Latin American Studies Transfer Degree

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Latin American Studies Transfer Degree LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES TRANSFER DEGREE www.clcillinois.edu/programs/lat PROGRAM OVERVIEW FOURTH SEMESTER 14 TYPICAL JOBS Area of Concentration/ • Government Agencies Elective Requirements 8 Communication Arts, Humanities and Fine • International banking Social Science Recommended Arts Division, Room B213, (847) 543-2040 • International business (i.e. Courses 6 International health service) Degree: Associate in Arts • Peace Corps Plan 13AB SOCIAL SCIENCES RECOMMENDED COURSES — CHOOSE 9 CREDITS • Travel Consultant ANT 221 • Non-governmental The following courses are recommended Cultural Anthropology 3 ANT 228 organizations that do business for students who have not decided upon a Cross Cultural Relationships 3 GEG 122 in Latin America specific four-year college or university. Once Cultural Geography** 3 GEG 123 • International Companies a transfer school is selected, students are World Regional Geography ** 3 PSY 121 (in Latin America) strongly encouraged to meet with a Student Introduction to Psychology 3 PSY 225 • World Bank and International Development Counselor or advisor to determine Social Psychology 3 SOC 121 Organizations courses at CLC which will also meet the transfer Introduction to Sociology 3 SOC 225 Class, Race and Gender • International Programs (Profit requirements. To complete any transfer degree, and Non-Profit Organizations) students should select from the general HUMANITIES AND FINE ARTS • Internships education requirements outlined on RECOMMENDED COURSES • Interpreter and Translator page 28 of the 2020-21 catalog at CHOOSE 9 CREDITS (Spanish-speaking) www.clcillinois.edu/catalog. ART 240 History of ART I 3 • Airlines ART 241 • International Relations All course prerequisites must be met. History of ART II 3 HUM 121 Companies Departments Additionally, students are required to select Humanities: Ancient Times • Foreign Service (Consulates and one course from the International/Multicultural to the Middle Ages 3 HUM 122 Embassies) list on 28 of the 2020-21 catalog at Humanities: Renaissance www.clcillinois.edu/catalog to meet graduation to the Present 3 HUM 140 requirements. A grade of C or better is required Introduction to International GETTING STARTED for all English course requirements. Film 3 For steps on how to FIRST SEMESTER 15 AREA OF CONCENTRATION/ ELECTIVE apply and register, visit REQUIREMENTS — CHOOSE 23 CREDITS www.clcillinois.edu/admission ENG 121 English Composition I 3 LAT 121 Humanities and Fine Arts Introduction to Latin American Recommended Courses 3 Studies (Strongly CONTACT INFO Math Elective 3 Recommended) 3 ANT 121 Social Science Introduction to Anthropology 3 Grayslake Campus ANT 240 Recommended Courses 3 Anthropoligical Field Methods 3 19351 W. Washington St. ENG 246 Area of Concentration/ Latin American Writers 3 Grayslake, IL 60030 GEG 223 Elective Requirements 3 Geography of Latin America 3 HST 245 History of Latin America Communication Arts, SECOND SEMESTER 15 to 1825 3 Humanities and Fine Arts HST 246 ENG 122 English Composition II or History of Latin America (847) 543-2040 ENG 126 Advanced Composition: from 1825 3 SPA 121 Scientific and Technical Beginning Spanish I 4 Note: This plan includes SPA 122 Communications 3 Beginning Spanish II 4 recommendations for students SPA 221 Humanities and Fine Arts Intermediate Spanish I 4 who plan to major in this subject SPA 222 Recommended Courses 3 Intermediate Spanish II 4 at a four year school. Students SPA 223 Physical and Life Science Spanish Civilization I 3 who follow this plan will meet the SPA 224 without Lab 3 Spanish Civilization II 3 requirements of a general transfer Area of Concentration/ Special Topics *** 3 degree (A.A. or A.S). The CLC degree earned will be a general Elective Requirements 6 ** GEG 122 and GEG 123 share an IAI number. transfer degree, not a degree in Only one of these courses will count THIRD SEMESTER 16 this specific area of study. toward meeting the general education core CMM 121 May 2020 Fundamentals of Speech 3 curriculum requirement. If both are taken, Humanities and Fine Arts Per 2020-21 catalog one will count as an elective. Recommended Courses 3 In providing educational programs and opportunities, the College of Lake *** Courses offered in different areas centered County is committed to maintaining an environment free from harassment and discrimination and will not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, BIO 120 Environmental Biology 4 sex, national origin, physical or mental disability, religion, sexual orientation, in Latin America if available gender identity or expression, marital status, military status, political Area of Concentration/ affiliation, ancestry, citizenship, pregnancy, or any other status as protected by law. Inquiries regarding the College’s non-discrimination policy and Elective Requirements 6 related procedures may be directed to: Allena Barbato, Title IX Coordinator, Room B105, 19351 W. Washington St. Grayslake, IL 60030, (847) 543-2464. .
