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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road Athletics and academics: Motivational leadership for mission congruence. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stitt, Jerry Lewis. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 07:06:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186499 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfllm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs inc:Iuded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9421728 Athletics and academics: Motivational leadership for mission congruence Stitt, Jerry Lewis, Ed.D. The University of Arizona, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Stitt1 Jerry Lewis. All rights reserved. U·M·I 300 N. Zceb Rd. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 ATHLETICS AND ACADEMICS: MOTIVATIONAL LEADERSHIP FOR MISSION CONGRUENCE by Jerry Lewis Stitt Copyright © Jerry Lewis Stitt 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 199 3 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by__ ~J~e~r~r~y~L~e~w~j~.s~~S~t~i~t~t=- ______________ entitled Athletics and Academics: Motivational Leadership for Mission Congruence and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Education Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ;;;, (ll7fe~-t<' " Dissertation Director Date SfATEMENTBY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS The completion of this dissertation, in the words of Dr. Donal Sacken, is the pinnacle of an academic career. It could not have been achieved without the support and encouragement of Dr. L. O. Nelson. His wisdom and knowledge were a constant source of inspiration. My other two major committee members, Dr. Marcello Medina, Jr. and Dr. Paul Heckman, shared their firm belief in equity and individual core values, which found a significant place in the development of the research plan. The impetus for the consideration of academic and athletic missions came from the minds of Dr. T. Frank Saunders and Dr. Boyd B. Baker, both of whom were always available to evaluate and discuss alternatives and direction. The interview process required considerable cooperation, not only from the individuals and departments scrutinized, but also from those in my own department who allowed me the latitude for the completion of a project that occasionally became my occupation. To those many people, I give thanks. I thank Ann Murphy for her diligent editing and her professional suggestions for grammar and text improvement. Finally, and most importantly, I express grati tude to my wife Linda, for her help with a myriad of tasks and for keeping the light at the end of the tunnel burning. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 0 ABSTRACT. 1 1 1. THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1 3 Introduction . 1 3 The Significance of the Study 1 3 The Purpose of the Study 1 7 The Hypotheses . 1 8 Limitations of the Study 19 Assumptions 20 Definition of Terms 20 2. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 23 Introduction . 23 Independent vs. Affiliated Athletic Departments. 23 Independent Athletic Departments: A History . 25 Proposition 48 and Academic Integrity . 35 Three Models for NCAA-Institutional- Athletic Department Interrelationship 44 Introduction . 44 Model One: One-Plus-Three . 52 Model Two: Governmental Control . 5 7 Model Three: Autonomous Business 64 Conclusion. 68 Motivational Theory 70 Introduction . 70 Content Theories 72 Process Theories 76 Conclusion. 83 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Synchrony Within an Organization . 84 Norms and Concerns of Individuals Within Organizations 89 Conclusion. 95 3. MEIHOOOl.OOY 96 Introduction 96 The Framework 97 The Choice of Qualitative Method 97 The Collection of the Data 98 The Interviews 99 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Interview Studies 100 Elements of the Focused Interview I 07 Research Questions. 1 I 0 Treatment of the Data . 1 1 2 Coding of Institutions and Participants 1 I 4 Conclusion. I 14 4. THEDATA . 11 7 Introduction 1 I 7 The Environment. 1 1 9 Independent Athletic Departments 1 19 The Context of the Department 1 24 Missions 129 Introduction . 130 The Interrelatedness of Environment, Mission, and Motivation -- Perspective of an Associate Athletic Director . 1 30 The Interrelatedness of Environment, . Mission and Motivation Perspective of a Head Coach . 1 33 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued Page The Interrelatedness of Environment, Mission and Motivation --The Perspective of a Support Staff . 1 35 The Student-Athlete Advisory Board 137 The Exit Interview . 1 39 Values and Leadership. 140 Gender Equity . 1 47 Leadership and Institutional Commitment 149 Motivation. 157 Introduction . 157 Individual Motivation 160 Motivational Leadership 163 Envisioning and Aligning 164 Enculturation . 1 71 Conclusion. 178 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 179 Introduction . 179 Conclusions 179 Conclusion #1 180 Conclusion #2 180 Conclusion #3 182 Conclusion #4 183 Conclusion #5 184 Conclusion #6 186 Conclusion #7 189 Recommendations 192 Implications 195 Summation 196 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page APPENDIX A: INDEPENDENT ATHLETIC DEPARTMENT MODEL 1 99 APPENDIX B: ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY COMPARED TO MASWWS NEED HIERARCHY . .. 201 APPENDIX C: SAMPLE OF PRE-INTERVIEW INTRODUCTORY LEITER . 204 APPENDIX D: INTERVIEW GUIDE 206 APPENDIX E: A ''THREE DIMENSIONAL MISSION" MODEL . 2 1 0 APPENDIXF: AN ATHLETIC DEPARTMENT MISSION STATEMENT ...... 212 APPENDIX G: A SAMPLE OF "INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSE AND ATHLETIC PHILOSOPHY". .. 2 1 4 APPENDIX H: SAMPLE OF A GUIDE TO STUDENT -ATHLETE SERVICES . 217 APPENDIX I: OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS ATHLETICS INVESTIGATION - TITLE IX. 225 APPENDIX J: A FORM FOR COMPARING MISSION, GOALS, AND CULTURE OF SELECTED ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONAL MISSION, GOALS, AND CULTURE . 227 REFERENCES . 229 9 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mission, Goals, and Motivation of Three Athletic Department Models . 51 2. Institution and Participant Codes . 1 15 10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. A Model of Motivation 71 2. Expectancy Model . 76 3. Operation of the Expectancy Model for Promotion 78 4. Leadership and Management Dichotomy in Intercollegiate Athletics: Goals and Activities 142 I 1 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between the mission and goals of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic department and the mission and goals of iis parent institution. It was hypothesized that a department with a base of academic integrity and service to the student-athlete will be more likely to be in congruence with the educational mission of the institution. It was expected that an athletic department with a clearly articulated mission and commonly agreed upon goals would elicit a performance commitment by the individual to the department and to the institution. The research was based on a comparison between independent and affiliated athletic departments,
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