVW7KHFRUSVHZDVIROORZHGE\PDOHUHODWLYHVDQGLI

SUHVHQWIHPDOHUHODWLYHV7KURXJKRXWWKHSURFHVVLRQWKHUHZDVVLQJLQJILUVWRIWKHDe

 &DWKROLFLVPZDVERWKWKHRIILFLDODQGPDMRULW\UHOLJLRQLQ)UDQFHXSXQWLOWKH5HYROXWLRQ3DULV ZKHUHDOORIWKHFHUHPRQLHV,GLVFXVVWRRNSODFHZDVRYHUZKHOPLQJO\&DWKROLF)RUWKLVUHDVRQ,KDYH FRQFHQWUDWHGRQO\RQ&DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOV:KLOH3URWHVWDQWLVPDQGRWKHUQRQ&KULVWLDQUHOLJLRQVGLGH[LVW LQ)UDQFHWKHLUSUHVHQFHZDVPRVWO\FRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQUHJLRQVRI)UDQFHDIDUGLVWDQFH IURP3DULVZKHUHWKH3DQWKpRQIXQHUDODQGUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVRFFXUUHG  7KHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQGHDWKULWXDOVRIHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFHODUJHO\FRPHVIURP 0F0DQQHUV¶ZRUNLQDeath and the Enlightenment:KLOHWKHUHKDVEHHQPXFKUHVHDUFKRQ)UHQFKGHDWK FXOWXUHLQ0RGHUQ)UDQFH0F0DQQHUV¶ZRUNLVXQLTXHLQWKDWLWEULGJHVWKHJDSEHWZHHQSUHPRGHUQDQG PRGHUQGHDWKFXOWXUH+HZRUNDOVRLQFOXGHVH[WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQUHJLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVRIGHDWKFXOWXUHLQ )UDQFH-RKQ0F0DQQHUVDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France2[IRUG3DSHUEDFNV 2[IRUGௗ1HZ

 DQGILQDOO\WKHRequiem aeternamSUD\HU

8SRQUHDFKLQJWKHFKXUFKWKHFRUSVHZDVSODFHGLQWKHHDVWHQGRIWKHQDYHZLWK

WKHFURVVEHDUHUDWWKHKHDGWKHFHOHEUDQWDWWKHIHHWDQGWKHRWKHUFOHUJ\PHQOLQHGXS

DORQJWKHVLGHV$VHULHVRISUD\HUVVHWRXWLQWKHRoman Ritual of 1614ZHUHJLYHQ

IROORZHGE\WKH/RUG¶V3UD\HUDQGILQDOO\WKHUHTXLHPPDVV)XUWKHUSUD\HUVZHUH

UHFLWHGDQGWKHERG\ZDVVSULQNOHGZLWKKRO\ZDWHUEHIRUHWKHERG\ZDVPRYHGWRWKH

SODFHRIEXULDO2QFHORZHUHGLQWRWKHJURXQGWKHJUDYHDQGFRUSVHZHUHDJDLQVSULQNOHG

ZLWKKRO\ZDWHUDQGDGGLWLRQDOSUD\HUVDQGUHFLWDWLRQVRIELEOLFDOYHUVXVZHUHPDGH

)LQDOO\HDUWKZDVWKURZQLQWRWKHJUDYHDQGFORVHIDPLO\PHPEHUVZHUHOHIWDWWKH

JUDYHVLGHWKXVHQGLQJWKHFHUHPRQ\

 ,QJHQHUDOWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU0LUDEHDXIROORZHGWKLVW\SLFDOIXQHUDOVWUXFWXUH

DOWKRXJKVRPHPRGLILFDWLRQVZHUHPDGHWRHPSKDVL]HWKDWLWZDVDVWDWHIXQHUDO7KH

SURFHVVLRQIRUH[DPSOHLQFOXGHGQRWRQO\SULHVWVIDPLO\DQGIULHQGVEXWDOVRPHPEHUV

RIWKH.LQJ¶VJRYHUQPHQWGHSXWLHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WKHUR\DODUP\WKH

FRQVWLWXHQWERGLHVWKH1DWLRQDO*XDUGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH3DULV&RPPXQHDQG

PHPEHUVRIYDULRXVSDWULRWLFDQGSROLWLFDOFOXEV2WKHUZLVHWKHFHUHPRQ\ZDVW\SLFDO

$VSHFWDWRUWRWKHFHUHPRQ\GHVFULEHGWKHHYHQWLQDOHWWHU

 7KHFRQYR\OHIWIURPWKH>SODFH@RIGHDWK«DWVL[ R¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJWRJRWR6WH*HQHYLqYHLWZDV SUHFHGHGDFFRPSDQLHGDQGIROORZHGE\PRUHWKDQVL[ WKRXVDQGVROGLHUVDQG1DWLRQDO*XDUGVPHQZKRPDUFKHG  5LFKDUG5XWKHUIRUGThe Death of a Christian: The Rite of Funerals6WXGLHVLQWKH5HIRUPHG 5LWHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKY 1HZ

ZKHUHDUHTXLHPPDVVZDVSHUIRUPHG)LQDOO\DWHOHYHQR¶FORFNLQWKHHYHQLQJWKH

FRUSVHZDVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPWKHFKXUFKWRLWVWHPSRUDU\SODFHRIEXULDOLQWKH2OG6DLQWH

*HQHYLqYHXQWLOWKHILQDOUHQRYDWLRQVWRWKH3DQWKpRQFRXOGEHFRPSOHWHG

 /HV*UDQGV+RPPHV   :LWKWKHUHGHGLFDWLRQRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHDVWKH3DQWKpRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRI

)UDQFHKDGVXFFHVVIXOO\FUHDWHGWKHLUGHVLUHG)UHQFK:HVWPLQVWHU%XWDVWKHFRUSVHRI

0LUDEHDXZDVSODFHGLQVLGHWKHVWRQHZDOOVRIWKHPRQXPHQWWKHHPSWLQHVVRIWKH

3DQWKpRQVHHPHGDOOWKHPRUHDSSDUHQW,IWKH3DQWKpRQZDVWUXO\WREHDSODFHRIWKH

PHPRULDOL]DWLRQRIJUHDWPHQWKHQLWPXVWILUVWFRQWDLQWKRVHJUHDWPHQ,QRUGHUIRUWKLV

WRKDSSHQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKDGWRGHWHUPLQHZKRZDVZRUWK\RIEHLQJODEHOHGDgrand

homme

,QThe Pantheon: The École Normale of the Dead0RQD2]RXIGLVFXVVHVWKH

REVHVVLRQWKDWWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKKDGZLWKKRQRULQJJUHDWPHQ(YHQEHIRUH

WKH5HYROXWLRQKDGEHJXQWKHRIWKHVDORQVRI)UDQFHKDGSRQGHUHGRYHUWKH

 1LFRODV5XDXOWDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796HG$QQH9DVVDO 3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ   'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror5XDXOWDQG5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution  2]RXI³7KH3DQWKHRQ7KHeFROH1RUPDOHRIWKH'HDG´Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French PastYRO    TXDOLWLHVRIles grands hommes$V2]RXIH[SODLQVDQXPEHURINH\WUDLWVZHUH

JHQHUDOO\DJUHHGXSRQ)LUVWJUHDWPHQZHUHQHYHUDORQHLQWKHLUJUHDWQHVVEXWLQVWHDG

EHORQJHGWRDVRUWRI³DVVHPEO\´LQZKLFKDOOJUHDWPHQZHUHUHFRJQL]HGDQGZHOFRPHG

E\RQHDQRWKHU(YHQLQWKHFDVHZKHUHWZRJUHDWPHQIRXQGGLVFRUGZLWKRQHDQRWKHU

RQHDUWK±DVZDVWKHFDVHZLWK9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX±WKHWZRZRXOGZHOFRPHRQH

DQRWKHUDVHTXDOVDIWHUGHDWK

 6HFRQGO\WKHJUHDWPDQGLGQRWLQKHULWKLVJUHDWQHVVEXWUDWKHUHDUQHGLWRQKLV

RZQPHULWV,QWKLVZD\WKHJUHDWPDQZDVGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPDNLQJZKRHDUQHGKLV

JUHDWQHVVIURPKLVLQKHULWHGWLWOH1RUGLGWKHJUHDWPDQHDUQKLVJUHDWQHVVIURP

VXSHUQDWXUDOSRZHUVRUIURPDVLQJOHDFKLHYHPHQW7KLVTXDOLW\GLVWLQJXLVKHGJUHDWPHQ

IURPKHURHVZKRVHJUHDWQHVVZDVLQVWHDGHDUQHGWKURXJKVXSHUKXPDQIHDWVRUPLOLWDU\

YLFWRU\$V2]RXIGHVFULEHGLW³WKHJUHDWPDQKDGQRWDUROHEXWDOLIHZRYHQRIDVLQJOH

FORWK´

 7KLUGO\WKHJUHDWPDQZDVDQH[HPSODURIYLUWXH7KHMRXUQDOLVW-HDQ3DXO

0DUDWZKRKDGKLVRZQUHVHUYDWLRQVDERXWWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQGHVFULEHGWKH

YLUWXRXVFLWL]HQLQKLVMRXUQDOL’Ami du people7KH\ZHUH

WKHSKLORVRSKHUZKRHQOLJKWHQHGWKHQDWLRQRQLWVULJKWVWKH OHJLVODWRUZKRJLYHV>WKHQDWLRQ@JRRGODZVWKHPDJLVWUDWH ZKRH[HFXWHV>WKHVHODZV@ZLWKLQWHJULW\WKHFRXUDJHRXV RUDWRUZKR]HDORXVO\DGRSWVWKHGHIHQVHRIWKHRSSUHVVHG WKHZDUULRUZKRSXWVKLVOLIHDWULVNWRUHSHOWKHHQHP\

 ,ELG  ,ELG  ,ELG  ,ELG    >DQG@WKHJHQHURXVPHUFKDQWZKRUHWXUQVWKHDEXQGDQFHLQ WLPHVRIVFDUFLW\  ,QDGGLWLRQJUHDWPHQZHUHQRWFRQILQHGWRDQ\RQHQDWLRQRUWLPHEXWWUDQVFHQGHG

QRUPDOERXQGDULHV7KLVPHDQWWKDWWKHJUHDWPHQRIWKHQHZO\IRUPHG8QLWHG6WDWHVRU

RIDQFLHQW*UHHFHFRXOGEHSUDLVHGDORQJVLGHWKHJUHDWPHQRI)UDQFH

 :LWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZHUHIRUFHGWRQDUURZWKHLU

FULWHULDWRILWZLWKLQWKHUHDOLWLHVRIWKHLUVLWXDWLRQDQGSROLWLFDODJHQGD,QWKHGHFUHH

FUHDWLQJWKH3DQWKpRQWKHGHSXWLHVKDGDOUHDG\QDUURZHGGRZQWKLVFULWHULDWRLQFOXGH

RQO\WKHJUHDWPHQRIWKH³HUDRI)UHQFK/LEHUW\´DQGDVHOHFWIHZZKRKDGGLHGEHIRUH

WKH5HYROXWLRQEHJDQ$VZHZLOOVHHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVGHFLGLQJRQVSHFLILF

QDPHVIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQSURYHGWREHDGLIILFXOWWDVNGHVSLWHDOOWKHHIIRUWWKDWKDG

JRQHLQWRGHILQLQJDJUHDWPDQ

 A New Ceremony   $VLGHIURPGHFLGLQJZKRZDVZRUWK\IRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV

DOVRKDGWRGHFLGHKRZWRFHOHEUDWHWKHHQWUDQFHRIJUHDWPHQLQWRWKHLUQHZPRQXPHQW

%\FHUHPRQ\DQGV\PEROKDGDOUHDG\EHFRPHDQLQWHJUDOIHDWXUHRIUHYROXWLRQDU\

OLIH$VKLVWRULDQV0RQD2]RXIDQG/\QQ+XQWGLVFXVVLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHZRUNV)UHQFK

UHYROXWLRQDULHVXVHGFLYLFIHVWLYDOVSDLUHGZLWKFRVWXPHVVLJQVDQGVSHFLILFUKHWRULFDV

WRROVWRVKDSHWKHSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFH,Q3DULVDQGRWKHUFLWLHV

DFURVV)UDQFHIHVWLYDOVFHOHEUDWLQJOLEHUW\UHSXEOLFDQLVPDQGYDULRXVSROLWLFDOHYHQWV

 -HDQ3DXO0DUDW³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple, Ou Le Publiciste Parisienࣟ: Journal Politique Libre et Impartial$SULO%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH  6HHWKHWH[WRIWKHGHFUHHTXRWHGHDUOLHULQWKLVFKDSWHU%LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire   ZHUHFUHDWHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWWRLQYROYHWKHSXEOLFLQWKHSURJUHVVLRQRIWKH

5HYROXWLRQ7KHVHIHVWLYDOVZHUHVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKDP\ULDGRIV\PEROV±DVWDWXHRI

5HDVRQWKHFRORUVRI3DULVFRVWXPHVRIDQFLHQW5RPH±WRH[SUHVVDQGHPSKDVL]H

UHYROXWLRQDU\LGHDOVSROLWLFDOSRZHUDQGVRFLHWDOJRDOV

 )HVWLYDOVZHUHQRWDQLQYHQWLRQRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ&DWKROLFIHVWLYDOVFHOHEUDWLQJ

WKHIHDVWGD\VRIVDLQWVPDUULDJHDQGYDULRXVUHOLJLRXVKROLGD\VDORQJVLGHUR\DO

IHVWLYLWLHVKDGGRPLQDWHG)UHQFKFXOWXUDOOLIHVLQFHWKH0LGGOH$JHV7KH)UHQFK

5HYROXWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR2]RXIJDYHWKH)UHQFKWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRUHFUHDWHWKHIHVWLYDO

WRH[SUHVVWKHSULQFLSOHVRIWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW$VHDUO\DV-XO\RIDGHVLUHIRUD

QHZW\SHRIIHVWLYDOWRFHOHEUDWHWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDUHYROXWLRQDQGWKHXQLW\RIWKH)UHQFK

SHRSOHZDVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHVDPH0DUTXLVGH9LOOHWWHWKDWZRXOGSXVKIRUWKH

PHPRULDOL]DWLRQRI9ROWDLUH

 7KHILUVWUHDOWHVWRIDQHZUHYROXWLRQDU\FHUHPRQ\FDPHLQZLWKWKH)HVWLYDO

RIWKH)HGHUDWLRQDIHVWLYDOFHOHEUDWLQJWKHDQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHIDOORIWKH%DVWLOOH

$FFRUGLQJWR+XQWWKLVIHVWLYDOPDUNHGDUHJXODUL]DWLRQRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\V\PERO

6\PEROVVXFKDVWKHWULFRORUFRFNDGHZKLFKKDGEHHQFUHDWHGE\WKHHQWKXVLDVPRIWKH

SHRSOHZHUHFHUHPRQLDOO\DGRSWHGDVRIILFLDOVLJQVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ%\WKHWLPHWKH

 )RUDGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIUHYROXWLRQDU\IHVWLYDOVDQGWKHLUVLJQLILFDQFHRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ VHH0RQD2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution &DPEULGJH0DVV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV   )RUDGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIV\PEROVDQGWKHLUXVHGXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQVHHSDUWRQHRI+XQW Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution  2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution  ,ELG  +XQWPolitics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution   3DQWKpRQZDVFUHDWHGLQUHYROXWLRQDU\FHUHPRQ\DQGV\PEROZDVVWLOOHYROYLQJ

$VWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWWUDQVLWLRQHGDZD\IURPWKHSRZHURIWKH&DWKROLF ancien régimeVRWRRGLGWKHFHUHPRQLHVDQGV\PEROVVKHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVRIWKLVROGHU

FXOWXUH

 $VZHZLOOH[SORUHLQWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUVWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGWKH

GHFLVLRQWRLQFOXGHFHUWDLQgrands hommesIURP)UDQFH¶VSDVWJDYHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVDQ

RSSRUWXQLW\WRFUHDWHDQHQWLUHO\QHZW\SHRIFHUHPRQ\±DFHUHPRQ\RIUHEXULDO

7KURXJKWKHWUDQVIHUDORIFRUSVHVLQWRWKHLUQDWLRQDOPDXVROHXPWKH)UHQFKGLVFRYHUHGD

QHZZD\WRVKDSHWKHLPDJHRIWKH5HYROXWLRQE\WKHPDQLSXODWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUH7KH

IROORZLQJFKDSWHUVRQWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXZLOOGLVFXVVKRZDQGZK\

WKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVFUHDWHGDQHZFHUHPRQ\RIUHEXULDODVZHOODVZKDWVLJQLILFDQFHWKLV

XQLTXHFHUHPRQ\KDGRQWKH5HYROXWLRQ



  

 &+$37(57+5((  9ROWDLUH   The Reburial of Voltaire

:LWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQFDPHWKHQHHGWRILOOWKHQHZPRQXPHQWZLWK

WKHgrands hommesRI)UDQFH$OWKRXJK0LUDEHDXZDVWKHILUVWSHUVRQWREHSODFHGLQ

WKH3DQWKpRQWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\UHFRJQL]HGWKDWKHZDVQRWWKHILUVWDQGRQO\JUHDW

PDQRI)UDQFH$WWKHWLPHWKH$VVHPEO\GHFODUHG0LUDEHDXZRUWK\RI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ

GLVFXVVLRQKDGDOUHDG\EHJXQRQZKLFK)UHQFKKHURHVRIWKHSDVWZHUHZRUWK\RIWKH

VDPHKRQRU$QXPEHURIQDPHVZHUHVXJJHVWHGE\YDULRXVLQGLYLGXDOVDQGSROLWLFDO

IDFWLRQV0RQWHVTXLHX%XIIRQ3DVFDO)pQHORQDQGHYHQ/RXLV;,,DQG+HQU\,9

UHFHLYHGVXSSRUWIURPWKH$VVHPEO\PHPEHUV$PRQJWKHPDQ\VXJJHVWLRQVWKUHH

QDPHVPDGHWKHWRSRIWKHOLVW±9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXDQG'HVFDUWHV2IWKHVHWKUHH

9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXZRQWKHLUSODFHLQWKH3DQWKpRQ

 7KDQNVWRWKHSHUVLVWHQWHIIRUWVRI9LOOHWWH9ROWDLUHZDVWKHILUVWRIWKHVHSDVW

KHURHVWRUHFHLYHDGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQIURPWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQW2Q

0D\QHDUO\WZRPRQWKVDIWHUWKH$VVHPEO\KDGGHFUHHGWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQ

9ROWDLUHUHFHLYHGWKH³KRQRUVDZDUGHGWRJUHDWPHQ´3ODQVIRUDJUDQGUHEXULDO

 (YHOLQH*%RXZHUVPublic Pantheons in Revolutionary Europeࣟ: Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, C. 1790-1840 %DVLQJVWRNH+DPSVKLUH*%53DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ   'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror    FHUHPRQ\LQ-XO\ZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\PDGHDQGLQWKLVPDQQHUWKHWUDQVIHURI9ROWDLUH¶V

UHPDLQVEHFDPHWKHILUVW3DQWKpRQUHEXULDO

 9ROWDLUHZDVDOUHDG\DKRXVHKROGQDPHE\WKHWLPHRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$V

DSKLORVRSKHUDSRHWDSOD\ZULJKWDVRFLDOFULWLFDQGDSDUWLFLSDQWLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI

/HWWHUV9ROWDLUHZDVLQIOXHQWLDOLQVKDSLQJ)UHQFK(QOLJKWHQPHQWWKRXJKWRIWKH

HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\:KDW9ROWDLUHJDLQHGPRVWQRWRULHW\IRULQKLVOLIHWLPHZDVKLV

VKDUSZLWDQGXQGLVJXLVHGFULWLFLVPVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKZKLFKSURYLGHGKLPZLWK

VXSSRUWIURPDSURJUHVVLYHDQGJURZLQJERXUJHRLVFODVVDQGLQFUHDVLQJRSSRVLWLRQIURPD

SRZHUIXOFOHUJ\%\WKHWLPHRIKLVGHDWKLQ9ROWDLUHKDGSODFHGKLPVHOIVRIDURXW

RIWKHJUDFHVRIWKH&KXUFKWKDWKLVERG\ZDVUHIXVHGWKHULJKWWREXULDOLQVDQFWLILHG

JURXQG+LVIDPLO\ILQGLQJLWLPSRVVLEOHWRKDYH9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHEXULHGZLWKLQWKHFLW\

 $OWKRXJK0LUDEHDXZDVWHPSRUDULO\EXULHGLQWKHROG6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHZKLOHWKHLQWHULRURIWKH 3DQWKpRQZDVUHPRGHOHGDQGZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\H[KXPHGDQGUHEXULHGLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ,FRQVLGHU 9ROWDLUHDVWKHILUVWUHEXULDOEHFDXVH0LUDEHDX¶VRULJLQDOEXULDOZDVDOZD\VLQWHQGHGWREHWHPSRUDU\ &RQYHUVHO\9ROWDLUH¶VRULJLQDOEXULDOLQWKH$EEH\GH6HOOLqUHVZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHSHUPDQHQWUHVWLQJ SODFHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUEHIRUHWKHGHFLVLRQWRWUDQVIHUKLVUHPDLQVWRWKH3DQWKpRQ-DFTXHV3LHUUH%ULVVRW GH:DUYLOOHHGLe Patriote Françoisࣟ: Journal Libre, Impartial et National / Par Une Société de Citoyens, & Dirigé Par J. P. Brissot de Warville$SULO 3DULV   -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ

