A PUBLICATION OF THE TRI-STATE TURF RESEARCH FOUNDATION WINTER 2014 VOL. 17 NO. 1

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE A Little Support Goes a Long Way

was watching television the other day each of the six affiliated associations who and a commercial came on where this orchestrate the foundation’s activities— Ilittle boy kept asking his father, a fund the MetGCSA, New Jersey GCSA, Matt Ceplo, CGCS, President manager, questions: Who? . . . What? . . . Connecticut AGCS, GCSA, Tri-State Turf Research Foundation Where? . . . Why? It got me thinking that Hudson Valley GCSA, and the MGA—as the same questions could be asked of us. well as our executive director, Ed Brockner. solutions to these turf woes. Since then, we have funded numerous research ARE WE? Take a look at the back page of this WHO projects that have helped area super- publication and you will see the intendents find turf-saving controls for Founded in 1990, the Tri-State Turf representatives from your association. This turfgrass pests and problems common to Research Foundation is one of the type of involvement allows us to stay in tri-state area courses. leading supporters of turfgrass research tune with your turf concerns and problems in the Northeast. The Tri-State’s board and better represent the research needs of Unlike any one association, the Tri- is made up of three representatives from area superintendents. State’s focus is on research and research alone. We can devote the time needed WHY ARE WE HERE? INSIDE THIS ISSUE to solicit and collect donations, canvass area superintendents’ research needs, and The Tri-State Turf Research Foundation review research proposals from university 2 Rutgers Research Team Develops was founded with the belief that there is professors. Then once committed to funding strength in numbers: We knew that if all Best Management Practices for a project, we monitor that research, making the local associations joined forces and Anthracnose Control sure to get timely updates so findings can pooled their resources, we could better be disseminated to area superintendents. 5 Rutgers Researchers Seek fund important research more than any one Sustainable Approach to association or group could do on its own. Few association boards can take time away from their many other duties to regularly ABW Control At the foundation’s start, area super- secure and manage significant research intendents were combating moss and 8 Ball Roll: The Measure endeavors on their own. And why should the highly damaging summer patch they? With a few representatives from of Success disease. Thanks to the joint effort of our each of the participating associations, the six affiliated associations, as well as area 10 Prepping Greens for Tri-State Turf Research Foundation is clubs and vendors, the Tri-State was able here to do this very important job, which Tournament Play to fund research that produced viable benefits everyone! Insert: Special Thanks to Our 2014 Contributors (continued on page 12)

1 SPECIAL FEATURE

Rutgers Research Team Develops Best Management Practices for Anthracnose Control

irst observed in New Jersey in 1930, Rutgers research team in their quest The research team’s most recent findings anthracnose disease continues to to delve deeper into best management indicate that nitrogen fertilization is Fplague annual bluegrass (Poa annua) practices (BMPs) for anthracnose control the most influential cultural practice putting greens—particularly those and, ultimately, a more viable solution to affecting anthracnose severity in annual that have been subjected to intense this turf-threatening disease. bluegrass putting greens. N-deficient turf maintenance practices, such as decreased proved to be not only more susceptible THE TRIALS mowing heights, reduced irrigation, and to anthracnose, but also less capable minimal nitrogen fertilization to increase of recuperating from disease damage. Drs. Murphy and Clarke and graduate green speeds. Also notably influential in suppressing assistants Charles Schmid, James anthracnose activity were increasing Caused by the fungus Colletotrichum cereale, Hempfling, and Ruying Wang devoted mowing height and sand topdressing the disease infects leaf, crown, stolon, or the past three years to conducting trials frequency, as well as maintaining suitable root tissues of the grass plant, resulting that examined the impact of the following potassium levels. in foliar blight or basal (stem) rot. As the factors on anthracnose development disease’s prevalence soared in the mid-’90s, and severity: Other practices the researchers studied— Rutgers’ Dr. James Murphy and Dr. Bruce such as foot traffic, irrigation, lightweight 1. Nitrogen (N) source Clarke began to scrutinize the role cultural rolling, and the application of plant 2. practices might play in anthracnose Potassium (K) fertilization and soil pH growth regulators—have also been shown severity on annual bluegrass turf. to have an impact on anthracnose severity 3. Sand topdressing and foot traffic but to a lesser degree. With prior funding from the Tri-State 4. Mowing and rolling Turf Research Foundation, the Rutgers BMPS FOR ANTHRACNOSE CONTROL research team determined that sand 5. Plant growth regulators topdressing and both granular and soluble The researchers have organized their 6. Irrigation nitrogen fertilization play a significant role findings into a working outline of BMPs 7. in suppressing anthracnose activity. Cultivation practices for controlling anthracnose on annual bluegrass putting green turf. Here are In 2012, the foundation agreed to provide 8. The effect of combining BMPs on their recommendations: an additional three years’ support to the fungicide efficacy and turf quality NITROGEN »» Nitrogen should be applied to maintain vigor of the putting green turf without overfertilizing. Annual “summer” soluble-N rates totaling approximately 2.4 to 3.6 lbs. N/1000 ft.2 should be applied to reduce anthracnose incidence and severity. A rate at the higher end of the range will be needed if N rates have been low historically. »» Beginning soluble-N programs earlier in the spring (April or May) at 0.4 to 0.8 lbs. of N/1000 ft.2 per month can build up nitrogen in the turf heading into summer, which can result in decreased anthracnose severity. »» Any granular-N fertilization should be applied in the spring at rates of 1 to 3 lbs./1000 ft.2 to reduce disease severity. Again, a rate at the higher end of the A mowing treatment being applied on the annual bluegrass plots. range will be needed if N rates have been 2 SPECIAL FEATURE (CONTINUED)

