IRISH INDEPENDENCE 1918-1923 Introduction
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The Government's Executions Policy During the Irish Civil
THE GOVERNMENT’S EXECUTIONS POLICY DURING THE IRISH CIVIL WAR 1922 – 1923 by Breen Timothy Murphy, B.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisor of Research: Dr. Ian Speller October 2010 i DEDICATION To my Grandparents, John and Teresa Blake. ii CONTENTS Page No. Title page i Dedication ii Contents iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The ‗greatest calamity that could befall a country‘ 23 Chapter 2: Emergency Powers: The 1922 Public Safety Resolution 62 Chapter 3: A ‗Damned Englishman‘: The execution of Erskine Childers 95 Chapter 4: ‗Terror Meets Terror‘: Assassination and Executions 126 Chapter 5: ‗executions in every County‘: The decentralisation of public safety 163 Chapter 6: ‗The serious situation which the Executions have created‘ 202 Chapter 7: ‗Extraordinary Graveyard Scenes‘: The 1924 reinterments 244 Conclusion 278 Appendices 299 Bibliography 323 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my most sincere thanks to many people who provided much needed encouragement during the writing of this thesis, and to those who helped me in my research and in the preparation of this study. In particular, I am indebted to my supervisor Dr. Ian Speller who guided me and made many welcome suggestions which led to a better presentation and a more disciplined approach. I would also like to offer my appreciation to Professor R. V. Comerford, former Head of the History Department at NUI Maynooth, for providing essential advice and direction. Furthermore, I would like to thank Professor Colm Lennon, Professor Jacqueline Hill and Professor Marian Lyons, Head of the History Department at NUI Maynooth, for offering their time and help. -
HU1 MAYNOOTH Oitecoil R»A Heirearwi M I Nuad
L'O ^tS-U HU1 MAYNOOTH Oitecoil r»a hEirearwi M i Nuad THE IMPACT OF EX BRITISH SOLDIERS ON THE I RISH VOLUNTEERS AND FREE STATE ARMY 1913-1924 BY MICHAEL JOSEPH WHELAN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: PROFESSOR R.V.COMERFORD SUPERVISOR OF RESEARCH: DR IAN SPELLER July 2006 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to highlight the service of ex-British soldiers in the Irish Army and to examine some of their experiences during the period 1913-1924 with particular emphasis on the Irish Civil War. There was a constant utilisation of ex-British servicemen for their skills and also their intimidation by republicans throughout the period but their involvement may have been one of the factors that helped the IRA to bring the British government to negotiate. This is also true for the Free State Army and its defeat of the IRA during the Civil War. The Irish Volunteers and IRA was a guerrilla force combating a conventional army in many cases by using British military skills learned from ex-British soldiers. The Free State Army fought the IRA, which it had also evolved from, portraying a conventional military force using many more ex-British soldiers and lessons they had learned from the War of Independence against the British and those learned during the Great War. The ex-British soldiers helped to transform the army from a guerrilla force into a conventional army and it was probably their impact that had the greatest influence on the Irish Free State Army in defeating the republican forces and helped win the Irish Civil War. -
Colonel Dan Bryan and the Evolution of Irish Military Intelligence, 1919 -1945
U.ö. 6 National University of Ireland Maynooth Colonel Dan Bryan and the evolution of Irish Military Intelligence, 1919 -1945. By Darragh Biddlecombe B.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.A. DEPARTMENT OF MODERN HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: PROFESSOR R.V. COMERFORD SUPERVISOR OF RESEARCH: DR. DENISE DUNNE JULY 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements. ii Abbreviations. iii Introduction. iv-xii Chapter 1. The birth of Irish Military Intelligence 1917-21. 1-28 Chapter 2. The Civil War, a catalyst for Intelligence Development 29 - 56 Chapter 3. The Intelligence Department and the Army Mutiny. 57- 91 Chapter 4. The 1920’s and the scramble for intelligence dominance. 92-119 Chapters. War and Friendly Neutrality. 120-155 Chapter 6. Bryan’s leadership and an intelligence renaissance 156-189 Conclusion 190-196 Appendices: 197-199 Bibliography 200-203 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of people whom I wish to thank who generously gave up their time to aid me in my efforts to write this thesis. None more so than Dr. Denise Dunne, without whose supervision, guidance and corrections of drafts this thesis would not have been possible. Similarly I would also like to acknowledge the assistance I received from the UCD Archives and in particular from Seamus Hefferty for his patience in answering my queries. The help and instruction from Victor Lang and particularly Peter Young concerning all facets of the Military Archives and their first hand knowledge of Dan Bryan was also vitally important to my study. I am deeply grateful to Bartley Bryan and his family who gave up their time on a minutes notice to answer my questions. -
