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Mapping of the Research, Innovation and Diffusion Activity of CRISPR Across Countries A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Zyontz, Samantha; Pomeroy-Carter, Cassidy Research Report Mapping of the research, innovation and diffusion activity of CRISPR across countries Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem, No. 12-2021 Provided in Cooperation with: Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) Suggested Citation: Zyontz, Samantha; Pomeroy-Carter, Cassidy (2021) : Mapping of the research, innovation and diffusion activity of CRISPR across countries, Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem, No. 12-2021, Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/231480 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Study on the German innovation system | No. 12-2021 Samantha Zyontz, Cassidy Pomeroy-Carter Mapping of the Research, Innovation and Diffusion Activity of CRISPR across Countries Publisher: Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (EFI) This study was conducted on behalf of the Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (EFI). The findings and interpretations are the sole responsibility of the institute that conducted the study. The EFI has exerted no influence on the wording of the report. Performing Institute Stanford Law School Crown Quadrangle, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford CA 94305-8610, USA www.law.stanford.edu Studies on the German innovation system No. 12-2021 ISSN 1613-4338 Deadline February 2021 Publisher Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (EFI) Office Pariser Platz 6 | D-10117 Berlin www.e-fi.de All rights reserved, particularly the rights of reproduction, distribution and translation. No part of this work may be reproduced or stored, processed, duplicated or distributed using electronic systems in any form (by photocopy, microfilm or any other process) without the written approval of the EFI or the institute. Contact and further information Dr. Samantha Zyontz Stanford Law School Crown Quadrangle, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford CA 94305-8610, USA T + 001 (0) 65 07 23 24 65 M [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 11 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 12 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CRISPR INNOVATION ................................................................................ 12 A. EARLY DISCOVERY .................................................................................................................................. 12 B. WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................................... 13 C. CRISPR PATENT DISPUTES ..................................................................................................................... 14 D. CRISPR’S CONTRIBUTIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ............................................................................... 17 III. COLLECTING DATA ON THE RESEARCH, INNOVATION, AND DIFFUSION ACTIVITY OF CRISPR ACROSS COUNTRIES OVER TIME ................................................................................... 18 A. CRISPR PAPERS DATABASE .................................................................................................................... 19 B. CRISPR PATENTS DATABASE ................................................................................................................... 20 C. CRISPR COMPANIES DATABASE .............................................................................................................. 22 D. CRISPR CLINICAL TRIALS DATABASE ....................................................................................................... 24 IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 25 A. CRISPR PAPERS DATABASE .................................................................................................................... 25 i. Worldwide Publications .................................................................................................................... 25 ii. Publication Quality ........................................................................................................................... 28 iii. Papers by Application Category ........................................................................................................ 33 iv. Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 37 B. CRISPR PATENTS DATABASE ................................................................................................................... 41 i. Worldwide Patent Families................................................................................................................ 41 ii. Patent Family Quality ....................................................................................................................... 43 iii. Patent Families by Application Category ........................................................................................... 47 iv. Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 52 C. CRISPR COMPANIES DATABASE .............................................................................................................. 54 i. Worldwide Active Companies ............................................................................................................ 56 ii. Active Company Application Categories ............................................................................................ 64 iii. Notable Active Companies ................................................................................................................. 68 iv. Germany ........................................................................................................................................... 69 D. CRISPR CLINICAL TRIALS DATABASE ....................................................................................................... 70 i. Clinical Trials: Time, Trial Type, and Disease Target ........................................................................ 71 ii. Clinical Trials: Location ................................................................................................................... 77 V. DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................................... 84 VI. IMPLICATIONS FOR GERMANY’S CRISPR INNOVATION STRATEGIES ................................. 87 A. IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 87 B. SUGGESTED FUTURE STUDIES ................................................................................................................. 88 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 90 Page 3 of 94 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Timeline of the US CRISPR patent interferences .................................................................................... 15 Figure 2: Count of CRISPR academic articles in Web of Science by publication year ............................................ 26 Figure 3: Count of CRISPR academic articles in Web of Science by the top 25 countries or country groups .......... 27 Figure 4: Comparison of a country’s proportional contribution to total papers in CRISPR, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, and Health Sciences ..................................................................... 28 Figure 5: Count of CRISPR academic articles in Web of Science by number of citations ....................................... 29 Figure 6: Most common journals for CRISPR publications in Web of Science ....................................................... 30 Figure 7: Count of CRISPR academic articles in the top
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