Name: ______

Teacher: ______

This unit aims to introduce the ethical issue of Justice and .

You will need to be able to describe, explain and analyse, using knowledge and understanding. As well as use evidence and reasoned argument to express and evaluate personal responses, informed insights and differing viewpoints of the debate about capital punishment, taking account of social, political, biblical, Church and other ethical viewpoints

Crime is ______1. ______2. ______3. ______

Why do

people commit Crime?

Identify three reasons why you think it is important for someone to be punished when they break the law

1. ______2. ______3. ______Theories and Aims of Punishment

If someone commits a crime they are caught and punished. However not everyone agrees on how appropriate some punishments are and so for this reason we have a judicial system to help decide on a suitable punishment for an offender. The aims of these aims are:

Theory Explanation

Protection

Retribution

Deterrence

Reform

Vindication

Types of Punishment If a person is caught committing a crime, they are usually arrested, taken to court and given a punishment that the court decides ‘fits the crime’. Some examples of these may be:

• ______• ______

• ______• ______

• ______• ______

Do you think that the only way to reduce crime is to hand out more severe punishments? ______

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT ______

There are nine common methods of execution which include: hanging, shooting by firing squad, shooting, beheading, , stoning, gas chamber, electrocution, and falling from an unknown height. The most common method authorized by law is hanging, with sixty countries authorizing this practice, while the least common methods include electrocution, gas chamber, and falling from an unknown height. The United States is the only country to authorize both electrocution and gas chamber and Iran is the only country to authorize pushing individuals from an unknown height.

Amnesty International reported that global executions fell in 2018 by almost one-third (the lowest figure in at least a decade). The statistics assess known executions worldwide except in China, where figures thought to be in their thousands remain classified as a state secret.

Match the crime with something you believe to be a suitable punishment…

Armed Bank Robbery

Murder (premeditated/planned) £7,000+ Fine

Manslaughter (unintentional/by accident) Death Penalty E.g. Drink driving/speeding and hit a pedestrian.

Mass 10 Years Imprisonment

(Serial Killing)

Community Service or

Vandalism Fine under £5,000

Assault 3 Years Imprisonment (e.g. Grievance Bodily Harm)

Fraud 6 Years Imprisonment (e.g. Copying someone's credit card) Research the work of Amnesty International at www.amnesty.org/en/what -we-do/death-penalty/. Note down five key facts about their work with Capital Punishment - what they do, why they do it and where they work. ______

Life on Death Row: A Changed Man?

Stanley ‘Tookie’ Williams Was the co-founder of the gang – ‘The ’ and was mostly known for murder & drug trafficking. In 1981 he was convicted of murdering four people during two robberies and sentenced to death row. His described him as a ‘cold blooded killer’ with no regard for human life. He did not apologise for his crime, and maintained that he was innocent. Tookie was sentenced to death. Should the death penalty be used here? ______Whilst imprisoned Tookie:

• Wrote 9 children's books that educate children to avoid gangs and crime. • Wrote the Tookie protocol for peace-a guide on how communities can create peace • Saved the lives of over 150,000 youths who were preparing to join gangs or got out of a gang • Was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 5 times • Received a 2005 Presidential Call to Service award from George Bush Many people fought for Clemency (the right for mercy) for Stanley Williams. These included celebrities, civil rights activists, religious leaders and politicians. They felt that Tookie had changed his behaviour and had helped thousands in need. BUT: Does this change anything? ______On 13th December 2005, after 24 years on death row, Stanley Williams was executed by Lethal Injection. Hours before his execution he said “I just stand strong and continue to tell you, your audience, and the world that I am innocent and, yes, I have been a wretched person, but….I have redeemed myself.” Questions: 1) Should the work that Stanley Williams did have saved him from the death penalty? Explain your answer. ______2) Was he really reformed (changed) or was he doing the work to try and save himself? What do you think? ______

3) The victims families were present at the execution, how do you think they would have felt? Do you think it is right that they should have been there? ______

What would a Christian say about the decision to execute Stanley ‘Tookie’ Williams? ______

Think about: 10 Commandments / ‘An eye for an eye’ (Old Testament) / ‘Turn the other cheek’ (Jesus teachings) / The Lord’s Prayer / The Unforgiving Servant / The Lost Son

The Bali Nine

In 2006, a court found them to be the leaders of a group of nine Australians arrested in Bali with more than 18lb (8.3kg) of heroin.

Their families say they were rehabilitated while in , but Indonesian President Joko Widodo rejected their clemency pleas, saying there can be no compromise on the issue of death sentences for drug traffickers.

He has described the drug trade as a scourge that kills up to 50 Indonesians each day, though correspondents say the statistics he used have been called into question.

