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Short Communfcatfon A report on occurrence of aphfdophagous predators of Aphfs odfnae (van der Goot) (Hemfptera: Aphfdfdae) fn cashew ecosystem from Goa, Indfa

Ramasamy Maruthaduraf & Narendra Pratap Sfngh

26 February 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 2 | Pp. 9858–9861 10.11609/jot. 2435 .9.2. 9858-9861

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2017 | 9(2): 9858–9861

A report on occurrence of aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae (van der Goot) (: ) in cashew

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ecosystem from Goa, India Short Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Ramasamy Maruthadurai 1 & Narendra Pratap Singh 2

OPEN ACCESS 1,2 Crop protection, ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa, Goa 403402, India 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]

Abstract: The aphid, Aphis odinae (Van der Goot) (Hemiptera: The aphid, Aphis odinae (Toxoptera odinae) (Van Aphididae) is a polyphagous, occasional pest of cashew. A field der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous, survey was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in cashew plantations to record the incidence of aphid and its predators. Periodical sampling occasional sucking insect pest of cashew (Anacarium revealed, the occurrence of six species of aphidophagous predators occidentale. L ). It feeds on trees and shrubs of many comprising three species of coccinellids, viz., Scymnus castaneus Sicard, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) and Pseudaspidimerus plants belonging to the families of Anacardiaceae, flaviceps (Walker) and three species of syrphids, viz., Paragus serratus Araliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Ericaceae, Malvaceae, (Fabricius), Dideopsis aegrota (Fabricius) and Ischidon scutellaris Pittosporaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and (Fabricius) were found predating on A. odinae. All the immature stages of predators were found predating on first, second, third and Zapotaceae (Raychaudhuri et al. 1981; Lokeshwari et al. fourth instars of the aphid. Among the coccinellids, the dominant 2014; Vidya & Rajanna 2014). It is widely distributed in species were S. castaneus (4.26 grubs/nut) followed by C. sexmaculata eastern and southeastern Asia and Africa (Barbagallo (0.42 grubs/leaf) and P. flaviceps (0.14 grubs/nut). Of the syrphids, P. serratus 2.39 larvae/nut was the major predator. The species D. & Santos 1989; Martin 1989). Adults are greyish- aegrota (1.2 larvae/leaf) and I. scutellaris (0.5 larvae/nut) were brown to reddish-brown in colour and reproduce recorded as minor predators. Seasonal abundance of predators was parthenogenetically throughout the year. It has been, synchronized with the aphid with a maximum occurrence during February 2015. The aphid population gradually reduced from April however, reported to have a sexual phase on various onwards due to the voracious feeding activity of the predators. The hosts in Japan (Blackman et al. 2011). Nymphs and study concluded that the aphidophagous predators, viz., coccinellids adults feed on tender leaves, shoots, inflorescences, and syrphids play a major role in managing the aphid A. odinae in cashew and could be encouraged for augmentation and conservation apples and nuts and suck the cell sap. They excrete of these predators in a cashew based ecosystem. honeydew on which sooty mould develops, impairing

Keywords: Aphid, cashew, coccinellids, predation, predators, syrphids. photosynthetic activityof cashew and the aphid colonies are ant-attended. The damage is heavier on young plantations and heavy infestation leads to shedding and drying of inflorescences or distorted and malformed nuts and apples. In other economically important crop

DOI: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2435.9.2.9858-9861 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:27931162-A1D2-43AC-98D6-AFA680E92632

Editor: Himender Bharti, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. Date of publication: 26 February 2017 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 2435 | Received 29 March 2016 | Final received 22 December 2016 | Finally accepted 09 January 2017

Citation: Maruthadurai, R. & N.P. Singh (2017). A report on occurrence of aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae (van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cashew ecosystem from Goa, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 9(2): 9858–9861; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2435.9.2.9858-9861

Copyright: © Maruthadurai & Singh 2017. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors thank Dr. A.R. Desai, Senior Scientist (Fruit Science), ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa for sparing his research plot to carry out field studies and observation. The authors also thank Dr. J. Poorani, Principal Scientist, National Research Centre for Banana, Tamil Nadu for confirming the coccinellid identification. LOGOs