ZKHUHWKHSULRURIWKHDEEH\KDGDJUHHGWRSHUIRUPWKH&DWKROLFIXQHUDOULWXDO

 :KHQUHYROXWLRQEURNHRXWLQ3DULVDGHFDGHDIWHU9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKKLVDQWL

FOHULFDOZULWLQJVKDGJDLQHGQHZSRSXODULW\DVUHIRUPPLQGHG3DULVLDQVEHJDQSXVKLQJ

EDFNDJDLQVWWKHSRZHURIWKH&KXUFKDQGWKHPRQDUFK\(IIRUWVZHUHPDGHWRUHSDLUWKH

UHSXWDWLRQRI9ROWDLUHEXWSURJUHVVZDVVORZWRFRPH7KHFOHUJ\FRQWLQXHGWRH[SUHVV

WKHLUGLVDSSURYDORIWKHSKLORVRSKHUDQGJURZLQJGHPDQGVWRKRQRU5RXVVHDX¶V

FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQRIWHQRYHUVKDGRZHGHIIRUWVWRKRQRU9ROWDLUH$VWKH

5HYROXWLRQFRQWLQXHGLWEHFDPHLQFUHDVLQJO\REYLRXVWR9LOOHWWHDQGRWKHUDGPLUHUVRI

9ROWDLUHWKDWWKHSKLORVRSKHUZRXOGQRWUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVKHZDVGXHXQOHVVVRPHWKLQJ

FRXOGVSDUNUHQHZHGLQWHUHVW

7KHILUVWRIWKHVH³VSDUNV´ZDVWKHVDOHRIWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWRDSULYDWH

EX\HU8VLQJWKHUKHWRULFRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ9LOOHWWHDSSHDOHGWRWKHQDWLRQDQGWRWKH

LGHDRISXEOLFSURSHUW\6KRXOG9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHUHDOO\EHDOORZHGWREHVROGOLNH

HFFOHVLDVWLFDOSURSHUW\"'LGQRWDOO)UHQFKFLWL]HQVKDYHDULJKWWRRZQWKHERG\RIVXFK

DQLOOXVWULRXVPDQRIWKHLUSDVW"&HUWDLQWKDWKLVDSSHDOVZRXOGZLQVXSSRUW9LOOHWWH

JDYHVSHHFKHVDWSROLWLFDOFOXEVDQGZURWHWRWKHPD\RURI3DULVGHPDQGLQJWKDWWKHFLW\

RI3DULVUHFODLPWKHERG\RI9ROWDLUH

 *XLOODXPH7KRPDV5D\QDO)ULHGULFK0HOFKLRU*ULPPDQG9ROWDLUHCorrespondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique. Tome 12 / Par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, Etc.ࣟ; Revue Sur Les Textes Originaux... Par Maurice Tourneux'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France  6HHWKHSUHYLRXVO\TXRWHGH[FHUSWRI9LOOHWWH¶VVSHHFKWRWKH-DFRELQ&OXELQ1RYHPEHURI $XODUGLa Société Des Jacobins'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror    (YHQWXDOO\9LOOHWWH¶VHIIRUWVSDLGRII$QRIILFHURIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\&KDUURQ

WRRNLWXSRQKLPVHOIWRSHWLWLRQWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WRDOORZWKHWUDQVIHUDORI

9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV,QDOHWWHUWRWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH$VVHPEO\&KDUURQVKDUHG9LOOHWWH¶V

RSLQLRQWKDW9ROWDLUHVKRXOGEHFRPHWKHSURSHUW\RIWKHQDWLRQ

,KDYHUHFHLYHGDOHWWHULQZKLFK,OHDUQHGWKDWWKH)ULHQGV RIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRI7UR\HVKDYHFODLPHGSRVVHVVLRQRI >WKHFRUSVH@DQGWKDWWKH*HQHUDO&RQVXORI5RPLOO\ WKURXJKQHJRWLDWLRQVSUHYHQWHGWKHUHPDLQVRI9ROWDLUH IURPEHLQJGLYLGHGXS$ODUPHGE\WKLVWUHQGDQGKDYLQJ QRWLPHWRDVNIRUDFRQYHQLQJRIWKH0XQLFLSDO&RXUW, WKRXJKWWKDWWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\ZRXOGOLNHWRSD\WKH WULEXWHRIUHFRJQLWLRQRIZKLFKWKH1DWLRQZLOOFDUU\RXW>, DP@FRQYLQFHGWKDWWKH&LW\RI3DULVPRUHWKDQDQ\RWKHU KDVWKHULJKWWRUHFODLPSRVVHVVLRQRIZKDWUHPDLQVRIWKLV Grand-Homme>@,GDUHEHJRI\RXM. le PrésidentWRDVN IRUDGHFUHHZKLFKSURYLVLRQDOO\RUGHUVWKDWWKHFRUSVHRI 9ROWDLUHZLOOEHWUDQVSRUWHGDWRQFHWRWKHFKXUFKRI 5RPLOO\DQGWKDWLWZLOOEHHQWUXVWHGWRWKHJXDUGDQG VXUYHLOODQFHRIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RIWKDWSODFHXQWLOLWKDV EHHQRUGHUHGRWKHUZLVH  &KDUURQ¶VOHWWHUPHWZLWKVXFFHVV7KH$VVHPEO\VKDULQJLQ&KDUURQ¶VDODUPDJUHHGWR

DOORZWKHWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQVWRWKHFKXUFKLQ5RPLOO\2Q0DUFK

&KDUURQZURWHWR9LOOHWWHWRVKDUHWKHJRRGQHZVDQGWRFKDUJHKLPZLWKWKHWDVNRI

KDYLQJWKHUHPDLQVWUDQVIHUUHG2QHPRQWKODWHURQ0D\XQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRI

9LOOHWWHWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\RYHUVDZWKHH[KXPDWLRQDQGWUDQVIHURI9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVH

 $FFRUGLQJWKHPD\RURI5RPLOO\LQDOHWWHUWR9LOOHWWH&KDUURQ¶VUHTXHVWIRUDJXDUGIRU 9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHZDVQRRYHUFDXWLRXV2QWZRVHSDUDWHRFFDVLRQVWKHJXDUGKDGWRVWRSSHUVRQVRIPDO LQWHQWIURPGHVWUR\LQJRUVWHDOLQJWKHFRUSVH7KHPD\RUHQVXUHG9LOOHWWHWKDW7KH\ZRXOGKDYHWREUHDN WZRWKRXVDQGDUPVEHIRUHWKH\FRXOGVWHDOWKLVWUHDVXUHIURPXV&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\  'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris    WRWKH5RPLOO\FKXUFK7KHUHLWZRXOGUHPDLQVHDOHGDZD\LQDFRIILQXQWLODVHFRQG

GHFUHHDOORZLQJDWUDQVIHUDOWR3DULVFRXOGEHPDGH

 7KHVHFRQGVSDUNZDVWKHGHDWKRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\GHSXW\0LUDEHDXDQG

WKHVXEVHTXHQWSXEOLFGHPDQGVIRUKLVFRPPHPRUDWLRQ$VKLVWRULDQ-RVHSK&ODUNHQRWHV

LQKLVZRUNCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKFDPH

DWDWLPHZKHQWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQRIWKHGHDGZDVXQGHUJRLQJUDSLGFKDQJH7KH

FRPPHPRUDWLYHFXOWXUHRIWKHancien régimeZKLFKKDGEHHQJURXQGHGLQUHOLJLRXV

ULWXDOKDGFRPHWREHDWRGGVZLWKDQHZVHFXODUDQGUHSXEOLFDQFXOWXUHRI

FRPPHPRUDWLRQ%\WKHWLPHRI0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKLQ$SULORIWKLVSUREOHPDWLF

FODVKRIFXOWXUHVKDGKDUGO\EHHQUHVROYHG7KH)UHQFKOHIWZLWK³VHYHUDOFHQWXULHVRI

PDVVHVIHVWLYDOVDQGIXQHUDOVULWHV>«DQG@WKHPDUW\UGRPRIVDLQWV´IRXQGWKHPVHOYHV

LQQHHGRIDQHZUHSXEOLFDQIRUPRIFRPPHPRUDWLRQZKLFKFRXOGPHPRULDOL]HWKHJUHDW

PHQRIWKH)UHQFK5HSXEOLFZLWKRXWHFKRLQJWKHLU&DWKROLFSDVW

 7KHLQLWLDOUHDFWLRQRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZDVWRORRNEDFNZDUGV1RWWRWKHLU

RZQPRQDUFKLFSDVWEXWWRWKHDQFLHQWVRFLHWLHVRI5RPHDQG*UHHFHZKLFKKDGDOUHDG\

FDSWXUHGWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRI(QOLJKWHQPHQW)UDQFH)DUIURPEHLQJVWHHSHGLQUHOLJLRXV

ULWXDOWKHFHUHPRQLHVRIDQFLHQWWLPHVFHQWHUHGRQDFLYLFVSLULW7KHLQGLYLGXDOFRXOG

EHFRPPHPRUDWHGQRWIRUKLVRZQSRZHUDQGDXWKRULW\EXWIRUKLVFRQWULEXWLRQVWRZDUGV

KLVIHOORZPDQ+HUHWKHQZDVDZD\IRUWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\WRDQVZHUWKHGHPDQGV

 Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\  &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France  ,ELG  0RQD2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution &DPEULGJH0DVV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV     RIWKHSXEOLFWRFRPPHPRUDWH0LUDEHDXZKLOHNHHSLQJZLWKWKHVSLULWRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ

5XVKHGLQWRGHFLVLRQE\WKHPRXUQLQJSXEOLFDQGWKHYRFDOGHSXWLHVZKRDJUHHGWKDW

0LUDEHDXPXVWEHKRQRUHGWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\SDVVHGDGHFUHHFUHDWLQJDQHZ)UHQFK

3DQWKpRQUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKH3DQWKHRQRI5RPH

 :LWKWKHRIILFLDOFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQWKHUHZHUHQHZJURXQGVWRGHPDQGD

VHFRQGDQGILQDOWUDQVIHUDORI9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV%XWLWZDVQRWXQWLOWKHWKLUGDQGILQDO

VSDUNWKDW9ROWDLUHZRXOGILQDOO\JDLQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQWKDW9LOOHWWHKRSHGIRUWKLV7KLV

ODVWVSDUNZDVWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIQuod aliquantumDSDSDOEXOOLVVXHGE\3RSH3LXV9,LQ

ZKLFKKHGHQRXQFHGWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHHFFOHVLDVWLFDOUHIRUPVWDNLQJSODFHLQ

)UDQFH$V&ODUNHDUJXHGWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQZDVZKDWILQDOO\FRQYLQFHGWKHGHSXWLHVRI

WKH$VVHPEO\WRSDQWKpRQL]H9ROWDLUH)DFHGZLWKWKHIDLOXUHWRILQGFRPSURPLVHZLWK

&DWKROLF&KXUFKWKH$VVHPEO\HPEUDFHGWKHDQWLFOHULFDO9ROWDLUHDVWKHVWDQGDUGEHDUHU

IRUWKHLUFDXVH2QHGHSXW\HYHQZHQWVRIDUDVWRFODLPWKDW9ROWDLUHKDGSUHGLFWHGWKH

5HYROXWLRQDQGVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHRQHWKHILUVWKRQRUHGE\3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ2Q0D\

WKHWKLUWHHQWKDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKWKHIROORZLQJGHFUHHZDVSDVVHG

7KH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\>«@GHFUHHVWKDW0DULH)UDQoRLV $URXHW9ROWDLUHLVZRUWK\WRUHFHLYHWKHKRQRUVDZDUGHGWR  ,WLVLQDVHQVHLURQLFWKDWWKHQDPH³3DQWKpRQ´ZDVFKRVHQIRUWKHGHVWLQDWLRQRIJUHDWPHQ $OWKRXJKWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZLVKHGWRVHSDUDWHWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQRIJUHDWPHQIURP&DWKROLFUHOLJLRQ DQGULWXDOWKH5RPDQ3DQWKHRQLWVHOIKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDVD&DWKROLF&KXUFKKRQRULQJWKH9LUJLQ0DU\DQG &KULVWLDQPDUW\UVE\3RSH%RQLIDFH,9LQ%RXZHUVPublic Pantheons in Revolutionary Europe &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France  Quod aliquantumZDVDSDSDOEXOOLVVXHGE\3RSH3LXV9,RQ0DUFKLQUHVSRQVHWKH &LYLO&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\DODZZKLFKSODFHGWKH&DWKROLFFOHUJ\LQ)UDQFHXQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKH )UHQFKJRYHUQPHQW1HZVRIWKHSDSDOEXOOGLGQRWUHDFK)UDQFHLPPHGLDWHO\EXWE\0D\LWKDGEHHQ SXEOLVKHGLQ)UDQFH  &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France  7KLVFODLPRI9ROWDLUHDVSURSKHWWRWKH5HYROXWLRQUHVXOWHGLQDKHDWHGGHEDWHDPRQJWKH GHSXWLHVEXWWKHPDMRULW\VXSSRUWHGWKHFDOOIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ,ELG    JUHDWPHQWKDWFRQVHTXHQWO\KLVUHPDLQVZLOOEHWUDQVIHUUHG IURPWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVWRWKHFKXUFKRI5RPLOO\DQG WKHQWRWKDWRI6DLQWH*HQHYLqYHLQ3DULV  $OWKRXJKWKHGHFUHHSDVVHGLWGLGQRWILQGXQDQLPRXVVXSSRUW&HUWDLQGHSXWLHVKDG

UHVHUYDWLRQVDERXWKRQRULQJ9ROWDLUHZLWKUHEXULDOLQWRWKHQHZ3DQWKpRQ6RPHOLNH

%UXJQRQDUJXHGWKDW0RQWHVTXLHXRU0DEO\ZRXOGEHDEHWWHUFKRLFHIRU

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVSODQVIRU9ROWDLUH¶VWUDQVIHUDOWR3DULVPRYHGIRUZDUG

 7KLVGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\PDUNHGD

PDMRUWXUQLQJSRLQWLQWKH5HYROXWLRQ%\FKRRVLQJWRWUDQVIHU9ROWDLUH¶VSUHYLRXVO\

H[LOHGUHPDLQVWR3DULVWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWKDGDGRSWHGDQHZPHWKRGRI

VKDSLQJDQGPDQLSXODWLQJWKHLPDJHRIWKHLU5HYROXWLRQ:LWKWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI

9ROWDLUHUHEXULDOKDGEHFRPHDQHZSROLWLFDOWRRORQHZKLFKYDULHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IURP

WKHPRUHWUDGLWLRQDOVWDWHIXQHUDO%HFDXVHIXQHUDOVRFFXUUHGVRFORVHWRWKHGHDWKRI

VXEMHFWPRYLQJSDVWWKHHPRWLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDODVSHFWVRIJULHIDQGPRXUQLQJZDV

QRWIHDVLEOH)XQHUDOVWKHQFRXOGRQO\EHXVHGWRDFKLHYHDSDUWLFXODUJRDOLIWKDWJRDO

FRXOGLQFRUSRUDWHGWKHIHHOLQJVDQGUHDFWLRQVRIWKHPRXUQLQJSXEOLF%HFDXVHRIWKLV

OLPLWDWLRQWKHPRVWFRPPRQXVHRIIXQHUDOVDVDSROLWLFDOWRROZDVWRWUDQVIRUPWKHJULHI

RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWRDQJHUDJDLQVWDQHQHP\7KLVHQHP\FRXOGEHSK\VLFDORUVSLULWXDO

GHSHQGLQJRQZKDWJRDOWKHJRYHUQPHQWRUSROLWLFDOOHDGHUVKDGLQPLQG,QWLPHVRIZDU

RULQWHUQDWLRQDOWHQVLRQWKHIXQHUDOVRIPLOLWDU\RIILFHUVZRXOGHPSKDVL]HWKHIRUHLJQ

 $OWKRXJKWKHGHFUHHVXJJHVWVRWKHUZLVH9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQVKDGDOUHDG\EHHQUHPRYHGIURPWKH DEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVDQGEHHQSODFHGLQWKHFKXUFKDW5RPLOO\7KHUHOHDVHRIWKHGHFUHHZDVGHOD\HGLQRUGHU WRPDWFKWKHDQQLYHUVDU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWKZKLFK&KDUURQKDGUHTXHVWHGLQKLVSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHG OHWWHUWRWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\7UDQVODWLRQIURP'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  0RQWHVTXLHXDQG*DEULHOGH0DEO\ZHUH)UHQFKSKLORVRSKHUVRIWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWHUD 0RQWHVTXLHXZDVZHOONQRZQIRUKLVZRUNRQSROLWLFDOWKHRU\ZKLOH0DEO\KDGEHHQSUDLVHGIRUKLVZRUN RQHTXDOLW\DQGKLVFULWLFLVPVRISULYDWHSURSHUW\,ELG   HQHP\,QWLPHVRIFLYLOZDURUFLYLOXQUHVWDSROLWLFDOIDFWLRQZRXOGEHEODPHGDVWKH

FDXVHRIWKHJULHIDQGVXIIHULQJSUHVHQWDWWKHIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\$QGLQWLPHVRI

UHOLJLRXVWXUPRLOWKHHQHP\PLJKWEHWKH-HVXLWVWKH-DQVHQLVWVRUDVSLULWXDOHYLORI

JUHHGYLFHRUODFNRIIDLWK

 5HEXULDOVLQFRPSDULVRQKDGIHZHUOLPLWDWLRQV:KLOHIXQHUDOVW\SLFDOO\

RFFXUUHGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHGHDWKRILWVVXEMHFWUHEXULDOVRFFXUUHG\HDUVRUHYHQGHFDGHV

ODWHUDOORZLQJDXQLTXHVHSDUDWLRQIURPWKRVHHPRWLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDODVSHFWV

DVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHDWK$Q\SROLWLFDOJRDOE\WKHVWDWHZKLFKSODQQHGDQGH[HFXWHGWKH

UHEXULDOZDVQRWFRQVWUDLQHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIJULHILQWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV%HVLGHVWKH

IDPLO\DQGFORVHIULHQGVRIWKHGHFHDVHG±LIDQ\ZHUHVWLOOOLYLQJ±WKRVHZKRFDPHWR

REVHUYHWKHFHUHPRQ\RIWHQFDPHRXWRIFXULRVLW\RUUHVSHFWUDWKHUWKDQWRPRXUQD

SHUFHLYHGORVV7KLVXQLTXHHQYLURQPHQWOHIWWKHFHUHPRQ\DUFKLWHFWVZLWKWKHIUHHGRPWR

PL[WKHV\PEROVDQGUKHWRULFRIGHDWKZLWKDWRQHRIMR\DQGFHOHEUDWLRQWKDWZRXOGEH

XQPDQDJHDEOHZLWKRXWWKLVVHSDUDWLRQRIWLPHEHWZHHQGHDWKDQGFHUHPRQ\

 7KLVGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHSROLWLFDOIXQHUDODQGWKHSROLWLFDOUHEXULDOFDQEHVHHQ

LQWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHFHUHPRQLHVIRU0LUDEHDXDQG9ROWDLUH7KHIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\

IRU0LUDEHDXZKLFKRFFXUUHGRQO\WZRGD\VDIWHUWKHSRSXODUGHSXW\KDGGLHGZDVRQH

RIWHDUV2QHREVHUYHU1LFRODV5XDXOWGHVFULEHGWKHGHSUHVVLQJWRQHLQDOHWWHUWRKLV

EURWKHU

$IXQHUDOEDQGSUHFHGHGDQGIROORZHGWKHFRUSVHEXWLW ZDVVRVDG>D@IXQHUDOWKDWLWPDGHWHDUVIDOOHVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQWKHPXVLFZDVPL[HGZLWKWKHWROOLQJRIWKHEHOIU\ 6L]HDEOHJURXSVRIPXVLFLDQVILOOLQJWKHJDSVEHWZHHQWKH GUXPVSOD\HGPRXUQIXODQGPRVWVHQVLWLYHDLUVWKDWPRYHG

  DOOKHDUWVWRVDGQHVV,WVHHPHGDVLIZHZHUHDERXWWRJR GRZQZLWKWKHFRIILQWRWKHODQGRIWKHGHDG  7KHIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\IRU0LUDEHDXHPSKDVL]HGWKHORVVRIDQDWLRQDOILJXUHZKRFRXOG