Defence Forces Review 2016
Defence Forces Review Defence Forces 2016 Defence Forces Review 2016 Pantone 1545c Pantone 125c Pantone 120c Pantone 468c DF_Special_Brown Pantone 1545c Pantone 2965c Pantone Pantone 5743c Cool Grey 11c Vol 13 Vol Printed by the Defence Forces Printing Press Jn14102 / Sep 2016/ 2300 Defence Forces Review 2016 ISSN 1649 - 7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Branch at the Chief of Staff’s Division, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Infirmary Road, Dublin 7. © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. The material contained in these articles are the views of the authors and do not purport to represent the official views of the Defence Forces. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2016 PREFACE “By academic freedom I understand the right to search for truth and to publish and teach what one holds to be true. This right implies also a duty: one must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true. It is evident that any restriction on academic freedom acts in such a way as to hamper the dissemination of knowledge among the people and thereby impedes national judgment and action”. Albert Einstein As Officer in Charge of Defence Forces Public Relations Branch, it gives me great pleasure to be involved in the publication of the Defence Forces Review for 2016. This year’s ‘Review’ continues the tradition of past editions in providing a focus for intellectual debate within the wider Defence Community on matters of professional interest. -
Kildare War of Independence Timeline
A Timeline of the War of Independence in County Kildare, 1919-1922 A Timeline of the War of Independence in County Kildare, 1919-1922 Mario Corrigan, James Durney, Kevin O Kelly with Kevin Murphy and Karel Kiely A Timeline of the War of Independence in County Kildare, 1919-1922 Mario Corrigan, James Durney, Kevin O Kelly with Kevin Murphy and Karel Kiely © Kildare Local Studies, Genealogy and Archives Department, Kildare Library Services, 2021 This booklet is published as part of the Co. Kildare Decade of Commemorations Programme for 2021. It is supported by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media under the Decade of Centenaries 2021-2023 initiative. An Roinn Turasóireachta, Cultúir, Ealaíon, Gaeltachta, Spóirt agus Meán Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including downloading, photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The photographs remain the property of the photographers, owners and Kildare Library Services respectively. @kildaredecadeofcommemorations Web: www.kildare.ie/ehistory @cilldara2016 Cover Photo: Burning of Connaught Lodge 1922 Courtesy of Frank Goodwin and Cill Dara Historical Society Rear: Postcards: Hare Park, Naas Barracks, Newbridge Barracks, Kildare Barracks, Curragh Camp and Rath Camp Courtesy of Local Studies, Genealogy and Archives Dept., Kildare Library Services. Flag: Mario Corrigan Printed in Ireland Naas Printing Ltd., Naas, Co. Kildare Tel: (045) 872092 Email: [email protected] 2021. Dedication To all those who sacrificed so much so that we might have a better life Glossary Adjt. -
I. MILITARY CAREER A. War of Independence, 1917-21
P151/ Sean MacEoin Papers I. MILITARY CAREER A. War of Independence, 1917-21 1 September 1917- Cumann na mBan cash book [for the Longford December 1918 area?] recording income and expenditure under general headings such as dances, collections, concerts, flags and badges; and wages, stationery, ribbons, calico and sateen. Included is a statement of Longford election expenses [December 1918] and a list of members’ subscriptions (October 1917-April 1918). 40pp 2 10 January 1918 Copy typescript autographed letter from E. de Valera [to the editors of unidentified newspapers] concerning post-war self- determination. ‘England is alarmed lest the “Heligoland of the Atlantic” should pass out of her hands’. Highlights England’s fundamental inconsistency in applying the principle of freedom of the seas. 2pp 3 24 March 1918 Handwritten note from Irish Volunteers General Headquarters, Dublin, to T. Redington, directing him to give his immediate attention to an unspecified matter, the subject of previous communications. Bottom torn, the signature ‘M. Collins’ added later in a different hand. 1p 4 [1920/1] Typescript copy of a note [by MacEoin?]. ‘Spent Monday night at Joint No. 1 – Mr Devlin’s House in where (sic) there foregathered with me, Liam Tobin, Dicky Barrett of Cork, Garoide O’Sullivan and Emmett Dalton etc. Plenty of fun and plenty of horseplay among these men who were leading haunted existences – and carrying their lives in their hands every hour of the 24’. 1p © UCDA 2000 - 1 - P151/ Sean MacEoin Papers 5 April–[August] 1921 12 letters from MacEoin, Mountjoy Prison, to his sister, mainly of a family nature. -