Rutgers Research Team Develops Best Management Practices for Anthracnose Control

»» Mefluidide (Embark) and ethephon (Proxy) can be used to suppress seed-head formation in annual bluegrass turf without increasing anthracnose. »» Mefluidide or ethephon applied in the spring (March or April) at label rates with subsequent applications of trinexapac- ethyl at 0.1 to 0.2 fl. ozs./1000 ft.2 every 7 to 14 days throughout the spring and summer will provide the best turf quality and may reduce anthracnose. IRRIGATION »» Increased anthracnose can result when annual bluegrass is consistently subjected to wilt stress or excessively wet conditions. »» Irrigating to replace 60 to 80 percent of potential evapotranspiration, combined with hand watering to avoid wilt stress, has the dual benefit of providing a quality playing surface while avoiding conditions favorable for anthracnose. Mowing treatments being applied during the morning while fungicide treatments are being prepared. TOPDRESSING AND FOOT TRAFFIC »» Biweekly sand topdressing in the low historically. Use slow-release N or split »» Roll and/or increase mowing frequency summer with up to 100 lbs./1000 ft.2 applications of N when applying higher N to maintain ball roll distances (green provides a protective layer of sand around rates as granular applications. speed) at higher mowing heights. Rolling the crown. This slightly raises the effective POTASSIUM and double-cutting increase ball roll, but height of cut, reducing the incidence of will not increase disease severity. anthracnose. »» Potassium should be applied to maintain at least moderate levels of soil K. »» Rolling every other day can result in »» Topdressing in the spring at 400 to slightly decreased anthracnose severity, 800 lbs./1000 ft.2 is more effective than »» Soluble-K applications made at a regardless of roller type. fall applications in reducing anthracnose 4:1 N:K ratio every 14 days should be severity. sufficient to reduce anthracnose severity. »» Be wary of the extra traffic stress at the More K was not any more effective or perimeter of putting greens if you adopted Note: These rates do not take into account detrimental. the practices of rolling and double-cutting. the quantity of sand that would be needed MOWING AND ROLLING “Spot” rolling and double cutting only to fill coring holes. If coring is done at around the hole location of large putting the same time as topdressing, more sand »» Avoid mowing below 0.125" when greens may be a method to reduce traffic would be needed. The precise amount will using fixed-head mowers; a slightly lower stress at the perimeters. depend on the diameter and spacing of bench setting might be feasible for flex coring holes. units. If feasible, raise the cutting height as PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS high as 0.141" for greater suppression of »» Routine trinexapac-ethyl (Primo »» Anthracnose does not appear to be anthracnose. Slight increases in mowing MAXX) use, even at high rates and short affected by different sand incorporation height can significantly reduce the severity intervals, will not increase—and may techniques, so methods that best of this disease. Therefore, using the solid even reduce—anthracnose severity by incorporate sand should be selected to rollers versus grooved rollers, at the same improving plant health, as well as turf minimize turf injury and wear on mowing bench height setting, may also be helpful. tolerance to low mowing. equipment. (continued on page 4)

3 SPECIAL FEATURE (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3) SIDEBAR

Rutgers Research Team Develops Best Anthracnose Management Practices for Anthracnose Control Control Notables

»» Foot traffic (similar to rolling) appears growing season to enhance anthracnose »» Though greater N fertility, mowing to reduce anthracnose, regardless of control and reduce the potential for height, and sand topdressing reduced sand topdressing. The benefits of sand fungicide resistance. disease severity, N fertility had the topdressing (better wear tolerance and greatest impact on disease reduction. Sand Included on this list: the QoI, DMI, decreased disease) are also seen in areas topdressing and mowing height accounted Nitrile (chlorothalonil), benzimidazole, that receive daily foot traffic. for similar, but lesser reductions in disease. dicarboximide (iprodione), phosphonate, CULTIVATION PRACTICES antibiotic (polyoxin-D), carboximide »» If your goal is to increase green speed— »» It is not necessary to avoid the use of (penthiopyrad or fluxapyroxad), and without greatly increasing the risk for verticutting or other cultivation practices phenylpyrrole fungicides. anthracnose—it is better to lower mowing (e.g., aerification, scarification, grooming) height than to reduce N fertility or sand when disease is present, since wounding FUTURE PLANS topdressing rates. from these practices has not been shown During their trials, the Rutgers research »» You can get too much of a good thing. to increase anthracnose severity. It is a team found that soil pH also appears to Though potassium is an essential plant good idea, however, to apply fungicides influence anthracnose severity. Many years nutrient that strongly influences the close to the time of any cultivation practice of treatment, however, are required to tolerance of turfgrasses to a variety of when there is active disease. achieve large changes in soil pH. Therefore, turfgrass ills and stresses, soil K ranges FUNGICIDE MANAGEMENT the researchers will devote a fourth year to above 200 lbs. per acre did not increase »» Avoid the sequential use of any fun- examining lime and sulfur effects on soil anthracnose suppression compared to gicide chemistry. Tank-mix or alternate pH and anthracnose severity. values within the sufficiency range of 100 fungicides with different modes of to 200 lbs. per acre. Early assessments indicate that action to enhance efficacy and reduce anthracnose is less severe at higher pH »» Excellent disease control and playability the potential that resistant strains of levels; however, the range of pH has been can be obtained with reduced fungicide anthracnose will develop. relatively small over the first couple years inputs when maintaining turf with greater »» Develop fungicide programs that focus of research. More time and change in pH N rates and higher mowing. For instance, on the strengths (efficacy) of fungicide is needed to be certain of the effect on over the course of two years, only two chemistries, and time their application to anthracnose over a large range in soil pH. threshold-based fungicide applications optimize the control of all major diseases were required each year for acceptable For further information on the researchers’ on the site. disease control when turf received greater trials, you can reach Dr. Murphy at N and higher mowing (an 80-percent »» Use as many different fungicide [email protected] or Dr. Clarke reduction in fungicide use compared to chemistries with proven efficacy against at [email protected] a 14-day, calendar-based spray program). anthracnose as are practical during the In contrast, up to nine applications were required when turf was maintained under lower N and lower mowing.

Playability of annual bluegrass plots being assessed with a Stimpmeter.