QRWEHUHSODFHG$V5XDXOWREVHUYHGWKHFHUHPRQ\ZDVGHVLJQHGWRH[SUHVVWKH

VHQWLPHQWWKDWZLWKRXWWKHGHSXWLHVRIWKHQHZUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWWKH5HYROXWLRQ

DQGDOOWKH)UHQFKZKR\HDUQHGIRUOLEHUW\ZHUHGRRPHGWRWKHJUDYHWKHPVHOYHV

 ,QFRQWUDVW9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\KDGDQDLURIRSWLPLVPUDUHO\SUHVHQWLQ

IXQHUDOVRIWKHWLPH'LVWDQFHGE\DSHULRGRIWKLUWHHQ\HDUVWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDV

RQHRIFHOHEUDWLRQQRWORVV5HFDOOLQJWKHPXVLFSHUIRUPHGGXULQJWKHHYHQW9LOOHWWH

GHVFULEHGKRZ³WKHVDGQHVVRIIXQHUDOUHJUHWVJDYHZD\WRWKHMR\RILPPRUWDOLW\´

9ROWDLUHZDVDQHWHUQDOKHURZKRFRXOGOHDGWKH)UHQFKFLWL]HQVWROLEHUW\

 :KDWEHFDPHHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWWRWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWKDQWKHGLVWDQFHRID

UHEXULDOIURPGHDWKKRZHYHUZDVWKHGLVWDQFHRIUHEXULDOIURPUHOLJLRQ±SDUWLFXODUO\

&DWKROLFLVP$VGLVFXVVHGSUHYLRXVO\E\WKHWLPHRI0LUDEHDX¶VGHDWKDQGWKHFUHDWLRQ

RIWKH3DQWKpRQUHYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFHZDVLQDGHVSHUDWHVWUXJJOHWRUHVROYHWKH

GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHDQWLFOHULFDOOHDQLQJVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHLQJUDLQHG

&DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOV)URPWKHPXVLFOLWXUJ\DQGGUHVVRIWKHIXQHUDODQGEXULDO

FHUHPRQLHVWRWKHVSLULWXDOHPSKDVLVRQDOLIHDIWHUGHDWKFUHDWLQJDQHZUHSXEOLFDQ

FXOWXUHRIGHDWKPHDQWILUVWUHSODFLQJWKLVROGHUFXOWXUH7KHFUHDWLRQRIDUHEXULDO

FHUHPRQ\KHOSHGWRHDVHWKLVWUDQVLWLRQ%HFDXVHUHEXULDOVZHUHUHODWLYHO\XQFRPPRQ

 1LFRODV5XDXOWDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796HG$QQH9DVVDO 3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ 7UDQVODWLRQIURP'H %DHFTXHGlory and Terror  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\7UDQVODWHGLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror    WKHUHZDVQRVSHFLILF&DWKROLFULWXDOLQSODFHIRUVXFKDQHYHQWDOORZLQJWKH

UHYROXWLRQDULHVDXQLTXHEODQNFDQYDVZLWKZKLFKWRZRUN,QWKHFDVHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\

IRU9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDOWKUHHPDMRUFKDQJHVZHUHPDGH7KHILUVWDQGPRVWREYLRXV

GLIIHUHQFHWRWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGRQORRNHUVZDVWKHMR\RXVWRQH

6LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKHRoman Ritual OLWXUJ\LQ&DWKROLFIXQHUDOVHUYLFHV

WHQGHGWRHPSKDVL]HWKHSOLJKWRIWKHVRXOLQSXUJDWRU\7KLVFRQFHUQRYHUWKH³SRRU

VRXOV´DQGRIWKHQHHGWRDSSO\IRUWKHUHOHDVHRIWKHVRXOVQDWXUDOO\FUHDWHGDQ

HQYLURQPHQWRIDQ[LHW\DQGPHODQFKRO\+RZHYHULQWKHFDVHRI9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDO

FRQFHUQRYHUPRUWDOVLQDQGSXUJDWRU\ZDVSXVKHGDVLGHWRDOORZIRUDFHOHEUDWLRQRIWKH grand hommeDQGRIWKHQDWLRQZKLFKFODLPHGKLP(YLGHQFHRIWKLVLQWHQWLRQDO

GLIIHUHQFHLQWRQHIURPDIXQHUDOFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHSODQVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\DQG

LQWKHPXVLFFRPSRVHGIRUWKHRFFDVLRQ7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHFHUHPRQLDOSDUDGHWRWKH

3DQWKpRQIDUIURPLQVWLOOLQJDIHHOLQJRIGHSUHVVLRQDQGORVVLQWKHRQORRNHUVJDYHRIID

VHQVHRIJUHDWWULXPSK0HQZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQGUHVVHGLQZKLWHRULQWKH³FRVWXPHVRI

WKHDQFLHQWV´KHOGDORIWODXUHOZUHDWKVDQGQXPHURXVV\PEROVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQG

 5HEXULDOVLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGHDUOLHUZHUHPRVWFRPPRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHUHPDLQV RIVDLQWV2WKHUUHEXULDOVVXFKDVWKRVHRIVROGLHUVRUH[SDWULDWHVW\SLFDOO\PDGHXVHWKHWUDGLWLRQDO &DWKROLFIXQHUDOULWXDOV(YHQWRGD\WKHUHLVQRVSHFLILFUHLQWHUQPHQWFHUHPRQ\LQ&DWKROLFLVP)RU H[DPSOHWKHUHEXULDORI.LQJ5LFKDUG,,,LQWR/HLFHVWHU&DWKHGUDOLQLQYROYHGWKHW\SLFDO5HTXLHP 0DVVSHUIRUPHGDWDILUVWWLPHEXULDO6LPRQ&DOGZHOO³.LQJ5LFKDUG,,,,V5HEXULHGDW/HLFHVWHU &DWKHGUDO´Catholic Herald0DUFKKWWSZZZFDWKROLFKHUDOGFRXNQHZVULFKDUG LLLLVUHEXULHGDWOHLFHVWHUFDWKHGUDO$JHQF\³5LFKDUG,,,5HEXULDO(YHU\WKLQJ

WKHSKLORVRSKHUVHDWHGDQGVPLOLQJE\WKHDUWLVW+RXGRQ9LOOHWWHZKRZDVODUJHO\

UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHSODQQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVLRQFKRVHWKLVVPLOLQJVWDWXHRYHUDQRWKHU

IDPRXVZRUNE\3LJDOOHZKLFKHPSKDVL]HGWKHIUDLOW\RI9ROWDLUH¶VSK\VLFDOERG\LQROG

DJH9LVXDOO\WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\HQFRXUDJHGFHOHEUDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQGHVSDLU

 7KHMR\RXVWRQHFRXOGDOVREHIRXQGLQWKHDXUDODVSHFWVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\

DVZHOO7KHPXVLFFRPSRVHGIRUDQGSHUIRUPHGDWWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHDGGHGWRWKH

VHQVHRIFHOHEUDWLRQDQGSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQPRYLQJSDVWWKHWUDGLWLRQDO&DWKROLFIXQHUDO

)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHFFRPPLVVLRQHGWRFRPSRVHWKHPXVLFIRUWKHSURFHVVLRQVKDUHG

LQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV¶GHVLUHWRUHVKDSH)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUH*RVVHFZDVQRWXQIDPLOLDU

ZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOPXVLFRIGHDWKFHUHPRQLHV,QKHKDGFRPSRVHGWKHGrande messe

des morts, DFHOHEUDWHG5HTXLHP0DVV7KLVZRUNOLNHRWKHUFRPSRVLWLRQVLQLWVJHQUH

PDGHXVHRI&DWKROLFOLWXUJ\WRSURYLGH³DVRUWRILOOXVLRQ´LQZKLFKWKHPXVLFHUDVHVWKH

LPDJHRIWKHSK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHERG\E\GHDWKLQRUGHUWRHPSKDVL]HWKHVSLULWXDO

UHVXUUHFWLRQ%\KRZHYHU*RVVHFKDGEHJXQWREUHDNDZD\IURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDO

PRGHORIGHDWKPXVLF)RUWKHIHVWLYDOLQKRQRURIWKHVROGLHUVZKRKDGGLHGLQWKH1DQF\

 Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791ࣟ: [Estampe] / [Non Identifié]%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  -HDQOH5RQGG¶$OHPEHUWDQG$QWRLQH-RVHSK'H]DOOLHUG $UJHQYLOOHERWKGHVFULEHGWKHVWDWXH E\3LJDOOHDVORRNLQJOLNHDVNHOHWRQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror/RXLV+DUGRXLQ3URVSHU7DUEp DQG-HDQ%DSWLVWH3LJDOOHLa Vie et les œuvres de J. B. Pigalle 3DULV   +HUH,XVH³5HTXLHP0DVV´LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHJHQUHRIPXVLFSHUIRUPHGDWD&DWKROLFGHDWK PDVV7KHVHZRUNVJHQHUDOO\LQFOXGHDQXPEHURISLHFHVFRPSRVHGWRFRUUHVSRQGZLWKWKHWH[WVRIWKH GHDWKPDVV*RVVHF¶VZRUNLQFOXGHVWZHQW\IRXUSLHFHV*RVVHF)UDQoRLV-RVHSKGrande Messe Des Morts, 5+-HDQ/RXLV-DP³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´LQLa Révolution et La Mort 7RXORXVH3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGX0LUDLO   -DP³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´    0XWLQ\*RVVHFKDGFRPSRVHGDMarche lugubreZKLFKHPSKDVL]HGUDWKHUWKDQHUDVHG

WKHSK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHGHDG7KURXJKWKHXVHRIDGLVDUWLFXODWHGPHORG\GUXPV

DQGJRQJ*RVVHF¶VSLHFHSURPSWHGRQHOLVWHQHUWRFRPSDUHLWWR³WKHVLOHQFHRIWKH

WRPE´

)RU9ROWDLUH¶VUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WKHIROORZLQJ\HDU*RVVHFWRRNDQRSSRVLWH

DSSURDFKIXUWKHUPRGLI\LQJWKHJHQUHRIGHDWKPXVLF,QVWDUNFRQWUDVWWRKLVMarche

lugubre, WKHWZRSLHFHVKHFRPSRVHGIRUWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZHUHGLVWLQFWO\MR\RXV

7KHILUVW“Peuple, éveille-toi,”PDGHXVHRIDSRHPZULWWHQE\9ROWDLUHIRUWKHOLEUHWWRRI

WKHRSHUD³3HRSOHDZDNH%UHDN\RXUFKDLQV´LWGHPDQGHG:LWKDIDVW

WHPSRDUK\WKPDOOXGLQJWRDPLOLWDU\PDUFKDQGDQDVFHQGLQJPHORG\*RVVHFJDYH

QHZOLIHWR9ROWDLUH¶VLQVSLULQJZRUGV

L’hiver détruit les fleurs et la verdure Mais du flambeau du jour La féconde clarté ranime la nature Et lui rend sa beauté L’affreux esclavage flétrit le courage Mais la liberté mais la liberté Relevé sa grandeur et nourrit sa fierté Liberté  7KHZLQWHUGHVWUR\VWKHIORZHUVDQGWKHJUHHQHU\ %XWIURPWKHWRUFKRIWKHGD\ 7KHIHUWLOHFODULW\UHYLYHVQDWXUH $QGWRLWJLYHVLWVEHDXW\ 7KHGUHDGIXOHQVODYHPHQWZLWKHUVFRXUDJH %XWOLEHUW\OLIWVLWVJUDQGHXUDQGQRXULVKHVLWVSULGH  ,ELG  $PRGHUQUHFRUGLQJRIWKLVSLHFHFDQEHIRXQGRQWUDFNRI“Les grands hymnes révolutionnaireFRPSLOHGE\5DGLR)UDQFHLes grands hymnes révolutionnaires )UDQFH0XVLIUDQFH    3HXSOHpYHLOOHWRLWUDQVODWHVWR3HRSOH$ZDNH)UDQoRLV-RVHSK  &RPSRVLWHXU *RVVHF³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q3DUROHV GH9ROWDLUH1ƒ´    /LEHUW\  7KLVSLHFHVXQJGXULQJDSDXVHLQWKHSURFHVVLRQLQIURQWRIWKHThéâtre de la Nation

UHPLQGHGWKHOLVWHQHUVQRWRQO\RIWKHZLVGRP9ROWDLUHKDGOHIWWKHPEXWDOVRRIKLV

FRQQHFWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ

 7KHVHFRQGSLHFHHymne à VoltaireVKDUHGDVLPLODUFHOHEUDWRU\WRQH3DLUHGWR

O\ULFVZULWWHQE\0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUWKHHymne à VoltaireWROGWKHVWRU\RI9ROWDLUH¶V

OLIHGHDWKDQGKLVV\PEROLFUHVXUUHFWLRQE\3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ*RVVHFVWDUWVWKHSLHFHLQD

PDMRUPRGHHQFRXUDJLQJWKHOLVWHQHUVWRWDNH&KpQLHU¶VRSHQLQJO\ULFVWRKHDUW

Ce ne sont plus des pleurs qu’il est temps de répandre C’est le jour du triomphe et non pas de regrets Que nos chants d’allégresse Accompagnent la cendre Du plus illustre des français.  ,WLVQRORQJHUWKHWLPHWRVKHGWHDUV ,WLVWKHGD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRIUHJUHWV 7KDWRXUVRQJVRIHQWKXVLDVPDFFRPSDQ\WKHDVKHV 2IWKHPRVWLOOXVWULRXVRIWKH)UHQFK  7KHSLHFHWKHQWUDQVLWLRQVLQWRWKHPLQRUDV&KpQLHURIIHUVWKHVWRU\RI9ROWDLUH¶VGHDWK

DQGH[LOH

Jadis par les tyrans cette cendre exilée Au milieu des sanglots fuyait loin de nos yeux  ,ELG  ([DFWO\ZKHQWKLVSLHFHZDVVXQJGXULQJWKHSURFHVVLRQRI9ROWDLUH¶VERG\WRWKH3DQWKpRQLV XQFHUWDLQ9DULRXVDFFRXQWVRIWKHSURFHVVLRQUHSRUWWKDWWKHSLHFHZDVSHUIRUPHGDWWKHIRUPHUVLWHRIWKH %DVWLOOHDW9LOOHWWH¶VKRXVHRURXWVLGHRIWKH1DWLRQDO7KHDWHU7KLVODVWRSWLRQLVWKHPRVWOLNHO\DVWKH O\ULFVZHUHWDNHQIURPWKHWH[WRIDQRSHUDSamsonZKLFK9ROWDLUHKDGFRQWULEXWHGWR,WLVOLNHO\WKHQ WKDWWKHFRRUGLQDWRUVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\VHOHFWHGWKHQDWLRQDOWKHDWHUDVDVHWWLQJIRUWKLVSDUWLFXODUSLHFHRI PXVLFChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´L’Ami Du Roi, Des Français, de L’ordre et Sur-Tout de La Vérité / Par M. Montjoye, Fondateur & Rédacteur de Ce Journal, Depuis Le 1er Juin 1790-XO\%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&KDUURQ Translation de Voltaire À Paris  0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHUDQG)UDQoRLV-RVHSK*RVVHF³+\PQH6XU/D7UDQVODWLRQ'X&RUSVGH 9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ´DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\     /RQJDJRWKHVHDVKHVZHUHH[LOHGE\WKHW\UDQWV $PLGVWWKHVREVZKLFKIOHGIURPRXUH\HV  8OWLPDWHO\WKHPXVLFUHWXUQVWRWKHPDMRUPRGHDVWKHO\ULFVH[SUHVVWKH³UHELUWK´RI

9ROWDLUH

Mais par un peuple libre aujourd’hui rappelée, Elle vient consacrer ces lieux […] Il renaît parmi nous grand, chéri, respecté  %XW>WKHVHDVKHV@DUHWRGD\UHFDOOHGE\DIUHHSHRSOH 7KH\FRPHWRFRQVHFUDWHWKHVHSODFHV>«@ +HLVUHERUQDPRQJRXUJUHDWRXUFKHULVKHGRXU UHVSHFWHG  7KHOLVWHQHULVOHIWZLWKDVHQVHRIWULXPSKDVWKHPXVLFOHDGVRQHIURPVDGQHVVDWWKH

HDUOLHUGHDWKDQGH[LOHRI9ROWDLUHWRMR\DWKLVV\PEROLFUHVXUUHFWLRQRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU

LQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRIWKHgrands hommes

 2YHUDOOWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVXQTXHVWLRQDEO\LQWHQGHGWREHDFHOHEUDWLRQRI

9ROWDLUHDQGRIWKH)UHQFKFLWL]HQVZKRFODLPHGKLPDVWKHLURZQ)URPWKHVPLOLQJ

VWDWXHE\+RXGRQFKRVHQWRUHSUHVHQWWKHSKLORVRSKHULQOLIHWRWKHPXVLFZKLFKLQVWLOOHG

DVHQVHRIMR\LQWKRVHZKRFDPHWRREVHUYHWKHFHUHPRQ\WKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHRSHQO\

SXVKHGEDFNDJDLQVWWKHWUDGLWLRQDO&DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOVZKLFKHPSKDVL]HGJULHIDQG

PRXUQLQJ

 7KHVHFRQGPDMRUFKDQJHZDVWKHHPSKDVLVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\RQZRUOGO\UDWKHU

WKDQVSLULWXDOPDWWHUV$VPHQWLRQHG&DWKROLFIXQHUDOVRIWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\ZHUH

FRQFHUQHGPRVWZLWKWKHGHVWLQDWLRQRIWKHVRXO3UD\HUVIRUIRUJLYHQHVVHPSKDVLVRQWKH

 ,ELG  ,ELG  -DP³/HV0XVLTXHV/LWXUJLTXHVGH/D0RUW´   JLYLQJRILQGXOJHQFHVDQGFDOOVIRUPHUF\IURP*RGILOOHGWKHW\SLFDOIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\

,QFRQWUDVWWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI9ROWDLUHZDVILUPO\URRWHGLQWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG

7KLVLVPRVWDSSDUHQWLQWKHZD\WKHFHUHPRQ\ZDVSODQQHGDURXQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKH

H[SRVHGFRUSVH

 7KHYHU\QDWXUHRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\UHTXLUHGWKDW9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHEH

SUHVHQW7KHSODFHPHQWRIWKHFRUSVHLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHSURFHVVLRQJXDUGHGRQERWK

VLGHVE\DUWLVWVGHSXWLHVDQGPLOLWDU\JXDUGZDVH[SHFWHG:KDWZDVXQLTXHDERXWWKH

DUUDQJHPHQWZDVWKHLQWHQWLRQDOH[SRVXUHRIWKHFRUSVH9ROWDLUHKDGEHHQGHDGDQG

EXULHGIRUWKLUWHHQ\HDUVEHIRUHKLVWUDQVIHUDOWR3DULV7KHFRUSVHWKRXJKVNLOOIXOO\

HPEDOPHGVKRZHGWKHVLJQVRIDJH1DWXUDOGHFD\KDGWDNHQLWVWROORQWKHWRUVRDQG

OLPEVDQGSLHFHVRIWKHFRUSVHKDGEHHQVFDYHQJHGDVUHYROXWLRQDU\UHOLFV'HVSLWH

WKLVWKHIDFHRI9ROWDLUHZDVLQVXUSULVLQJO\JRRGFRQGLWLRQDQGZDVUHDGLO\UHFRJQL]DEOH

³,WZLOOEHDEHDXWLIXOFHUHPRQ\´ZURWH5XDXOWDIWHUWKHH[KXPDWLRQWKHVDPHZLWQHVV

ZKRKDGGHVFULEHGWKHGHSUHVVLQJWRQHRI0LUDEHDX¶VIXQHUDO³>7@KHIHDWXUHVDUH

UHFRJQL]DEOHDIWHUWKLUWHHQ\HDUVLQWKHWRPE>«@´7DNLQJDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVJRRG

IRUWXQHWKHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\GHYLVHGDSODQWRXVHWKHH[SRVHGFRUSVHDV

V\PERORI9ROWDLUH¶VZRUOGO\WULXPSKLQWKHIDFHRIKLVUHOLJLRXVH[LOH

 2QHUHSRUWRIWKHH[KXPDWLRQRI9ROWDLUHOLVWVWKHDEVHQFHRIRQHIRRW7KHKHDUWRIWKH SKLORVRSKHUKDGEHHQUHPRYHGGXULQJHPEDOPLQJDWWKHUHTXHVWRI9LOOHWWHDQGZDVNHSWLQWKHURRPV ZKHUH9ROWDLUHKDGGLHG2WKHUSLHFHVRIWKHFRUSVHZHUHDOVRUHPRYHGGXULQJWKHHPEDOPLQJSURFHVVRU DIWHUWKHH[KXPDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWZRERQHVIURPWKHUHPDLQLQJIRRWWZRWHHWKDQGSRVVLEO\HYHQWKH SKLORVRSKHU¶VEUDLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and TerrorChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)0D\   5XDXOWDQG5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution7UDQVODWHGLQ'H %DHFTXHGlory and Terror  7KHUHLVVRPHGHEDWHDPRQJKLVWRULDQVRYHUZKHWKHUWKHERG\ZDVH[SRVHGGXULQJWKH SURFHVVLRQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRUZKHWKHULWZDVMXVWDFDUYHGHIILJ\RQWRSRIWKHFKDULRWDVSURSRVHGE\%HQ $PRV(YLGHQFHVXJJHVWVWKDWLWZDVLQIDFWWKHFRUSVHWKDWOD\RQWRSRIWKHFKDULRW)LUVWZKLOHWKHUHDUH UHFRUGVRIWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHHODERUDWHFKDULRWDQGVDUFRSKDJXVE\'DYLGWKHUHLVQRPHQWLRQRIDFDUYHG   $QHODERUDWHFKDULRWDQGVWRQHVDUFRSKDJXVZDVGHVLJQHGE\WKHDUWLVW'DYLGWR