In an interview with Sukumaran he said:

“Before I got arrested, I was never really good at anything. Zero skills or hobbies, no real direction in life," he said."When I do a good painting, it's like you see yourself improving, you can make something that's good."

Artist Ben Quilty, who has been mentoring Sukumaran, said he was surprised by his demeanour. "He was not this dark character out of Batman but a young, shy Australian man," he told the paper.

One of his paintings is a portrait of Joko Widodo with the words "People can change" on the back.

During a court hearing in 2010 Sukumaran said he had changed. - "From the bottom of my heart I can honestly say I am now a different person and a reformed person," he said.

Did they deserve the death penalty? Give reasons for your answer. ______

Mid-Unit Recap 1. Name one type of punishment a criminal might face for committing a crime. (1)

______

2. Name two countries that still sentence people to death. (2) • ______• ______3. Name two methods of execution. (2) • ______• ______4. Explain two aims of punishment (5)

______

5. “People have more respect for law and order when punishments are harsh.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. ______

Arguments For and Against Capital Punishment

Deterrence ■ The argument is Capital punishment is a deterrent to other criminals. It will stop them committing serious crimes.

Retribution ■ It is the ultimate payback for a criminal who has committed an evil act.

Protection ■ Capital punishment protects society by getting rid of the criminal. ■ A person can forfeit their right to live by committing a terrible crime.

Authorisation from God / Bible ■ The Bible speaks in favour of the death penalty for murder. State can act, not on its own authority but as the agent of God who has power over life and death.

Expense ■ Capital punishment is the cheapest and most cost effective way of dealing with a serious criminal.

Using the arguments that you have sorted, answer the following questions.... 1) Which argument do you most agree with? Why? ______

2) Which argument do you least agree with? Why? ______

Write a speech arguing either FOR or AGAINST the

reinstatement/re-establishment of Capital Punishment in the UK.

Use the arguments that you have sorted to help you write your speech.

Imagine the Minister for Justice is in the audience and you have to try and persuade him!

David Gauke is the current Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor in Westminster.

As NI don’t currently have a government we don’t have a Justice Minister, but Claire Sugden was the most recent, leaving office in 2017

______Exam Practice: “The death penalty should be brought back into the UK as a form of punishment” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you have thought about another point of view. (10 marks)

______Is our society too soft on criminals? Give reasons for your answer.

YES NO (80% of Britain's believe it is too soft)

- 47% of convicts reoffend within a year to - Prisoner is like a caged animal, they have lost return to prison. Prison must not be too bad. their freedom

- Prisoners have more luxuries than some of - Our justice system may be lenient but our elderly, homeless and jobless people in society won’t be. Employers would be society. They get 3 meals per day, heat, social reluctant to employ an ex-convict and they circle, education won’t be trusted

-Community service and restorative justice - This can lead to mental problems such as are seen as been too soft on criminals OCD

-For good behaviour generally the prisoner - Societies that have a severe methods of

will only serve half their sentence. punishment e.g. still have very high levels of violent crime, i.e. severe punishment - Life imprisonment is only 17 years doesn’t always deter people

______Capital Punishment and the Bible Reference Verse What it means

“eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, Exodus 21:24 foot for foot”

Whoever sheds human blood, by humans Genesis 9:6 shall their blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made mankind.

Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except Romans 13:1 that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’ But I tell you, do not Matthew 5:38-39 resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also.

“Let any one of you who is without sin be John 8:7 the first to throw a stone…

Exodus 21:13 Do not kill

Matthew 22:39 Love your neighbour as you love yourself

Matthew 7:1 Do not judge, or you too will be judged

Matthew 18:21-35

Then Peter came to Jesus and asked, “Lord, how many times shall I forgive my brother or sister who sins against me? Up to seven times?”

22 Jesus answered, “I tell you, not seven times, but seventy-seven times.

23 “Therefore, the kingdom of heaven is like a king who wanted to settle accounts with his servants. 24 As he began the settlement, a man who owed him ten thousand bags of gold was brought to him. 25 Since he was not able to pay, the master ordered that he and his wife and his children and all that he had be sold to repay the debt.

26 “At this the servant fell on his knees before him. ‘Be patient with me,’ he begged, ‘and I will pay back everything.’ 27 The servant’s master took pity on him, canceled the debt and let him go.

28 “But when that servant went out, he found one of his fellow servants who owed him a hundred silver coins. He grabbed him and began to choke him. ‘Pay back what you owe me!’ he demanded.

29 “His fellow servant fell to his knees and begged him, ‘Be patient with me, and I will pay it back.’

30 “But he refused. Instead, he went off and had the man thrown into prison until he could pay the debt. 31 When the other servants saw what had happened, they were outraged and went and told their master everything that had happened.