Beaslai Final List
Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann National Library of Ireland Collection List No. 44 Piaras Béaslaí Papers (MSS 33,911-33,987; MSS 49,546-49,547) (Accession No. 2541 & 2584) Personal and professional papers of Piaras Béaslaí (1881-1965), Irish revolutionary, Gaelic League activist, author and journalist. Compiled by Marie Coleman, Ph.D. (Holder of the Studentship in Irish History provided by the National Library of Ireland in association with the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences, 1998-1999). 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical note on Piaras Béaslaí (1881-1965)........................................................... 5 Principal writings of Piaras Béaslaí ................................................................................ 8 Group Description ............................................................................................................ 9 I. Irish Revolution ........................................................................................................... 10 I.i. An tÓglach............................................................................................................... 10 I.ii. Sinn Féin, Dáil Éireann, and IRA........................................................................... 12 I.iii. Civil War and censorship ...................................................................................... 32 I.iv. Michael Collins Papers.......................................................................................... 40 I.v. Correspondence ..................................................................................................... -
200 Years of Griffith College
Griffith College Dublin A history of the campus 1813-2013 Griffith College Dublin A history of the campus 1813-2013 by John Dorney with contributions from Pat McCarthy and Matthew Foyle Published by Griffith College Dublin, South Circular Road, Dublin 8, Ireland www.gcd.ie Copyright © Griffith College Dublin 2013 ISBN 9781906878078 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing of the publisher. Map on page 8: © Ordnance Survey Ireland/Government of Ireland Copyright Permit No. MP 0009913 Design & layout by Martin Keaney www.keaneydesign.ie Printed by Brunswick Press Ltd, Dublin Contents Introduction by Prof. Diarmuid Hegarty 5 Chapter 1 – The Richmond Bridewell 1813-1892 7 Chapter 2 – Wellington Barracks 1892-1922 25 Chapter 3 – Griffith Barracks in the Irish Civil War 1922-23 39 Chapter 4 – Griffith Barracks 1923-1991 55 Chapter 5 – Arthur Griffith 65 Chapter 6 – From Barracks to College 71 Bibliography 90 3 4 Introduction s President of Griffith College it is my honour to welcome you to this book which commemorates A the 200th anniversary of the historic buildings on the Griffith College Dublin campus. As this book outlines, the campus has a varied history. The area was originally known as Grimswood’s Nurseries. In 1813 construction began on a remand prison, subsequently known as the Richmond Bridewell, designed to relieve pressure on Newgate Prison. The prison went on to house famous Irish patriots including Daniel O’Connell, James Stephens, Tom Steele and Thomas Francis Meagher. -
Civil War Violence in Kerry
Civil War Violence in Kerry A Necessary First Principle Fig.1- Execution of Rory O’Connor, Dublin 8 Dec’ 1922 (Courtesy of Roddy McCorley Museum) Submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Research Masters Dissertation History (Political Culture and National Identities), Leiden University Orson McMahon S1652826 ii Table of Contents List of Figures iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Historiography 7 2.1 Irreconcilable Differences 7 2.2 Towards an Academic Account 10 2.3 Conclusion 14 Chapter 3 Civil War Theory 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Traditional Theories of Civil War 18 3.3 Explaining Violence 22 Chapter 4 A Clean Fight - The IRA 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Overview of Violence 31 4.3 ‘Kerry, The Plague Spot’ 34 4.4 Expanding Bullets 45 4.5 Conclusion 50 Chapter 5 Indiscipline and The National Army 53 5.1 Defining Discipline 53 5.2 Amicicide - Killing One’s Own 56 5.3 Sending a Message 62 5.4 Landmine Killings 66 5.5 Extra-Judicial Killing Throughout the Conflict 77 5.6 Beyond the End 83 5.7 Conclusion 86 Chapter 6 Conclusion 88 Bibliography 94 Appendices 100 iii List of Figures 1. Execution of Rory O’Connor, Dublin, 8 December 1922 2. Map showing National Army operations throughout Kerry, August 1922 3. Republican Civil War handbill 4. Contemporary propaganda cartoon depicting ‘Trucileers’ 5. Total National Army deaths killed by IRA by month 6. Total controversial killings of National Army by IRA by month 7. Mass card of Edward Noone (National Army) 8. -