Recommended publications
  • Brown, M. D. (2015). the Global History of Latin America. Journal of Global History, 10(3), 365-386
    Brown, M. D. (2015). The global history of Latin America. Journal of Global History, 10(3), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022815000182 Peer reviewed version Link to published version (if available): 10.1017/S1740022815000182 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ The Global History of Latin America Submission to Journal of Global History, 30 October 2014, revised 1 June 2015 [12,500 words] Dr. Matthew Brown Reader in Latin American Studies, University of Bristol 15 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1TE [email protected] Abstract [164 words] The global history of Latin America This article explains why historians of Latin America have been disinclined to engage with global history, and how global history has yet to successfully integrate Latin America into its debates. It analyses research patterns and identifies instances of parallel developments in the two fields, which have operated until recently in relative isolation from one another, shrouded and disconnected. It outlines a framework for engagement between Latin American history and global history, focusing particularly on the significant transformations of the understudied nineteenth-century. It suggests that both global history and Latin American history will benefit from recognition of the existing work that has pioneered a path between the two, and from enhanced and sustained dialogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Bi-Regional Relations: the EU-Latin American Dialogue and Diversification of Interregional Cooperation
    Bi-regional Relations EU-LAC EU-LAC Foundation Revisiting bi-regional relations: The EU-Latin American dialogue and diversification of interregional cooperation Coordinated by Wolfgang Haider and Isabel Clemente Batalla his collective book presents the papers submitted to discussion at the panel “The Euro-Latin American Tdialogue and diversification of interregional coopera- tion” during the 9th Congress of CEISAL that took place in Bucharest in July 2019. The focus was on discussion of the evolution, state-of-the art and paradigmatic changes in EU-Latin American (and, to some extent, Carib- bean) relations, and the identification of pathways for strengthening these collaboration efforts in the frame- work of the Sustainable Development Goals. The contri- butions approach these topics of EU-Latin American dialogue and cooperation from different perspectives, including the overarching bi-regional, multilateral framework, traditional bi-lateral cooperation, as well as alternative, sub-regional or even local (city-driven) networks. Many current bi-regional processes are analysed and reflected throughout the book. For instance, the role of the social dimension in EU-Latin American and Carib- bean cooperation and dialogue; general perspectives of EU-LAC cooperation and its evolution during a period of 30 years; the two Scandinavian countries, Sweden, an EU member state, and Norway, a member of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA), and their respec- tive approaches to cooperation with Latin America; the contribution of the EUROsociAL and Socieux programmes as examples of EU-initiated develop- ment cooperation with Latin American and Caribbean countries; the role of subnational units in interregional cooperation; and some perspectives on Euro-Latin American dialogue and international cooperation about the necessary changes to jointly achieve the SDGs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Centrality of Telenovelas in Latin America's
    The centrality of telenovelas in Latin America’s everyday life: Past tendencies, current knowledge, and future research Antonio C. La Pastina Texas A&M University [email protected] Cacilda M. Rego University of Kansas [email protected] Joseph D. Straubhaar University of Texas at Austin [email protected] Every evening, millions of viewers throughout Latin America tune in their television sets to watch telenovelas. For more than thirty years now telenovelas have dominated primetime programming on most of the region’s television. And here Latin America refers to more than a geographic area: it covers a culturally constructed region that goes from the southern tip of South America to the United States, where one can watch daily telenovelas on the two Hispanic networks, Univision and Telemundo,[i] and Canada. In the last few decades Brazilian and Mexican telenovelas, and to a lesser extent Venezuelan, Colombian, Argentineans and others, have been exported to more than a hundred nations around the world (Melo, 1988). In this increasingly international scenario, Latin American telenovelas have been aired in other Portuguese and Spanish speaking markets, and in dubbed and sometimes edited versions in many different national contexts (Allen, 1995; McAnany, 1984; Melo, 1988; Sinclair, 1996; Straubhaar, 1996). This international presence has challenged the traditional debate of cultural imperialism and North-South flow of media products (Sinclair, 1996; Wilkinson, 1995). Telenovelas’ popularity has lead to its increased scrutiny among scholars and the media industry, and yet it seems that not everyone is talking about the same thing. A number of arguments start with the contention that Latin American telenovela is a mere showcase for “bourgeois society” with the pernicious effect of mitigating – through the illusion of abundance – the unfulfilled material aspirations of its audience, all the while legitimating a way of life that takes consumerism to the extreme (Oliveira, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • US Historians of Latin America and the Colonial Question