FDUU\WKHFRUSVHRQLWVFHUHPRQLDOSDWKWRWKH3DQWKpRQ7KHFRUSVHLWVHOIZDVODLGRXWRQ

DVWRQHVODELQWKHIRUPRIDQDQWLTXHEHGDWRSWKHVDUFRSKDJXVLQZKLFKWKHERG\ZRXOG

HYHQWXDOO\EHSODFHG7KHWRUVRDQGOLPEVRIWKHFRUSVHZHUHFDUHIXOO\FRYHUHGZLWK

OLQHQEXWWKHIDFHRI9ROWDLUHUHPDLQHGH[SRVHGZKLOHDILJXUHV\PEROL]LQJ(WHUQLW\KHOG

DFURZQRIVWDUVRYHUWKHKHDG7KHFKDULRWVWDFNHGZLWKVDUFRSKDJXVEHGDQGFRUSVH

UHDFKHGDKHLJKWRIQHDUO\WZHQW\IHHWDQGSURGXFHGDJUHDWUXPEOLQJVRXQGDVWZHOYH

ZKLWHKRUVHVSXOOHGLWDORQJWKHVWUHHWVRI3DULV7KLVJUDQGPRQXPHQWQRWRQO\

LPSUHVVHGXSRQWKHRQORRNHUVDVHQVHRIDZHEXWDOVRDOORZHGDJOLPSVHRIWKH

SKLORVRSKHURYHUWKHJUHDWFURZGV+HUHZDV9ROWDLUHH[LOHGE\WKHW\UDQQRXV&DWKROLF

&KXUFKEXWVWLOOYHU\PXFKSUHVHQW+HUHZDV9ROWDLUHDQHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHGHVSLWHWKH

HIIRUWVRIWKRVHZKRRSSRVHGWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGLWVKHURHV

,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHFRUSVHWKHHPSKDVLVRQZRUOGO\PDWWHUVZDVIXUWKHUH[SUHVVHG

E\WKHSDUDGLQJRIWKHV\PEROVRI9ROWDLUH¶VDFFRPSOLVKPHQWV7KHSURFHVVLRQDOSDUW\

ZDVGHVLJQHGWRXQGHUVFRUHWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUHLQWKHSUHVHQWSK\VLFDOZRUOG

DQGRIKLVFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH5HYROXWLRQFXUUHQWO\XQGHUZD\,QVWHDGRIWKHUHOLJLRXV

 HIILJ\6HFRQGWKHFRUSVHZDVXQGRXEWHGO\H[SRVHGGXULQJWKHWUDQVIHUIURPWKHDEEH\WR5RPLOO\DQG UHSRUWVRIWKHHYHQWFOHDUO\VWDWHWKDWWKHERG\ZDVRQO\temporarilyVHDOHGDZD\$OVRWKHH[FLWHPHQW VKRZQRYHUWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRI9ROWDLUH¶VIHDWXUHVDQGRQWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIGLVSOD\LQJWKHIDFHWRWKH SXEOLFVXJJHVWWKDWWKHFRUSVHZDVOLNHO\GLVSOD\HG)LQDOO\GLVSOD\LQJDFRUSVHZDVQRWDOOWRJHWKHU XQXVXDOLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\7UDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDOVHUYLFHVRIWHQOHIWWKHFRUSVHH[SRVHGGXULQJWKH SURFHVVLRQWRWKHFKXUFKDOWKRXJKWKHSUDFWLFHZDVEHFRPLQJ³ROGIDVKLRQHG´E\WKHWLPHRIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996  /RXLV/DILWWHChar Triomphal Pour La Translation Des Cendres de Voltaire Au Panthéon %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH&ODXGH1LFRODV0DODSHDX6LPRQ&KDUOHV0LJHUDQG-HDQ-DFTXHV /DJUHQpHTranslation de Voltaire Au Panthéon Françaisࣟ: Le Corps de Marie François Arouet de Voltaire Sera Transféré et Déposé Dans L’église Paroissiale de Romilly...%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791Sercophage Qui a Transporté Les Manes de Voltaire Au Panthéon Le 11 Juillet 1791%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH 'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror    HPEOHPVSUHVHQWLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDO&DWKROLFIXQHUDOYDULRXVREMHFWVUHODWLQJWRWKHOLIHRI

9ROWDLUHZHUHKHOGDORIWE\PHQZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZKRZHUHGUHVVHGLQFRVWXPHVRI

WKHDQFLHQWV2QHJURXSRI)UHQFKPHQFDUULHGWKHFRPSOHWHZRUNVRI9ROWDLUHGRQDWHG

IRUWKHRFFDVLRQE\WKHSOD\ZULJKW%HDXPDUFKDLV2WKHUJURXSVFDUULHGDORIWV\PEROVRI

WKHWKHDWHULQWULEXWHWR9ROWDLUH¶VFRQWULEXWLRQV

RQHJURXSRIWKHSURFHVVLRQV\PEROL]LQJ9ROWDLUH¶VLQIOXHQFHVRQDFDGHPLD7KH

FKDULRWZDVGHFRUDWHGZLWKYDULRXVV\PEROVUHFDOOLQJWKHOLIHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHULWFDUULHG

7KHDWULFDOPDVNVDO\UHJDUODQGVRIODXUHOVDQGDEOXHGUDSHU\FRYHUHGLQJROGVWDUV

GHFRUDWHGWKHVDUFRSKDJXVDQGH[FHUSWVIURP9ROWDLUH¶VBrutusZKLFKDOOXGHGWRWKH

5HYROXWLRQZHUHHQJUDYHGDORQJLWVVLGHV³0RUWDOVDUHHTXDOLWLVQRWELUWKEXWYLUWXH

DORQHWKDWPDNHVWKHGLIIHUHQFH´DQG³*RGJLYHXVGHDWKUDWKHUWKDQVODYHU\´(YHQ

WKHPXVLFSDUWLFXODUO\WKHSLHFHFRPSRVHGDURXQG9ROWDLUH¶VRZQZRUGVSDLGWULEXWHWR

WKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VHWHUQDOLQIOXHQFHRQQDWLRQ³3HRSOHDZDNH%UHDN\RXUFKDLQV´

7KHHPSKDVLVRIWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGZDVDOVRH[SUHVVHGLQWKHSDWKRIWKH

SURFHVVLRQ7KHURXWHWRWKH3DQWKpRQZDVFDUHIXOO\SODQQHGE\9LOOHWWHDQG&KDUURQWR

KLJKOLJKWWKHPDUN9ROWDLUHKDGOHIWRQWKHFLW\RI3DULV7KHSURFHVVLRQPDGHXSRI

 Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris Ordre Du Cortege Pour La Translation Des Manes de Voltaire Le Lundi 11 Juillet 1791  &LWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror  *RVVHF³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q 3DUROHVGH9ROWDLUH1ƒ´  7KHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHUHEXULDOSURFHVVLRQFRPHVIURPWKUHHPDLQVRXUFHV7KHILUVW WKHChronique de ParisLQFOXGHVWKHPRVWGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\7KLVDFFRXQWZDVOLNHO\ ZULWWHQE\9LOOHWWHRUE\KLVJXLGDQFH7KHVHFRQGVRXUFHE\&KDUURQLQFOXGHVDGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIWKH SODQIRUWKHSURFHVVLRQ7KLVDFFRXQWLVXVHIXOLQWKDWLWJLYHVGHWDLOVRQFRVWXPHVDQGRQWKHSODFHPHQWRI 9ROWDLUH¶VFRUSVHLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ7KHWKLUGVRXUFHDQDUWLFOHIURPL’ami du roiRIIHUVDFRXQWHUSLHFH WR9LOOHWWH¶VDFFRXQWZKLFKOLNHO\H[DJJHUDWHVRQWKHLPSDFWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\RQWKHVSHFWDWRUVChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\&KDUURQTranslation de Voltaire À Paris³'X0HUFUHGL -XLOOHW´   KXQGUHGVRIVROGLHUVDUWLVWVPXVLFLDQVSKLORVRSKHUVGHSXWLHVDQGVWXGHQWVIRUPHGDWWKH boulevard Saint-AntoineRQWKHPRUQLQJRI-XO\$WHLJKWR¶FORFNWKHSURFHVVLRQ

EHJDQLWVSDWKLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHOpèraZKHUHDEXVWRI9ROWDLUHKDGSUHYLRXVO\EHHQ

HUHFWHGLQKLVKRQRU+HUHWKHSURFHVVLRQSDXVHGIRUWKHILUVWRIIRXUWLPHVWKURXJKRXWWKH

GD\7KHSDXVHDWWKHOpèraKDGWZRPDLQSXUSRVHV%\VWDUWLQJDWDSODFHZKHUH

9ROWDLUHZDVDOUHDG\KRQRUHGLWHPSKDVL]HGIURPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ

WKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH7KLVZDVQRWMXVWDQRWKHU³JUHDWPDQ´WKDWWKH

UHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQWKDGFKRVHQWRKRQRUWKLVZDVDgrand hommeRI)UDQFHDQGRI

)UHQFKFXOWXUH:KHQWKHSURFHVVLRQDUULYHGWKHEXVWKDGDOUHDG\EHHQRUQDPHQWHGZLWK

JDUODQGVDQGPHGDOOLRQVDQGDJURXSEHJDQWRVLQJK\PQVLQFHOHEUDWLRQ9LOOHWWHODWHU

UHPDUNHGRQWKLVILUVWSDXVHDV³O\ULFDOSURRI´WKDW9ROWDLUHZDV³XQLYHUVDOZULWHU´

7KHVHFRQGSXUSRVHZDVOHVVRYHUWEXWSROLWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW7KHEXVWRI

9ROWDLUHZKLFKWKHSURFHVVLRQKDGSDXVHGWRDGPLUHKDGEHHQSODFHGWRKRQRUWKH

SKLORVRSKHU¶VFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHRSHUDSamson7KLVRSHUDZKLFK9ROWDLUHKDG

FROODERUDWHGZLWKWKH)UHQFKFRPSRVHU-HDQ3KLOOLSSH5DPHDXWRFUHDWHKDGEHHQEDQQHG

RQUHOLJLRXVJURXQGV7KXVWKHFKRRVLQJRIWKLVVLWHDVWKHILUVWSDXVHLQWKHUHEXULDO

SURFHVVLRQZDV\HWDQRWKHUVWULNHRQWKHUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQWKDWKDGH[LOHG9ROWDLUHDQG

KDGUHQRXQFHGWKH5HYROXWLRQ

7KHQH[WSDXVHLQWKHSURFHVVLRQRFFXUUHGLQIURQWRI9LOOHWWH¶VKRXVHZKHUHWKH

SKLORVRSKHUKDGGLHG7KHHPSKDVLVWKLVSDXVHJDYHWRWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH

  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\  $ODQ6&XUWLV³-HDQ3KLOLSSH5DPHDX´Encyclopaedia BritannicaDFFHVVHG-XQH KWWSZZZEULWDQQLFDFRPELRJUDSK\-HDQ3KLOLSSH5DPHDXUHI    ZDVEODWDQW±LWZDVKHUHWKDW9ROWDLUH¶VKHDUWUHPRYHGGXULQJWKHHPEDOPLQJSURFHVV

ZDVNHSW)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\DVPDOODPSKLWKHDWHUKDGEHHQFUHDWHGZLWK

VWDQGVIRUWKHVSHFWDWRUV7KHFURZGVZHUHVRJUHDWKRZHYHUWKDWSHRSOHVSLOOHGRXWRQ

WRWKHTXDLDSWO\QDPHGVoltaireDQGIDUWKHURXWWRWKHPont-RoyalDQGWKHPont-Neuf

7KHVSHFWDFOHWREHREVHUYHGZDVFDUHIXOO\RUFKHVWUDWHG0DGDPHGH9LOOHWWHWKH

DGRSWLYHGDXJKWHURI9ROWDLUHDQGKHURZQGDXJKWHUVWRRGZDLWLQJWRJUHHWWKH+RXGRQ

VWDWXHV\PEROL]LQJWKHOLYLQJ9ROWDLUH:KHQWKHVWDWXHUHDFKHGLWVSODFHLQIURQWRIWKH

DPSKLWKHDWHUWKHZRPDQPRYHGIRUZDUGWRSODFHDFLYLFFURZQRQLWVKHDG7KHQ

EULQJLQJKHUGDXJKWHUFORVHWRWKHVWDWXHVKHGHGLFDWHGKHU³WRUHDVRQWRSKLORVRSK\DQG

WROLEHUW\´

7KHPHDQLQJEHKLQGWKHDFWLRQZDVFOHDU$OWKRXJK9ROWDLUHKDGGLHGDQGKDG

GRQHVRLQWKHYHU\KRXVHWKHSURFHVVLRQKDGSDXVHGDWKLVVSLULWUHPDLQHGDOLYH)RU

JHQHUDWLRQVWRFRPHWKHVSLULWRI9ROWDLUHZRXOGLQVSLUHWKHSHRSOHRI)UDQFHWRHPEUDFH

UHDVRQDQGOLEHUW\7KHORFDWLRQRIWKLVGHGLFDWLRQKHOGIXUWKHUVLJQLILFDQFH-XVWDFURVV

WKH6HLQH5LYHULQWKH7XLOHULHV3DODFHZDVWKHNLQJRI)UDQFHZKRKDGKHORRNHGRXW

KLVZLQGRZWRZDUGVWKHPont RoyalPLJKWKDYHVHHQWKHFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUHUDLVHGRQLWV

FKDULRW:KLOHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVUHMRLFHGLQWKHLUKHURRIOLEHUW\RXWVLGH/RXLV;9,

UHPDLQHGXQGHUKRXVHDUUHVWDIWHUKLVDWWHPSWHGIOLJKWWR9DUHQQHVWKUHHZHHNVHDUOLHU

 7KHTXDLKDGUHFHQWO\EHHQUHQDPHGE\9LOOHWWH$FFRXQWVIURPDQWLUHYROXWLRQDU\QHZVSDSHUV VXFKDVWKHL’ami du roiVWLOOUHIHUUHGWRWKHTXDLE\LWVROGHUQDPHle quai des Théatins8OWLPDWHO\ 9LOOHWWH¶VQDPHZRQDQGWRGD\WKHTXDLLVNQRZQDVWKHquai VoltaireChronique de Paris. T3 (1790- 1791)'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´  $FLYLFFURZQLVDJDUODQGW\SLFDOO\PDGHRIRDNOHDYHVLQWKHVKDSHRIDFURZQ7KHVHZHUH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDQFLHQWURPDQVZKLFKWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRIWHQWULHGWRHPXODWH  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\    7KHWKLUGSDXVHRIWKHSURFHVVLRQRFFXUUHGRXWVLGHWKHWKHDWHURIWKHAncienne

Comédie6LPLODUWRWKHSDXVHDWWKHOpèraWKLVVWRSDJDLQHPSKDVL]HGWKHWKHDWULFDO

DFFRPSOLVKPHQWVRI9ROWDLUH1HDUWKHFROXPQVRIWKHWKHDWHUWKHDFWRUVKDGPDGHWKH

LQVFULSWLRQ³+HFUHDWHGIrèneDWHLJKW\WKUHH\HDUVRIDJH´SUDLVLQJ9ROWDLUH¶VOLIHORQJ

FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHDUWV,WZDVKHUHWKDWWKHDFWRUVRIWKHWKHDWHUSHUIRUPHG³Peuple,

éveille-toi´RQFHDJDLQUHFDOOLQJWKHFHQVRUHGO\ULFVRISamson

7KHILQDOVWRSRIWKHSURFHVVLRQZDVRXWVLGHWKH3DQWKpRQLWVHOI8QIRUWXQDWHO\

E\WKLVSRLQWLQWKHFHUHPRQ\WKHZHDWKHUKDGWDNHQDEDGWXUQ5DLQPL[HGZLWKWKH

VORZWKUHHPLOHPDUFKKDGFKDVHGDZD\PRVWRIFURZGV9LOOHWWHZDVDSSDUHQWO\QRW

GLVFRXUDJHGE\WKHFDQFHOODWLRQRIWKHILQDOULWXDOV,QKLVUHFRXQWLQJRIWKHFHUHPRQ\

SULQWHGWKHIROORZLQJGD\9LOOHWWHVSRNHRQO\RIWKHVXFFHVVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\,W

KDGH[SUHVVHGKHFODLPHG³WKHWULXPSKRIUHDVRQWKHGHIHDWRIIDQDWLFLVPWKHSXUHORYH

IRUWKHpatrieDQGWKHUHVROXWLRQWRVDFULILFHHYHU\WKLQJIRUOLEHUW\´:KLOH9LOOHWWH

PLJKWVHHPDELDVHGVSRNHVPDQLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWHYHQWKHUR\DOLVWQHZVSDSHU

L’Ami du roiVSRNHEHJUXGJLQJO\RIWKHLPSUHVVLYHQHVVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\2YHUDOOWKH

SURFHVVLRQZDVVXFFHVVIXOLQHPSKDVL]LQJWKHHWHUQDOSUHVHQFHRI9ROWDLUH7KH

SKLORVRSKHU¶VHDUOLHUH[LOHE\WKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKKDGLQWKHPLQGRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV

EHHQHUDVHG

7KHWKLUGPDMRUFKDQJHEHWZHHQUHEXULDOVDQGWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDOZDVWKH

VWUXFWXUHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\:KLOHWKLVGLIIHUHQFHPLJKWVHHPDUELWUDU\RQWKHVXUIDFHWKH

 7KHLQVFULSWLRQUHIHUVWRWKHWUDJHG\IrèneZKLFK9ROWDLUHZURWHZKHQKHZDVHLJKW\WKUHH \HDUVROG7KLVZRUNZDVSHUIRUPHGRQQXPHURXVRFFDVLRQVDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUWKHDWHU,ELG  ,ELG  ³'X0HUFUHGL-XLOOHW´    FKDQJHLQVWUXFWXUHZDVWKHNH\WRFUHDWLQJDQHZUHYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXOWXUH7KH

&DWKROLFGHDWKULWXDOVZHUHDGHHSO\LQJUDLQHGSDUWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUHWKDWKDGEHHQ

SUHVHQWIRUFHQWXULHV7KXVEUHDNLQJDQ\SDUWRIWKHW\SLFDOSDWWHUQRIWKHVHGHDWKULWXDOV

ZDVDQLQWHQWLRQDOUHMHFWLRQRIWKLVIDFHWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUH7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI

9ROWDLUHZDVERXQGWRKDYHVRPHGLIIHUHQFHVDVWKHGHDWKRIWKHVXEMHFWKDGRFFXUUHGVR

ORQJEHIRUHEXWLWLVVLJQLILFDQWWKDWWKHSODQVIRUWKHFHUHPRQ\GLGQRWLQFRUSRUDWHPDQ\

RIWKHIDPLOLDUULWXDOVRIGHDWK

,IRQHZHUHWRUHFDOOWKHWUDGLWLRQDOULWXDOVH[SORUHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHULWLV

ZRXOGKDYHEHHQDSSDUHQWIURPWKHRXWVHWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\WKDWWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH

GLYHUJHGIURPWKHVHDFFHSWHGGHDWKULWXDOLQDQXPEHURINH\ZD\V)LUVWWKHFRUSVHZDV

WDNHQDZD\IURPDUHOLJLRXVHQYLURQPHQWWKHDEEH\RI6HOOLqUHVDQGSURFHVVHGWRD

VHFXODUVLWHWKH3DQWKpRQ7KHFHUHPRQ\GLGLQFOXGHDVWRSDWWKHKRXVHZKHUH9ROWDLUH

KDGGLHGEXWLWZDVWKHVWDWXHQRWWKHFRUSVHWKDWSOD\HGDSDUWLQWKHGHGLFDWLRQ

FHUHPRQ\7KHFRUSVHWKRXJKSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSURFHVVLRQDOJURXSZDVVHSDUDWHGIURP

WKHVWDWXHE\DWOHDVWWKUHHODUJHJURXSVRIVWXGHQWVPHQRIOHWWHUVDQGWKHgrands corps

RILQVWUXPHQWDODQGYRFDOPXVLFLDQVZKLFKPHDQWWKDWLWUHVWHGRQWKHPont-NeufGXULQJ

WKLVSDXVHRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ

7KHPRVWREYLRXVGHSDUWXUHIURPWKHW\SLFDOGHDWKULWXDOVZRXOGKDYHEHHQWKH

ODFNRISUD\HUVDQGELEOLFDOUHFLWDWLRQV7KHUHZHUHQRFOHUJ\KROGLQJWKHFURVVDORIWRU

VSULQNOLQJKRO\ZDWHURQWKHFRUSVHWKHUHZDVQRVLQJLQJRIWKHDe profundisRUWKH

Miserere,QVWHDGWKHO\ULFVRIRSHUDVYHUVHVRISRHWU\DQGOLQHVIURPSOD\VILOOHGWKH

DLU&DOOVIRUPHUF\IURP*RGZHUHUHSODFHGE\GHPDQGVIRUOLEHUW\DQGUHDVRQ2YHUDOO

 'H%DHFTXHGlory and TerrorChronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)-XO\    WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI9ROWDLUHZDVQRWVRPXFKDQ³DFWRIIDLWKLQWKH&LYLO

