The Game Theory of Politeness in Language: a Formal Model of Polite Requests
The Game Theory of Politeness in Language: A Formal Model of Polite Requests Abstract Linguistic Politeness (LP) is a fascinating domain of language, as it directly interfaces with human social behavior. Here, we show how game theory, as a higher-order theory of behavior, can provide the tools to understand and model LP phenomena. We show this for the specific case of requests, where the magnitude of request and the resultant Rate of Imposition are subsumed under a more powerful explanatory principle: alignment of interests. We put forward the Politeness Equilibrium Principle (PEP), whereby the more disalignment there is between the interests of Speaker and Hearer, the more LP Speaker needs to offset the imbalance. In the second part of our paper, we flesh out our ideas by means of a formal model inspired by evolutionary signaling theory, and provide a mathematical proof showing that the model follows the PEP. We see this work as an important first step in the direction of reconciling theories of language with signaling theory, by incorporating language into more general models of communication. Key words: linguistic politeness, game theory, polite requests, rate of imposition, alignment of interests, politeness equilibrium principle, evolutionay signaling theory Abbreviations: LP: Linguistic Politeness, PEP: Politeness Equilibrium Principle 1 Introduction Our study addresses one of the fundamental questions in linguistic pragmatics: Why do speakers use dramatically different utterance formats to express essentially the same propositional content and the same type of illocutionary force (Searle, 1969; Searle & Vanderveken, 1985)? Take a look at the classic examples: (1) Pass the salt! (2) Could you pass the salt, please? (Searle, 1975)1 both of which express the same proposition `Hearer passing the salt in the near future' and the same type of illocutionary force { the directive whereby the speaker wants the hearer to pass the salt in the near future.
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