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Marine Ecoregions of North America the Rocky Reefs of the Gulf of California Provide Refuge for a Wide Variety of Territorial and Demersal Fish

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Marine Ecoregions of North America the Rocky Reefs of the Gulf of California Provide Refuge for a Wide Variety of Territorial and Demersal Fish Los Angeles Ensenada 18.1.5 San Puerto Peñasco Felipe 18.1.6 18.1 18.1.4 18.2 18.1.3 18.1.7 18.1.2 Guaymas 18.3 18.1.8 18.1.1 19 18.1.8 18 18.1.9 La Paz 18.1 18.1.9 18.3 Mazatlán San Lucas 18.5 18.4 18.1.1 18.6 Puerto Vallarta 0 50 100 200 km 17 18. Gulf of California Level II seafloor geomorphological regions include: 18.1 Cortezian Shelf 18.2 Midriff Islands Straits 18.3 Gulf of California Slope and Basins 18.4 Gulf of California Plains and Seamounts 18.5 East Pacific Rise 18.6 Mesoamerican Trench Level III coastal regions include: 18.1.1 Eastern Cortezian Neritic 18.1.2 Guaymean Neritic 18.1.3 Tiburonian Neritic 18.1.4 Loboian Neritic 18.1.5 Upper Cortezian Inner Neritic 18.1.6 Upper Cortezian Outer Neritic 18.1.7 Northern Baja Californian Neritic 18.1.8 Southern Baja Californian Neritic 18.1.9 Cape/Cortezian Neritic Regional Overview The region includes five B2B Marine Priority Conservation The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Mar Areas (PCAs): PCA 24-Corredor Los Cabos/Loreto; PCA 25-Alto de Cortés) is a semi-enclosed sea known for its exceptionally Golfo de California; PCA 26-Grandes Islas del Golfo de Califonia/ high levels of biodiversity and rates of primary productivity due Bahía de Los Ángeles; PCA 27-Humedales de Sonora, Sinaloa y to a combination of its topography, warm climate, and upwell- Nayarit/Bahía de Banderas; and PCA 28-Islas Marías (Morgan ing systems. It is also home to the endemic vaquita porpoise— et al. 2005).17 the most endangered cetacean in the world—and the large, corvina-like totoaba. Upstream damming and diversion leading Physical and Oceanographic Setting to decrease of fresh water input from the Colorado River has The Gulf of California is a long, narrow, semi-enclosed sea (approxi- drastically changed the ecological conditions of the Upper mately 1,000 km long and 150 km wide, spanning over nine degrees Gulf—now a hypersaline estuarine system important for fish of latitude). It is bordered by the Mexican coastal states of Sonora, reproduction. Fishing, especially with gillnets, is a key activity Sinaloa, and Nayarit to the east, the two states of the Baja Califor- for coastal communities of the region. However, decreases in nia peninsula to the west, and the Colorado River delta (Sonora/ abundance of several species of fish and changes in gear types Baja California) to the north. It is an exclusively Mexican sea, once have caused much concern. Waters off the Mexican states of influenced by a US watershed (the Colorado River). Deep basins Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur (greater than 3,000 m at the entrance to the Gulf), steep slopes, are included in this region. The southern border of this region is both narrow and wide continental shelves, numerous islands, generally considered, oceanographically and faunally, to stretch sandy bays and beaches, and coastal lagoons (mostly hypersaline) from Cabo Corrientes (at the northwestern tip of the state of characterize the region. The Guaymas Basin has tectonic activity Jalisco) on the mainland to Cabo San Lucas at the tip of the Baja California peninsula (Brusca et al. 2005). 17 See footnote 8 (p. 11). 97 Fact Sheet Rationale: a semi-enclosed sea. northern part of the sea are absent from its southern (more tropical) waters, but appear again in the Surface: 265,894 km2 cooler waters on the outer coast of the Baja California peninsula and extend northward to southern and central California, or even farther. Examples of such disjunctly distributed fishes are: leopard shark, bat Sea surface temperature18: 13–21°C (winter), 28–31°C (summer) ray, giant sea bass, spotted sand bass, California scorpionfish, Mexican rockfish, white sea bass, sargo, Major currents and gyres: upwelling on the east coast during winter and spring and on the west coast pink surfperch, California sheephead, rock wrasse, bay blenny, bluebanded goby, longjaw mudsucker, during the summer. Large and complex temporal eddies can occur year round, however shadow goby, fantail sole, and diamond turbot, among others. The origins and relationships of this Other oceanographic features: semi-enclosed subtropical sea with high seasonal variability and exception- disjunct fauna have been of long-term interest to biologists and have been the subject of some recent ally high primary productivity. Three layer circulation: the direction of transport of the surface layer changes studies. seasonally with the large-scale winds; strong tidal currents and convective overturn during winter in the Species at risk: minke, sei, Bryde’s, blue, fin, gray, humpback and sperm whales; vaquita (critically northern Gulf (between the mouth of the Colorado River and Tiburon and Angel de la Guarda Island); the endangered); totoaba; Gulf corvina; several species of large groupers (Mycteroperca spp. and Epineph- Gulf’s entrance (a triangular area between Cabo San Lucas, Mazatlán and Cabo Corrientes) has