&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\´DV&ODUNHDUJXHGEXWDFRQVFLRXVUHMHFWLRQRIDGHDWKFXOWXUH

URRWHGLQ&DWKROLFLVP

 A New Culture of Death  ,WLVLPSRVVLEOHWRNQRZIRUVXUHWKHPRWLYHVRIWKH0DUTXLVGH9LOOHWWHDVKH

VWRRGRQWKHVWDJHRIWKHThéâtre de la NationDQGPDGHKLVGHPDQGVIRUWKHUHEXULDORI

9ROWDLUH¶VUHPDLQV:KHWKHUKLVZRUGVVSRNHRIDWUXHGHVLUHWRPHPRULDOL]HKLVPHQWRU

RUZKHWKHUKH\HDUQHGIRUSHUVRQDOIDPHKLVDFWLRQVOHIWDVLJQLILFDQWPDUNRQWKH)UHQFK

5HYROXWLRQ7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQDQGUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHJDYHWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVRI

)UDQFHDPHDQVWRUHIRUPDFHQWUDOSDUWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUH±WKHFXOWXUHRIGHDWK±DURXQG

WKHVHFXODUHQOLJKWHQPHQWPLQGHGLGHDOVRIWKHLU5HYROXWLRQ

7KHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHSURYLGHGWKLVPHDQVWKURXJKWKHXQXVXDOQDWXUHRILWVJRDO7KH

UHEXULDOZDVQRWDW\SLFDOIHVWLYDODVWKHSUHVHQFHRIDFRUSVHPDQGDWHGFHUWDLQFXOWXUDO

ULWXDOV7KHUHEXULDOZDVDOVRQRWDWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDODV9ROWDLUHKDGEHHQORQJGHDGE\

WKHWLPHRIWUDQVIHUDO7KLVOHIWWKHFHUHPRQ\LQDVRUWRIOLPERVWDWHJLYLQJWKHDUFKLWHFWV

DZD\WRPHUJHWKHJURZLQJUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHZLWKDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRI)UHQFKFXOWXUH

VWLOOLQWULQVLFDOO\WLHGZLWKWKH&DWKROLFancien regime7KHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHRSHQHG

WKHZD\IRUDUHYROXWLRQDU\FXOWXUHRIGHDWK

 1HLWKHUWKHSODQQHGRUGHURIWKHSURFHVVLRQUHSRUWHGE\&KDUURQRUWKHUHFRXQWRIWKHSURFHVVLRQ E\9LOOHWWHPHQWLRQWKHLQFOXVLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOFOHUJ\&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France    

 &+$37(5)285  5RXVVHDX   Voltaire’s Bookend   :LWK9ROWDLUHGHDGEXULHGDQGUHEXULHGLWLVQDWXUDOWRDVNZKHWKHUWKHUHEXULDO

FHUHPRQ\DFWXDOO\PDGHDGLIIHUHQFH7KHQRWLRQWKDWWKHUHEXULDOVFRXOGEHXVHGDVDQ

HQWUDQFHIRUDQHZFXOWXUHRIGHDWKPLJKWEHLQWULJXLQJEXWGLGWKLVQHZFXOWXUHRIGHDWK

SHUVLVWRUGLGWKHIROORZLQJIXQHUDOVDQGUHEXULDOVUHYHUWWRWKHFRPIRUWRIWKHSDVW"2QH

ZD\WREHLQJDQVZHULQJWKLVTXHVWLRQLVWRH[DPLQHDFHUHPRQ\VLPLODUWRWKHUHEXULDORI

9ROWDLUHZKLFKRFFXUUHGDWWKHHQGRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ±DERRNHQGSDLURIVRUWV%\

DVNLQJZKDWFKDQJHGZKDWVWD\HGWKHVDPHDQGZK\WKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVRUVLPLODULWLHV

RFFXUUHGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGLVFRYHUZKHWKHUWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHPDGHDQ\ODVWLQJ

PDUNVRQWKHGHDWKFXOWXUHRI)UDQFH)RUWXLWRXVO\RQHVXFKFHUHPRQ\H[LVWVWKH

UHEXULDORI5RXVVHDX

 $OWKRXJK-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDXZDV3DQWKpRQL]HGE\GHFUHHVKRUWO\DIWHUWKH

UHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWKHDFWXDOUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WRSODFHWKHUHPDLQVLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ

GLGQRWRFFXUIRUDQRWKHUWKUHH\HDUV%\WKHWLPHWKHFHUHPRQ\GLGWDNHSODFHWKH

SROLWLFDOHQYLURQPHQWRI)UDQFHZDVVWULNLQJO\GLIIHUHQWWKDQLWKDGEHHQLQ,QWKH

\HDUVEHWZHHQWKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXWKHNLQJRI)UDQFHKDGEHHQ

GHSRVHGDQGWKHQEHKHDGHGDFRQVWLWXWLRQKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDQGWKHQVXVSHQGHGDQGD

5HLJQRI7HUURUKDGEHJXQDQGWKHQFROODSVHG'HVSLWHWKHVHYRODWLOHFKDQJHVWKH)UHQFK

JRYHUQPHQWVWLOOIRXQGUHDVRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHWUDQVIHURI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVLQWRWKH

  3DQWKpRQHYHQWKRXJK5RXVVHDXKDGEHHQDKHURRIWKHHDUOLHUPRUHUDGLFDOIDFWLRQVRI

WKH5HYROXWLRQ

 5RXVVHDXOLNH9ROWDLUHKDGGLHGEHIRUHWKH5HYROXWLRQKDGWDNHQLWVKROGRQ

)UDQFH/LNH9ROWDLUH5RXVVHDXKDGEHHQDGRSWHGDVD³SURSKHWRIUHYROXWLRQ´+HKDG

JDLQHGWKLVUHSXWDWLRQIURPKLVZULWLQJVRQSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOUHIRUPZKLFKFDOOHGIRU

FRQFUHWHVROXWLRQVLQYDJXHHQRXJKWHUPVWKDWUHYROXWLRQDULHVRIPDQ\SROLWLFDOVSHFWUXPV

FRXOGFODLPKLPDVWKHLURZQ³VSLULWXDOJXLGH´7KHDUJXPHQWV5RXVVHDXPDGHLQKLV

Social ContractRQWKHULJKWVRIPDQDQGWKHQHHGIRUDFRQWUDFWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQD

JRYHUQPHQWDQGLWVSHRSOHZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\DGRSWHGLQWRWKHUKHWRULFRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ

7KHDXWKRUVRIWKHDeclaration of the of Man and of the CitizenDIRXQGLQJ

V\PERORIWKH5HYROXWLRQLPSOLFLWO\LQFOXGHG5RXVVHDX¶VZRUNE\UHDVVHUWLQJWKDWPHQ

DUHERUQIUHHDQGWKDWWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHULJKWVRIPDQLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH

JRYHUQPHQWDQGRIVRFLHW\ZKLFKPXVWKROGLWVJRYHUQPHQWDFFRXQWDEOH

 ,QDGGLWLRQWRKLVUHYROXWLRQDU\SROLWLFDOWUHDWLVHV5RXVVHDXZDVDOVRDOLWHUDU\

FHOHEULW\-XVWDV9ROWDLUHKDGUHDFKHGDSRSXODUDXGLHQFHZLWKKLVSOD\V5RXVVHDXKDG

UHDFKHGWKHZLGHUSXEOLFWKURXJKQRYHOV7KURXJKWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIJulie, or the New

Héloïse5RXVVHDXVSUHDGKLVFRQYLFWLRQVDERXWKXPDQUHODWLRQVKLSVIOXLGLW\RIFODVV

VWUXFWXUHVDQGHPRWLRQWRDYDVWDXGLHQFH,QInventing : A History

KLVWRULDQ/\QQ+XQWDUJXHVWKDWLWZDVODUJHO\WKDQNVWRWKHSRSXODULW\RIJulieDQGRWKHU

 /\QQ+XQWPolitics, Culture, and Class in the French RevolutionWK$QQLYHUVDU\(GLWLRQ 6WXGLHVRQWKH+LVWRU\RI6RFLHW\DQG&XOWXUH %HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV   ,ELG  *HRUJHV/HIHEYUHThe Coming of the French RevolutionWUDQV553DOPHU%LFHQWHQQLDOHG 3ULQFHWRQ3DSHUEDFNV 3ULQFHWRQ1-3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV )RUWKHWUDQVODWHGWH[WRI 5RXVVHDX VVHH/\QQ+XQWInventing Human Rights: A History 1HZ

XQGHUVWRRGDQGDFFHSWHGE\VXFKDODUJHDXGLHQFH

 :LWKDOORI5RXVVHDX¶VDFFRPSOLVKPHQWVDQGKLVSRSXODULW\ERWKDPRQJWKH

SXEOLFDQGSROLWLFDOWKHRULVWVLWLVQRZRQGHUWKDWKLVQDPHZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWWREH

FRQVLGHUHGIRU3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQLQ$SULORI'XULQJWKHGHEDWHVRIWKH1DWLRQDO

$VVHPEO\RYHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH3DQWKpRQDQGZKRZRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZRUWK\RI

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHSURSRVHGGHFUHHOLVWV5RXVVHDXE\QDPH'HVSLWHDOOWKLVWKH

UHPDLQVRI5RXVVHDXZHUHQRWWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH3DQWKpRQXQWLO2FWREHURI

 The Panthéonization of Rousseau   :KHQWKH$VVHPEO\SDVVHGWKHGHFUHHFUHDWLQJWKH3DQWKpRQDOOQDPHVEXWWKDWRI

0LUDEHDXZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHWH[W'HEDWHVRYHUZKRZDVZRUWK\RI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ

VWDOOHGLQFOXVLRQRIPRUH)UHQFKPHQLQWRWKHPRQXPHQW$VGLVFXVVHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV

FKDSWHUWKHGHSXWLHVGLVDJUHHGRYHUZKLFKJUHDWILJXUHVIURP)UHQFKKLVWRU\VKRXOGEH

LQFOXGHGILUVW7KRVHZKRVXSSRUWHGWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDXKDGWRFRPSHWH

DJDLQVWWKHGHSXWLHVZKRFDOOHGIRUWKHLQFOXVLRQRI9ROWDLUH'HVFDUWHVRU0RQWHVTXLHX

EHIRUH5RXVVHDX(YHQWXDOO\DVZHKDYHDOUHDG\VHHQ9ROWDLUHZRQWKHKRQRUVRIEHLQJ

WKHILUVWgrand hommeWREHEXULHGLQWKH3DQWKpRQWKDQNVWRWKHZRUNRI9LOOHWWHDQG

WHQVLRQVZLWKWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK

 9ROWDLUH¶VYLFWRU\ZDVRQO\DWHPSRUDU\GHIHDWIRUWKHVXSSRUWHUVRI5RXVVHDX

:LWKLQRQO\DIHZZHHNVRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\IRU9ROWDLUHDGHSXWDWLRQRIWKH

 +XQWEDVLVWKLVREVHUYDWLRQRQWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWQRYHOVOLNHJulieFUHDWHGDVHQVHRIHPSDWK\WKDW H[WHQGHGEH\RQGWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDOERXQGDULHV6HHFKDSWHURQH+XQWInventing Human Rights  $QWRLQH'H%DHFTXHGlory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French RevolutionWUDQV &KDUORWWH0DQGHOO 1HZ

$VVHPEO\ZLWKDSHWLWLRQEHDULQJPRUHWKDQWKUHHKXQGUHGVLJQDWXUHVZKLFKGHPDQGHG

WKDW5RXVVHDXUHFHLYHWKH³KRQRUVRZHGWRJUHDWPHQ´7KHSHWLWLRQVSDUNHGDQ

LPPHGLDWHGHEDWHDPRQJWKHGHSXWLHVRYHUZKHWKHUWKHSKLORVRSKHUVKRXOGUHFHLYH

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ7KHPDLQFRXQWHUDUJXPHQWUHYROYHGDURXQGWKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VULJKWWR

WKHERG\RILWVFLWL]HQV7KHKLVWRULDQ-RVHSK&ODUNHGLVPLVVHVWKHVHDUJXPHQWVDVD

PHWKRGRIVWDOOLQJWKHLVVXHE\GHSXWLHVZKRGLGQRWZLVKWRVHH5RXVVHDX3DQWKpRQL]HG

%XWWKHVHFRXQWHUDUJXPHQWVH[SUHVVHGDODUJHURQJRLQJGHEDWHLQ)UDQFHRQZKRKDG

DXWKRULW\RYHUWKHFRUSVH

 7KHFHQWUDOLVVXHLQTXHVWLRQZDVZKHWKHURUQRWWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\KDGWKH

ULJKWWRUHPRYH5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHIURPLWVFXUUHQWUHVWLQJSODFHLQWKHJDUGHQRI

(UPHQRQYLOOH7KLVJDUGHQKDGEHHQFUHDWHGE\WKH0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQXQGHUWKH

LQIOXHQFHRI5RXVVHDX¶VZULWLQJVRQRUGHUHGQDWXUH,WKDGEHHQKHUHWKDW5RXVVHDXKDG

UHWUHDWHGIRUWKHODVWZHHNVRIKLVOLIH:KHQWKHSKLORVRSKHUGLHG*LUDUGLQDUUDQJHGIRU

DWRPEWREHEXLOWIRUKLPRQDVPDOOLVODQGFRYHUHGLQSRSODUWUHHVVRWKDWKHFRXOG

UHPDLQLQWKHJDUGHQKHKDGVRORYHG7KHFRQFHUQWKHQZDVWKDWE\UHPRYLQJWKH

SKLORVRSKHU¶VUHPDLQVWKHODVWZLVKHVRI5RXVVHDXZRXOGEHYLRODWHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKH

 -RVHSK&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ

UHPRYLQJWKHUHPDLQVZRXOGYLRODWHWKHSURSHUW\ULJKWVRI*LUDUGLQ

 7KHTXHVWLRQRYHUZKRKDGWKHULJKWWR5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHZDVQRWHQWLUHO\

XQLTXH,QWKHSUHYLRXVGHFDGHVYDULRXVSDUWLHVLQ)UDQFHKDGVWUXJJOHGZLWKTXHVWLRQV

RIDXWKRULW\RYHUWKHGHDG7KHLVVXHKDGJURZQRXWRIFRQFHUQVRYHUWKHVDQLWDU\

FRQGLWLRQVRIWKHXUEDQFHPHWHULHVRI3DULVDQGWKHHIIRUWVWRPRYHWKHVHFHPHWHULHVRXW

RIWKHFLW\&RPSODLQWVDERXWFHPHWHU\VDQLWDWLRQKDGEHJXQDVHDUO\DVWKHVHYHQWHHQWK

FHQWXU\DQGE\WKH3DUOLDPHQWRI3DULVKDGFDOOHGIRUWKHILUVWLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH

FHPHWHULHV7KLVLQTXLU\LQLWLDOO\OHGQRZKHUHEXWZKHQFRPSODLQWVFRQWLQXHGDVHFRQG

LQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVRUJDQL]HGLQ

 7KHUHVXOWRIWKLVIXUWKHUH[DPLQDWLRQOHGWRWKH'HFUHHRIWKH3DUOLDPHQWRI3DULV

RI0DUFK,QWKHRSHQLQJOLQHVWKHFRQFHUQVDERXWVDQLWDWLRQDUHFOHDUO\VWDWHG

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

ZRXOGEHVKDUHGDPRQJWKHSDULVKHV$IWHUDIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\FRUSVHVZHUHWREH

 %LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France  3KLOLSSH$ULqVThe Hour of Our DeathOVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ

DQGWDNHQWRWKHFRPPRQJUDYHRIWKHDVVRFLDWHGSDULVK7KHSURSRVHGSODQGLGQRW

UHFHLYHFRPSOHWHVXSSRUW0DQ\SDULVKLRQHUVZHUHQRWNHHQRQKDYLQJWKHLUGHDG

UHPRYHGIURPWKHLUSDULVKFKXUFKDQGVRPHFOHUJ\ZHUHUHVLVWDQWWRDOORZLQJWKH

WUDQVIHUDORIUHPDLQV

 7KHRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHGHFUHHPHDQWWKDWLWVSURYLVLRQVZHUHRQO\DGRSWHGLQ

FHUWDLQSDULVKHVZKLOHRWKHUFKXUFK\DUGFHPHWHULHVFRQWLQXHGWRDFWDVSHUPDQHQW

JUDYHVLWHV+RZHYHUDQHGLFWRI/RXLV;9,KDOWHGWKLVSUDFWLFH³&HPHWHULHVZKLFK>«@

PLJKWSROOXWHWKHDLUZLOOEHUHPRYHGDVIDUDVFLUFXPVWDQFHVSHUPLW´'HVSLWH

SURWHVWDWLRQVE\WKHSDULVKLRQHUVWKHUHPRYDORIWKHFHPHWHULHVEHJDQSURPSWO\LQ

7HQVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFRUSVHVZHUHH[KXPHGIURPWKH3DULVLDQFHPHWHULHVDQGPRUHWKDQ

DWKRXVDQGFDUWORDGVRIERQHVZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGLQWRROGVWRQHTXDUULHVFUHDWLQJZKDWLV

NQRZQWRGD\DVWKH&DWDFRPEVRI3DULV

 7KXVWKHUHPRYDORI5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHIURPWKHSULYDWHFHPHWHU\RI

(UPHQRQYLOOHZDVDPDWWHUWKDWUDQGHHSHUWKDQRIIHQGLQJWKH0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQ7KH

1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\KDGWRGHFLGHZKHWKHURUQRWWKH\ZRXOGIROORZLQWKHIRRWVWHSVRIWKH

NLQJDQGGHPDQGFHUWDLQULJKWVRYHUWKHORFDWLRQRIDFRUSVH(YHQWXDOO\WKHGHSXWLHV

FDPHWRDFRPSURPLVH,WZDVDJUHHGWKDW*LUDUGLQVKRXOGEHFRQVXOWHGRQWKHWUDQVIHUDO

RIWKHUHPDLQVEXWWKDWWKHUHZDVQRWKLQJWRSUHYHQWWKH$VVHPEO\IURPSDVVLQJDGHFUHH

 ,ELG5DJRQThe Space of Death  4XRWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ5DJRQThe Space of Death  )LYHFHPHWHULHVZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWR7KHVHZHUHWKHFHPHWHULHVRI6DLQWV ,QQRFHQWV6DLQW5RFKH6DLQW(XVWDFKHÌOH6DLQW/RXLVDQG6DLQW6XOSLFH,QWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXULHV DGGLWLRQDOFHPHWHULHVZHUHUHPRYHGIRUFLW\SODQQLQJSXUSRVHV,ELG&ROLQ-RQHVParis: Biography of a CityVW$PHULFDQHG 1HZ

GHFODULQJWKDW5RXVVHDXZDVZRUWK\RIWKHKRQRUVRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQEXWWKHFRUSVH

UHPDLQHGDWWKHJDUGHQRI(UPHQRQYLOOH

 ,QWKHGD\VIROORZLQJWKHRIILFLDOGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKHUDGLFDOMRXUQDOLVW

-HDQ3DXO0DUDWSXEOLVKHGDFRXSOHRIYLWULROLFDUWLFOHVRQWKHVXEMHFWLQKLVMRXUQDO

L’Ami du peuple,QRQHRIWKHVHSXEOLFDWLRQV0DUDWFDOOHGRQ*LUDUGLQWRNHHSKLVKROG

RQWKHUHPDLQVRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU

,WLV\RX*LUDUGLQWKDWWKHZHDN5RXVVHDXFKDUJHGZLWKWKH WDVNRIFROOHFWLQJKLVPRUWDOUHPDLQV%\GHSRVLWLQJ>KLV UHPDLQV@LQ\RXUKDQGVKHEHOLHYHGWKDWKHSODFHGWKHP XQGHUWKHVDFUHGJXDUGRIIULHQGVKLS6KRXOG\RXVXIIHU« WKDWWKH\EHWUDQVSRUWHGIURPWKHSHDFHIXOJURYHRI +HUPHQRQYLOOH«"  +RZHYHUDVWLPHSDVVHGWKHWUDQVIHUDORI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVVORZO\IDGHGIURPWKH

LQWHUHVWRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHV2WKHUHYHQWVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQVXFKDVWKHPDVVDFUHRQ

WKH&KDPSGH0DUVZRQWKHDWWHQWLRQRIWKHGHSXWLHVDQGWKHMRXUQDOLVWV,WZRXOGEH

QHDUO\WKUHH\HDUVEHIRUHDQRWKHUDWWHPSWDWWUDQVIHUULQJWKHUHPDLQVRI5RXVVHDXWRWKH

3DQWKpRQRFFXUUHG

 7KLVQH[WDWWHPSWFDPHLQ$SULORIGXULQJWKHPLGVWRIWKHSHULRGRIWKH

5HYROXWLRQNQRZQDVWKH5HLJQRI7HUURU,Q2FWREHURIWKHSUHYLRXV\HDUWKH1DWLRQDO

 %LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire  '+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH&HUHPRQ\RI 9HQGpPLDLUH

