Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. r hitn .Petersen A. Christine Dr. Bethesda, Health, authors: of corresponding Institute # National Diseases, Infectious USA. and Maryland, Allergy USA. Spring, of MD, Silver Institute Research, National of Diseases, Institute sitic Army Reed Walter Entomology, 3 India. 1 Sundar Shyam Kushwaha Kumar Anurag of Reservoirs title: Running Elimination on Consequences for and Reservoirs Possibility as Mammals full Domestic toward push Title: goals. final elimination the sustain haunts to efforts critical are elimination ecology complicating VL reservoir alter animal reservoirs of residual non-human an understanding efforts, herculean of Better and/or these controlled specter Despite control. identified, The subcontinent. VL be Indian must the eradication. persists. reservoirs on hindered elimination incidence non-human VL that species VL for is underway domestic are situations in efforts other Massive infections these prevented. emerging from learned that lesson indicated predominant for strategies The positive elimination diagnostically disease were vector-borne dogs other and rats cattle, which goats, to are that animals demonstrated Domestic have people. methods to donovani addition detection in serological dogs and or cattle PCR on fed have villages endemic for in reservoirs outside trapped flies sand that shown (ISC). donovani Leishmania Abstract 2020 31, December 3 2 1 Lawyer Kushwaha Anurag on Consequences Elimination and Possibility Subcontinent: Indian for Reservoirs as Mammals Domestic eateto eiie nttt fMdclSine,BnrsHnuUiest,Varanasi, University, Hindu Banaras Sciences, India. Varanasi, University, Hindu Medical Banaras Science, of of Institute Biochemistry, Institute of Department Medicine, of Department atrRe ryIsiueo Research of Institute Army Reed Walter Sciences Iowa Medical of of University Institute University Hindu Banaras 2 .donovani L. eateto pdmooy olg fPbi elh nvriyo oa oaCt,Iw,USA. Iowa, City, Iowa Iowa, of University Health, Public of College Epidemiology, of Department .donovani L. 3 neto repsr nesenArc,Bnlds,NpladIda hr salmtdudrtnigo h extent the of understanding limited a is There India. and Nepal Bangladesh, Africa, eastern in exposure or infection ha Sundar Shyam , 6 .donovani L. etrfrEegn netosDsae,Uiest fIw,Crlil,Iw,USA. Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, of University Diseases, Infectious Emerging for Center 1 # stasitdb h adfl species fly sand the by transmitted is , stecuaieaeto itrclyatrpntcvsea esmnai V)o h ninsubcontinent Indian the on (VL) leishmaniasis visceral anthroponotic historically of agent causative the is neto fdmsi nml rvstasiso oohraiaso uaso h S.Eiec from Evidence ISC. the on humans or animals other to transmission drives animals domestic of infection hitn .Petersen A. Christine 1 ran Scorza Breanna , ope p. particularly spp., complex 1 ran .Scorza M. Breanna , 1 n hitn Petersen Christine and , .donovani L. esmnadonovani Leishmania 2,6 2 rnmsino h ninsbotnn n iooscnieaino how of consideration rigorous and subcontinent Indian the on transmission # mPaahSingh Prakash Om , .infantum L. 2 mPaahSingh Prakash Om , esmnadonovani Leishmania heoou argentipes Phlebotomus 1 nohredmcaes utpesuisuigquantitative using studies Multiple areas. endemic other in , 2 nIda Subcontinent Indian on esmnadonovani Leishmania 1 da Rowton Edgar , u olbrtv ru n teshave others and group collaborative Our . 3 da Rowton Edgar , nteIda Subcontinent: Indian the on 5 3 aoaoyo Para- of Laboratory 4 Philip , hli Lawyer Phillip , 4 iiinof Division nthe on L. 5 , Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ioae l,2018). al., et pinosa r eetdi infiaticessi ua ucpiiiyt esmnai Avre l,20,Desjeux, 2008, al., et (Alvar leishmaniasis to susceptibility human in malnutrition 2000). and increases et Thakur, immunosuppression significant (Daszak 2004, by caused in abetting areas vulnerability climates reflected living infection rainy human are in and shifts warm with or with conjunction urbanization areas, unorganized in equatorial tropical, hosts across of reservoir found 2007). reproduction and are al., Lukeˇs niches Leishmaniases et 2013, fly 2001). Ready, al., sand 2000, al., shelter and et that parasite Patz and ments 2016, populations Akbari, animal charac- and and regional