From Grangegorman to the Four Courts During the War of Independance and the Civil War
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Books TU Dublin Grangegorman 2020 Walking Through the Wars: From Grangegorman to the Four Courts During the War of Independance and the Civil War Sean O'hOgain Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Thomas Power Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/tudubggbks Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation O'Hógáin, S. & Power, T. (2020). Walking Through the Wars: From Grangegorman to the Four Courts During the War of Independance and the Civil War. Dublin: Technological University Dublin. isbn:978-1900454-80-3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the TU Dublin Grangegorman at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Walking through the Wars From Grangegorman to the Four Courts during the War of Independence and the Civil War. A companion to “Walking through the Rising” Seán Ó’Hógáin and Thomas Power 01 06 03 04 02 Points of Interest 01 Grangegorman 8 05 02 Kings Inn Street 14 07 03 Cathal Brugha St 20 04 198 Parnell Street 25 05 106 Capel Street 31 06 Bolton Street 39 07 Capuchin Church 45 08 Four Courts 62 08 Walking through the wars From Grangegorman to the Four Courts during the War of Independence and the Civil War A companion to “Walking through the Rising” Seán Ó’Hógáin and Thomas Power ISBN: 978-1900454-80-3 Preface The present publication is a companion piece to a previous account of the military actions of the 1st Battalion of the Irish Volunteers in Dublin’s North inner city in 1916. -
Defence Forces Review 2007
www.military.ie Óglaigh na hÉireann T he D E f E n ce f O r ces D e f e n c e f o r c e s l r e l a n D r E V l ew Defence Forces Review 2 0 0 7 2007 • Lugard’s Legacy • The Wren of the Curragh • Easter 1916 in Cork VO • Burning of the Custom House Printed by the Defence Forces Printing Press L j9423/June2007/5000 4 • The Strategic Corporal Óglaigh na hÉireann Defence Forces Review 2007 ISSN 1649-7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Section at the Chief of Staff’s Branch, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Parkgate Street, Dublin 8 © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. Preface It is my pleasure to launch the Defence Forces Review in 2007 and to thank those associated with it whether through contribution of articles or as part of the production team. The Review provides a forum in which, contributors can inform and facilitate discussion on a wide range of defence related matters within the wider defence community. Its success depends on the willingness of the reader to engage with the subject matter as much as on the willingness of authors to contribute articles. The richness of the Defence Forces’ military tradition is apparent in this issue of the review and I hope that everybody is included in the diversity of articles reproduced here. -
The War of Independence: Transition Year Project Book 3
Unit 7: The Irish War of Independence, 1919-21 Part 3 Transition Year Project Book Contents Lesson 5 Republican Propaganda 3 Documents: The Irish Bulletin 4 Comprehension Questions 7 Task 6: Writing Propaganda 8 Lesson 6 November 1921: Turning Point 9 Documents: Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1921 10 Source Comparison Worksheet 15 Lesson 7 The Final Phase of the War of Independence 16 Documents: Martial Law and the burning of the Custom House 18 Comprehensions Questions 24 Student Self Assessment Sheet 27 Resources for Secondary Schools Munitions strike The munitions strike which began in Dublin Port in publicised the execution to gain sympathy for the May 1920, was the most significant example of non- republican cause. violent resistance during the War of Independence. Playwright, IRA commander and member of the Dock workers and railwaymen refused to handle or first Dáil, Terence MacSwiney succeeded Tomás Mac to operate trains carrying munitions of war or armed Curtain as republican lord mayor of Cork in March troops and police. The strike seriously disrupted the 1920. Imprisoned in August on charges of sedition, movements of supplies and troops forcing them onto MacSwiney embarked on a hunger strike which Ireland’s roads where they were more vulnerable lasted for seventy-four days. Newspapers all over the to attack. The railway companies, under war-time world carried information on his deteriorating health government control since December 1916, dismissed sparking sparked riots on the streets of Barcelona and workers and closed some Irish railway lines. When a dockworkers strike in New York. Attempts by the the British government threatened to close the entire British authorities to suppress MacSwiney’s funeral railway system, a special conference organised by the in Ireland only drew further attention to one of the ITGWU in November 1920 called off the strike.