SHULRGRIYLROHQFHDQGUDPSDQWGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQIROORZHG&KXUFKHVZHUHGHVHFUDWHG

FHPHWHULHVGHVWUR\HGDQGUHOLJLRXVRUGHUVZHUHWHUURUL]HGE\PLOLWDQWJURXSVRIsans- culottesLQDVXSSRVHGHIIRUWWRURRWRXWFRXQWHUUHYROXWLRQDQGWKHFRQVSLUDF\RIWKH

&DWKROLF&KXUFK$WILUVWWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQWROHUDWHGWKHVHDFWVRIYDQGDOLVPEXW

HYHQWXDOO\WKH\UHFRJQL]HGGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQDVEHLQJGHWULPHQWDOWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ

5HVRXUFHVZKLFKFRXOGKDYHEHHQXVHGWRHQIRUFHSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFSROLFLHVRIWKH

JRYHUQPHQWZHUHLQVWHDGEHLQJZDVWHGRQGLVUXSWLYHsans-culottes,QDQDWWHPSWWR

UHFDOORUGHUDPRQJWKHSHRSOHDSODQZDVGHYLVHGWRFRXQWHUDWKHLVPZLWKDUHOLJLRQRI

WKHUHYROXWLRQ

 7KHVHFRQGGHFUHHRI3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQIRU5RXVVHDXFDPHLQWKLVVSLULWRIDQWL

GHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ,QERRNRITheSocial Contract5RXVVHDXRXWOLQHGWKHYDULRXVW\SHV

RIUHOLJLRQDQGDUJXHGWKDWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIUHOLJLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\IRUDKHDOWK\VWDWH

7KHVHLGHDVRQD³FLYLOUHOLJLRQ´LQVSLUHGDQHZLQWHUHVWLQWKHFRUSVHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHU

%\FHOHEUDWLQJWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQ

FRXOGRIIHUWRWKHSHRSOHDFRXQWHUH[DPSOHWRDWKHLVP'HLVW5RXVVHDXFRXOGEHFRPH

WKHQHZH[DPSOHRIWKHgrand homme

 7KXVRQ$SULOWKH&RQYHQWLRQSDVVHGDVHFRQGGHFODUDWLRQRI

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQ7KHWUDQVIHUDORIWKHFRUSVHKRZHYHUZDVRQFHDJDLQGHOD\HGGXHWRD

QXPEHURIFROOLGLQJIDFWRUV)LUVW5RXVVHDXZDVQRWWKHRQO\FRUSVHZDLWLQJWREHSODFHG

LQWRWKH3DQWKpRQ0DUDWZDVDOVRDZDLWLQJKLVWXUQ7KH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQKDG

 'DYLG$QGUHVVThe Terror: The Merciless War for in Revolutionary France 1HZ

&KDUORWWH&RUGD\DQGODEHOHGDPDUW\UIRUWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI0DUDW

KRZHYHUKDGFRPHZLWKDVWLSXODWLRQ%HIRUHWKHERG\RI0DUDWFRXOGEHSODFHGLQWRWKH

3DQWKpRQWKHFRUSVHRI0LUDEHDX±QRZFRQVLGHUHGWREHDWUDLWRUWRWKH5HYROXWLRQ±

KDGWREHUHPRYHG$PDJQLILFHQWIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVSODQQHGEXWWKHGHSXWLHVUDQ

RXWRIWLPHWRSUHSDUHWKH3DQWKpRQEHIRUHWKHVXPPHUKHDWRI-XO\ZUHDNHGKDYRFRQWKH

FRUSVHDQGVR0DUDWZDVWHPSRUDULO\EXULHGLQWKHJDUGHQRIWKH&RUGHOLHUV&OXE

 7KHVHFRQGIDFWRUGHOD\LQJWKHWUDQVIHUDORI5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVZDVWKH

FHOHEUDWLRQRIWKH)HVWLYDORIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJ0D[LPLOLHQ5REHVSLHUUHWKHJUHDW

UHYROXWLRQDU\RUDWRUDQGOHDGHURIWKH-DFRELQIDFWLRQKDGVKRZQLQFUHDVLQJFRQFHUQRYHU

GHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ:KLOHWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQKDGKRSHGWKDWDJUDQGUHEXULDO

FHUHPRQ\RIWKH5RXVVHDXPLJKWKHOSFXUEWKHYLROHQWDWKHLVP5REHVSLHUUHKDGD

GLIIHUHQWSODQLQPLQG2Q0D\KHSURSRVHGDGHFUHHFDOOLQJIRUWKH)UHQFKWR

UHFRJQL]HWKH³H[LVWHQFHRIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJDQGWKHLPPRUDOLW\RIWKHVRXO´DQGD

IHVWLYDOWR³UHPLQGPHQRIWKH'HLW\´7KHVXEVHTXHQWSODQQLQJDQGH[HFXWLRQRIWKH

)HVWLYDORIWKH6XSUHPH%HLQJUHVXOWHGLQIXUWKHUGHOD\VLQWKHWUDQVIHURI5RXVVHDX¶V

UHPDLQVDQGRQFHDJDLQWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVSRVWSRQHGLQGHILQLWHO\

 

 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de La Montagne-XO\ %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH  )RUDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHSODQQLQJDQGH[HFXWLRQRIWKHIXQHUDOFHUHPRQ\RI0DUDWVHH/LVH $QGULqVDQG-HDQ&ODXGH%RQQHWHGVLa Mort de Marat 3DULV)ODPPDULRQ *XLOODXPH0D]HDX Le Bain de L’histoire: et L’attentat Contre Marat, 1793-2009 / Guillaume Mazeauࣟ; Préface de Jean-Clément Martin/D&KRVH3XEOLTXH 6H\VVHO&KDPS9DOORQ   7KLVSURSRVHGGHFUHHLVTXRWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGLQ*HRUJH5XGpHGRobespierre (QJOHZRRG &OLIIV1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF    Exhumation and Triumph   7KHDLUZDVFDOPWKHVN\SXUHDORQJSXUSOHYHLO FRQFHDOHGIURPWKHKRUL]RQWKHUD\VRIWKHVHWWLQJVXQ$ FRROZLQGJHQWO\UXVWOHGWKHOHDYHV  6RZDVWKHVHWWLQJLQZKLFKWKHFRUSVHRI5RXVVHDXZDVILQDOO\H[KXPHGIURPWKH

JDUGHQDW(UPHQRQYLOOHRQ2FWREHU$PHPEHURIWKHH[HFXWLYHFRPPLVVLRQRI

WKH&RPPLWWHHRI3XEOLF,QVWUXFWLRQGHVFULEHGWKHGHSDUWXUHIURPWKHJDUGHQ

7KHZDONZDVVLOHQWDQGRQHFRXOGRQO\KHDUWKHVRXQGRI WKHUXVWOLQJRIWKHWUHHEUDQFKHVZKLFKVHHPHGWRFDUHVV WKHFRIILQRIWKHRQHZKRWKH\KDGVHHQSHDFHIXOO\PHGLWDWH RUH[HUFLVHFKDULW\XQGHUWKHLUVKDGH2QWKHWUXQNRID ZLOORZWUHHZKLFKRYHUORRNHGWKH,VOHRIWKH3RSODUVZDV DWWDFKHGWKHFKDUPLQJ³5RPDQFHRIWKH:LOORZ´RI-HDQ -DFTXHVWKHPXVLFLDQVSOD\HG>WKLVSLHFH@PDQ\WLPHV DQGWKHPHODQFKROLFVHQWLPHQWVZKLFKLQVSLUHGWKHSODFH WKHFKRLFHRIWKHWXQH«ILOOHGWKHVRXORIDOOWKHVSHFWDWRUV WRWKHSRLQWRIUHPRYLQJDOOPHDQVWRH[SUHVVWKHPVHOYHV  7KHH[KXPDWLRQZDVDFHUHPRQ\LQLWVHOIMXVWDVLWKDGEHHQZLWKWKHH[KXPDWLRQRI

9ROWDLUH$IWHU\HDUVRIGHOD\VDQGVHWEDFNVWKHFRUSVHRI5RXVVHDXZDVILQDOO\en route

WRLWVQHZUHVWLQJSODFHLQWKH3DQWKpRQ

 7KHGHFLVLRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDVEDVHGRQFDUHIXOSROLWLFDO

SODQQLQJ7KUHHPRQWKVHDUOLHUDQHYHQWNQRZQDVWKH7KHUPLGRULDQ5HDFWLRQGUDVWLFDOO\

FKDQJHGWKHPDNHXSRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\JRYHUQPHQW2YHUQLJKWWKHUDGLFDO-DFRELQ

 4XRWHGIURPWKHZULWLQJVRI/RXLV6HEDVWLHQ0HUFLHULQ%LYHULe Panthéon À L’époque Révolutionnaire  5RPDQFHRIWKH:LOORZRULa romance du SauleZDVDSLHFHFRPSRVHGE\5RXVVHDX  4XRWHGLQ-HDQ5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830 3XEOLFDWLRQVGH/D6RUERQQH165HFKHUFKHV 3DULV$&ROLQ   7KHHDUOLHUGHEDWHVRQWKHSURSHUW\ULJKWVRI*LUDUGLQDUHPLVVLQJLQWKLVODWHU\HDURIWKH 5HYROXWLRQ'HVSLWH*LUDUGLQ¶VFRQWLQXHGSURWHVWVDWWKHUHPRYDORI5RXVVHDX¶VFRUSVHWKHJRYHUQPHQW GHFODUHVWKHFRUSVHWREH³propriété nationale´DQGDSSURYHVWKHWUDQVIHUDORIWKHUHPDLQVWR3DULV3LHUUH 6HUQD³3ROLWLTXHVGH5RXVVHDXHWSROLWLTXHVGH5REHVSLHUUHௗIDX[VHPEODQWVHWYUDLVPLURLUVGpIRUPpV´La Révolution françaiseQR 1RYHPEHU    &OXEORVWSROLWLFDOFRQWUROWKURXJKWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHLUOHDGHUVDQGWKH5HYROXWLRQFDPH

XQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRIPRUHPRGHUDWHSROLWLFDOJURXSV,QDQDWWHPSWWRUHJDLQFRQWURORI

WKHLU5HYROXWLRQZKLOHNHHSLQJWKHUHVSHFWRIWKH)UHQFKSHRSOHWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQ

GHFLGHGWRXVHWKH3DQWKpRQWRWKHLUDGYDQWDJH7KXVWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHUHPDLQVRI

0DUDWDQG5RXVVHDXZHUHSODQQHGDQGVFKHGXOHG

 7KHWUDQVIHURI0DUDWLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQRFFXUUHGILUVWRQ6HSWHPEHU

0DUDWKDGDOUHDG\UHFHLYHGDJUDQGIXQHUDOWKHSUHYLRXVVXPPHURIDQHYHQWZKLFK

DOORZVXVWRWDNHDEULHIGHWRXUWRGLVFRYHUKRZDVWDWHIXQHUDORIWKH5HYROXWLRQ

FRPSDUHGWRWKHIXQHUDOVRIWKHancien régimeDQGWKHHDUO\UHYROXWLRQDU\IXQHUDORI

0LUDEHDX7KHIXQHUDOIRU0DUDWZDVGHVLJQHGDQGGLUHFWHGE\WKHDUWLVW-DFTXHV'DYLG

ZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHVXUJHRQ/RXLV'HVFKDPSVDQGWKHFRPSRVHU*RVVHF7RJHWKHU

WKLVWHDPFUHDWHGDPDJQLILFHQWFHUHPRQ\WKDWXQOLNHWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOV

HPSKDVL]HGORVVDQGWKHQHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRIGHDWK2Q-XO\WZRGD\VDIWHUWKH

DVVDVVLQDWLRQRI0DUDWWKHMRXUQDOLVW¶VFRUSVHZDVSUHSDUHGIRUGLVSOD\DWWKH&RUGHOLHUV

&OXE7KHFRUSVHZDVSODFHGRQDURPDQVW\OHEHGFRYHUHGE\DVKHHWLQVXFKDZD\

WKDWWKHNQLIHZRXQGZDVYLVLEOHHPSKDVL]LQJWKHKDUPWKDWWKHDVVDVVLQKDGLQIOLFWHGDV

ZHOODVWKHVDFULILFHWKLVPDUW\UKDGPDGHIRUWKH5HYROXWLRQ6XUURXQGLQJWKHFRUSVH

ZHUHGUDSHULHVLQtricoloreDQG0DUDW¶VVKLUWVWDLQHGLQEORRGZDVGLVSOD\HGQHDUE\

 7KHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHIXQHUDORI0DUDWFRPHVIURPWKHIROORZLQJSULPDU\DQG VHFRQGDU\VRXUFHV6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de la Montagne-XO\ 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´Journal de la Montagne-XO\$QGULqVDQG%RQQHW La Mort de Marat±0D]HDXLe Bain L’histoire±6LPRQ6FKDPDCitizens: A Chronicle of the French RevolutionVW9LQWDJH%RRNVHG 1HZ

UHSXEOLFDQVUHVWHGRQ0DUDW¶VKHDG

 'DYLGKDGLQWHQGHGWRGLVSOD\WKHFRUSVHLQWKLVZD\IRUWKUHHGD\VEXWWKHKHDWRI

VXPPHUIRUFHGWKHDUWLVWWRFKDQJHKLVSODQV7KHIROORZLQJGD\'DYLGLQIRUPHGWKH

$VVHPEO\WKDW³GXHWRWKHSXWUHIDFWLRQRIWKHFRUSVH´WKHEXULDOZRXOGWDNHSODFHWKDW

HYHQLQJ$WVL[R¶FORFNGHSXWLHVRIWKHsections RI3DULVMRLQHGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP

YDULRXVVRFLHWLHVDQGPXVLFLDQVWRIRUPDIXQHUDOSURFHVVLRQ7KHFRUSVHVWLOORQLWV

URPDQEHGZDVWKHQOHGDURXQGWKHFLW\RI3DULVVRWKDWWKHSXEOLFFRXOGVHHWKHLUGHDG

PDUW\UDQGPRXUQKLVORVV7KHSURFHVVLRQWKHQHQGHGLQWKHVDPHSODFHZKHUHLWKDG

EHJXQDWWKH&RUGHOLHUV&OXEZKHUHWKHERG\ZDVWKHQHQWHUHGLQWKHJDUGHQXQGHUD

WUHH

 ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKLVIXQHUDOWKHFHUHPRQ\WKDWDFFRPSDQLHG0DUDW¶VUHPDLQVWRWKH

3DQWKpRQD\HDUODWHUUHVHPEOHGPRUHDSROLWLFDOIHVWLYDOWKDQDFHUHPRQ\RIGHDWK$V

ZDVVWLSXODWHGLQWKHRULJLQDOGHFLVLRQWRSODFH0DUDWLQWKH3DQWKpRQWKHFHUHPRQ\

LQFOXGHGWKHUHPRYDORI0LUDEHDX¶VUHPDLQVWDNHQRXWE\DVLGHGRRUDV0DUDWHQWHUHGE\

WKHPDLQHQWUDQFH7KLVFHOHEUDWLRQRIDPDUW\URIWKH7HUURUVHHPVXQH[SHFWHGLQWKH

OLJKWRIWKHSROLWLFDOUHDOLJQPHQWEXWDV&ODUNHDSWO\H[SODLQV³1RUpJLPHFDQVXVWDLQ

LWVHOIVROHO\RQWKHVHWWOLQJRIROGVFRUHV´7KHFHUHPRQ\IRU0DUDWWKHQZDVDVLJQRI

JRRGZLOOE\WKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQLQDSHULRGRIFRQIXVLRQ

 6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´  6RFLpWpGHVDPLVGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ³1R´%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996  &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France    7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI5RXVVHDXKHOGDGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHIRUWKH&RQYHQWLRQ

:LWKWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXWKH&RQYHQWLRQKRSHGWRUHDOLJQWKH5HYROXWLRQZLWKWKH

SULQFLSOHVWKDWKDGRULJLQDOO\EHJXQWKHUHYROWDJDLQVWWKHancien regime:LWKWKH

KRUURUVRIWKH7HUURUVWLOOSUHVHQWLQWKHPLQGVRIWKH)UHQFKLWZDVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKH

JRYHUQPHQWILQGDZD\WRH[SUHVVWKHLGHDOVRIWKH³WUXH´5HYROXWLRQ±WKH5HYROXWLRQRI

UDWKHUWKDQWKH5HYROXWLRQRI7HUURU7KHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXEHFDPHWKHVROXWLRQ

WRWKLVSUREOHP

 5RXVVHDXKDGORQJEHHQDFFHSWHGDVIDWKHURIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$OWKRXJK

WKHPHPEHUVRIWKH-DFRELQ&OXEKDGEHHQWKHRQHVWRPRVWRIWHQVLQJKLVSUDLVHV

UHYROXWLRQDULHVDFURVVWKHSROLWLFDOVSHFWUXPKDGSUDLVHG5RXVVHDX¶VSROLWLFDOZULWLQJV

DQGLGHDV7KDQNVWRWKLVZLGHDFFHSWDQFHWKH&RQYHQWLRQFRXOGXVHWKLVFHUHPRQ\WR

UHDVVHUWWKHFRUHSULQFLSOHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQZLWKOLWWOHIHDURIRIIHQGLQJRQHSROLWLFDO

JURXSRUDQRWKHU

 A Second Reburial   :LWK5RXVVHDXH[KXPHGDQGDZDLWLQJHQWUDQFHLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQLWLVWLPHWR

WXUQRXUJD]HEDFNWRWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH7KUHHWXPXOWXRXV\HDUVRIYLROHQFH

FRQIXVLRQDQGSROLWLFDOXSKHDYDOKDGRYHUWDNHQ)UDQFHVLQFHWKHFRUSVHRI9ROWDLUH

MRLQHGWKDWRI0LUDEHDXLQWKH3DQWKpRQ0RUHWKDQWZRWKRXVDQG)UHQFKPHQDQG

ZRPHQKDGEHHQJXLOORWLQHGLQ3DULVDORQHDQGWKHFDUQDJHRIWKHIRUHLJQZDUVVSDUNHG

E\WKH5HYROXWLRQKDGEURXJKWWKHGHDWKWROOHYHQKLJKHU:LWKDOORIWKHVHFKDQJHVGLG

WKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHSURYHWRKDYHDQ\ODVWLQJHIIHFWRQ)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUH"

 7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI5RXVVHDXZDVUHPDUNDEO\VLPLODUWRWKDWRILWV

SUHGHFHVVRULQWRQHDQGFRQWHQW/LNHWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU

  5RXVVHDXZDVXQDEDVKHGO\MR\RXV+HUHDJDLQZDVDFHUHPRQ\RIWULXPSKQRWRIORVV

0HQZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQGUHVVHGLQWKHFRVWXPHVRIWKHDQFLHQWVSDUDGHGWKURXJK

3DULVKROGLQJERXTXHWVRIFDUQDWLRQVURVHVHDUVRIZKHDWDQGSRSODUEUDQFKHVZKLOH

PXVLFLDQVSOD\HGVHOHFWLRQVIURP5RXVVHDX¶VRQHDFWRSHUDLe Devin du Village(DUO\

LQWKHSURFHVVLRQWKHFURZGVRIVSHFWDWRUVMRLQHGLQVLQJLQJWKHHymne à Rousseau D

SLHFHZULWWHQE\WKHVDPHPXVLFDOGXRWKDWKDGFRPSRVHGWKH Hymne à VoltaireWKUHH

\HDUVHDUOLHU7KHHymne à RousseauSURYLGHGDPRUHFDUHIUHHLPSUHVVLRQWKDQWKH

HDUOLHUSLHFHKDG8QOLNHWKHK\PQFRPSRVHGIRU9ROWDLUHZKLFKGLSSHGLQDQGRXWRI

WKHPLQRUPRGHWRH[SUHVVWKHH[LOHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUWKHK\PQIRU5RXVVHDXUHPDLQHG

LQWKHPDMRUPRGHWKURXJKRXW

7KHO\ULFVE\&KpQLHUPDWFKHGWKHFKHHUIXOWRQHRIWKHPXVLF(DFKYHUVHZDV

VXQJE\DGLIIHUHQWJURXSRIFLWL]HQVILUVW³WKHHOGHUO\DQGWKHPRWKHUVRIWKHIDPLO\´

IROORZHGE\³WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH3HRSOH´WKHQ³WKHFKLOGUHQ´QH[W³WKH

*HQHYDQV´DQGLQFORVLQJ³WKH\RXQJPHQ´7KHO\ULFVWKHPVHOYHVFDOOHGRQ5RXVVHDX

DVDPHQWRUDQGJXLGH7KHPRWKHUVUHTXHVWHGJXLGDQFHIRUWKHFKLOGUHQ

(QOLJKWHQRXUVRQVDQGRXUGDXJKWHUV )RUPWKHLU\RXQJKHDUWVWRYLUWXH $QGUHWXUQKDSSLQHVVWRRXUIDPLOLHV %\WKHORYHRIWKHODZDQGWUDGLWLRQV  3LHUUH*DEULHO%HUWKDXOWDQG$EUDKDP*LUDUGHWApothéose de J.J. Rousseau. Translation Au Panthéonࣟ: Le 11 Octobre 1794, Ou 20 Vendemiaire an 3.eme de La République(QJUDYLQJ %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795- 1830%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996  0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X 3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´ 0DJDVLQjO¶XVDJHGHVIrWHVQDWLRQDOHV  %LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH  7KHJURXSRI*HQHYDQVZHUHLQUHIHUHQFHWR5RXVVHDX¶V*HQHYDRULJLQV)RUWKHFHUHPRQ\LW ZDVOLNHO\WKDW)UHQFKFLWL]HQVSRVLQJDV*HQHYDQVVXQJWKLVSDUWLFXODUO\YHUVH,ELG  ,ELG     )RUWKHFKLOGUHQ5RXVVHDXZDVDSURWHFWRU