    UC Santa Barbara Journal of Transnational American Studies Title Imperial Revisionism: US Historians of Latin America and the Spanish Colonial Empire (ca. 1915–1945) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30m769ph Journal Journal of Transnational American Studies, 5(1) Author Salvatore, Ricardo D. Publication Date 2013 DOI 10.5070/T851011618 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30m769ph#supplemental Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Imperial Revisionism: US Historians of Latin America and the Spanish Colonial Empire (ca. 1915–1945) RICARDO D. SALVATORE Since its inception, the discipline of Hispanic American history has been overshadowed by a dominant curiosity about the Spanish colonial empire and its legacy in Latin America. Carrying a tradition established in the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneers of the field (Bernard Moses and Edward G. Bourne) wrote mainly about the experience of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. The generation that followed continued with this line of inquiry, generating an increasing number of publications about the colonial period.1 The duration, organization, and principal institutions of the Spanish empire have drawn the attention of many historians who did their archival work during the early twentieth century and joined history departments of major US universities after the outbreak of World War I. The histories they wrote contributed to consolidating the field of Hispanic American history in the United States, producing important findings in a variety of themes related to the Spanish empire. It is my contention that this historiography was greatly influenced by the need to understand the role of the United States’ policies in the hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American Studies Program Sheet
    Latin American Studies The Latin American Studies minor is a course of study in the liberal arts that provides students with an understanding of the many facets of Latin American literature and history, society and culture, economics and politics, ecology and environment, languages, arts, and humanities. Students are given the opportunity to study the Latino experience in the United States and explore global issues that impact indigenous, Afro-descendants, and ethnically diverse communities of Latin America, i.e., migration, displacement, mobilization, and the pursuit of social justice. Minor Requirements The Latin American Studies minor is Group 1: LAS 201, HIS 260, HIS 261, SPN 289 Students must incorporate a study away available to students in any major. Seven or POL 250 when taught with an emphasis experience with a focus on Latin America, courses are required. Students must take on Latin America in consultation with the LAS director. two Spanish language courses at the 207 Study away may be one of the following: level or higher; one course from Group 1 Group 2: EVS 315, EVS 300, MUS 241, MUS semester-long study abroad, internship (Latin American History); and four additional 341, SPN 371, SPN 311, SPN 420, or SPN 421, away, Mazingira project, short-term study courses from Group 2 or a combination also ENG 255/355, EVS 300 when taught away/service learning project, or JayTerm of Groups 1 and 2. Students must select with an emphasis on Latin America trip. Spanish majors/minors interested in an courses from at least two departments with LAS minor may use up to two 200-, 300-, or When the following courses are taught with no more than three courses from a single 400-level SPN courses towards the minor.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American Studies BA
    QUEENS COLLEGE Latin American Studies BA FOUR YEAR ACADEMIC PLAN 12 Required Core Credits 18 Flexible Core Credits 12 College Option Credits 30 Major Credits 48 Elective Credits 120 Total This 4-year academic plan is designed to help freshmen entering Queens College in Fall 2020 plan their academic career and ensure that they complete all requirements for graduation in a timely fashion. All other students should consult their academic and depart- ment advisors to chart their own 4-year academic plans. Students should note that course pre-requisite/s and co-requisite/s are strictly enforced and they should regularly meet with their department advisors to identify their specific major/minor requirements and entrance and maintenance criteria (if applicable) for successful completion of their degree. QUEENS COLLEGE Latin American Studies BA FOUR YEAR ACADEMIC PLAN Freshman FALL SPRING English Composition I (EC1) 3 credits English Composition II (EC2) 3 credits HIST 105 3 credits SPAN 45 (WCGI) 3 credits History of Latin American to 1825 Hispanic Civilization or HIST106 or SPAN 312 History of Latin American 1825 to Present The Culture and Civilization of Life and Physical Science (LPS) 4 credits Latin America Creative Expression (CE) 3 credits Math & Quantitative Reasoning (MQR) 3 credits Individual & Society (IS) 3 credits U. S. Experience in Its Diversity (USED) 3 credits Scientific World (SW) 3 credits Fall Total Credits 16 credits Spring Total Credits 15 credits Sophomore FALL SPRING ANTH 205 3 credits ECON 212 3 credits People of Mexico