human Oryan The species, of 2008, susceptibility fly (Ready, past sand behavior and and human on present parasite based areas, systems, endemic is reservoir of leishmaniasis and is teristics of human (VL) epidemiology L´opez-V´elez, between Leishmaniasis The and interactions distribution Visceral 2013). Monge-Maillo ecological geographical World 2006, their Old Shaw, on 2014, 2007). al., based of al., Americas, species et the by Reithinger 20 in caused 2004, than found Alexander, World”; more and ”New are (McMahon-Pratt or Leishmaniases cu- basin, Mediterranean localized of the from agents spanning causative humans The genus of parasite diseases disease. protozoan infectious systemic the fly-borne to sand lesions of taneous spectrum a are Leishmaniases elimination sustain to critical are Introduction final ecology VL the alter haunts reservoirs efforts non-human elimination how goals. complicating of of understanding reservoir consideration Better residual animal rigorous efforts, control. an and herculean VL of these from full Despite specter toward learned Massive The subcontinent. push lesson Indian prevented. persists. the and/or predominant indicated on controlled incidence The identified, elimination strategies VL VL be elimination for must eradication. underway reservoirs disease are non-human hindered vector-borne efforts that species is other situations domestic for from other in Evidence these positive infections ISC. diagnostically emerging the were that on dogs humans or and which to animals rats extent fed the cattle, have for of goats, villages reservoirs understanding are endemic that donovani animals in demonstrated L. Domestic outside have trapped methods people. flies to detection addition sand in that dogs particularly shown and have cattle others on and group collaborative (ISC). subcontinent Indian donovani Leishmania Summary India, Keywords: 2369632 [email protected] 542 +91 Email: No. Phone India. 005, Varanasi-221 Medicine of Department Sundar Shyam Park, Prof. Research Iowa, of University Diseases, [email protected] Infectious Emerging Email: USA. for 52241, Center Iowa USA. Coralville, Iowa, 52242, of Iowa University City, Health, Iowa Public of College Epidemiology, of Department Leishmania .donovani L. .infantum L. neto repsr nesenArc,Bnlds,NpladIda hr salimited a is There India. and Nepal Bangladesh, Africa, eastern in exposure or infection Phlebotomines ieccei ietyascae iheooia aibe nrrlo eidmsi environ- peri-domestic or rural in variables ecological with associated directly is cycle life Leishmania Psychodidae stecuaieaeto itrclyatrpntcvsea esmnai V)o the on (VL) leishmaniasis visceral anthroponotic historically of agent causative the is and , nohredmcaes utpesuisuigqatttv C rserological or PCR quantitative using studies Multiple areas. endemic other in , nttt fMdclSciences Medical of Institute .donovani L. .infantum L. Leishmania Fshre l,21) ua ciiissc smgain deforestation, migration, as such activities Human 2011). al., et (Fischer p.aeotncaatrzda OdWrd;fudi uai,Arc and Africa Eurasia, in found World”; ”Old as characterized often are spp. icrllihaiss zoonoses leishmaniasis, visceral , .donovani L. stasitdb h adfl species fly sand the by transmitted is e ol Li rmrl asdby caused primarily is VL World New . ( Trypanosomatida neto fdmsi nml rvstasiso oother to transmission drives animals domestic of infection 2 .donovani L. , aaa id University Hindu Banaras : Trypanosomatidae rnmsino h ninsubcontinent Indian the on transmission heoou argentipes Phlebotomus .donovani L. Brae l,21,Es- 2018, al., et (Burza ) .infantum L. ope spp., complex Mriiet (Marcili Our . Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. elhrs o ies eugnei htsi aaiela sasrn rdco fpstv xenodiagnosis positive of predictor strong a major is a load represent parasite patients PKDL skin et infection, that and/or (Zijlstra of in parasitized patients reservoir resurgence extensively VL another disease treated be As in for can form parasites 2014). risk that a dermal al., health occur is persistent et against lesions Mukhopadhyay PKDL reactions 2017, dermal 2017). immune al., macular source to Serafim, or parasite response and flies significant papular in (Kamhawi a sand arise where people are to sequelae immunocompromised patients infectious VL in PKDL were