a very com- elus spp.); several species of large snappers (Lutjanus spp.); some species of snooks (Centropomus plicated thermohaline structure characterized by fronts, eddies and intrusions which can be linked to the spp.); and loggerhead, East Pacific green, leatherback and olive ridley sea turtles. Species such as silky confluence of three distinct currents; tidal regime is mixed and semidiurnal at the mouth of the Gulf, diurnal shark, dusky shark, blacktip shark, lemon shark, Pacific sharpnose shark, broadnose sevengill shark, in its mid section and semidiurnal in the northern Gulf; tidal amplitudes vary from 1 to 7 m. Pacific angel shark, several species of houndsharks (Mustelus spp.), scalloped hammerhead and smooth Physiography: spreading rift system; very wide continental shelf in the northern Gulf, medium-width shelf hammerhead sharks, diamond stingray, bat ray, longnose eagle ray, golden cownose ray, and California with abundant coastal lagoons in its eastern portion and island-studded narrow shelf in the western Gulf butterfly ray are presenting signs of overeploitation from artisanal shark and ray fisheries targeted at Depth: shelf (roughly 0–200 m): 32%19; slope (roughly 200–2,500/3,000 m): 54%; abyssal plain (roughly immature individuals. Other species of concern include whale shark, small- and largetooth sawfish, and 3,000+ m): 14% manta rays (giant manta, smoothtail mobula, pygmy devil ray, and sicklefin devil ray). Substrate type: mixed sands, silt, mud, rocky reefs and rhodolith beds Important introduced and invasive species: a red algae (Ishige foliacea), Pacific giant oyster, and Major community type and subtype: coastal lagoons, deltaic systems, mangroves, seagrass beds, rocky threadfin shad. Although there are not yet any documented impacts from introduced species in marine shores, sandy beaches, coral reefs, hydrothermal vents and rhodolith beds habitats in the Gulf of California, the introduction of domestic animals and pests to the Gulf´s islands Productivity: High (>300 g C/m2/yr), one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. The have eliminated many birds, rodents and lizards from those ecosystems. northern Gulf has two main natural fertilization mechanisms: tidal mixing around the large islands and Key habitat: coastal lagoons, estuaries, esteros, deltaic systems, mangroves, seagrass beds, coral the wind-induced upwelling along the east-central gulf. communities and (few) coral and (many) rocky reefs, rhodolith beds and hydrothermal vents; an Endemics: About 10 percent of the Gulf of California fish fauna is endemic—80 of the 821 bony fish important oceanic recruitment area for billfish species is located between Los Cabos and Puerto and 4 out of the 90 cartilaginous fish species are endemic. These include totoaba, Gulf weakfish, bigeye Vallarta croaker, Cortez clingfish, whitetip reef shark, Cortez stingray, Cortez skate, Gulf grunion, delta silverside, Human activities and impacts: the Gulf of California contributes to approximately 50 percent of leopard grouper, sawtail grouper, Cortez damselfish, Gulf signal blenny, Sonora blenny, slow goby, Guay- Mexico’s national fisheries production by volume; fisheries production has declined over the last mas goby, and shortjaw mudsucker, among others. Mammals include the vaquita porpoise and the Gulf decade. Offshore fisheries impact species with low fertility rate such as the pelagic thresher, bigeye fishing bat. thresher, great white shark, and shortfin mako. Recently, mega-resort/tourism/vacation properties The Gulf contains a so-called “disjunct” segment of its fish fauna, which, although not strictly catego- developments have commenced, including new marinas for increased recreational watercraft, which rized as endemics, are biogeographically and evolutionarily interesting: several species occurring in the are principally aimed at US and Canadian residents and investors, and are rapidly proceeding with little ecological oversight (e.g., Cabo San Lucas/Los Cabos, La Paz, Loreto, San Felipe, Puerto 18 Average at 10 meters depth. 19 This percentage does not include the shelf area around the Midriff Islands’ straits. Vallarta/Nuevo Vallarta, Mazatlán, Guaymas/San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco). and hydrothermal vents, and supports specialized biotic communi- of June until September in the entire region (for example, annual ties that are based on the use of hydrogen sulfide instead of sun- rainfall in Nayarit can amount to as much as 1,000 mm), and there light for energy. The Gulf of California’s shores vary from silty to is more precipitation on the eastern than on the western side of sandy to rocky, with most of medium-size sands. the Gulf of California. Total rainfall depends on the incidence of tropical storms. Hurricanes seasonally affect the lower Gulf and Although it is a west coast region, the moderating effect of the often extend farther northward, and winds are extremely variable. Pacific Ocean on the climate is greatly reduced by an almost unin- In general, the region exhibits more tropical/subtropical character- terrupted chain of 1,000 to 3,000-m-high mountains along the Baja istics during summer and more temperate characteristics during California peninsula.
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