La Leyenda De Alejandro Según El Šāhnāme De Ferdowsī

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La Leyenda De Alejandro Según El Šāhnāme De Ferdowsī LA LEYENDA DE ALEJANDRO SEGÚN EL ŠĀHNĀME DE FERDOWSĪ. LA TRANSMISIÓN DESDE LA VERSIÓN GRIEGA HASTA LA VERSIÓN PERSA Haila Manteghí Amín LA LEYENDA DE ALEJANDRO SEGÚN EL ŠĀHNĀME DE FERDOWSĪ. LA TRANSMISIÓN DESDE LA VERSIÓN GRIEGA HASTA LA VERSIÓN PERSA Haila Manteghí Amín Tesis Doctoral realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Luis Bernabé Pons Universidad de Alicante 2014 La Leyenda de Alejandro según el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī La transmisión desde la versión griega hasta la versión persa Haila Manteghí Amín Director de la tesis: Dr. Luis Bernabé Pons Universidad de Alicante Departamento: Estudios árabes e islámicos Alicante, 2014 A mi marido Agradecimientos Desde que entré como estudiante en esta facultad, los Estudios Árabes e Islámicos han sido para mí un motivo para el enriquecimiento personal y en definitiva una continua fuente de satisfacciones. Es por ello, que esta tesis es el fruto de esta andadura y el descubrimiento de un mundo que no por cercano, me era desconocido. Por lo tanto, agradecimiento es lo que quiero manifestar. En primer lugar a mi marido, presente en cada uno de los instantes de mi vida. Deseo que sepa que estás páginas fueron escritas sintiéndole en mi corazón. Sin sus consejos y ayuda hubiera sería imposible completar este trabajo. Agradecimiento también a mi director de mi tesis el Dr. Luis Bernabé Pons por su infinita paciencia y su ayuda en constante. También a todos mis profesores de la Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos que han sido como una familia para mí, y de no haberlos tenido, simplemente habría acabado estos estudios sin haber obtenido un componente extremo de gran valor en mi vida. Con su guía he aprendido a investigar, a observar detrás de cada fuente, a ver entre líneas para entender lo aparente. También quiero recordar en estas líneas a la profesora María Jesús Rubiera ya que fue ella la que me animó para seguir estudiando y finalmente elegir este tema de investigación. Finalmente a agradecer a todos los miembros del Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos de la Universidad de Alicante por su comprensión y afecto durante estos años de andadura. Alicante, mayo de 2014 Índice Introducción 1 Capítulo 1: Introducción historiográfica del estudio de la Leyenda de Alejandro en las versiones persas 5 Capítulo 2: Contexto histórico-literario 11 2.1) La cuentística persa y la tradición oral 11 2.2) La épica en la tradición persa 20 2.3) Las fuentes escritas: el Jodāynāme 22 2.3.1) El El Jodāynāmag, su contenido y las fuentes 23 2.3.2) Traducciones al árabe del Jodāynāme en el siglo VIII 26 2.4.) El legado helenístico en la literatura persa 29 Capítulo 3) La época y la región de Jorasán en tiempos de Ferdowsī 37 3.1) El problema de las fuentes acerca de una biografía critica de Ferdowsī 47 3.2) Biografía 49 3.2.1) Ferdowsī en su obra, el Šāhnāme 50 3.2.2) El Chahār maqāle 57 3.3.) El Šāhnāme 65 3.3.1) El Šāhnāme como una obra épica 65 3.3.2) Šāhnāme y su valor como una obra histórica 68 Capítulo 4) La leyenda de Alejandro 71 4.1) Las versiones siriacas sobre Alejandro 73 4.1.1) La traducción siriaca de la versión del Pseudo-Calístenes 73 4.1.2) La leyenda cristiana 74 4.1.3) El Poema cristiano de la leyenda de Alejandro 75 4.1.4) Otras fuentes siriacas relacionadas con Alejandro 75 4.2) Alejandro en los textos pahlavíes 78 4.2.1) El Ardāvīrafnāme 79 4.2.2) El Bondaheš 80 4.2.3) Kārnāme-ye Ardešīr-e Pāpakān 81 4.2.4) Šahrestānhā-ye Irān 83 4.3) La Leyenda de Alejandro en las versiones árabes 86 4.3.1) El Alejandro de la época omeya 88 4.3.2) El Alejandro de la época abasí 91 4.3.3) Alejandro Magno en el Jodāynāme 94 4.3.3.1) Ajbār al-ṭiwāl de Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnavarī 95 4.3.3.2) El anónimo Nihāyat al-ʼirab 100 4.3.3.3) Al-Ṭabarī (d. 932), Taʼrij al-rusul wa al-mulūk 104 4.3.3.4) Ṯaʻālabī (d. 1038) Ġorar ajbār mulūk al-fars 106 4.3.3.5) Al-Bīrūnī (X-XI.) y su Aṯār al-bāqiya 106 4.3.3.6) Al-Iṣfahānī y la versión sacerdotal zoroástrica sobre Alejandro 107 5) Conclusión: El lugar de Alejandro en la tradición preislámica persa 108 Capítulo 5) El análisis de la Leyenda de Alejandro en el Šāhnāme 112 5.1) La genealogía persa de Alejandro 117 5.2) La guerra entre Filipo y Dārāb y el nacimiento de Alejandro 120 5.3) El origen de la guerra