4 RESEARCH UPDATE

Rutgers Researchers Seek Sustainable Approach to ABW Control

Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars Show Promise in ABW Management

he annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), facilitate the development of more »» Among the creeping bentgrasses, egg- technically known as Listronotus sustainable approaches to managing ABW laying tended to be higher in the older maculicollisT , continues to plague short- populations. What follows is a look at the cultivars (L-93 and Penncross) than in the mown turf, with severe researchers’ findings in the first leg of their newer ones (Declaration and 007). infestations now being reported in all study on plant resistance/tolerance and »» In field experiments, egg-laying in states across the Northeast and Mid- its implications. cv. Capri and particularly in Poa annua Atlantic regions. Though great strides was higher than in the four creeping have been made in keeping this highly WHICH TURFGRASSES FAIR BEST bentgrasses and cv. Villa. destructive pest at bay, the ABW seems AGAINST THE ABW determined to stay, often eluding the once When a choice was provided: In this phase of the study, the researchers effective pyrethroid applications, as well as focused on uncovering which grasses »» ABW females clearly preferred Poa some of the newer chemistries available. were preferred hosts to ABW and/ annua to all bentgrass cultivars for egg- With preventive insecticides being applied or particularly susceptible to it. They laying with at least six times more eggs up to 10 times a year, this is no surprise. compared annual bluegrass, Poa annua, found in the Poa than in any bentgrass The only insecticide that has not yet with a variety of bentgrass species/ cultivar in both the environmental shown signs of pesticide resistance is cultivars, including: chambers and the field experiments spinosad (Conserve)—but it has been (Figure 1). 1: Creeping bentgrass (CBG) (Agrostis effective only in controlling larvae. Right stolonifera) cvs. L93 and Penncross (older, »» The only bentgrass cultivar that showed now, the preferred adulticide alternative still widely used) and 007 and Declaration a trend (not in all experiments, though) is the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. But (newer, high quality) toward lower egg-laying than in other ABW populations are already showing 2: bentgrasses was cv. Declaration. resistance to this insecticide. Though still Velvet bentgrass (A. canina) cvs. Villa (continued on page 6) more effective in combating ABW than and Greenwich pyrethroids, it’s only a matter of time 3: Colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris) cvs. that chlorpyrifos overuse will render this Tiger II and Capri chemistry ineffective as well. Making this all the more troubling is that there is no The researchers looked at three areas: silver bullet on the horizon for attacking 1: ABW oviposition preferences. A the resistant ABW! series of experiments investigated egg- With the threat of growing chemical laying preferences of female ABW in resistance, the Tri-State Turf Research environmental chambers and in small field Foundation has agreed to support Rutgers enclosures. Females were either offered entomologist Dr. Albrecht Koppenhöfer just one core of one of the above grasses and his team of researchers in their pursuit or were given a choice among four cores: of effective alternatives to chemical Poa annua, one of the older creeping pesticides for ABW control. bentgrasses, one of the newer creeping bentgrasses, the colonial bentgrass THE PLAN OF ATTACK cv. Capri, or the velvet bentgrass cv. Greenwich. Last spring, the researchers set out to explore three different aspects of IPM: When no choice was provided: 1. Monitoring methods »» In the environmental chamber experiments, egg-laying in the Poa annua 2. Plant resistance/tolerance FIGURE 1 was six times higher than in the creeping Oviposition choices of ABW females from two 3. Biological controls bentgrasses (data combined across phenologically different populations in two field cultivars) and 12 times higher than in the experiments. Means with same letter within Their hope is that, over the course populations are not statically different ( =0.05). colonial and velvet bentgrasses. α of their three-year study, they could 5 RESEARCH UPDATE (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5)

Rutgers Researchers Seek Sustainable Approach to ABW Control

2: Host suitability of bentgrasses for the observed in creeping bentgrass cvs. L93 Overall, these findings show that ABW ABW. In two greenhouse pot experiments, and Penncross. larvae grow better and develop faster if ABW females were allowed to lay eggs for feeding on Poa annua than any of the Third- through fifth-stage larvae and one week, and the grass was examined for other tested bentgrass cultivars. pupae were recovered from the pots: ABW larvae and pupae after another four 3: Tolerance of bentgrasses to ABW weeks. »» The average life stage reached was larval feeding. Greenhouse-reared fourth- higher in Poa annua than in any of the The number of stages recovered differed stage larvae were placed onto potted turf bentgrass species. significantly among grass species: cores in the greenhouse. Grasses were »» »» Among cultivars, L-93 and Penncross exposed to 0, 6, 12, and 24 larvae per pot Averaged across experiments and 2 consistently had the lowest average life (= 0, 71, 142, 284/ft. ). Turf quality was grass species, Poa annua had the highest stage. evaluated 7 and again 14 days after release. average number of ABW life stages per After the 14-day rating, the number pot, followed by colonial bentgrasses (cvs. »» The cultivars Capri, Greenwich, Villa, of ABW stages present in the turf was Capri and Tiger II) and velvets (cvs. Villa and Tiger II did not differ significantly determined. and Greenwich), with the lowest numbers from the Poa. in the creeping bentgrasses (Table 1). »» At the lowest larval density, all grasses »» The cultivars Declaration and 007 fell had low-to-moderate damage ratings (2 »» Among individual cultivars, the most between the first two groups. to 13 percent at 7 days; 5 to 23 percent consistently low larval densities were »» Populations of fifth-stage larvae grown at 14 days), which were not significantly on the Poa annua were significantly different from the control pots (Figure 2). TABLE 1 heavier than in most bentgrasses; there Mean number per pot of ABW immatures »» At 12 and 24 larvae per pot, Poa annua were no significant differences among recovered from Poa annua or cultivars of three had the highest damage ratings after 7 and bentgrass species in two greenhouse larval survival bentgrasses. pot experiments. 14 days. Overall, bentgrasses were more »» Damage ratings were the highest for tolerant of ABW feeding than the Poa. Poa annua. Grass No. of larvae species/ and pupae per arena cultivars Expt. 1 Expt. 2 Poa annua 31.2 Aab 34.4 Aa A. stolonifera 13.1 C 6.5 0.6 C L93 11.1 d 4.8 d Penncross 9.8 d 5.3 d Declaration 13.8 cd 8.4 cd 007 17.6 c 7.7 cd A. capillaris 18.0 B 12.5 B Tiger II 10.8 d 12.3 bc Capri 25.2 b 13.8 b A. canina 21.8 B 11.2 B Villa 38.1 a 10.0 bc

Greenwich 18.1c 11.3 bc FIGURE 2 Means within columns followed by the same upper Percent damage caused by ABW larval feeding (0, 6, 12, and 24 larvae per pot) on Poa annua and selected (lower) case letter did not differ among grass bentgrass cultivars 14 days after introduction of larvae into the pots. Means marked with the same letter did species (cultivars) (α=0.05). not differ significantly between cultivars at same larval densitiy (α = 0.05).