9858 Aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae in cashew Maruthadurai & Singh plants the aphids mainly cause reduced fruit yield and a timber quality. In India, peanut green mosaic potyvirus and peanut stripe potyvirus were transmitted in a non- persistent manner by A. odinae (www.plantwise.org). It has been reported as sporadic and minor insect pest in cashew (Vidya & Rajanna 2014). In recent times, a minor pest, the mealybug Phenococcus solenopsis has attained a major status due to change in climate, and is causing severe yield losses (Maruthadurai & Singh 2015). Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for aphid management led to the development of resistance, resurgence of aphids and effects on non-targets, residue, and ecological disturbances (Dhingra 1992). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to record the natural b enemy complex of A. odinae in cashew ecosystem and their role in management of aphid so as to formulate a suitable management strategy.

Material and Methods Field studies were carried out to document the natural enemy complex of A. odinae in cashew plantations of ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa, Goa, India (15029’N & 73055’E), from November 2014 to June 2015. The plantation is seven years old and has different released varieties and hybrids of cashew. Aphid Infested plants were marked © R. Maruthadurai and weekly observations were made on leaves, shoots, Image 1. Aphid population. inflorescences and apple and nuts on all four sides a - Population on young leaves; b - Population on nuts (quadrants) of marked trees. The population of aphids and its predators were counted on 20 randomly selected aphid infested plants. Field collected grubs and larvae aphidophagous predators comprising three species of of different predators were brought to the laboratory coccinellids, viz., S. castaneus, C. sexmaculata and P. along with the aphids and identified with available keys flaviceps, and three species of syrphids, viz., P. serratus, (Poorani 2002). Grubs and larvae of different predators D. aegrota and I. scutellaris, were found predating on were also reared on A. odinae under laboratory A. odinae under natural conditions (Image 2). Among conditions to obtain the adults for correct identification. the coccinellids, the dominant species were S. castaneus Relative density of predators was calculated as (4.26 grubs/nut) followed by C. sexmaculata (0.42 Number of individual of one species grubs/leaf) and P. flaviceps (0.14 grubs/nut). Among the Relative density (RD) = ------x 100 syrphid predators, P. serratus (2.39 larvae/nut) was the Total number of individual of all species major predator. The species D. aegrota (1.2 larvae/leaf) and I. scutellaris (0.5 larvae/nut) were recorded as minor Results predators. The predatory population followed an almost Initially, the aphid population or damage was similar trend with that of the prey aphid. Predation of observed on young leaves and shoots and later aphids was observed from December onwards and migrated to apples and nuts (Image 1). Drying and reached its peak during February, coinciding with curling of leaves, inflorescences and malformation of the maximum population of aphids. The maximum nuts and apples was noticed due to aphid damage. A density and diversity of the predators was also noticed minimum population (84.44 nymphs and adults/leaf) in the month of February. Among the coccinellids, was recorded during the second fortnight of January the maximum relative density (47.31%) was recorded and reached its peak (203.07 nymphs and adults/nut) in S. castaneus followed by C. sexmaculata (2.96%) during the second fortnight of February. Six species of and P. flaviceps (2.02%). Of the syrphid predators, the

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2017 | 9(2): 9858–9861 9859 Aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae in cashew Maruthadurai & Singh

© R. Maruthadurai

a b c

d e f

Image 2. Predators of cashew aphid (a–c - coccinellids; d–f - syrphids). a - Scymnus castaneus grub; b - Pseudaspidimerus flaviceps grub; c - Cheilomenes sexmaculata grub; d - Paragus serratus larvae; e - Ischidon scutellaris larvae; f - Dideopsis aegrota larvae.