of suggest particularly infection studies flies, HIV transmission sand Further, with for patients 2020). threat VL al., high significant et asymptomatic a this (Molina is early-stage of HIV that Because identify with concluded co-infection effectively Additionally, 2011). to and in al., 2010). Molina assessed shown al., et be management. as et Gidwani should VL cases, (Bern to transmission 2011, Asia clinical VL al., South than in in et al., common individuals reservoirs (Ostyn et human more asymptomatic Molina Nepal much of 2011, and role are al., the India cases asymp- frequency, et in VL latent, (Stauch villages Asymptomatic of reservoirs endemic existence animal 2014). highly possible potential al., the kala-azar and et by parasite post Singh challenged the 2020, and is of and VL reservoirs evaluated, human human completely to tomatic symptomatic been infectious only not are that has cases is hypothesis is (PKDL) campaign It ISC. leishmaniasis elimination the the dermal 2019). on behind al., sources assumption et infection not An have Rijal possible date 2017, and to elimination (Programme, which ISC. of 2020 transmission, and the Challenges of target for on considerable sources elimination set strategies zoonotic made 2015 intervention deadline by the have in influenced extended of considered campaigns are short the been IRS shortcomings fell meet to Although these they to cases that Bangladesh, 2009). track clinical possible and al., on Nepal, of India, et treatment not in Mondal comprehensive are Residual VL and 2012, reducing Indoor the identification, al., in by systematic case et progress annum been active (Huda per as has early VL population homes, agenda to eliminate 10,000 their addition elimination per within incidence in VL case people the approach; the VL on reduce 1 feeding of to recognized was than flies strategy only programs less sand key in these targeting to A of Nepal (IRS), level goal and Spraying district The 2005). Bangladesh, or ISC. India, (WHO, sub-district the of on 2015 the governments problem at the health VL by public of initiated major were a 2016). VL as al., 2005 et reservoir eliminate sand Das primary to vector 2005, the programs al., be by National et to inhabited thought Bern dwelling are 2005, patients human al., VL et around Active ISC (Barnett and 2011). the al., in on AVL et proximity transmission Malaviya for in of 2011, hosts al., cycle reservoir et continuous and flies.(Stauch differences niches a host-preference fly with for sand disease shelter reasons that DNA-encoded environments humans. be peridomicile to to or likely rural in not variables are there that between indicates This America primary South 2020). the and as leish- Asia, dogs visceral East, domestic zoonotic donovani Middle with and the Africa; humans, countries, East Mediterranean to in in 2) animals and occurring infected ISC and from the host transmitted on reservoir mainly is of occurs which and 50% (ZVL), VL human maniasis than to 2020). human WHO, More from 2018, bites al., fly Brazil. et (Burza and Bangladesh (ISC), and etiologies Nepal sub-continent India, Indian by in caused the reported visceral is Al- been Africa, for has hotspots Diseases. East incidence eco-epidemiological Uncontrolled VL in territories, global or and occur Emerging countries 98 (VL) I, over category leishmaniasis in in endemic is leishmaniasis leishmaniasis listed though Organization Health World The of spread Anthroponotic Dsex 04 shadPtre,21) ept hs egahcsprtos aaie ihnthe within parasites separations, geographic these Despite 2013). Petersen, and Esch 2004, (Desjeux, .donovani L. Fgr 1) (Figure ope aeahg ee fgntcsmlrt,etmtdt egetrta 9 Fase tal., et (Franssen 99% than greater be to estimated similarity, genetic of level high a have complex esmnadonovani Leishmania .donovani L. .donovani L. Fgr 3) (Figure and nhoooi icrllihaiss(V) hr aaie r rnmte ysand by transmitted are parasites where (AVL), leishmaniasis visceral Anthroponotic : .infantum L. ope p.pooonprstsadmnfs pdmooial ytotpsof types two by epidemiologically manifest and parasites protozoan spp. complex tal et netvco nteIC hssre soeo h rnsi three-pronged a in prongs the of one as serves This ISC. the on vector insect Leishmania ae ntecutrn fcssaon oshlswt atV history VL past with households around cases of clustering the on based , sdxndanssa olfreautn Lifcini I+patients HIV+ in infection VL evaluating for tool a as xenodiagnosis used . neto nteIChstaiinlybe eonzda nanthroponotic an as recognized been traditionally has ISC the on infection nta,the Instead, . n lmnto taeyo Lo h ISC. the on VL of strategy elimination and Leishmania 3 .argentipes P. ieccei ietyipce yecological by impacted directly is cycle life nteIC(iue3.Hwvr this However, 3). (Figure ISC the on heoou argentipes Phlebotomus (Figure sthe is L. Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h rvoscnlso htteei oaia eevisfrL ooaio h S sbogtinto brought is ISC the on donovani L. for reservoirs animal no is there that conclusion previous The blood Alternative 2010). 2016). al., al., et et (Cameron (Bhattarai occurs IRS where 1). areas in exophilic livestock meal for outdoor blood sources on a studies feed research near to Several fly likely micro-climate 1999). altered sand most (Keeling, stable has rates the favorable, contact IRS to vector/host a that altering infectious offers by indicate hosts dynamics which disease mammalian housing, alter non-human may animal multiple 2010). and of around al., of evidence and et cycle direct in Singh no life 2011, aggregates still al., the is et confirmed sustain (Stauch there been to vector since infections not ISC rural/sylvatic has the PCR/qPCR, and on reservoir through zoonotic a recently of more as transmission Leishmania al., and role for et culture their (Haydon required through cases, population are (parasitemia) many target as blood the in established its to while permanently in characterized transmitted parasites be is is harbor can species organism could pathogen reservoir infecting mammalian a A an of where 2000). Identification which 2002). populations al., from et bound and can Dereure infection epidemiologically cats 2015, an more pigs, al., or for foxes, et host one rats, Rohousova reservoir as hyraxes, 2011, as studies Day, rock identified Several and been including 2003). have de-Sousa al., mammals dogs et synanthropic and (Raymond and infected variation be domestic temporal wild, and regional that reveals suggest the and 2020a). of complex al., disease. part is et integral of relationship as Singh an ecology 2016, are animals current al., hosts domestic the et Reservoir and in Rutte PKDL, animals Le infection, 2017, domestic asymptomatic al., for et of Role (Tiwary role more ISC the and the people experiments predict on xenodiagnosis asymptomatic to reservoirs that infection positive necessary conclude serologically are models data indicated transmission These clinical 2020b) transmission. ongoing al., sustaining for basin et host Mediterranean cause non-human (Singh the in the India subjects not and VL 2017, asymptomatic were 2020) al., dif- on et of al., study (Esteva infectiousness et xenodiagnosis etc. immunity, recent transmission of (Molina A and duration 2019). disease as al., recrudescent such et to parameters Coffeng leading biological comorbidities models critical stages, most of Nevertheless, disease important viability. gaps ferent an elimination data are assess by models and limited Mathematical dynamics are 2009). transmission of Courtenay, disease infections and understand of Quinnell to possibility 2017, tool similar the al., genetically to et (Esteva paid despite ecology, attention ISC mission The little the been 2014). on that has al., animals known there erad- et domestic however, widely hampering that Eberhard people, culprits is the indicated 2018, between it were transmitted al., animals and While is et these 2016). whether efforts (Thiele Callaway, (Gal´an-Puchades, of humans 2017, eradication question efforts by the worm ication acquired raised reservoir worms Guinea animal of an aggravated source of presence a of animals risk been domestic have increased may in an dogs with epizootics 2012). correlate al., season Chad, et fly In human sand Picado to peak 2013, outdoor contributing during al., of indirectly of outdoors et prevalence thus presence sleep (Perry densities, the The to VL is fly Indeed, residents sand ISC India exposure. 