    [Show full text]
  • G U a D a L U P E G a R C
    G U A D A L U P E G A R C Í A ASSI S T A N T P R O F ESSO R O F H I S T O R Y | T U L A N E U N I V E R S I T Y 6823 St. Charles Ave., Hebert Hall 109, New Orleans, LA 70116 | [email protected] ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS Tulane University 2015-present | Associate Professor of History 2009-2015 | Assistant Professor of History University of Central Florida, Orlando 2006-2009 | Assistant Professor of History EDUCATION Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2006 | History M.A. California State University, Los Angeles 2001 | Latin American Studies B.A. Pitzer College 1997 | Political Studies and Literature PUBLICATIONS Books Beyond the Walled City: Colonial Exclusion in Havana. Berkeley: University of California Press, December 22, 2015. Imprints of Revolution: Visual Representations of Resistance, co-edited collection with Lisa B.Y. Calvente. London: Rowman & Littlefield International, forthcoming. Articles “ ‘La ciudad antigua y la ciudad nueva:’ Desplazamiento de las zonas centrales en la La Habana colonial Revista Quiroga, Revista de patrimonio Iberoamericano, No. 7 (July 2015): 22-30. “The City Speaks: Dis/Articulating Revolutionary Havana, Cuba, and Global Belonging.” Cultural Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, (Feb. 2014): 438-462. Co-authored with Lisa B.Y. Calvente. “Urban Guajiros: Colonial Reconcentración, Rural Displacement, and Criminalization in Western Cuba, 1895-1902.” Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. 43, No. 2 (Aug. 2011): 209-235. “Nuestra patria La Habana: Reading the 1762 British Occupation of the City.” Nuevo Mundo/ Mundos Nuevos, “Debates,” 2011, Online Journal, 31 March 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American Studies 1
    Latin American Studies 1 Moramay López-Alonso LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Fabiola López-Durán Contact Information Assistant Professor Modern and Classical Literatures and Cultures Margarita Castromán Soto https://cultures.rice.edu For Rice University degree-granting programs: 207 Rayzor Hall To view the list of official course offerings, please see Rice’s 713-348-4868 Course Catalog (https://courses.rice.edu/admweb/!SWKSCAT.cat? Christian J. Emden p_action=cata) Department Chair To view the most recent semester’s course schedule, please see Rice's [email protected] Course Schedule (https://courses.rice.edu/admweb/!SWKSCAT.cat) Latin American Studies (LASR) Latin American Studies is an interdisciplinary major offered by the LASR 158 - INTRODUCTION TO LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Modern and Classical Literatures and Cultures (MCLC) Department, Short Title: INTRO LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES designed to further understanding of the cultures, histories, and politics Department: Modrn & Classicl Lit & Culture of Latin America as viewed from regional and global perspectives. Grade Mode: Standard Letter Course Type: Lecture This major draws from courses and faculty from a wide range of Distribution Group: Distribution Group I departments and programs, including Anthropology, Architecture, Art Credit Hours: 3 History, English, French Studies, History, Spanish and Portuguese, Restrictions: Enrollment is limited to Undergraduate, Undergraduate Political Science, and Sociology. This major provides a challenging Professional or Visiting Undergraduate level students. context for students to develop core skills in interdisciplinarity, language, Course Level: Undergraduate Lower-Level communication (written and oral), theory, research methodologies, and Description: This course immerses students into Caribbean and Latin geography. American studies by introducing them to the history, society, politics, and culture of the region, through a cross-disciplinary and a multi-national Bachelor's Program approach.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-LAC COOPERATION in the 21St CENTURY: COMBINING EFFORTS in a GLOBALISED WORLD IFAIR Impact Group ‘Lacalytics’ Policy Paper Series, Vol.1
    EU-LAC COOPERATION IN THE 21st CENTURY: COMBINING EFFORTS IN A GLOBALISED WORLD IFAIR Impact Group ‘LACalytics’ Policy Paper Series, vol.1 The caribbean EUROPE LATIN AMERICA EDITORS : T. Lieb, L. Fried, J. Klein, J. Klever, F. Scheifele ENGLISH IN COOPERATION WITH: IFAIR Impact Group ‘LACalytics’ Policy Paper Series, vol.1 EU-LAC COOPERATION IN THE 21st CENTURY: COMBINING EFFORTS IN A GLOBALISED WORLD Editors T. Lieb, L. Fried, J. Klein, J. Klever, F. Scheifele ENGLISH Berlin, 2016 Published by Young Initiative on Foreign Affairs and International Relations (IFAIR) e.V. District Court Berlin Charlottenburg | Register of Associations: VR 30447 B | www.ifair.eu Authors Sheena Ali, Christian Alvarez, Stefanie Beßler, Morna Cannon, Collin Constantine, Renato Constantino, Maria Cuellar, Emilie D’Amico, Danielle Edwards, Marina Diefenbach Goulart, Lilla Hajdu, Manuel Jung, Lily Cornelia van der Loeff, Agnes Medinacelli, Katharina Moers, Juliana de Moraes Pinheiro, Alice Pease, Johanna