32 “Then the master called the servant in. ‘You wicked servant,’ he said, ‘I cancelled all that debt of yours because you begged me to. 33 Shouldn’t you have had mercy on your fellow servant just as I had on you?’ 34 In anger his master handed him over to the jailers to be tortured, until he should pay back all he owed.

35 “This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart.”

The Parable of the Unforgiving The Lord’s Prayer also teaches… teaches that God will forgive you Servant as you forgive others. In this story, the size Our Father, who art in heaven, of the debt shows the extent of the hallowed be thy name; forgiveness. Despite being shown thy kingdom come;

forgiveness the servant refused to be thy will be done; patient with his fellow servant and threw on earth as it is in heaven. him into jail. On hearing this, the king Give us this day our daily bread. immediately withdrew his forgiveness from And forgive us our trespasses, the unforgiving servant. He reinstated the as we forgive those who trespass against us. debt and put him back in jail until he paid it And lead us not into temptation; back. This was impossible for the first but deliver us from evil. servant to do. Jesus stressed that this is For thine is the kingdom, exactly what God will do with those who the power and the glory, will not forgive from the heart. In other words, if Christians do not practice for ever and ever. forgiveness then God will withdraw his Amen. mercy. THE LOST SON Luke 15:11-32

11 Jesus continued: “There was a man who had two sons. 12 The younger one said to his father, ‘Father, give me my share of the estate.’ So he divided his property between them.

13 “Not long after that, the younger son got together all he had, set off for a distant country and there squandered his wealth in wild living. 14 After he had spent everything, there was a severe famine in that whole country, and he began to be in need. 15 So he went and hired himself out to a citizen of that country, who sent him to his fields to feed pigs. 16 He longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, but no one gave him anything.

17 “When he came to his senses, he said, ‘How many of my father’s hired servants have food to spare, and here I am starving to death! 18 I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. 19 I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired servants.’ 20 So he got up and went to his father.

“But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion for him; he ran to his son, threw his arms around him and kissed him.

21 “The son said to him, ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no longer worthy to be called your son.’

22 “But the father said to his servants, ‘Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. 23 Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Let’s have a feast and celebrate. 24 For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.’ So they began to celebrate.

25 “Meanwhile, the older son was in the field. When he came near the house, he heard music and dancing. 26 So he called one of the servants and asked him what was going on. 27 ‘Your brother has come,’ he replied, ‘and your father has killed the fattened calf because he has him back safe and sound.’

28 “The older brother became angry and refused to go in. So his father went out and pleaded with him. 29 But he answered his father, ‘Look! All these years I’ve been slaving for you and never disobeyed your orders. Yet you never gave me even a young goat so I could celebrate with my friends. 30 But when this son of yours who has squandered your property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the fattened calf for him!’

31 “‘My son,’ the father said, ‘you are always with me, and everything I have is yours. 32 But we had to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.’”

This parable teaches Christians that they should forgive someone who repents. It shows that forgiveness should be possible, not matter what crime has been committed.

Do you think that forgiveness is always possible? Why? ______What crimes would be more difficult to forgive? ______

Exemplar Answer…

Q: Explain Jesus’ Teaching on Forgiveness.

A: During his ministry Jesus taught about forgiveness on several occasions. Jesus told a parable about an unforgiving servant. A servant was forgiven by the king but he then did not forgive his friend. Through this parable Jesus taught that God forgives people who are genuine about their repentance and then in turn we must be prepared to forgive others because God forgives us.

Jesus told another parable about a lost son. The son in this story turned his back on his family and took his inheritance. After some time, he realised he had made a mistake and returned to his father. The son repented to his father and he forgave him. In this parable Jesus taught that God forgives people who are willing to repent and ask for forgiveness. In the Lord’s Prayer, Jesus also highlights that in order to gain forgiveness from God, we must be willing to forgive others. In conclusion, Jesus teaches that forgiveness is important and God wants us to seek/ask for forgiveness. He says that those who are genuine, will be forgiven because no sin is too big to be forgiven. Lastly he says that if we want forgiveness we must be willing to give it to others.

The Catholic Church…

The traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude use of the death penalty – if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. From 1929 – 1969the law of Vatican City included the death penalty for anyone who tried to assassinate the Pope. However, as time went on, options changed and in 1997 the Church affirmed non-lethal means of punishment are generally more in keeping with the good of society and the dignity of the human person. In today’s society, the cases in which the execution of a criminal is an absolute necessity are very rare, if not practically non-existent (Catechism, no. 2267) In 2018 Pope Francis went further to change the teaching on the death penalty in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, declaring that “in the light of the Gospel” the death penalty “is inadmissible” because it is an attack on the inviolability and “dignity of the person”, stating that the church works “for its abolition worldwide”

The Anglican Church…

“The Laws of the Realm may punish Christian people with death, for heinous and grievous offences”

Article 37, The Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, Church of England

Using the quotes from the table to help answer the ten-mark question below. You must show both sides of the argument. ‘Protection of society is more important ‘The Church has used capital than reform. Capital punishment punishment throughout the ages. protects people it is therefore Heretics have been burnt at the stake justified.’ for their crimes against the religion’ ‘Jesus taught that an eye for an eye is ‘Jesus came to reform sinners, but how wrong, instead we must turn the other can you reform someone who is dead? Capital punishment is unchristian.’ cheek and always remember that life is sacred.’ ‘The Bible permits the death penalty It clearly says in The Ten for many crimes. Since this is the word Commandments, Do not kill – this is a of God it must be just.’ clear instruction.