with Vidya & Rajanna (2014) who reported three species of coccinellids, four species of syrphids and a species each of hemerobid and chrysopid comprising the group of aphidophagous predators on T. odinae. They reported P. flaviceps was the predominant coccinellid predator from Karnataka. Baskaran et al. (2009) reported the predators S. castaneus and P. flaviceps feeding on A. gossypii in guava. Garcia (1974) also found Scymnus spp. as potential predator of A. gossypii. The predator C. sexmaculata has been recorded as a major predator of A. gossypii in okra, guava and cashew (Venugopal Figure 1. Relative density of aphidophagous predators of cashew et al. 1975; Mani & Krishnamoorthy 1989; Satapathy aphid 1993). Among the syrphid predators, P. serratus was the predominant predator. The species D. aegrota and maximum relative density (33.60%) was recorded in P. I. scutellaris were recorded as minor predators. Vidya serratus followed by D. aegrota (7.06%) and I. scutellaris & Rajanna (2014) who reported P. yerburiensis was the (7.02%) (Fig. 1). The aphid population gradually reduced major syrphid predator followed by P. serratus. The from April onwards due to the voracious feeding activity predators P. serratus and I. scutellaris have been found of the predators. predating on A. gossypii, A. craccivora and T. odinae (Satapathy 1993; Joshi et al. 1999; Baskaran et al. 2009). Discussion The relative density and diversity of the predators varies The field study revealed the presence of two different with the prey and the crop. In the present study, the groups of aphidophagous predators, viz., coccinellids maximum relative density was recorded in S. castaneus and syrphids in cashew plantations in Goa. Among the and P. serratus during the month of February. Devi et al. coccinellids, S. castaneus was the major one followed by (2010) recorded a maximum density and diversity of P. C. sexmaculata and P. flaviceps. This is in accordance serratus and C. septempuncta in tea against T. aurantii

9860 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2017 | 9(2): 9858–9861 Aphidophagous predators of Aphis odinae in cashew Maruthadurai & Singh during the month of September. Lokeshwari, D., A. Verghese, S. Shivashankar, N.K. Krishna Kumar, To conclude, the coccinellids and syrphids predators H. Manjunatha & R. Venugopalan (2014). Effect of Aphis odinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infestation on sugars and amino acid were quite effective in managing A. odinae in cashew content in mango. African Entomology 22(4): 823–827; http://doi. plantations. The present study suggests that there org/10.4001/003.022.0418 Mani, M. & A. Krishnamoorthy (1989). Impact of insect predators in is no need of any insecticidal spray to manage aphids the control of Aphis gossypii Glov. on guava. Journal of Biological and augmentation and conservation of these predators Control 3: 128–129. could be encouraged. Martin, J.H. (1989). Identification, occurrence and pest status of Toxoptera odinae (Van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79: 611. References Maruthadurai, R. & N.P. Singh (2015). First report of invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley infesting cashew from Goa, India. Barbagallo, S. & L.A. Santos (1989). Toxoptera odinae (V.D.G.) Phytoparasitica 43: 121–124; http://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-014- (Homoptera: Aphididae), infesting (Anacardium occidentale L.) in 0421-6 Mozambique. [Toxoptera odinae (V.D.G.) (Homopter: Aphididae), Poorani, J. (2002). An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae uma nova praga do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) em (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Mocambique.] Phytophaga 3: 163–171. Oriental 36: 307–383; http://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2 Baskaran, R.K.M., S, Sasikumar, D.S. Rajavel & K. Suresh (2009). 002.10417335 Studies on population fluctuation of guava aphid, Aphis gossypii Raychaudhuri, D.N., D. Ghosh, D. Raychaudhuri & B.K. Agarwala Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its predators. Journal of (1981). Studies on the aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from South Entomological Research 33: 247–255. India. Insecta Matsumura 23: 1–20. Blackman, R.L., M. Sorin & M. Miyazaki (2011). Sexual morphs and Satapathy, C.R. (1993). Bioecology of major insect pests of cashew colour variants of Aphis (formerly Toxoptera) odinae (Hemiptera: (Anacardium occidentale L.) and evaluation of certain pest Aphididae) in Japan. Zootaxa 3110: 53–60. management practices. PhD Thesis. University of Agricultural Devi, K.D., S. Maisnam & R. Varatharajan (2010). Density, diversity Sciences, Bangalore, India. and differential feeding potentials of aphidophagous insects in the Sunil, J., C.R. Ballal & N.S. Rao (1999). Evaluation of biotic potential of tea ecosystem. Journal of Biopesticides 3: 58–61 Syrphid predators Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabr.) and Paragus serratus Dhingra, S. (1992). Development of resistance in the bean aphid Aphis (Fabr.) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Journal of Aphidology 13: 9–16. craccivora to various insecticides used for nearly a quarter century. Venugopal, M.S., N. Rajmohan & A.A. Basha (1975). Some Journal of Entomological Research 18(2): 105–108. observations on the natural population of Aphis gossypii Glov. Garcia, B.U. (1974). Laboratory study on the biology and predation of (Aphididae: Homoptera) on Bhendi and its coccineliid predators. Scymnus on Aphis gossypii. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 17: Labdev Journal of Science and Technology 13: 237–239. 54–59. Vidya, M. & K.M. Rajanna (2014). Role of Insect Predators in the Control of Toxoptera odinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Cashew Plantation. Biopesticides International 10(1): 112–115.