Renz, Bérengère Sim, Juliana Tappe, Juana Karelia Tercero Ubau, Ana Martha Trueba de Buen, Maria Cristina Vargas, Claudia Wiese Text Revision Leo Fried, Johannes Klein, Joanna Klever, Theresa Lieb, Fabian Scheifele, EU-LAC Foundation Graphic Design Ana-Maria Ghinita | behance.net/anamariaghinita Print Scharlau GmbH | Hühnerposten 14 , 20097 Hamburg Special Acknowledgements IFAIR expresses its gratitude to the EU-LAC Foundation for funding this publication and supporting the technical revision process of its contents. IFAIR also thanks the Federal Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany for assuming the patronage of LACalytics. Disclaimer The opinions expressed by the authors are a representation of their personal views and should not in any way be ascribed to their organisations of affiliation or to the publishers of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American and Comparative Literature
    CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 4 (2002) Issue 2 Article 7 Latin American and Comparative Literature Roberto González Echevarría Yale University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <[email protected]> Recommended Citation González Echevarría, Roberto. "Latin American and Comparative Literature." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 4.2 (2002): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1154> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field. The above text, published by Purdue University Press ©Purdue University, has been downloaded 2404 times as of 11/ 07/19.
    [Show full text]
  • Major in Latin American Studies
    New York University • Department of Spanish and Portuguese Major in Latin American Studies An interdisciplinary major in the history, politics, and cultures of Central and South America and the Caribbean. The major consists of 9 courses and demonstrated language ability in advanced Spanish and intensive elementary Portuguese or elementary Quechua. Required: Iberian Atlantic, and one survey course of Latin American culture, history or politics, plus 7 electives related to the field drawn from group C or D below or from any department at the University. THE MAJOR Group A: Language Requisite. These are pre‐requisites to the major (but can be fulfilled at any time prior to completion of the major) and do not count toward the 9 courses in the major. Spanish: demonstrated language ability through the level of Advanced Grammar and Composition (SPAN‐UA.0100) and either Portuguese: demonstrated language ability through the intensive elementary or Quechua: demonstrated language ability through elementary Group B: Foundations in the major (2) The Iberian Atlantic (SPAN‐UA.0300) Required; offered every semester. Taught in English with Spanish section available. May be taken at any stage; recommended early in the major, concurrent with language study. One introductory course on modern Latin America or the Caribbean. Any of the following meet this requirement; see your department advisor for additional options. Cultural History of Latin America (SPAN‐UA.0305) Offered every fall; taught in Spanish. Prerequisite: Critical Approaches (SPAN‐UA.0200). Cultures and Contexts: Caribbean (MAP‐UA.0509) Offered regularly through the Morse Academic Plan. Taught in English. Cultures and Contexts: Latin America (MAP‐UA.0515) Offered regularly through the Morse Academic Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin American Cultural Studies: When, Where, Why? Mabel Moraña Washington University in St. Louis
    31 3 Latin American Cultural Studies: When, Where, Why? Mabel Moraña Washington University in St. Louis Since the mid-1970s, the moment in which I joined the Rómulo Gallegos Center of Latin American Studies (CELARG), in Caracas, the phenomenon of cultural penetration, censorship and self-censorship, the definition of national cultures, the analyses of the discourse of power and of the symbolic manners in which popular resistance was expressed, constituted a compact agenda of research for scholars working both inside and outside of their own countries. “Latin Americanism” was not perceived as a transnational field with its centers and its peripheries, at least not as much as today, but there was an awareness of the need to integrate experiences and resources, to discuss agendas and share projects. The CELARG was precisely that: a meeting place and a platform for research and analysis, where, with great scholars like Domingo Miliani, Nelson Osorio, Carlos Rincón, Beatriz González, Hugo Achugar and others, we engaged in team-work and other kinds of professional and political collaboration. Studies about culture, which incorporated the rich and complex critical Latin-American tradition, were based on a direct knowledge of the studied realities. Power and culture were, without a doubt, the axes of the analysis, which integrated the socio-historic tradition as well as poststructuralism, semiotics, etc. In the same way, we shared a great interest in the revision of Latin American historiography and the transformation of critical paradigms. © 2006 Hispanic Issues Series ISSN 1931-8006 32 When cultural studies burst into the North American academy in the 1980s and from there started to radiate toward the South, the memory of those previous critical developments was still present in Latin America.
    [Show full text]