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Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant Schnall, Simone; Harber, Kent D.; Stefanucci, Jeanine K.; Proffitt, Dennis R

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Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant Schnall, Simone; Harber, Kent D.; Stefanucci, Jeanine K.; Proffitt, Dennis R www.ssoar.info Social support and the perception of geographical slant Schnall, Simone; Harber, Kent D.; Stefanucci, Jeanine K.; Proffitt, Dennis R. Postprint / Postprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: www.peerproject.eu Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Schnall, S., Harber, K. D., Stefanucci, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008). Social support and the perception of geographical slant. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1246-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.011 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter dem "PEER Licence Agreement zur This document is made available under the "PEER Licence Verfügung" gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zum PEER-Projekt finden Agreement ". 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Proffitt PII: S0022-1031(08)00070-X DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.011 Reference: YJESP 2087 To appear in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Received Date: 26 May 2007 Revised Date: 18 April 2008 Accepted Date: 27 April 2008 Please cite this article as: Schnall, S., Harber, K.D., Stefanucci, J.K., Proffitt, D.R., Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.011 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Running head: SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SLANT Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant Simone Schnall University of Plymouth, UK Kent D. Harber Rutgers University at Newark Jeanine K. Stefanucci College of William and Mary Dennis R. Proffitt University of Virginia Corresponding Authors: Simone Schnall Kent D. Harber University of Plymouth Department of Psychology School of Psychology Rutgers University at Newark Portland Square, Drake Circus 101 Warren Street Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Newark, NJ 07044, USA Telephone: + 44 (0) 1752 238 568 Telephone: (973) 353-1867, Ext. 229 Fax: + 44 (0) 1752 2CCEPTED33 362 MANUSCRIPTFax: (973) 353-1171 [email protected] [email protected] ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Abstract The visual perception of geographical slant is influenced by physiological resources, such as physical fitness, age, and being physically refreshed. In two studies we tested whether a psychosocial resource, social support, can also affect the visual perception of slants. Participants accompanied by a friend estimated a hill to be less steep when compared to participants who were alone (Study 1). Similarly, participants who thought of a supportive friend during an imagery task saw a hill as less steep than participants who either thought of a neutral person or a disliked person (Study 2). In both studies, the effects of social relationships on visual perception appear to be mediated by relationship quality (i.e., relationship duration, interpersonal closeness, warmth). Artifacts such as mood, social desirability, and social facilitation did not account for these effects. This research demonstrates that an interpersonal phenomenon, social support, can influence visual perception. Keywords: Social support; psychosocial resources; closeness; relationship; slant perception; vision; space perception. CCEPTED MANUSCRIPT A ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Social Support and Slant 3 Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant The visual perception of the physical world is influenced by the physical demands associated with intended actions. For example, the conscious perception of hill slants and of walking distances is influenced by whether the perceiver is wearing a heavy backpack (Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003), is young or old (Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999), is fatigued (Proffitt, Bhalla, Gossweiler, & Midgett, 1995), or has action goals in mind (Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2004). These physical states influence perception because they are relevant to anticipated action: A hill is harder to climb for elderly or fatigued persons, and thus appears to be steeper to them. Perception of the physical world is therefore not determined solely by the objective features of the environment as specified by perceptual and sensorimotor variables, but is also shaped by the perceiver's capacity to purposefully negotiate physical space. When physical resources are depleted (due to age, fatigue, etc.) hills appear steeper and distances appear greater Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999; Proffitt et al., 2003). Perception therefore functions within a behavioral “economy of action” (Proffitt, 2006). To promote energetic efficiency, perception relates spatial contexts (e.g., heights, distances, gradients) to both the physical demands these contexts present and to the perceiver’s physical state. Thus, as the energetic demands of ascending hills and walking distances increase (due to a perceivers’ depleted physical resources), the perception of their incline and extent is amplified. Psychosocial Resources and Physical Perception Do psychosocialCCEPTED resources, such as social su ppMANUSCRIPTort, moderate visual perception of the physical world as doA physiological resources? If so, then the physical world should appear less challenging when psychosocial resources are bolstered, and more challenging when they are ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Social Support and Slant 4 depleted. In particular, hills should appear less steep when a psychosocial resource is available than when it is not. The present research tested this prediction, focusing on social support as the psychosocial resource. There are two aspects of social support that bolster this prediction. One is that support powerfully affects physiological responses to challenges, and another is that support moderates how challenges are evaluated. Social Support Reduces Physiological Load The notion that social support serves to physically unburden people is well established. The mere presence of another person can be beneficial, especially if this person provides support in a nonevaluative and nondirective manner (Harber, Schneider, Everard, & Fisher, 2005; Kamarck, Manuck, & Jennings, 1990). According to the buffering hypothesis (e.g., Thoits, 1986), social support promotes health by reducing physical reactivity to stress, and is therefore protective against stress-related illnesses ranging from the common cold (Cohen, Doyle, Turner, Alper, & Skoner, 2003) to heart disease (Seeman & Syme, 1987) to cancer (Fawzy et al., 1993). Social support also alleviates proximal stressors. For example, the cardiac stress reaction created by challenging mental arithmetic tasks is smaller when a person is accompanied by a supportive other than when alone (Kamarck et al., 1990). The presence of a pet reduces cardiovascular reactivity while performing a stressful task, presumably because pets are especially nonevaluative companions (Allen, Blascovich, Tomaka, & Kelsey, 1991). The presence of conspecifics decreases stress reactions in non-humans, including rats (Davitz & Mason, 1955; Latané, 1969), guinea pigs (Hennessey, O'Leary, Hawke, & Wilson, 2002) and monkeys (Gust, GordonCCEPTED, Brodie, & McClure, 1994) . IMANUSCRIPTn sum, social support appears to "lighten the load" that individAuals physically incur when facing challenging situations. It is critical to note, however, that the benefits of social support often derive from the ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Social Support and Slant 5 psychological benefits (e.g., increased feelings of competence, belongingness, efficacy, and control) rather than direct instrumental assistance from the support source. Thus, support sources did not provide solutions to mental arithmetic tasks in Kamarck et al. (1990), nor did they supply medical assistance to those exposed to
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