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NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1991 NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR

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NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1991 NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1991 NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR REVIEW AND APPROVALS DESOTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Missouri Valley, Iowa ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1991 Project Lead Wildlife Associate Mgr. INTRODUCTION DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge is located midway between the farming communities of Blair, Nebraska, and Missouri Valley, Iowa, on U. S. Highway 30. The refuge is situated astride the Missouri River, 20 miles north of Omaha, Nebraska. It lies in Harrison and Pottawattamie Counties, Iowa, and Washington County, Nebraska. The refuge was established in 1959 to preserve habitat for migratory waterfowl. Acquisition was authorized by the Migratory Bird Conservation Act and Migratory Bird Stamp Act. It serves as a seasonal resting area for up to one-half million waterfowl, primarily lesser snow geese and mallards. It has also become an important wintering area for up to 120 endangered bald eagles. The 7,823 acre refuge lies in the wide, fertile plain of the Missouri Valley Basin on the former meanders of the Missouri River. Portions of the refuge are characterized by cottonwood bottomlands. Approximately 2,500 acres are biologically managed as croplands and grasslands under ten cooperative farming agreements. Warm-season native grasses have been reestablished on over 350 acres to provide additional diversity. The focal point for both man and wildlife is a former oxbow of the Missouri - the 788-acre DeSoto Lake. Recreational demand for its use has remained high since refuge establishment. The refuge provided active recreation throughout its early history, including fishing, picnicking, boating, waterskiing and swimming. Approximately 16-million dollars worth of facilities have been developed to accommodate public demand by up to 500,000 visitors annually. Within the last decade, management emphasis has been redirected toward a more balanced program between man and wildlife, emphasizing wildlife-oriented recreation. The 1968 excavation of the steamboat Bertrand. which sank in 1865, add a major historical emphasis to the refuge program. The 200,000 artifacts in the Bertrand Collection provide one of the most significant assemblages of Civil-War era artifacts in the Missouri River region. The collection constitutes a time capsule of national and regional attraction. In 1981, the DeSoto Visitor Center was opened. The visitor center is the permanent home of the Bertrand Collection. The five-million-dollar, 26,000-square-foot building contains exhibits interpreting the importance of the Bertrand and the historical development and ecological change that occurred within the Missouri River Basin. In addition to environmentally controlled artifact storage and museum exhibit areas, the building houses a laboratory for artifact treatment, a collection records area, and a reference library. The visitor center also provides exhibits depicting the natural history of the area and its wildlife. Viewing galleries overlooking DeSoto Lake provide excellent opportunities to observe waterfowl and bald eagles during the spring and fall migration periods. A variety of audio-visual equipment provide effective interpretation to an average of 180,000 visitors who pass through the center each year. DE SOTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE "FTI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. HIGHLIGHTS 1 B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 1 C. LAND ACQUISITION 1. Fee Title Nothing to Report 2. Easements Nothing to Report 3. Other Nothing to Report 4. Farmers Home Administration Conservation 4 D. PLANNING 1. Master Plan Nothing to Report 2. Management Plan 5 3. Public Participation Nothing to Report 4. Compliance with Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandates 6 5. Research and Investigations 7 6. Other 9 E. ADMINISTRATION 1. Personnel 9 2. Youth Programs 14 3. Other Manpower Programs 14 4. Volunteer Program 14 5. Funding 15 6. Safety 17 7. Technical Assistance 18 8. Other Items/Donations 18 F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1. General 19 2. Wetlands 19 3. Forests 23 4. Croplands 24 5. Grasslands 32 6. Other Habitat 33 7. Grazing Nothing to Report 8. Haying 33 9. Fire Management 33 10. Pest Control 34 11. Water Rights Nothing to Report 12. Wilderness and Special Areas Nothing to Report Page 13. WPA Easement Monitoring Nothing to Report 14. Farmers Home Administration Conservation Easement... 