6 RESEARCH UPDATE (CONTINUED)

RECOMMENDED COURSE »» In the Poa annua, damage became ultimately, help in breeding bentgrasses OF ACTION apparent after 7 days at higher ABW with enhanced ABW resistance. densities and reached 64 percent at 24 In addition to replacing Poa annua 2. Delve into ABW chemical ecology larvae per pot after 14 days. with new creeping bentgras cultivars, (presence and effects of pheromones and »» In contrast, it took the highest larval the researchers recommend that plant volatiles) with the long-term goal of density and 14 days to express damage in superintendents start with fairways where developing attractant-based monitoring some creeping bentgrasses. the percentage of Poa tends to be lower and/or management tools. than in lower-cut areas. »» Cultivars Capri and Villa seem to be 3. Examine combinations of biological the least tolerant among bentgrasses. Their rationale: By first converting control agents with standard insecticides fairways, the largest area of turf on the for improved ABW control and reduced Confirming previous field observations, golf course, you are greatly reducing the selection for insecticide resistance. The the researchers’ data to date seems to amount of insecticides applied. The much researchers have also recently expanded indicate that bentgrasses generally can greater tolerance of creeping bentgrasses their studies to include several biorational tolerate two to three times higher densities to ABW and other stresses will allow products. These are pesticides of natural of ABW larvae than Poa annua before for fewer applications, which will, in origin, including such biological sources as sustaining the same damage level turn, reduce the selection pressure for bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that (20 percent). insecticide resistance. have limited or no adverse effects on the WHAT WE CAN CONCLUDE environment or beneficial organisms. Other benefits of more sparingly treating fairways: For further information on the Rutgers »» Poa annua is clearly preferred for team’s ABW research results and future plans, egg-laying over bentgrasses by ABW »» Natural enemies of the ABW and other you can reach Dr. Albrecht Koppenhöfer at females and is also a better host for turfgrass insect pests will be allowed to [email protected]. ABW development. thrive and play a greater role in the control of ABW, thereby further reducing the »» Creeping bentgrasses tend to be need for insecticide applications. preferred for egg-laying over colonial and SIDEBAR velvet bentgrasses. However, larval survival »» Fairways could also serve as a breeding is lower in creeping bentgrasses than in ground for insecticide-susceptible ABW colonial and velvet bentgrasses. that might outbreed the resistant ABW ABW Study Snapshot living in the more intensely treated areas. »» With larval densities lowest in creeping bentgrasses, these grasses also tend to »» Superintendents worried about ABW Dr. Albrecht Koppenhöfer and his team suffer the least amount of damage. causing damage to creeping bentgrass of researchers obtained clear evidence of should keep in mind that bentgrass is not bentgrass resistance or tolerance to the »» Among the four creeping bentgrasses only less susceptible to ABW damage than annual bluegrass weevil (ABW): tested, none stands out significantly with Poa annua, but also much better able to regard to their ability to withstand damage »» Compared to annual bluegrass, recover from any damage. by ABW. Hence newer bentgrass cultivars bentgrasses were less preferred for should be preferable over older ones THE RESEARCHERS' NEXT STEPS oviposition; less suitable for larval growth due to their improved performance with and development; and could tolerate other stresses. In the next phases of the study, the higher densities of larvae with less visible researchers will continue to: damage. The final conclusion to date: Replacement of Poa annua with new 1. Study plant resistance/tolerance, »» Females, however, laid eggs in all creeping bentgrass cultivars should examining the role plant secondary bentgrasses, even if annual bluegrass was be the most effective, sustainable, and chemicals might play in deterring ABW available, and ABW could develop from environmentally acceptable tactic for feeding and oviposition. The researchers eggs to pupae on all bentgrasses tested. ABW management. hope that gaining a better understanding »» Among the tested bentgrasses, the in this area will simplify their evaluation of creeping bentgrasses were most resistant grass cultivars for resistance to ABW and, and tolerant to ABW. 7 RESEARCH UPDATE

Ball Roll: The Measure of Success

Cornell Researchers Search for Key to Producing High-Performance Putting Surfaces

ast, true, and visually appealing consistent implementation of management Over the course of four months, the putting surfaces make a good course systems, to deem their findings reliable. researchers employed this regime three Fgreat. Yet producing consistently high- times. This same regime has been followed With this in mind, the Tri-State Turf performing putting greens has proved for four years or 120 days at three Research Foundation has, over the past three challenging at best. measures per day or 360 ball-roll measures years, supported Cornell’s Dr. Frank Rossi per treatment. Turfgrass managers have experimented in his pursuit of a formula for improving with a variety of mechanical and chemical ball roll without subjecting putting green EARLY FINDINGS maintenance practices designed to max- turf to undue stress and disease. imize performance while minimizing The first two years of the trial had very stress. It’s been found, however, that while BACKGROUND little disruption in data collection due these practices may improve performance, to rainfall. The researchers were able to In 2012, the Cornell research team set they fail to prevent turf loss from stress- sustain firm, dry surfaces throughout, out to develop and validate a system for induced turf ills, not the least of which is noting the following: measuring the influence of management anthracnose. practices on turfgrass growth and, in ON PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS… There have been studies conducted in the turn, ball roll distance. Field trials were Starting in 2012, the researchers focused past that have concluded that rolling, plant conducted on a putting green constructed specifically on the use of plant growth growth regulators, and fertilizers have in 1997 to USGA specifications and regulators (PGRs) to enhance ball roll. Dr. significant effects on ball roll distance, consisting of 30 percent annual bluegrass Rossi’s conclusion: while reducing stress-related problems. and 70 percent creeping bentgrass. »» At normal use rates of the three most One such study, a classic experiment Their regime, in short: commonly used PGRs—trinexapac-ethyl conducted in the early 1980s by Professor (Primo), paclobutrazol (Trimmit), and Clark Throssell, found that tripling the N »» Mow; collect and then weigh clippings; flurprimidol (Cutless)—annual bluegrass fertilizer rate produced shorter ball roll measure ball roll; speed-roll plots; measure and creeping bentgrass growth can be distances, i.e., slower greens. On closer ball roll again; impose 125 rounds of suppressed between 15 to 20 percent. inspection, however, speeds dropped less simulated golf traffic; 10 hours later, than six inches with ball roll measured measure ball roll again, every day for »» This reduction in growth (as measured once per week (Figure 1). 10 days. by clipping yield), however, does not translate into increased performance, Unfortunately, this, and other similar »» Record climatic measurements, such as i.e., faster, truer, more visually appealing bodies of research, lack the intensive and temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and surfaces. precise measurements, along with the wind speed, exploring any correlations.