“Explain why Christians disagree over the use of Capital Punishment” ______

What does the Bible say about Repentance? • Remorse without repentance is insufficient • In the parable of the Lost son it says that in order to be forgiven we have to be truly sorry. • The Bible teaches in the parable of the unforgiving servant that God will forgive if we forgive others • The Lord’s Prayers says that to be forgiven we have to forgive • We are to love our enemies and pray for those that persecute us • We are to turn the other cheek and NOT seek revenge Restorative Justice Restoration means ‘restore’ or ‘repair’. It works to restore things to their natural state. It is concerned with building a better society and affects 3 groups: • The victim- Restoring the victim to normal life • The offender- Restoring the offender to a law abiding life • The community- Restoring the damage the crime caused to the community

In order for restorative justice to work all 3 of the above must work together.

How restorative justice works in practice

1. The victim and the offender ______

2. The victim and the community

______

3. The offender and the community

______Advantages and Disadvantages

• Works to repair conflict and repair • If one party does not want to take part, problems between the victim, offender then it limits success. and community. • Restorative justice involves the • It gives the offender the chance to community therefore if there is a big make things right. gap between the rich and the poor in a • 75% of victims are satisfied with the community (social divisions) then results of restorative justice and felt people are unlikely to want to work that in their case there was a sense of together. emotional healing. • Many victims felt less angry and fearful, they felt personally vindicated and experience a degree of emotional healing.

CASE STUDY Will Riley and Peter Woolf’s story…

Having watched the video as a case study answer the following questions

How did Peter’s upbringing affect his childhood and teenage years? ______Do you think the process of going in and out of jail impacted Peter’s life? ______

How do you think he felt when he was invited to a Restorative Justice meeting, and why? ______

How did the Restorative Justice meeting impact him and his future life? ______Was this case of Restorative Justice effective? ______

Restorative Justice

1. What is Restorative Justice? (1) ______2. Restorative Justice is concerned the with building a better society. Which three groups are involved in the restorative process? (3) (i) ______

(ii) ______

(iii) ______

3. What is one of the limitations of restorative justice? ______

4. How could restorative justice help the victim? ______

5. How could restorative justice help the offender? ______

6. Name an organisation that helps victims of crime. ______

7. When the offender meets the victim… a. What might the victim want the offender to understand? ______b. What might the offender do?

______

c. How might the offender make up for what they did?

______

8. Describe what Christianity teaches about repentance. (5) ______

9. Explain why the death penalty is a controversial issue. (5) ______

10. “Reforming criminals is more important than punishing them.” ______Revision Checklist

Using the table below ensure that you have all your notes in order and identify areas were you may be unsure and need to focus on in your revision

Notes Unsure Revision Crime and Punishment • Definition of Crime • Reasons people commit Crime • Six aims of punishment • Types of Punishment and examples

The Debate about Capital Punishment • Definition of Capital Punishment • Capital Punishment and the Law • Arguments for Capital Punishment • Arguments against Capital Punishment • Biblical Teaching on Capital Punishment • Church teaching on Capital Punishment • Case Study – Stanley ‘Tookie’ Williams • Case Study – ‘The Bali Nine’

Repentance, Forgiveness, Justice and Restorative Justice • Biblical Teaching on repentance and forgiveness • The Parable of the Unforgiving Servant • The Parable of the Lost Son • The Aims of Restorative Justice • Restorative Justice in practice • Limitations of Restorative Justice

Key Words/Terms

Capital Punishment - To be sentenced and put to death for a crime. Conscience - A sense of right and wrong that influences how a person behaves. Crime - An act that breaks the law of the land. Equality - The idea that everyone should be treated equally and given the same rights. Evil Badness; act against God. Exploitation - To abuse/use someone or something for your own ends. Original Sin - The Christian belief that humans are born sinful and are alienated from God because of Adam’s sin. Reparation - To make amends for something you have done wrong. Repentance - To admit to a wrongdoing and to say sorry. Retribution - A punishment that fits the crime and equals the injury inflicted. Sanctity of life - The belief that all life is precious and sacred. Utilitarianism - The belief that it is better to act in such a way as to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.