35 15. Private Lands 36 16. Other Easements Nothing to Report G. WILDLIFE 1. Wildlife Diversity 37 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species 38 3. Waterfowl 38 4. Marsh and Water Birds 41 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species 41 6. Raptors 41 7. Other Migratory Birds 41 8. Game Mammals 42 9. Marine Mammals Nothing to Report 10. Other Resident Wildlife 42 11. Fisheries Resources 42 12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking.Nothing to Report 13. Surplus Animal Disposal Nothing to Report 14. Scientific Collections Nothing to Report 15. Animal Control Nothing to Report 16. Marking and Banding Nothing to Report 17. Disease Prevention and Control 45 H. PUBLIC USE 1. General 46 2. Outdoor Classrooms - Students 50 3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers 52 4. Interpretive Foot Trails 52 5. Interpretive Tour Routes 53 6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations 53 7. Other Interpretive Programs 59 8. Hunting 60 9. Fishing 62 10. Trapping Nothing to Report 11. Wildlife Observation 63 12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation 64 13. Camping Nothing to Report 14. Picnicking 65 15. Off-Road Vehicling Nothing to Report 16. Other Non-Wildlife Oriented Recreation 65 17. Law Enforcement 66 18. Cooperating Associations 71 19. Concessions Nothing to Report Page I. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES 1. New Construction 72 2. Rehabilitation 72 3. Major Maintenance 76 4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement 77 5. Communication Systems 78 6. Computer Systems 79 7. Energy Conservation Nothing to Report 8. Other Nothing to Report J. OTHER ITEMS 1. Cooperative Programs 80 2. Other Economic Uses 82 3. Items of Interest 82 4. Credits 84 K. FEEDBACK 85 1 A. HIGHLIGHTS The refuge experienced its third wettest weather this year, but a dry early fall. Section B. A new deer study is providing some interesting data. Section D. 5. A number of staff changes occurred, leaving the refuge understaffed for long periods. Section E. 1. Refuge volunteers donated 5,284 hours of service. Section E. 4. A Halloween storm resulted in the highest peak fall population of snow geese, but the lowest overall use days in years. Section G. 3. November's public use dropped to the lowest in a decade. Section H. 1. Also DeSoto Visitor Center use was the lowest ever, with only 127,000 visits this year. Section H. 6, A major deer poaching case was quickly resolved, due to a thorough investigation by refuge officers and good cooperation. Section H. 17. B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 1991 WEATHER DATA DESOTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Precipitation (inches)* 1991 Temperatures(0F) Month 1991 Average** Snowfall Max. Min. Jan. 1.90 0.92 19.0 58 -16 Febr. 0.29 0.99 0.5 71 12 March 4.24 2.37 86 15 April 5.85 2.72 89 30 May 3.76 4.06 99 37 June 10.15 4.18 101 62 July 2.04 3.58 95 54 Augus t 3.87 3.52 94 55 Sept, 0.67 3.88 91 28 Oct. 1.28 2.44 84 18 Nov. 4.20 1.29 12.0 84 -9 Dec. 1.91 1.27 54 3 TOTALS 40.16 31.22 31.5 * Includes snowfall. **30-year average, 1961-1990. 2 Low temperatures and heavy snowfall carried over from last December into the new year, with the most snowfall recorded in January in eleven years. Nineteen inches of snow were measured, along with minimum temperatures of a minus-16 degrees. This allowed ice fishing to continue until the 19th of February. Only 0.29 inches of moisture occurred in February, and temperatures ranged from a high of 71 degrees to a low of 2 degrees. The lake aeration system was operated throughout the period, attracting lots of waterfowl to the open water in February. DeSoto Lake became ice-free on March 3rd and the lake aeration system was shut down. Yet, March and April were generally cold and wet, with over ten inches of needed precipitation. March turned out to be the fourth wettest on record, April rains came in the form of severe storms, including softball-size hail and tornado sightings nearby. By the middle of the month, the U. S, Corps of Engineers had brought the Missouri River's navigation channel to full operational level. Cool and wet weather continued into the first couple of weeks of May, providing proper conditions for an excellent mushroom season. Morels were prevalent. Farmers somehow managed to sneak in their crop planting between showers. DeSoto Lake rose 0.7 feet above the normal operating level as a result of runoff from adjoining farmlands. They say that when it rains, it pours. June proved the point, with 10.15 inches of rainfall, a near record. Shoreline parking lots along DeSoto Lake flooded, as well as docks and boat ramps. The lake outlet was opened to attempt drawdown at mid-month, but had to be closed in early July as the river rose. July and August rainfall and temperatures were more normal for the season. The lake remained a foot above normal at 990.5 msl. Usually, September is our third wettest month. However, not this year. It was the second driest, with only 0.67 inches of precipitation. Still, over 100 hours of Crisafulli pumping from DeSoto Lake into the Iowa Department of Natural Resource's Nobles Lake was necessary to bring the lake down to normal operational level. Typical fall weather was evident in October, with little indication that the year's first major blizzard was in store for us by the end of the month. On the 29th, approximately 150,000 snow geese arrived.
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