Peak distances reached between day 4 and 6.

FIGURE 2 FIGURE 1 Typical Ball Roll Distance Response After 10 Days of Influence of Cutting Height on Ball Roll Distance at Various N Fertilizer Rates. Single Cut and Single Roll.

8 RESEARCH UPDATE (CONTINUED)

Ball Roll: The Measure of Success

ON MOWING AND ROLLING… These results were achieved using low- clippings than single cutting, provides Ball roll distance was observed over time labeled rates and precise temperature- an extra roll but, overall, no meaningful after a single cut and a single roll. The dependent intervals. The effects will increase in green speed during the day. researchers concluded, unequivocally, undoubtedly be different as rates increase When determining appropriate surface that utilizing this low-stress approach and application intervals decrease. preparation strategies, it remains best to to surface management allows for peak, Anecdotally, the 2014 surface preparation assess putting surface stress and adjust sustainable green speeds within four to treatments responded differently than the cutting heights and frequencies to sustain five days (Figure 2). single-cut and single-roll programs in the maximum performance. »» Speeds remained consistent over the first two years. Specifically: ON CLIMATIC INFLUENCES… next five to six days, with little increase. »» The speeds kept increasing over time Unlike much of the coastal Northeast, »» Because green speed will, undoubtedly, during the three, 10-day collections over Central New York received 200 percent be determined by cutting height, the four months. of the normal rainfall in 2014. This caused researchers suggest establishing a height widespread disruption in data collection, »» By contrast, the single-cut and single- that can be sustained without creating but allowed the researchers to explore roll treatments gained most of the increase severe stress-related problems and that the influence of soil moisture, relative during the first five days, then leveled out. allows for a consistent ball roll from green humidity, and dew point on the PGR to green. Consistency, after all, is the Also interesting was the effect of the and surface preparation treatments. The hallmark of high-performance putting individual treatments within a day researchers discovered that as the putting surfaces. (Figure 3): surfaces dry, green speed increases—not within a day, but over time. ON BALL ROLL, IN GENERAL… »» Double cutting increased speeds nine »» Ball roll consistently responded by inches (golfer detectable) over single NEXT STEPS getting shorter (slower) over the course of cutting. a 10-hour day—independent of treatment. Moving forward, the Cornell research »» That difference dropped to four inches team intends to explore the effect of tissue »» With that said, it’s rare that greens slow (undetectable) after either a single- or N level, PGR rate, and various brushing more than can be detected by a golfer, i.e., double-roll. programs on putting surface canopy ball roll generally does not decrease by »» After 10 hours, there was only a six-inch orientation and on ball roll distance. more than six inches. difference (detectable). For further information on Dr. Rossi’s trials, SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS IN 2014 THE NET: It appears that double cutting, you can reach him at [email protected]. ON ALTERNATIVE SURFACE which did not remove significantly more PREPRATIONS AND PGRS… 1XMow/2XRoll 2XMow/1XRoll This past season, the researchers explored alternative surface preparation treatments with and without PGRs. Specifically, they compared a single-cut and double-roll daily to a double-cut and single-roll daily under various PGR programs. Applying PGRs generally in 10- to 12-day intervals, the researchers noted: »» Growth reductions in putting surfaces treated with PGRs were rarely significant compared to those left untreated—even with excessive moisture that often prevented mowing. FIGURE 3 Response of Ball Roll Distance to Daily Surface Preparation Treatments (* denotes statistically significant difference NSD=Not Different).

9 NEW RESEARCH

Prepping Greens for Tournament Play

Penn State Researchers Set Out to Find the Ultimate Formula for Success

hether preparing for a member/ increasing speeds. There is also limited require dropping the mower height twice guest or a major USGA information on the law of diminishing the previous increment to 0.063" (Nikolai, ChampionshipW or PGA Tournament, returns of these practices as it relates to 2005). golf course managers’ prime concern is increasing green speed at the expense of ABOUT MOWING FREQUENCY. In addition to produce consistently fast and smooth plant health. to height of cut, golf course managers greens while endeavoring to maintain With funding from the Tri-State Turf commonly adjust mowing frequency as high-quality turf. Because players ask Research Foundation, Pennsylvania State they intensify their management practices more often about green speed than they University Associate Professor of Turfgrass leading up to the start of a tournament. do about any other golf course condition Management Dr. John Kaminski and Most research on frequency of mowing (Nikolai, 2005), it’s only natural that graduate research assistant Timothy Lulis and ball roll distance has focused on superintendents are laser-focused on green hope to uncover the ideal formula for identifying procedures that reduce the speed and how to best achieve it. prepping greens for tournament play. frequency of mowing while maintaining To date, research involving green speed They plan to: an acceptable green speed. Turfgrass has focused mostly on quantifying managers subscribe to a variety of mowing 1. Explore the influence of various cultural individual cultural practices on ball roll frequencies in an effort to increase speed. and chemical practices on golf course distance, rather than focusing on a specific putting green playability Some of these include: set of cultural practices. The reality is that when turfgrass managers are preparing 2. Examine the impact of these cultural »» single mowing in the morning greens for a tournament, they’re faced with practices on turfgrass quality »» single mowing in the morning integrating a variety of cultural practices 3. Correlate the influence of various and evening into a program to develop the best possible cultural programs with green speed playing surface for a short period of time. »» integrating double cutting into either or from data collected from golf course both morning and evening mowing events Some of the components of a tournament superintendents preparation program may include Double cutting while maintaining a Ultimately, the researchers’ goal is to adjustments to height and frequency consistent height of cut has been shown to identify ways to maximize tournament of cut, lightweight rolling, topdressing, increase ball roll distance (Nikolai, 2004). conditions without adding additional grooming, or vertical mowing. Additional negative stress to plant health from There are many unknowns, however, factors include adjustments in fertility practices that are not resulting in relating to the timing of these increased and irrigation regimes (Nikolai, 2005; playability improvements. mowing frequencies on green speed and Zontec, 1997). plant health. How long, for instance, do Integrating all of these potential cultural WHAT THE RESEARCHERS KNOW… these practices need to be implemented practices into an effective program that prior to the start of an event before any ABOUT MOWING HEIGHT. A common produces the required greens conditions additional benefits are noticed? practice in achieving faster green speeds for a short time period is the goal of a is to lower mowing heights. ABOUT LIGHTWEIGHT ROLLING. This is tournament preparation program. another common practice employed to »» Research has indicated that a decrease in It only follows, then, that quantifying increase ball roll distances on greens. mowing height by .031" can be expected and comparing the effects of all of these Research has shown an increase of as to produce a gain in ball roll of six inches tournament prep practices, collectively, on much as one foot in ball roll distance due (Richards, 2008). the playability of greens would provide to a rolling event (Nikolai, 2004). Most a great resource to golf course managers »» As mowing height is lowered further, research has set out to determine how looking to maximize speeds with the least however, increases in ball roll distances to maintain an adequate green speed possible negative impact on plant health. diminish. while reducing mowing events on golf course greens in order to alleviate some While previous research has shown that »» Reducing mowing heights from 0.156" of the stress on turfgrass due to mowing. a number of factors improve green speed, to 0.125" may increase ball roll by as This is not necessarily the goal during little research is available that investigates much as six inches, while an additional tournament preparation when greens are the influence of multiple factors on increase of six inches in ball roll would