2017). higher of in al., fly inclination sustain phenomenon et density human-sand or The Courtenay attract Livestock through 2005, to 2005). infection al., shown al., 2005). et been et (Bern al., has (Barnett livestock cattle et incidence including by Ranjan hosts VL seen nearby human 2010, attempts crowded several increasing feeding and al., for frustrated shelters, et variable multiple animal to of Bern threat households a 2012, of as proximities al., migration, regarded et include ISC (Custodio the on conditions 3). VL (Figure for 2017) factors al., Risk et Molina 2019, al., et (Mondal motnl,PReiec of evidence PCR Importantly, pce Etv ta. 07.V sasmdt aeol natrpntctasiso cycle transmission anthroponotic an only have to assumed is VL 2017). al., et (Esteva species .argentipes P. .argentipes P. a nld ate ot,dg,o oet Pcee l,2018) al., et (Poche rodents or dogs, goats, cattle, include may Leishmania .donovani L. 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No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. a orl ndsg,dcso opbih rpeaaino h eot iaca sitnetruhfellowship Infectious through assistance and Financial report. Allergy the of of preparation Institute or publish, funders National to The the decision U19AI074321). design, grant of in Center role Research Program no Medicine (Tropical Extramural had Health the of Institutes by National Diseases, supported was work This Acknowledgments potential achieve all and of of contributions period surveillance incubation ecological chemo based long through broadly gentipes the and burden by controlled collaboration parasite complicated be Interdisciplinary the is transmission. can reducing Surveillance Infection or 2008). host. insecticides al., the L et through of (Baneth status parasite thereof) immunotherapy immune/health the lack and/or and to (or predisposition exposure transmission genetic monitor removing host best by by we as can how well consider potential as instead whole should the we cases, within VL clinical of infected lack by upon fed being mammalian after flies, with sand between infected interactions become parasito- critical physicians, evaluate veterinarians, and entomologists, and together epidemiologists, hosts come of for to catalyst ecology immunologists a and non-human as logists emerging serve the should in article This populations these of worldwide. role potential and the a ISC confirm from contribu- parasites can the of and transmissibility meals, donovani flies, many assess blood for to sand in fly way reservoirs to studies practical sand or host most serological of hosts the source and is parasite Xenodiagnosis documented molecular as investigation. common by livestock a hosts of are mammalian tions mammals non-human domestic considers have As which to framework, countries. trans- current shown imple- regional the involve ISC been and under would of exists recently epidemiology reservoir zoonoses than only its sylvatic strategy the of and elimination as understanding domestic humans complex more potential global a of more of Management a mentation needed. ISC, is the dynamics on mission VL control effectively To of totality protect The the Conclusion to role. on understood potential The species widely 2002). their reservoir more al., evaluate non-traditional et be to other (Gavgani to inspection locations and al., infected these closer of et dogs in requires presence Nasereddin from infection the ISC 2012, transmission to regions, al., humans vector-mediated endemic et predisposing many of (Hamarsheh factor in epidemiology risk disease VL critical human zoonotic a for of presence was reservoir onset the dogs primary the in the dogs, to being infected led Besides of species, 2005). prevalence vector high competent that a indicated ISC of countries the Mediterranean outside and areas Eastern other with Middle in VL infections rodents of and zoonotic reservoirs animals natural domestic animal Importantly, potential 2013). are of al., these outbreaks et that found caused indicating India reservoirs cows, in traditional and study goats recent dogs, Another 1) local Sudan. of and blood Bangladesh the of areas VL-endemic in donovani for host of of blood cycle animal sylvatic domestic from anti-detected of observations by question Leishmania . oet n osaebt lsia eevi pce o other for species reservoir classical both are dogs and Rodents . donovani .infantum L. lo elsucsadxndansssuiswl erqie o oetm orl u zoonotic out rule to time some for required be will studies