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2017 | 9(2): 9858–9861 9861 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate atwww.threatenedtaxa.org . All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) February 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 2 | Pages: 9777–9884 Date of Publication: 26 February 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.2.9777-9884 www.threatenedtaxa.org

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A report on occurrence of aphidophagous predators of Aphis Communications odinae (van der Goot) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cashew ecosystem from Goa, India Distribution ofCryptopotamon anacoluthon (Kemp, 1918) -- Ramasamy Maruthadurai & Narendra Pratap Singh, (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae), a freshwater crab Pp. 9858–9861 endemic to Hong Kong -- David John Stanton, Michael Robertson Leven & Tommy Chung Hong Hui, Pp. 9786–9794 Notes

Moths of the family Limacodidae Duponchel, 1845 A new critical habitat for conservation of the White-bellied (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea) from Bhutan with six new Heron Ardea insignis Hume, 1878 (Aves: Ardeidae) from generic and 12 new species records Bhutan -- Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Meenakshi Singh Chib & -- Karma Wangdi, Tashi Dhendup & Tsethup Tshering, Alexey V. Solovyev, Pp. 9795–9813 Pp. 9862–9863

Odonates of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India First report of the parasitoid wasp Piestopleura Förster -- M. Suhirtha Muhil & P. Pramod, Pp. 9814–9828 (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae) from India -- Kamalanathan Veenakumari, Peter Neerup Buhl, Anandhan Twenty-three new records of mantodea (Insecta) from some Rameshkumar & Prashanth Mohanraj, Pp. 9864–9865 states of India -- Tushar Kanti Mukherjee, Geetha Iyer & Parbati Chatterjee, A century later the Manipur Argus Callerebia suroia Tytler, Pp. 9829–9839 1914 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) recorded in its type locality in Manipur, India -- Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Harmenn Huidrom & Short Communications Baleshwor Singh Soibam, Pp. 9866–9869

On the feeding habit of the Guiana Dolphin Sotalia First record of the predatory stinkbug Eocanthecona guianensis (van Bénedèn, 1864) (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: concinna (Walker, 1867) (Pentatomidae: Asopinae) from Delphinidae) in southeastern Brazil (~220S): has there been India any change in more than two decades? -- Sadashiv Hanumant Waghmare & Sunil Madhukar Gaikwad, -- Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto, Clara da Cruz Vidart Badia Pp. 9870–9873 & Salvatore Siciliano, Pp. 9840–9843 New records of Aplousobranch ascidians to Indian waters Additions to the scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of from Andaman Islands Kerala, India, with an illustrated key to the genera -- Jhimli Mondal, C. Raghunathan & K. Venkataraman, -- K. Aswathi & P.M. Sureshan, Pp. 9844–9850 Pp. 9874–9880

Additions to the flora of Coimbatore hills, Tamil Nadu, India -- K. Kiruthika, M. Sulaiman & R. Gopalan, Pp. 9881–9884

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