10 NEW RESEARCH (CONTINUED)

Prepping Greens for Tournament Play being maintained to produce unsustainable the soil surface (Zontec, 1997), it has Data collected, and currently being speeds for a short period of time. been shown to actually decrease ball roll analyzed, include ball roll distance, distance for as much as a week, only to firmness, soil moisture, and turfgrass Research has also shown that rolling have ball roll distance increase to greater quality. Trials in 2015 will be based on the is more effective at increasing ball roll than pretopdressing distances (Nikolai, results of this preliminary study. distances when compared to lowering 2005). mowing height (Richards, 2007) and that The researchers will continue to investigate more frequent rolling events per week ABOUT PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS. such factors as mowing height and produced greater gains in ball roll distance. Like mowing and rolling, plant growth mowing frequency, as well as rolling But researchers are divided on this point: regulators (PGRs) also influence green frequencies, topdressing, brushing, and speed, creating both long-term and diurnal grooming. The particulars: »» There is research that shows increasing effects on ball roll distances. the number of rolling events actually has »» Trials will be conducted on various a negative impact on turfgrass quality » Research on the effect of plant growth research putting greens at the Valentine (Hartwiger, 2001) and that turfgrass regulators on ball roll distance is limited, Turfgrass Research Facility located in managers should roll greens, at most, once with some implying that the use of University Park, PA. every other day to spare their greens from PGRs may have only a temporary effect »» Sites have been established with either any negative impact (Hartwiger, 2001; (McCullough, 2005). Penn A-4 creeping bentgrass (Agrostis Nikolai, 2004). » Plant growth regulator use, however, has stolonifera L.) or annual bluegrass (Poa »» Still other research shows that when shown to consistently improve ball roll annua L.). implemented for short periods of time, distances when diurnal turfgrass growth is »» Studies will be repeated on the different rolling daily has been shown to have considered (McCullough, 2005). And we turfgrass species in an effort to evaluate a limited negative impact on turfgrass all know that consistency in green speed the influence of two species commonly quality (Richards, 2007). throughout the day is an important factor used on golf course putting greens in the when trying to produce optimal conditions »» Despite these differences of opinion, northern United States. throughout the duration of a tournament. there does seem to be consensus on the »» Studies will also be conducted at various fact that rolling during periods of high PLAN OF ACTION times of the year to represent seasonal temperature stress will put your turfgrass variation in environmental conditions. quality at risk (Young, 2012). The researchers plan to spend the next 2: three years obtaining the preliminary Conduct a superintendent survey. Additional research under varying data needed to then focus their efforts Numerous golf course superintendents environmental conditions is necessary to on finding the ultimate formula host tournaments of varying levels, and fine-tune the influence of rolling on green for maximizing green speeds while routinely, numerous data are collected. speed and plant health. maintaining golf course putting green When pooled, this data could provide ABOUT TOPDRESSING, GROOMING, OR playability during tournament play. Here is valuable insight into the management BRUSHING. These cultural practices their plan of action. practices and environmental conditions generally are used to lift prostrate leaf that influence ball roll, as well as plant 1: Evaluate the effect of chemical and blades into a vertical position thereby health. cultural practices on green speed and allowing a more even cut with a mower maintenance programs. During the 2014 »» In 2015, a survey will be developed and and a smoother surface. growing season, Dr. Kaminski and Lulis delivered to golf course superintendents to »» Grooming and vertical mowing are also began their research with a field study to assess the impact of these individual and capable of removing leaf and thatch. There examine the influence of mowing heights combined management practices on green is limited research on the effect of each of and mowing frequency on putting green speed. these practices on ball roll distance, but it playability. The study evaluated: »» Future plans, pending preliminary appears that they may have little, if any, »» three mowing heights: 0.085", 0.100", information, will be to develop a more affect on green speed (Salaiz, 1995). and 0.115" refined data collection method in » » While topdressing has the additional (continued on page 12) »» several mowing frequencies: single cut, benefit of filling voids and firming up double cut, and double-double cut 11 NEW RESEARCH (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 11) TRI-STATE TURF RESEARCH FOUNDATION

BOARD OF DIRECTORS cooperation with the PGA and USGA green playability during short periods PRESIDENT TREASURER to take advantage of the copious data of time, such as those needed to host Matt Ceplo, CGCS Blake Halderman, CGCS Rockland Country Club collected during weekly events on the a tournament. Recommendations will VICE PRESIDENTS SECRETARY respective tours. ultimately be developed that can be Tony Girardi, CGCS Russ MacPhail adapted to the environmental conditions, Rockrimmon Country Club Garden City Country Club EXPECTATIONS turfgrass species, and other factors Matt Topazio commonly influencing putting green New York Country Club In the end, the researchers hope to fine- speed. tune the management practices into a CAGCS Jason Booth, CGCS Les Kennedy Jr., CGCS definitive program that will help golf For further information on Dr. Kaminski’s New Haven Country Club The Blind Brook Club course superintendents maximize their research, you can reach him at [email protected]. Scott Niven, CGCS green speeds and golf course putting The Stanwich Club GCSANJ Chris Carson Les Carpenter Echo Lake Country Club Newtown Country Club PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1) Stephen Finamore, CGCS Alpine Country Club