)URPWKRVHZKRP\RXGHIHQGHG 5HFHLYHWKHJUDWHIXOYRLFHV 5RXVVHDXZDVWKHIULHQGRIFKLOGKRRG +HLVFKHULVKHGE\WKHFKLOGUHQ  7KLVFHOHEUDWRU\K\PQDGGHGWRWKHWRQHRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\7KHIRUORUQVRXQGVRI

WKHDe profundisDQGWKHMiserereRIWKH&DWKROLFIXQHUDOVZRXOGKDYHEHHQRXWRISODFH

LQWKLVSURFHVVLRQRIWKHFRUSVH

 )RUWKHVSHFWDWRUVWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXZDVPRUHDIHVWLYDOWKDQDIXQHUDO

&RPSDUHGWRWKHPRUHUHFHQWFHUHPRQLHVIRU0DUDWWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDV

QRWLFHDEO\OLJKWKHDUWHG7KHIXQHUDODQGWUDQVIHUDOFHUHPRQLHVRI0DUDWKDGEHHQ

RYHUVKDGRZHGE\WKHYLROHQFHDQGSROLWLFDOFRQIOLFWWKDWKDGVXUURXQGHGWKHUDGLFDO

MRXUQDOLVW7KHUHPRYDORIWKHFRUSVHRI0LUDEHDXGXULQJWKHWUDQVIHUDOFHUHPRQ\KDG

RQO\DGGHGWRWKHHYHUSUHVHQWIHHOLQJVRIWHQVLRQDPRQJWKH)UHQFK,QFRQWUDVW

5RXVVHDX¶VFHUHPRQ\H[SUHVVHGDJHQHUDOXQDQLPLW\DPRQJWKHFLWL]HQV$QDFFRXQWRI

WKHFHUHPRQ\LQWKHQHZVSDSHU Courrier républicain PDNHVQRWHRIWKLVXQLW\

2QHGLGQRWKHDUWKHULRWRXVVFUHDPVZKLFKLQRWKHU IHVWLYDOVKDGSURYRNHGWKHIXU\RIWKHSDUWLHVDQGVFHQHVRI FDUQDJHDQGEORRG  1RRQHSROLWLFDOJURXSZDVSUDLVHGRYHUDQRWKHU,QVWHDG5RXVVHDXZDVSUDLVHGDVWKH

JXLGHRIDOOSHRSOHZKR\HDUQHGIRUIUHHGRPDQGYLUWXH

 ,ELG  %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996  4XRWHGLQ+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH &HUHPRQ\RI9HQGpPLDLUH

FHOHEUDWHWKHOLIHRIDPDQZKRKDGLQVSLUHGWKH)UHQFKWR³EUHDNWKHLUFKDLQV´+HUH

DJDLQWKHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXFKRVHWRUHSODFHWKHGHVSDLURIGHDWK

ZLWKWKHWULXPSKRIWKHLUUHYROXWLRQDU\IRUHIDWKHU-R\KDGRQFHDJDLQWULXPSKHGRYHU

PHODQFKRO\GHDWKFXOWXUHRIROG

 7KHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXDOVRUHVHPEOHGWKDWRI9ROWDLUH¶VLQLWVJHQHUDO

VWUXFWXUH$SDUDGHRIDUWLVWVPXVLFLDQVJRYHUQPHQWDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVPLOLWDU\

EDWWDOLRQVDQGFLWL]HQVGUHVVHGLQFRVWXPHVRIDQFLHQW5RPHSURFHVVHGWKURXJK3DULV

KROGLQJDORIWV\PEROVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGWKHZULWWHQZRUNVRI5RXVVHDX7KH

SUHVHQFHRIWKHFRUSVHZDVEDODQFHGZLWKDVWDWXHGHSLFWLQJWKHSKLORVRSKHULQOLIH

6RQJVSUDLVLQJWKHEHQHYROHQFHRI5RXVVHDXZHUHVXQJDVVSHFWDWRUVOLQHGWKHSDWKWRWKH

3DQWKpRQ7KHUHZDVQRSDXVHDWDFKXUFKRUSULHVWVWROHDGWKHFRUSVHLQSUD\HUQR

FURVVHVKHOGDORIWRUELEOLFDOSDVVDJHVUHDG$OOLQDOOWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXDSSHDUHG

WREHDPLUURURIWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH



KDUNHQHGEDFNWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIXQHUDOVRISUH5HYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFH)LUVWDOWKRXJKWKH

UHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\ZDVHQWLUHO\VHFXODULQH[HFXWLRQWKHRUGHURIWKHFHUHPRQ\UHFDOOHG

WKHWUDGLWLRQDOGHDWKULWXDOVRIHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQFH,QFKDSWHUWZRWKHVHGHDWK

ULWXDOVZHUHH[SODLQHGLQGHWDLOEXWDVKRUWVXPPDU\KHUHZLOOSURYLGHDSRLQWRI

FRPSDULVRQ7KHULWXDOVEHJDQDWWKHKRPHRIWKHG\LQJVXEMHFW2QFHWKHSHUVRQKDG

 )RUDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI5RXVVHDXVHHWKHIROORZLQJVRXUFHV%HUWKDXOWDQG *LUDUGHWApothéose de J.J. Rousseau. Translation Au Panthéon&KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV 5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´5RXVVHO Jean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830%HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996&ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France5DJRQThe Space of Death+LJJLQV³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQG DQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH&HUHPRQ\RI9HQGpPLDLUH

FRXOGFRPHDQGSD\WKHLUUHVSHFWV'XULQJWKHQLJKWDJXDUGZDVSODFHGRYHUWKHERG\

XQWLOWKHIROORZLQJGD\ZKHQWKHIXQHUDOFRXOGEHJLQ0HPEHUVRIWKHFOHUJ\ZHUHFDOOHG

WRWKHKRXVHSUD\HUVZHUHPDGHDQGDSURFHVVLRQRIWKHERG\WUDYHOHGWRWKHSDULVK

FKXUFK$IWHUDSUD\HUVDQGWKHJLYLQJRIDUHTXLHPPDVVWKHERG\ZDVPRYHGWRWKH

FHPHWHU\DQGSODFHGLQLWVUHVSHFWLYHJUDYH

7KRXJKVOLJKWO\PRGLILHGWRILWWKHVHFXODUWKHPHVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKHUHEXULDO

SURFHVVLRQRI5RXVVHDXIROORZHGWKHROGVWUXFWXUH7KHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXEHJDQLQ

WKH7XLOHULHVJDUGHQZKLFKKDGEHHQGHFRUDWHGWRORRNDVLILWZDVWKHJDUGHQDW

(UPHQRQYLOOHZKHUHWKHSKLORVRSKHUKDGVSHQWKLVILQDOZHHNVRIOLIH$GR]HQ

SRSODUVWZHQW\IHHWLQKHLJKWKDGEHHQSODFHGDURXQGDQRUQDPHQWDOSRQGWRUHSUHVHQW

WKHIDPRXVÎle des PeupliersDQGWKHUHFHQWO\H[KXPHGFRIILQOD\JXDUGHGDPRQJWKHVH

WUHHVRYHUQLJKWVRWKDWWKHSHRSOHRI)UDQFHFRXOGFRPHDQGSD\WKHLUUHVSHFWV7KH

IROORZLQJGD\WKHSURFHVVLRQIRUPHGDWWKLVUHFUHDWHGKRPHRI5RXVVHDXDQGVWDQGLQJLQ

SODFHRIWKHFOHUJ\WKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQVWRRGWRJLYHDQRSHQLQJ

VSHHFK1H[WWKHSURFHVVLRQEHJDQWKHLUMRXUQH\WRWKH3DQWKpRQDGLVWDQFHRIOHVVWKDQ

WZRPLOHV,QVWHDGRISDXVLQJDWDFKXUFKDVZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGIRUDIXQHUDOWKH

SURFHVVLRQSDXVHGRXWVLGHRIWKH3DQWKpRQDWDVPDOOSDUNZKHUHDQDUWLILFLDOUXLQKDG

EHHQPDGHRXWRIWKH&RULQWKLDQFROXPQVRIDFKDSHOWKDWKDGEHHQGHVWUR\HGHDUOLHULQ

 %\WKHWLPHRI5RXVVHDX¶VUHEXULDOWKH7XLOHULHVKDGEHHQUHQDPHGWKH³3DODLV1DWLRQDO´  5RXVVHOJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830    WKH5HYROXWLRQ+HUHWKHFURZGVZHUHRQFHDJDLQPHWE\WKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH

&RQYHQWLRQ

>5RXVVHDX¶V@OLIHZLOOEHDQHUDLQWKHVSOHQGRUVRIYLUWXH DQGWKLVGD\WKHVHKRQRUVWKLVDSRWKHRVLVWKHFRRSHUDWLRQ RIDZKROHSHRSOHWKLVWULXPSKDOFHUHPRQ\DOOLQGLFDWH WKDWWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQGHVLUHVWRSD\WKHGHEWRIWKH )UHQFKDQGWKHJUDWLWXGHRIPDQNLQGWRJHWKHUWRWKH SKLORVRSKHURIQDWXUH  :LWKWKHFORVLQJRIWKHVSHHFK5RXVVHDX¶VUHPDLQVZHUHFDUULHGLQWRWKH3DQWKpRQWKHLU

QHZJUDYHDQGWKHFURZGVGLVSHUVHG

 ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKLVIXQHUDOOLNHVWUXFWXUHWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXDOVRGLIIHUHG

IURPLWVSUHGHFHVVRULQUHJDUGVWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIGHDWK)RUWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHWKH

UHYROXWLRQDULHVLQWHQWLRQDOO\GHHPSKDVL]HGGHDWK7KLVZDVERWKLQDWWHPSWWRGHQ\WKH

H[LOHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUE\WKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKDVZHOODVWRFUHDWHDMR\IXOHQYLURQPHQW

LQZKLFKWRFHOHEUDWHWKHWULXPSKRI9ROWDLUH)RUWKLVODWHUUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\WKHGHDWK

RI5RXVVHDXZDVQRWKLGGHQ7KHFRUSVHRIWKHSKLORVRSKHUUHPDLQHGLQLWVFRIILQ

WKURXJKRXWLWVWKUHHGD\MRXUQH\IURP(UPHQRQYLOOHWRWKH3DQWKpRQ7KLVZDVQRWDV

9LOOHWWHKDGKRSHGIRU9ROWDLUHDFHUHPRQ\RIUHVXUUHFWLRQ

 (YHQWKHK\PQZULWWHQIRUWKHRFFDVLRQRIWKHFHUHPRQ\RSHQO\DFNQRZOHGJHG

5RXVVHDXDVKDYLQJSDVVHGIURPWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG,QWKHFKRUXVVXQJLQXQLVRQE\DOO

RIWKHV\PEROLFJURXSVWKHO\ULFVUHIHUWRWKHSKLORVRSKHU¶VSUHVHQFHLQWKHWRPE

O ROUSSEAU modèle des sages Bienfaiteur de l’humanité D’un Peuple fier et libre

 5DJRQThe Space of Death  -HDQ-DFTXHV5pJLVGH&DPEDFpUqVDiscours prononcé par le Président de la Convention nationale [Cambacérès], lors de la translation des cendres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau au Panthéon, le 20 vendémiaire de l’an troisième de la République... 3DULVO¶,PSULPHULHQDWLRQDOH     Accepte les hommages et du fond du tombeau Soutiens l’Egalité  252866($8PRGHORIWKHVDJHV %HQHIDFWRURIWKHKXPDQLW\RIDSURXGDQGIUHHSHRSOH $FFHSWWKHWULEXWHV $QGIURPWKHERWWRPRIWKHWRPE 6XSSRUW(TXDOLW\  7KHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKLVFHUHPRQ\ZHUHVHHPLQJO\XQFRQFHUQHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIGHDWK

PLJKWKDUPWKHWULXPSKDOWRQHRIWKHFHUHPRQ\5DWKHUWKDQGHQ\GHDWKDVKDGEHHQWKH

FDVHIRUWKH³HWHUQDO´9ROWDLUHWKHVSHFWDWRUVRIWKHUHEXULDOZHUHHQFRXUDJHGWRHPEUDFH

UHDOLW\DQGWKLQNRI5RXVVHDXDVLQWKHZRUGVRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQSUHVLGHQW³DQDQJHORI

OLEHUW\´,QWKLVVHQVHWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXEHFDPHDVRUWRIVHFRQGIXQHUDOIRUWKH

SKLORVRSKHU

 )LQDOO\WKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXGLYHUJHGIURPWKHHDUOLHUUHEXULDOLQ

UHJDUGVWRWKHODFNRIKRVWLOLW\VKRZQWRZDUGVUHOLJLRQ:KLOHWKHFHUHPRQ\ZDV

LQWHQWLRQDOO\VHFXODULWZDVQRWGHVLJQHGWRDFWDVDQDWWDFNRQWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK%\

WKH5HYROXWLRQKDGUHVROXWHO\VHYHUHGLWVFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKWKH&KXUFKDQGWKH

UHYROXWLRQDU\OHDGHUVQRORQJHUQHHGHGWRDVVHUWWKLVVHSDUDWLRQWRWKHFLWL]HQV7KH

YLROHQWGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXV\HDUKDGOHIWDODVWLQJPDUNRQ3DULVDQG

QXPHURXVRWKHUFLWLHVWKURXJKRXW)UDQFH7KHIDEULFDWHGUXLQRXWVLGHWKH3DQWKpRQZKLFK

KDGEHHQFUHDWHGIURPWKHSLHFHVRIDGHVWUR\HGFKXUFKZDVUHPLQGHUHQRXJKRIZK\QR

SULHVWVRUSUD\HUVDFFRPSDQLHG5RXVVHDXWRKLVQHZJUDYH

 &KpQLHU³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H 9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH/D5pSXEOLTXH´  &DPEDFpUqVDiscours prononcé par le Président de la Convention nationale [Cambacérès], lors de la translation des cendres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau au Panthéon, le 20 vendémiaire de l’an troisième de la République...  %HQ$PRVFunerals, Politics, and Memory in Modern France, 1789-1996    The Legacy of Voltaire   7KHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHUHEXULDOVRI5RXVVHDXDQG9ROWDLUHUHYHDOVQRWRQO\WKH

ODVWLQJVLJQLILFDQFHWKDWWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHKDGRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQEXWDOVR

WKHVXFFHVVRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVDWWHPSWWRFUHDWHDQHZGHDWKFXOWXUHWKDWFRXOGPRYH

SDVWWKHLQIOXHQFHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKDQGWKHancien regime'HVSLWHWKH

GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHEXULDOVWKHFHUHPRQ\IRU5RXVVHDXZDVXOWLPDWHO\MXVWDQ

LPSURYHGYHUVLRQRIWKHILUVW3DQWKpRQUHEXULDOLQ:KHQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKDG

3DQWKpRQL]HG9ROWDLUHWKH\KDGKRSHGWRFUHDWHDXQLTXHFHUHPRQ\WKDWGLGQRWQHHGWR

UHO\RQWKHULWXDOVRIDUHOLJLRQZKLFKKDGUHMHFWHGWKH5HYROXWLRQ%\EODWDQWO\

VHFXODUL]LQJWKHUHEXULDO9LOOHWWHDQGWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\KDGFUHDWHGDQHQYLURQPHQW

LQZKLFKWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDQHZFXOWXUHRIGHDWKZDVSRVVLEOH7KHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\RI

5RXVVHDXLVFOHDUHYLGHQFHRIWKLVQHZGHDWKFXOWXUH

 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDVDEOHWRUHFDOOWKHVWUXFWXUHRISUH

5HYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKULWXDOVZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHUHPDLQLQJHQWLUHO\VHFXODUVSHDNVWR

WKHVXFFHVVIXOPDQLSXODWLRQRIDGHDWKULWXDOVWRILWWKHQHHGVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQ7KH

FHUHPRQ\DUFKLWHFWVRIZHUHDEOHWRFUHDWHDFHUHPRQ\LQZKLFKWKHSUHVHQFHRI

GHDWKZDVIXOO\HPEUDFHGZLWKRXWWKHLQFOXVLRQRIUHOLJLRXVGHDWKULWXDOVZKLOH

VLPXOWDQHRXVO\FUHDWLQJDQHQYLURQPHQWRIXQLW\DPRQJWKHVSHFWDWRUV±DIHDWZKLFK

ZRXOGKDYHEHHQLPSRVVLEOHLQ7KHDEVHQFHRIUHOLJLRQLQWKLVILQDO3DQWKpRQ

UHEXULDOZDVH[SHFWHGDQGDFFHSWHGE\WKHREVHUYHUV

     &+$37(5),9(  &RQFOXVLRQ    ,WKDVDOUHDG\EHHQSURYHQWKDWWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIIHVWLYDOVDQGIXQHUDOVFDQOHDG

WRQHZLQVLJKWVRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ,QFestivals and the French Revolution0RQD

2]RXIFRQFOXGHGWKDWIHVWLYDOVUHYHDOPRUHDERXWZKDWWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVKRSHGWR

DFKLHYHWKDQZKDWWKH\DFWXDOO\DFKLHYHG,QCommemorating the Dead in

Revolutionary France-RVHSK&ODUNHDUJXHGWKDWDFORVHUH[DPLQDWLRQRIKRZWKH)UHQFK

FRPPHPRUDWHGWKHLUGHDGUHYHDOVKRZWKHSROLWLFVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQKDGLQILOWUDWHGWKH

FXOWXUHVXUURXQGLQJGHDWKDQGPHPRU\7KHVHZRUNVDORQJZLWKQXPHURXVRWKHUVKDYH

DGYDQFHGRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHRULJLQVRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDVZHOODVLWVLQIOXHQFHRQ

WKHPRUHUHFHQWSDVW:KDWLVPLVVLQJKRZHYHULVWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIUHEXULDOV

 ,QWKLVWKHVLV,KDYHKRSHGWRFUHDWHDFDVHIRUWKHFRQWLQXHGVWXG\RIUHEXULDOV

DQGWKHLUVLJQLILFDQFHRQWKH5HYROXWLRQ%HIRUHQRZUHEXULDOFHUHPRQLHVOLNHWKDWRI

9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXZHUHLQFRUUHFWO\JURXSHGZLWKRUGLQDU\IXQHUDOVRURWKHUIHVWLYDOV

7KLVJURXSLQJKDVFDXVHGUHEXULDOVWRRIWHQEHLJQRUHGRUPLVXQGHUVWRRG%\UHVFXLQJ

WKHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXIURPWKHVHODUJHUZRUNVRQIXQHUDOVDQGIHVWLYDOV,

KRSHWRKDYHVKRZQWKHXQLTXHQDWXUHRIWKHUHEXULDOFHUHPRQ\7KHVHUHEXULDOVDFKLHYHG

VXFFHVVLQDUHDVWKDWZRXOGKDYHSURYHQLPSRVVLEOHZLWKRWKHUW\SHVRIFHUHPRQLHV

 2]RXIFestivals and the French Revolution  &ODUNHCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France   %\EULGJLQJWKHJDSEHWZHHQWKHPHODQFKRO\IXQHUDODQGWKHFHOHEUDWRU\IHVWLYDO