xenodiagnosis and sources meal blood Cutnye l,19,Bakele l,20,Ahvne l,21) Canine 2010). al., et Akhavan 2009, al., et Blackwell 1994, al., et (Courtenay hs ottasiso nihsaeciia orifremdl oeatn Lotraso the on outbreaks VL forecasting models reinforce to critical are insights host-transmission These . .donovani L. nmmas edn oproso aec,we neto a edffiutt eett prevent to detect to difficult be can infection when latency, of periods to leading mammals, in Cutnye l,20b orea ta. 02) nBai osaetepiayreservoir primary the are dogs Brazil In 2002a). al., et Courtenay 2002b, al., et (Courtenay Leishmania .donovani L. Ec ta. 02,avisceralizing a 2012), al., et (Esch edn otasiso nteIC h anqeto snthwdmsi animals domestic how not is question main The ISC. the on transmission to leading .donovani L. .donovani L. n uas netgtr eiv oswr epnil o h ontccycle zoonotic the for responsible were dogs believe Investigators humans. and .argentipes P. Leishmania u ahr owa xetdoes extent what to rather: but .donovani L. Tbe1) (Table rnmsineaiaingaso h ninSubcontinent. Indian the on goals eradication transmission csse.Ifcinotoei eemndb aaievirulence parasite by determined is outcome Infection ecosystem. .donovani L. .infantum L. pcfi nioisand antibodies specific nta fpromn otyatv uvilnet okfrthe for look to surveillance active costly performing of Instead ? rvosyol osdrdanthroponotic, considered only Previously . . oshv eniciiae sabig ewe the between bridge a as incriminated been have Dogs 5 .donovani L. lmnto ol Cmrne l,2016). al., et (Cameron goals elimination ihncranfc Mln ta. 02 Ruiz-Fons 2012, al., et (Molina foci certain within Leishmania .donovani L. Fgr 2) (Figure .donovani L. ean noe usinfradditional for question open an remains Leishmania .donovani L. pce eeial eysmlrto similar very genetically species td fteeegneo Lin VL of emergence the of study A . aebe dnie ndg,other dogs, in identified been have .donovani L. iclt ndmsi species domestic in circulate uniaiePRpositivity PCR quantitative ope p.Ohrless Other spp. complex .donovani L. Leishmania eevisneeds reservoirs .donovani L. infection N in DNA (Table .ar- P. has L. L. Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. kaa,A . .Mred,A hmspu,M .Aioamda,Y as,P ae,S Kamhawi, S. Bates, P. Rassi, Y. Alimohammadian, H. M. Khamesipour, A. more Mirhendi, are H. PKDL, A., patients, A. macular PKDL Akhavan, to Nodular/papular compared vectors. skin patients. fly the PKDL References sand in macular to than burden flies infectious parasite sand forms readily increased to both be significantly infectious with for patients to have However, treatment found to After eradicated. are shown been macrophages. skin and have the dermal infection parasitemia in PKDL within fly parasites high of burden sand before against of parasite VL, diminish chance response may significant symptomatic parasitemia increased immune a During VL, highly an by a with characterized to blood. is associated lead and therefore is skin PKDL skin the the in feeding. macrophages in during parasitized load highly parasite of low patches relatively a Asymptomatic and feed. for to source which from predominant blood a as skin tings. The 3. Figure VL. zoonotic ZVL= VL, anthroponotic of Distribution of in 2. source spread Figure blood anthroponotic a vs as zoonotic documented of been cycles have Life References 1. Figure Species IFAT= Reservoir medium; Potential Legends Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle agglutina- Figure NNN= Direct assay; DAT= test immunosorbent reaction; antibody Enzyme-linked chain Immunofluorescence ELISA= polymerase test; quantitative tion qPCR= test; Immunochromatographic Abbreviations: Method Detection Salala Urn Bandigueo, Humera Kafta Dimeka, Alduba, Sudan Matale Ethiopia Lanka Sri Dharan Mymensingh Bangladesh Bihar Nepal Location India Country methods. 