HVGCSA Grover Alexander Matt Topazio A Little Support Goes a Long Way Hudson Hills Golf Club New York Country Club Steven Whipple West Point Golf Club

DOES OUR LIGCSA WHERE With your contributions over the past RESEARCH COME FROM? John Carlone, CGCS Gerry Kunkel decade and a half, we have committed Meadow Brook Club Pine Hollow Country Club well over half a million dollars to research We support research projects from all local Russ MacPhail designed to produce exemplary golf Garden City Country Club universities conducting trials pertinent courses. But this has not been done with to the research needs of superintendents METGCSA ease. For as long as I can remember, we Matt Ceplo, CGCS Tony Girardi, CGCS in our area. As you will see in this issue, have been trying to accumulate enough Rockland Country Club Rockrimmon Country Club we are currently funding two research savings to essentially “live off the interest.” Blake Halderman, CGCS studies at Rutgers, another at Penn State, Brae Burn Country Club But instead, we have been essentially living and another at Cornell. We have also hand-to-mouth—able to support projects MGA supported research at both URI and Jay Mottola Ned Steiner but not grow our savings. the University of Connecticut and have Gene Westmoreland worked with well-respected researchers Making matters worse is that donations EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR SECRETARY from each of these universities, including have dropped over the past several years Ed Brockner Susan O'Dowd Dr. James Murphy, Dr. Bruce Clarke, Dr. while costs have risen. That is why I Albrecht Koppenhoffer, Dr. Frank Rossi, am asking you, now, to join the list of ADVISORY SUPPORT Dr. Jason Henderson, Dr. John Kaminski, contributors you see in the center of this Dr. Bruce Clarke Dr. Kimberly Erusha Dr. Stephen Alm, and Dr. Bingru Huang. newsletter. To all of you listed there, I’d Rutgers University USGA These are some of the best turf minds in like to extend a big thank you. If your Dr. Michael Kenna Dr. Frank Rossi all of turf research. We are fortunate to be name is not on the list, please think USGA Cornell University surrounded by such great institutions and seriously about making a Tri-State Turf PAST PRESIDENTS researchers. Research Foundation donation a line item John Carlone, CGCS Tim O'Neill, CGCS in your budget. It is truly such a small Chris Carson Larry Pakkala, CGCS IS KEY TO THE Les Kennedy Jr., CGCS Paul Pritchard, CGCS WHAT price to pay for the valuable research you TRI-STATE’S SUCCESS? Stephen Matuza, CGCS Bob Ranum receive in return. Together, we can work Scott Niven, CGCS John Streeter, CGCS John O'Keefe, CGCS Ed Walsh, CGCS toward supporting the research we need to Our ability to successfully fund the preserve not only the quality of golf turf, FOUNDATION NEWS STAFF research we need to combat new turf but also the vitality and integrity of the EDITOR MANAGING EDITOR diseases and issues comes down to one game of golf. John Carlone, CGCS Pandora Wojick thing: Your financial support. FOUNDATION NEWS is published by the Tri-State Turf Research Foundation 49 Knollwood Road, Elmsford, NY 10523-2819 TEL: 914-347-4653 FAX: 914-347-3437 ©2014

12 CONTRIBUTORS RUMSON COUNTRY CLUB Ben Stover SILVER LAKE GOLF COURSE Special Thanks to Douglas Johnstone SPRING BROOK COUNTRY CLUB Our 2014 Contributors Robert Carey SPRING LAKE GOLF CLUB/NJ e’d like to thank our contributors for their generous show of support to the Joshua Reiger Tri-State Turf Research Foundation. Your contributions go a long way toward TAVISTOCK COUNTRY CLUB helpingW the foundation continue its mission “to provide turfgrass research for better Thomas Grimac, CGCS golf and a safer environment.” We hope those of you on the list will continue to support THE RIDGEWOOD COUNTRY CLUB/NJ the foundation’s work. We also hope you will encourage more of your fellow turfgrass Todd Raisch, CGCS professionals to add their names to the growing list of contributors. UPPER MONTCLAIR COUNTRY CLUB Michael Brunelle