WKHFHUHPRQLDOUHEXULDOVRIUHYROXWLRQDU\)UDQFHZHUHDEOHWRFUHDWHDQHQYLURQPHQWLQ

ZKLFKGHHSO\HQJUDLQHGFXOWXUHDQGULWXDOFRXOGEHJLQWREHUHVKDSHGDQGUHDOLJQHG7KH

UHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXDQGWKHVLJQLILFDQFHWKDWWKH\UHYHDODUHRQO\DQ

LQWURGXFWRU\JODQFHDWZKHUHWKHVWXG\RIWKHVHUHEXULDOVFRXOGOHDG:LWKWKHVHWZR

UHEXULDOVDORQHZHEHJLQVHHKRZWKLVW\SHRIFHUHPRQ\KDGDXQLTXHLPSDFWRQWKH

5HYROXWLRQ

7KHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHZDVWKHILUVWFHUHPRQ\RILWVW\SH$OWKRXJKWKHUHZHUH

VWDQGDUG&DWKROLFULWXDOVIRUIXQHUDOVDQGHYHQIRUWKHWUDQVIHUDORIVDLQWV¶FRUSVHVWKHUH

ZHUHQRJXLGHOLQHVIRUDFHUHPRQLDOUHEXULDORIFLWL]HQ7KLVOHIWWKHSODQQHUVZLWKD

EODQNVODWHRQZKLFKWRFUHDWHDQHZFHUHPRQ\5HDFWLQJWRWKHWHQVLRQVEHWZHHQWKH

5HYROXWLRQDQGWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKWKHDUFKLWHFWVRIWKHFHUHPRQ\GHVLJQHGDUHEXULDOLQ

ZKLFKUHOLJLRQZDVRYHUWO\UHMHFWHG7KH\VXFFHHGHGLQWKLVWKURXJKWKHVWUXFWXUHWRQH

DQGFRQWHQWRIWKHFHUHPRQ\)LUVWWKHSODQQHUVLQWHQWLRQDOO\H[FOXGHGWKHWUDGLWLRQDO

GHDWKULWXDOVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHDWK7KHFRUSVHZDVQRWDWWHQGHGWRE\SULHVWVRUV\PEROV

RI&DWKROLFIDLWK1RSUD\HUVZHUHPDGHIRUWKHVRXORI9ROWDLUHDQGWKHELEOLFDO

UHIHUHQFHVVRFRPPRQLQIXQHUDOOLWXUJ\ZHUHHQWLUHO\DEVHQW6HFRQGWKHWRQHRIWKH

FHUHPRQ\ZDVLQWHQWLRQDOO\MR\RXVGHVSLWHWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHFRUSVHDQGWKHVXUYLYLQJ

IDPLO\7KLVZDVDFKLHYHGPDLQO\WKURXJKWKHPXVLFFRPSRVHGIRUWKHRFFDVLRQZKRVH

PHORG\DQGXSOLIWLQJO\ULFVDVVXUHGWKHREVHUYHUVLWZDVD³GD\RIWULXPSKDQGQRWRI

UHJUHWV´)LQDOO\WKHFHUHPRQ\UHMHFWHG&DWKROLFLVPWKURXJKWKHGHOLEHUDWHGHQLDORI

9ROWDLUH¶VH[LOH%\SURFHVVLQJWKHH[SRVHGFRUSVHWRWKHSODFHVRI9ROWDLUH¶VWULXPSKVLQ

 Hymne Sur La Translation Du Corps de Voltaire Au Panthéon%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH )UDQFH   OLIHWKHDUFKLWHFWVVKRZHGWKDWWKRXJKWKH&KXUFKPD\WU\WRH[LOH9ROWDLUH¶VVRXOIURP

WKHLUVSLULWXDOZRUOGWKH\FRXOGQHYHUHUDVHKLVLQIOXHQFHIURPWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG

8OWLPDWHO\WKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZHUHVXFFHVVIXOLQFUHDWLQJDFHUHPRQ\RIGHDWK

WKDWUHMHFWHGUHOLJLRQ7KLVVXFFHVVSDYHGWKHZD\IRUIXWXUHFHUHPRQLHVRIGHDWKERWK

UHEXULDOVDQGIXQHUDOVWRUHMHFWWUDGLWLRQDOGHDWKULWXDOVVWHHSHGLQUHOLJLRQ7KHUHEXULDO

FHUHPRQ\RI9ROWDLUHFUHDWHGDWHPSODWHIURPZKLFKIXWXUHFHUHPRQLHVFRXOGEDVHWKHLU

VWUXFWXUH

7KHUHEXULDORI5RXVVHDXZDVVLJQLILFDQWIRUWKUHHUHDVRQV)LUVWWKLVUHEXULDO

IRUFHGWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWRFRQVLGHUZKDWULJKWVWKHJRYHUQPHQWKDGRYHUGHDGERGLHV

,QWKHSUHYLRXVGHFDGHVWKLVLVVXHKDGUHFHLYHGLQFUHDVHGDWWHQWLRQZKHQ/RXLV;9,KDG

EHJXQWKHUHPRYDORIWKHFHPHWHULHVRI3DULV:KHQ5RXVVHDXZDVFRQVLGHUHGIRU

3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQWKH&RQYHQWLRQGHSXWLHVKDGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHLUQHZUHSXEOLFDQ

JRYHUQPHQWKDGWKHULJKWWRFODLPWKHERG\RIWKHSKLORVRSKHURIWKHSURWHVWVRIWKH

0DUTXLVGH*LUDUGLQ(YHQWXDOO\WKHGHSXWLHVGLGGHFODUH5RXVVHDX¶VERG\WREHQDWLRQDO

SURSHUW\

7KHVHFRQGVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKH5RXVVHDXUHEXULDOZDVLWVXVHWRWU\DQGUHXQLWHWKH

)UHQFKDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH-DFRELQVDQGWKHHQGRIWKH5HLJQRI7HUURU$IWHUWKH

7KHUPLGRULDQ5HDFWLRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDU\OHDGHUVQHHGHGDZD\WRDVVXUHWKHSHRSOHWKDW

WKH5HYROXWLRQZRXOGFRQWLQXHDQGWKDWLWZRXOGEHUHDOLJQHGZLWKWKHRULJLQDOSULQFLSOHV

VHWRXWLQWKHHDUO\\HDUVRIWKHUHYROW%\FUHDWLQJDFHUHPRQ\DURXQGWKHSRSXODU

SKLORVRSKHUZKRZDVRSHQO\DFNQRZOHGJHGE\PDQ\GLIIHUHQWSROLWLFDOJURXSVDVIDWKHU

RIWKH5HYROXWLRQWKH1DWLRQDO&RQYHQWLRQXVHGUHEXULDODVDZD\WRXQLI\WKHSHRSOH

  )LQDOO\5RXVVHDX¶VUHEXULDOLVDOVRVLJQLILFDQWLQWKDWLWUHYHDOVWKHODVWLQJDIIHFW

WKDWWKHRULJLQDOUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUHKDGRQUHYROXWLRQDU\GHDWKFXOWXUH:KLOHFRQFUHWH

FRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI)UHQFKGHDWKFXOWXUHFDQQRWEHGUDZQIURPRQO\WZR

UHEXULDOVWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRUHEXULDOV

VKRZVWKDWIXUWKHUFRPSDULVRQVWRRWKHUUHEXULDOVDQGUHYROXWLRQDU\IXQHUDOVFRXOGUHYHDO

SDWWHUQVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIGHDWKFXOWXUHWKDWRULJLQDWHIURPWKHUHEXULDORI9ROWDLUH

$V,KDYHDWWHPSWHGWRVKRZWKURXJKWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHVHWZRFHUHPRQLHV

UHEXULDOVKDGDXQLTXHHIIHFWRQWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDSDUWIURPRWKHUIXQHUDODQG

IHVWLYDOFHUHPRQLHV6WXG\LQJUHEXULDOVDVDXQLTXHW\SHRIFHUHPRQ\KHOSVWRIXUWKHURXU

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHODVWLQJ

LPSDFWWKH5HYROXWLRQKDGRQWKHKLVWRU\RIRXUZRUOG7KHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHUVRQWKH

3DQWKpRQUHEXULDODUHRQO\DEULHIH[DPSOHRIZKDWIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKRQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI

UHEXULDOVFRXOGUHYHDO

2WKHUWRSLFVWKDWPLJKWEHH[SORUHGLQWKHIXWXUHDUHWKHUHEXULDOVRI0LUDEHDX

0DUDWDQG/HSHOOHWLHUZKRZHUHH[SHOOHGIURPWKH3DQWKpRQODWHLQWKH5HYROXWLRQWKH

UHEXULDOVRIFRUSVHVUHPRYHGIURPWKHFHPHWHULHVLQ3DULVRUWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVH

UHEXULDOVDJDLQVWFRQWHPSRUDU\IXQHUDOV,QDGGLWLRQIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKFRXOGEHPDGHLQWR

WKHH[LVWHQFHRIUHEXULDOVRXWVLGHRI)UDQFHGXULQJWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\RUVLPLODULWLHV

EHWZHHQUHYROXWLRQDU\UHEXULDOVDQGWKHPRGHUQUHEXULDOVRI9LFWRU+XJR/RXLV%UDLOOH

DQGRWKHUUHLQWHUUHGILJXUHV

7KHUHEXULDOVRI9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDXKHOGWZRFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHV

:KLOH9ROWDLUHKDGEHHQ3DQWKpRQL]HGWRVKRZWKHVWUHQJWKRI5HYROXWLRQLQWKHIDFHRI

WKUHDWVIURPWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKWKH3DQWKpRQL]DWLRQRI5RXVVHDXFDPHDVDQHIIRUWWR

  XQLI\WKH)UHQFKDIWHUDSHULRGRIYLROHQWGHFKULVWLDQL]DWLRQ%RWKRIWKHVHUHEXULDOV

UHYHDOKRZWKHUHYROXWLRQDULHVZHUHDEOHWRXVHUHEXULDOVDVDSROLWLFDOWRROWRVKDSHWKHLU

GHVLUHGLPDJHRI5HYROXWLRQWKHPDQLSXODWLRQRIGHDWKULWXDOV

  





















$33(1',&(6



     $33(1',;$  +\PQHj9ROWDLUH 

&HQHVRQWSOXVGHVSOHXUVTX¶LOHVWWHPSVGHUpSDQGUH &¶HVWOHMRXUGXWULRPSKHHWQRQSDVGHUHJUHWV 4XHQRVFKDQWVG¶DOOpJUHVVH $FFRPSDJQHQWODFHQGUH 'XSOXVLOOXVWUHGHVIUDQoDLV  -DGLVSDUOHVW\UDQVFHWWHFHQGUHH[LOpH $XPLOLHXGHVVDQJORWVIX\DLWORLQGHQRV\HX[ 0DLVSDUXQSHXSOHOLEUHDXMRXUG¶KXLUDSSHOpH (OOHYLHQWFRQVDFUHUFHVOLHX[  6DOXWPRUWHOGLYLQELHQIDLWHXUGHODWHUUH 1RVPXUVSULYpVGHWRLYRQWWHUHFRQTXpULU &¶HVWjQRXVTX¶DSSDUWLHQWWRXWFHTXLIXW9ROWDLUH 1RVPXUVW¶RQYXQDvWUHHWPRXULU  7RQVRXIIOHFUpDWHXUQRXVILWFHTXHQRXVVRPPHV 5HoRLVOHOLEUHHQFHQVGHOD)UDQFHjJHQRX[ 6RLVGpVRUPDLVOH'LHXGX7HPSOHGHVJUDQGVKRPPHV 7RLTXLOHVDVXUSDVVpVWRXV  /HIODPEHDXYLJLODQWGHODUDLVRQVXEOLPH 6XUGHV3UrWUHVPHQWHXUVpFODLUDOHVPRUWHOV )OpDXGHFHV7\UDQVWXGpFRXYULVO¶DE\PH 4X¶LOVFUHXVDLHQWDXSLHGGHV$XWHOV  7HVWUDJLTXHVSLQFHDX[GHV'HPLGLHX[GH7LEUH 2QVXUHVVXVFLWHUOHVDQWLTXHVYHUWXV (WOD)UDQFHDFRQoXOHEHVRLQG¶rWUHOLEUH $X[ILHUVDFFHQWVGHVGHX[%UXWXV  6XUFHQWWRQVGLIIpUHQWVWD/\UHHQFKDQWHUHVVH )LGqOHjODUDLVRQFRPPHjO¶KXPDQLWp $X[PHQVRQJHVEULOODQWVLQYHQWpVSDUOD*UqFH 8QLWODVLPSOH9pULWp   /\ULFVWUDQVFULEHGIURPWKHVFRUH±WKHVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU Hymne Sur La Translation Du Corps de Voltaire Au Panthéon%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH    &LWR\HQVFRXUHVWRXVDXGHYDQWGH9ROWDLUH ,OUHQDvWSDUPLQRXVJUDQGFKpULUHVSHFWp &RPPHjVRQGHUQLHUMRXUQHSUrFKDQWjODWHUUH 4XH'LHXVHXOHVWOD/LEHUWp

     $33(1',;±%  +\PQHj5RXVVHDX   Les Vieillards et les Mères de Famille1 7RLTXLG¶ePLOHHWGH6RSKLH 'HVVLQDVOHVWUDLWVLQJpQXVTXLGHOD1DWXUHDYLOLH 5pWDEOLVOHVGURLWVPpFRQQXV eFODLUHQRVILOVHWQRVILOOHV )RUPHDX[YHUWXVOHXUVMHXQHVF°XUV (WUHQGVKHXUHXVHVQRVIDPLOOHV 3DUO¶DPRXUGHVORLVHWGHVP°XUV  Refrain en Chœur 252866($8PRGqOHGHVVDJHV %LHQIDLWHXUGHO¶KXPDQLWp '¶XQ3HXSOHILHUHWOLEUH $FFHSWHOHVKRPPDJHVHWGXIRQGGXWRPEHDX 6RXWLHQVO¶(JDOLWp  Les Représentants du Peuple 7DPDLQGHODWHUUHFDSWLYH %ULVDQWOHVIHUVORQJWHPSVVDFUpVGHVDOLEHUWpSULPLWLYH 7URXYDOHVWLWUHVpJDUpV /H3HXSOHV¶DUPDQWGHODIRXGUH (WGHFHFRQWUDWVROHQQHO 6XUOHVGpEULVGHV5RLVHQSRXGUH $SRVpVRQWU{QHpWHUQHO  CHŒUR  Les Enfants 7XGpOLYUDVWRXVOHVHVFODYHV 7XIOpWULVWRXVOHVRSSUHVVHXUV 3DUWRLVDQVFKDJULQVVDQVHQWUkYHV 1RVSUHPLHUVMRXUVRQWGHVGRXFHXUV 'HFHX[GRQWWXSULVODGpIHQVH 5HoRLVOHVY°X[UHFRQQDLVVDQWV 5RXVVHDXIXWO¶DPLGHO¶HQIDQFH  /\ULFVWUDQVFULEHGIURPWKHVFRUH±WKHVSHOOLQJKDVEHHQPRGHUQL]HG0DULH-RVHSK&KpQLHU ³+\PQH¬-HDQ-DFTXHV5RXVVHDX3DU0-&KpQLHU&KDQWp$X3DQWKpRQ/H9HQGpPLDLUHDQHGH /D5pSXEOLTXH´0DJDVLQjO¶XVDJHGHVIrWHVQDWLRQDOHV%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH   ,OHVWFKpULSDUOHVHQIDQWV  CHŒUR  Les Genevois 7XYRLVSUqVGHWDFHQGUHDXJXVWH 7HVDPLVWHVFRQFLWR\HQV 3KLORVRSKHVHQVLEOHHWMXVWH 1RVRSSUHVVHXUVIXUHQWOHVWLHQV (WGDQVWDVHFRQGHSDWULH *HQqYHWDPqUHFKpULH &KDQWHVRQILOVOHERQURXVVHDX  CHŒUR  Les Jeunes Gens &RPEDWVWRXMRXUVODW\UDQQLH 4XHIDLWWUHPEOHUWRQVRXYHQLU /DPRUWQ¶DWWHLQWSDVWRQJpQLH &HIODPEHDXOXLWSRXUO¶DYHQLU 6HVFODUWpVSXUHVHWIpFRQGHV 2QUDQLPHODWHUUHHQGHXLO (WOD)UDQFHDXQRPGHVGHX[PRQGHV 5pSDQGGHVIOHXUVVXUWRQFHUFXHLO  CHŒUR   

     %,%/,2*5$3+<   $JHQF\³5LFKDUG,,,5HEXULDO(YHU\WKLQJ

  %RFTXHW'HQLV³3DQWKpRQRXpJOLVH6DLQWH*HQHYLqYH"/HVDPELJXwWpVG¶XQPRQXPHQW  ´2WKHU8QLYHUVLWp3DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQHKWWSVKDO HQSFDUFKLYHVRXYHUWHVIUKDOGRFXPHQW  %RXZHUV(YHOLQH*Public Pantheons in Revolutionary Europeࣟ: Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, C. 1790-1840%DVLQJVWRNH+DPSVKLUH*%53DOJUDYH 0DFPLOODQKWWSVLWHHEUDU\FRPOLEDOOWLWOHV GRF'HWDLODFWLRQ"GRF,'   %UHZHU'DQLHO³7KH9ROWDLUH(IIHFW´,QThe Cambridge Companion to Voltaire± &DPEULGJHௗ1HZ

  Chronique de Paris. T2 (1790)3DULVVQKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWN  Chronique de Paris. T3 (1790-1791)3DULVVQKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWNF  &ODUNH-RVHSKCommemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789-1799&DPEULGJH6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO+LVWRULHV &DPEULGJH8.ௗ1HZ

  *RVVHF)UDQoRLV-RVHSK  &RPSRVLWHXU³&KRHXU3DWULRWLTXH([pFXWp¬/D 7UDQVODWLRQGH9ROWDLUH$X3DQWKpRQ)UDQoDLV(Q3DUROHVGH9ROWDLUH1ƒ ´KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNEWYEK  Grande Messe Des Morts, RH 501 KWWSLPVOSRUJZLNL0HVVHBGHVB0RUWVB5+BB *RVVHFB)UDQ&$RLVB-R VHSK   +LJJLQV'³5RXVVHDXDQGWKH3DQWKHRQ7KH%DFNJURXQGDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH &HUHPRQ\RI9HQGpPLDLUH

  Les grands hymnes révolutionnaires)UDQFH0XVLIUDQFH  0DODSHDX&ODXGH1LFRODV6LPRQ&KDUOHV0LJHUDQG-HDQ-DFTXHV/DJUHQpH Translation de Voltaire Au Panthéon Françaisࣟ: Le Corps de Marie François Arouet de Voltaire Sera Transféré et Déposé Dans L’église Paroissiale de Romilly...%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN EWYE  0DUDW-HDQ3DXO³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple, Ou Le Publiciste Parisienࣟ: Journal Politique Libre et Impartial$SULO%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNP  ²²²³1R´L’Ami Du Peuple6HSWHPEHU%LEOLRWKqTXHQDWLRQDOHGH )UDQFHKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNW  0D]HDX*XLOODXPHLe Bain de L’histoire: Charlotte Corday et L’attentat Contre Marat, 1793-2009 / Guillaume Mazeauࣟ; Préface de Jean-Clément Martin/D&KRVH 3XEOLTXH6H\VVHO&KDPS9DOORQ  0F0DQQHUV-RKQDeath and the Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France2[IRUG3DSHUEDFNV 2[IRUGௗ1HZ

  3DWWH3LHUUH  $XWHXUGXWH[WHMémoire Sur La Construction de La Coupole, Projettée Pour Couronner La Nouvelle Église de Sainte-Geneviève À Paris... Par M. Patte,...3DULV3)*XHIILHUKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUN ESWNU  5DJRQ0LFKHOThe Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration, and Urbanism&KDUORWWHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI9LUJLQLD  5D\QDO*XLOODXPH7KRPDV)ULHGULFK0HOFKLRU*ULPPDQG9ROWDLUHCorrespondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique. Tome 12 / Par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, Etc.ࣟ; Revue Sur Les Textes Originaux... Par Maurice Tourneux KWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWNV  5RXVVHO-HDQJean-Jacques Rousseau En France Après La Révolution, 1795-1830 3XEOLFDWLRQVGH/D6RUERQQH165HFKHUFKHV3DULV$&ROLQ  5XDXOW1LFRODVDQG%ULFH5XDXOWGazette d’un Parisien sous la Révolution: lettres à son frère, 1783-1796(GLWHGE\$QQH9DVVDO3DULV/LEUDLULHDFDGpPLTXH3HUULQ   5XGp*HRUJHHGRobespierre(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1HZ-HUVH\3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF  5XWKHUIRUG5LFKDUGThe Death of a Christian: The Rite of Funerals6WXGLHVLQWKH 5HIRUPHG5LWHVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKY1HZ

  9LOOHWWH&KDUOHV0LFKHOPDUTXLVGHOeuvres Du Marquis de Villette$/RQGUHV >0RQWDUJLV@VQKWWSILQGJDOHJURXSFRPHFFR  ³9ROWDLUHDQG5RXVVHDX7KHLU7RPEVLQWKH3DQWKHRQ2SHQHGDQG7KHLU%RQHV ([SRVHG´New York Times-DQXDU\VHF6DWXUGD\5HYLHZRI%RRNVDQG $UW  ³9ROWDLUHDQGWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW´Mapping the  KWWSUHSXEOLFRIOHWWHUVVWDQIRUGHGXFDVHVWXGLHVYROWDLUHKWPO  9RYHOOH0LFKHOPiété Baroque et Déchristianisation En Provence Au XVIIIe Siècle; Les Attitudes Devant La Mort D’après Les Clauses Des Testaments.&LYLOLVDWLRQVHW 0HQWDOLWpV3DULV3ORQKWWSFDWDORJKDWKLWUXVWRUJ5HFRUG  Voyage à Ermenonville ou Lettre sur la translation de J.J. Rousseau au Panthéon (Reprod.)3DULV0HXUDQWKWWSJDOOLFDEQIIUDUNESWN