1. Table interest Tables of conflict no declare authors The with interest created Figures of acknowledged. Conflict gratefully is (CSIR) Research Industrial and BioRender.com. Scientific of Council the by adfle s hi ertdpoocst rb h knfrdra lo esl raigapo of pool a creating vessels blood dermal for skin the probe to proboscis serrated their use flies Sand dnicto of Identification abrE Fugara El State Barbar Gedaref and Nile Blue Sheraro Humera, Kafta Zemen, Addis Mymensingh Kathmandu Pradesh Himachal Thiruvananthapuram K9 recombinant rK39= .donovani L. .donovani L. Leishmania neto ndmsi nml hog oeua n serological and molecular through animals domestic in infection .donovani L. ope p.addffrn rnmsinecologies. transmission different and spp. complex Leishmania 3 rti,PR oyeaecanrato;ICT= reaction; chain Polymerase PCR= protein, K39 6 neto rvdsastigwt rdcieimmunity productive with setting a provides infection Leishmania oiiesn flies. sand positive C,DTDg(hmole l,20,Hsa ta. 2009) al., et Hassan 2009, al., et (Shamboul 2003) al., et (Dereure (D´ıaz-Rega˜n´on 2010) 2020) al., al., et et Rosypal 2009, al., 2017) et al., 2009) (Nawaratna et 2000) al., 2016) (Jambulingam al., et al., et (Sharma et (Mukhtar Akter 2013, al., et (Alam 2017) al., 2010) et al., Lemma et 2015, (Bhattarai Dog al., et (Kassahun Rat Goat, 2015) Cow, Donkey, al., Dog et Rohousova 2018) 2011, al., al., et et Alam (Kalayou 2011, al., et 2013) (Alam al., et (Singh Dog Goat Cow, Buffalo, Sheep Goat, IFAT Dog Cow, culture, Dog Dog, NNN Dog Goat Cattle, DAT Domestic PCR, Dog ICT ELISA 39 Rodents DAT, rk DAT, ELISA, culture PCR, NNN DAT, Cow PCR, Rat, qPCR, Goat, Microscopy ICT, rk39 ICT rk39 ELISA, DAT, qPCR PCR, ICT, rk39 qPCR PCR ICT 39 rk PCR ICT rk39 PCR, Leishmania aaie ndffrn lnclset- clinical different in parasites Leishmania aaie ntesi and skin the in parasites spp nml depicted Animals . AVL= Posted on Authorea 31 Dec 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oeg .E,E .L ut,J unz .R dm,J .Paa .J eVa n .F ely 2019: Medley, F. G. and Subcontinent. Vlas Indian de the J. in Leishmaniasis S. Visceral Prada, of M. Control J. on Adams, Effort R. India. Mu˜noz, Detection E. J. in Bihar, Rutte, Changes A. in Le of Chapman, A. leishmaniasis Impact E. A. visceral E., L. eliminate L. Burza, Coffeng, to S. interventions Boer, for vectors, Den evidence & Leishmania M. robust Parasites of dynamics Boelaert, provide transmission M. the to Understanding Bern, 2016: donovani Courtenay, O. C. and Acosta-Serrano, Coleman M. A. Chaskopoulou, worm. M., Guinea M. eradicate Cameron, to effort Leishmaniasis. thwart 2018: Dogs C. Boelaert, 2016: Mohamed, M. E., Callaway, H. and Croft Mishra, L. A. man. 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All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. fLihai ooaifo netddg tadratfcso Li leNl tt,Sudan. State, Nile Blue in VL of Identification focus 2009: dormant Omran, O. a and Abdalla at H. dogs Saeed, Biotechnol, A. infected S. Eng Sayed, from El donovani O. M. Leishmania 2004- Bagir, of El Spain, M. hares, A. free-ranging M., Lanka. K. in Shamboul, Sri infantum Leishmania from Sreekumar 2013: dogs C. Gortazar, in C. Rajapakse, 2010. and spp. R. Ferroglio E. Lindsay, Leishmania F., D. to Ruiz-Fons, Tidwell, antibodies in animals R. for domestic Surveillance Hailemariam, in S. 2010: Parasitology, flies Kinlaw, Dubey, sand C. J. and Tripp, and spp. S. Leishmania A., to Rosypal, Exposure C. Yasur-Landau, 2015: Votypka, D. leishma- Kassahun, J. Ethiopia. A. visceral northwestern and Lestinova, Eliminating T. King 2019: Polanska, R. N. 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Data may be preliminary. ilta .E,F le,S ia,B rn n .Avr 07 otkl-zrdra esmnai in leishmaniasis dermal Post-kala-azar 2017: Programme. Elimination Alvar, Kala-azar J. Region and Asia Arana South-East the B. to diseases, Rijal, threat tropical neglected S. A indicators– Alves, subcontinent: additional Indian F. supplementaires. the 5 E., indicateurs on 5 E. sur report Zijlstra, rapport first premier and et region 2017-2018, 2017–2018, 265-279. leishmaniose, Asia 95, surveillance, la South-East de leishmaniasis the mondiale Global from Surveillance kala-azar 2020: of WHO, elimination for (India). framework Delhi New strategic India. (2005–2015). Bihar, Regional Muzaffarpur, 2005: Center, Research WHO, 2017: Psychodidae) Lawyer, Medical P. (Diptera: Azar and argentipes Sundar Kala entomology, Phlebotomus S. medical the of Singh, of at P. colony O. studies closed Sacks, xenodiagnostic a D. Rowton, for certifying E. and Pop- Kushwaha, K. expanding, 2018: common A. 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No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160941740.00061915/v1 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 14