HUDSON VALLEY GCSA CONNECTICUT AGCS GCSA OF NEW JERSEY HUDSON HILLS GOLF COURSE BIRCHWOOD COUNTRY CLUB ALPINE COUNTRY CLUB Grover Alexander Justin Gabrenas Stephen Finamore, CGCS MILLBROOK GOLF & TENNIS CLUB BLIND BROOK CLUB ARCOLA COUNTRY CLUB Dan Wilber Lester Kennedy Jr., CGCS Paul Dotti NEW YORK COUNTRY CLUB BROOKLAWN COUNTRY CLUB Matthew Topazio Peter Bly Mark Kuhns, CGCS WACCABUC COUNTRY CLUB COUNTRY CLUB OF FAIRFIELD CRESTMONT COUNTRY CLUB Douglas George David Koziol Peter Pedrazzi Jr. COUNTRY CLUB OF NEW CANAAN ECHO LAKE COUNTRY CLUB LONG ISLAND GCSA Michael Reeb, CGCS Christopher Carson ATLANTIC GOLF CLUB CLINTON COUNTRY CLUB ESSEX FELLS COUNTRY CLUB Robert Ranum Michael Decker Richard LaFlamme FRESH MEADOW COUNTRY CLUB FISHER’S ISLAND CLUB FAIRMOUNT COUNTRY CLUB Joseph Gardner Jr. Donald Beck Vincent Bracken GARDEN CITY COUNTRY CLUB MADISON COUNTRY CLUB/CT FARMSTEAD GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB Russell MacPhail Mike Chrzanowski Robert Phoebus NEW HAVEN COUNTRY CLUB HAWORTH COUNTRY CLUB David Pughe Jason Booth, CGCS Timothy Garceau GLEN HEAD COUNTRY CLUB ORANGE HILLS COUNTRY CLUB LIBERTY NATIONAL GOLF CLUB Ken Lochridge Jud Smith Gregory James GLEN OAKS CLUB PEQUABUCK GOLF CLUB MADISON GOLF CLUB Craig Currier Kevin Jaracy Patrick Quinlan HEMPSTEAD GOLF CLUB PINE ORCHARD YACHT & COUNTRY CLUB MENDHAM GOLF & TENNIS CLUB Joseph Tamborski, CGCS Peter Gorman Christopher Boyle, CGCS HUNTINGTON COUNTRY CLUB RIDGEWOOD COUNTRY CLUB/CT MONTAMMY GOLF CLUB Glenn Creutz David Kerr, CGCS James Swiatlowski HUNTINGTON CRESCENT CLUB SILVERMINE GOLF CLUB MONTCLAIR GOLF CLUB Harry Bahrenburg Lawrence Pakkala, CGCS Gregory Vadala, CGCS MAIDSTONE CLUB THE HARTFORD GOLF CLUB MOUNTAIN RIDGE COUNTRY CLUB John Genovesi, CGCS Jonathan Burke Cliff Moore MEADOW BROOK CLUB THE STANWICH CLUB PINE VALLEY GOLF CLUB John Carlone, CGCS Scott Niven, CGCS Richard Christian Jr. MILL POND GOLF CLUB THE TRADITION GOLF CLUB AT OAK LANE PLAINFIELD COUNTRY CLUB James Vogel Clay Pedigo Travis Pauley NATIONAL GOLF LINKS OF AMERICA WEE BURN COUNTRY CLUB PREAKNESS HILLS COUNTRY CLUB William Salinetti III, CGCS Douglas Drugo John O’Keefe, CGCS NISSEQUOGUE GOLF CLUB WETHERSFIELD COUNTRY CLUB ROXITICUS GOLF CLUB Jeffrey Hemphill, CGCS Allen Woodward Justin Dorman NORTH HEMPSTEAD COUNTRY CLUB FAIRVIEW COUNTRY CLUB WESTCHESTER COUNTRY CLUB Thomas Kaplun Vincent Pavonetti, CGCS David Dudones NORTH HILLS COUNTRY CLUB FENWAY GOLF CLUB WILLOW RIDGE COUNTRY CLUB/NY Peter Nystrom Robert Alonzi Jr. Bert Dickinson, CGCS GOLF CLUB OF PURCHASE John Streeter, CGCS Robert Miller Stephen Rabideau, CGCS OLD WESTBURY GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB INNIS ARDEN GOLF CLUB WOODWAY COUNTRY CLUB Thomas McAvoy, CGCS Neil Laufenberg Jamie Kapes PINE HOLLOW COUNTRY CLUB WYKAGYL COUNTRY CLUB Gerard Kunkel Kevin Stanya Daniel Rogers PLANDOME COUNTRY CLUB LEEWOOD GOLF CLUB Ken Frank Timothy Walker, CGCS CORPORATIONS QUOGUE FIELD CLUB MANHATTAN WOODS GOLF CLUB AARO ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORP. John Bradley Jr. Jesse Shannon Rick Spadalik ROCKVILLE LINKS COUNTRY CLUB METROPOLIS COUNTRY CLUB ALL PRO HORTICULTURE, INC. Luke Knutson David Morrow John Seib SANDS POINT GOLF CLUB MILL RIVER CLUB/NY AQUATROLS, INC. Pat Ryan Steven Sweet Kevin Collins SEAWANE CLUB MOUNT KISCO COUNTRY CLUB COOMBS SOD FARM, LLC Brian Benedict Andrew Agnew John Coombs SHINNECOCK HILLS GOLF CLUB NORTH JERSEY COUNTRY CLUB DOUBLE ‘D’ TURF, LLC Jonathan Jennings, CGCS Tyler Otero Dennis DeSanctis Sr. SOUTHAMPTON GOLF CLUB OLD OAKS COUNTRY CLUB GRASS ROOTS, INC. Jim Choinski Mark Millett Kenneth Kubik SOUTHWARD HO COUNTRY CLUB PELHAM COUNTRY CLUB GRIGG BROS. FOLIAR FERTILIZERS James Stewart Jeffrey Wentworth, CGCS Gordon Kauffman S.S. OLD WESTBURY QUAKER RIDGE GOLF CLUB GROWTH PRODUCTS, LTD. Ben Parker Thomas Ashfield Howie Gold TAM O'SHANTER CLUB REDDING COUNTRY CLUB HARRELL’S TURF SPECIALTY Branden Houghtaling Brett Chapin Joseph Stahl III THE BRIDGE ROCKLAND COUNTRY CLUB JAMES BARRETT ASSOCIATES, INC. Gregg Stanley, CGCS Matthew Ceplo, CGCS James Barrett THE GREENS GOLF CLUB ROCKRIMMON COUNTRY CLUB JAMES CARRIERE & SONS, INC. Thomas Cosenza Anthony Girardi, CGCS William Carriere WHEATLEY HILLS GOLF CLUB ROLLING HILLS COUNTRY CLUB METRO TURF SPECIALISTS Ben Orlowski Glenn Perry, CGCS Scott Apgar WOODMERE CLUB ROUND HILL CLUB OCEAN ORGANICS Timothy Benedict, CGCS Sean Foley Doug Middleton SCARSDALE GOLF CLUB PLANT FOOD COMPANY, INC. METGCSA Matthew Severino Grant Platz ANGLEBROOK GOLF CLUB SHOREHAVEN GOLF CLUB STORR TRACTOR CO. Louis Quick, CGCS Shannon Slevin Mary Lou DesChamps BACK O'BEYOND, INC. SILVER SPRING COUNTRY CLUB SYNGENTA Michael Maffei, CGCS Peter Rappoccio, CGCS Lee Kozsey BONNIE BRIAR COUNTRY CLUB SIWANOY COUNTRY CLUB THE CARDINALS, INC. Nicholas Lerner Steven McGlone John Callahan BRAE BURN COUNTRY CLUB SLEEPY HOLLOW COUNTRY CLUB TURF PRODUCTS CORP. Blake Halderman, CGCS Thomas Leahy, CGCS John Ferry COLD SPRING COUNTRY CLUB ST. 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