entre Alejandro y Darío 127 5.4) La guerra entre Darío y Alejandro 129 5.5) Las batallas entre Alejandro y Darío 133 5.6) La colección de cartas 134 5.7) El asesinato de Darío por sus propios hombres 136 5.8) La escena de la muerte de Darío 136 5.9) El decreto de Alejandro tras la muerte de Darío 140 5.10) El discurso de Alejandro al subir al trono 143 5.11) Las cartas de Alejandro a la esposa de Darío y a Rowšanak 143 5.12) El episodio del rey indio Kayd 145 5.13) El rey indio Kayd en el Kārnāme, una obra en pahlavi 146 5.14) Los sueños de Kayd y su interpretación 148 5.15) La hija de Kayd 151 5.16) El filósofo indio 152 5.17) El gimnosofista Dandamis y el rey indio Kayd 155 5.18) Alejandro y Poro, el rey de los indios 157 5.19) Alejandro en la Meca 158 5.20) Alejandro y la reina Candace 158 5.21) Al-Andalus y las ciudades fantásticas 160 5.22) Alejandro y los brahmanes 162 5.23) Alejandro y las maravillas de Oriente 166 5.24) Alejandro en Abisinia 168 5.25) Alejandro en el país de la gente de piernas blandas 168 5.26) Alejandro y el dragón 169 5.27) Alejandro y el país de las mujeres 171 5.28) Alejandro en el mundo de oscuridad 172 5.29) Gog y Magog y los pueblos encerrados 179 5.30) Alejandro y el árbol hablante 182 5.31) Alejandro en Chīn (Asia Central) 183 5.32) Alejandro en Yemen 185 5.33) Alejandro en Babilonia 186 5.34) Alejandro y la carta de consuelo a su madre 187 5.35) El lamento de los filósofos ante la tumba de Alejandro 188 5.36) Fin del relato 189 Capítulo 6. Alejandro en las miniaturas de los manuscritos del Šāhnāme 190 Conclusión 198 Anexos 202 Anexo 1: Traducción anotada del episodio de Alejandro en el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī 203 Anexo 2: Miniaturas del Šāhnāme 363 Anexo 3: Genealogía de los Kayāniyān según el Šāhnāme de Ferdowsī 382 Anexo 4: Genealogía de los reyes persas según el Šāhnāme 383 Bibliografía 386 Índice onomástico 412 Índice toponímico 419 š ش Sistema de transcripción ṣ ص Formas Transliteración ḍ ض Internacional ṭ ط a الف ẓ ظ b ب ʻ ع p پ ġ ﻍ t ت f ف ṯ ث q ق ŷ ج k ک ch چ g گ ḥ ح l ﻞ j خ m م d د n ن ḏ ذ v و r ر h, e ﻩ z ز y ﻯ ž ﮊ ʼ ﺀ ﺌ s س Vocales Diptongos Formas Transliteración Formas Transliteración ā آ ا ow ― ُ و ī ای ey ― ُی ū و a ُ o ا ― ُ e ا― En los nombres propios de las ciudades o personas que existen en castellano se utilizará la forma castellanizada, i.e. Isfahán en lugar de Iṣfahān. Los nombres de los editores e investigadores iraníes conocidos en occidente se mantendrán en la forma occidentalizada, i.e. Khaleghi-Motlagh, Yarshater, etc. El ezāfa se pondrá como –e después de los consonantes y como –ye después de las vocales. en posición final no se escribe cuando representa un vocal, i.e. Šāhnāme [ﻩ] La h (en vez de Šāhnāmeh), pero en las palabras que representa la consonante h (i.e. Šāh) se mantiene. En la transcripción de palabras árabes me sirvo de la normativa de Al-Andalus. Siglas y abreviaturas utilizadas BSOAS Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies CHI Cambridge History of Iran EL The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2ª. edición), Brill, Leiden, 1998. EIr The Encyclopaedia Iranica, PC Pseudo-Calístenes PCS Pseudo-Calístenes en Siriaco 1 Introducción La recepción de Alejandro Magno en los territorios que conquistó es algo paradójico. Recibido generalmente con hostilidad, excepto en Egipto y Babilonia, su gobierno se impuso por la fuerza a veces con una brutalidad desmedida. Nuestro conocimiento sobre Alejandro Magno y sus conquistas depende fundamentalmente de los textos de los historiadores, como Diodoro, Quinto Curto, Plutarco, Justino y Arriano, quienes vivieron de tres a cinco siglos después de la muerte de Alejandro. Estos historiadores utilizaron las fuentes más cercanas en el tiempo a Alejandro1. Sin embargo, la fama de Alejandro en Oriente se debe a una obra no-histórica, conocida como la Leyenda de Alejandro2 atribuida a Pseudo-Calístenes. En la literatura universal ningún otro personaje ha adquirido semejante fama y reconocimiento, ni se le han dedicado tantas leyendas, novelas, obras épicas y poemas. Entre todas las obras dedicadas al conquistador macedonio, ninguna cultura ha transformado tanto a Alejandro, como la tradición cultural persa. Ha sido allí considerado desde destructor del país y la fe zoroastra, hasta el legítimo rey del imperio persa; desde un ambicioso conquistador hasta el místico acompañante del profeta Jiḍr en busca de la inmortalidad.
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