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New Hybrid Systems of Heat Recovery: Thermal Modeling and Optimization

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New Hybrid Systems of Heat Recovery: Thermal Modeling and Optimization New hybrid systems of heat recovery : thermal modeling and optimization Hassan Jaber To cite this version: Hassan Jaber. New hybrid systems of heat recovery : thermal modeling and optimization. Electric power. Université d’Angers, 2019. English. NNT : 2019ANGE0079. tel-03249321 HAL Id: tel-03249321 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03249321 Submitted on 4 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE D'ANGERS COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE COLE OCTORALE N E D ° 602 Sciences pour l'Ingénieur Spécialité : Energétique-Thermique-Combustion Par M. Hassan JABER Nouveaux systèmes hybrides de récupération de chaleur : modélisation thermique et optimisation New hybrid systems of heat recovery: thermal modeling and optimization Thèse présentée et soutenue à Angers, le 9 Juillet 2019 Unité de recherche : LARIS EA 7315 Thèse N° : JURY Président : M. Laurent AUTRIQUE Professeur, Polytech Angers Rapporteurs : M. Daniel BOUGEARD Professeur, IMT Lille Douai M. Stéphane FOHANNO Professeur, Université de Reims Directeur de thèse : M. Thierry LEMENAND Maître de conférences HDR, Polytech Angers Co-directeur de thèse : M. Mahmoud KHALED Maître de conférences HDR, LIU University (Liban) M. Mohamad RAMADAN Maître de conférences, LIU University (Liban) Table des matières Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1. Etude bibliographique .............................................................................................. 5 1.1 Bref bilan de la récupération de chaleur des gaz d'échappement ........................................................ 9 1.2 Revue des techniques de récupération de la chaleur perdue dans les applications domestiques ...... 19 1.3 Revue de la récupération de chaleur des gaz d’échappement : sources, moyens et applications...... 37 1.4 Revue de la récupération de chaleur des gaz d'échappement à l'aide de générateurs thermoélectriques ................................................................................................................................................................ 73 Chapitre 2. Système de Cogénération Thermoélectrique Domestique : analyse d'optimisation, consommation d'énergie et réduction des émissions de CO2 ........................ 99 Chapitre 3. Système de Cogénération Thermoélectrique Domestique - Analyses paramétriques et études de cas ................................................................................................ 119 3.1 Effet de la température des gaz d'échappement sur les performances d'un système de récupération de chaleur hybride...................................................................................................................................... 121 3.2 Systeme de cogeneration thermoelectrique domestique : analyse d'optimisation - effet du changement de volume d'eau .................................................................................................................................... 131 3.3 Effet de la charge du générateur sur le système de récupération de chaleur hybride ...................... 137 3.4 Système de récupération de chaleur hybride appliqué aux gaz d'échappement - Modélisation thermique et étude de cas ...................................................................................................................... 145 Chapitre 4. Système de séchage et de cogénération thermoélectrique domestique ............ 159 Chapitre 5. Utilisation d'un réservoir multitube pour la récupération de chaleur à partir de gaz d'échappement : analyses d'optimisation......................................................................... 177 5.1 Simulation numérique d'échangeur de chaleur à plusieurs tubes: analyse d'optimisation .............. 179 5.2 Étude expérimentale sur la récupération de chaleur à l'aide d'un réservoir multi-tubes: effet de la modification de la forme de la tête ........................................................................................................ 191 Chapitre 6. Conclusions et perspectives.................................................................................. 201 Références .................................................................................................................................. 207 I ` Introduction La Conférence des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique de 2015, la COP 21, qui s'est tenue à Paris, a impliqué 195 pays à légiférer pour mettre en place des conditions permettant d'atténuer l'augmentation de la température mondiale [1]. Le principal objectif de l'accord était de limiter le taux d'augmentation de la température de la Terre à moins de 2°C. Cela impose une réduction importante des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (principalement du dioxyde et du monoxyde de carbone). La quantité globale de production de dioxyde de carbone est fonction de la population, de la consommation individuelle, de l'énergie par service et de la production de dioxyde de carbone par unité d'énergie. Premièrement, notre population mondiale augmente (à un taux de 1,11% en 2017 [2]). Deuxièmement, la consommation individuelle augmente en raison de l'évolution du style de vie et des besoins humains. Ces deux premiers paramètres ne peuvent en aucun cas être facilement contrôlés ou réduits, même par des approches technologiques. Il est donc nécessaire de minimiser les deux paramètres restants : l’énergie par service et la production de dioxyde de carbone par énergie. Il est possible de réduire l’énergie par service en diminuant l’utilisation des sources d’énergie non renouvelables ou en diminuant les pertes d’énergie. D'autre part, la production de dioxyde de carbone peut être réduite en utilisant des sources d'énergie propres ou en réduisant l'énergie dissipée dans l'environnement. Cela implique que la réduction de la quantité de dioxyde de carbone produite dans le monde peut être obtenue par une gestion de l’énergie et/ou l’utilisation de l’énergie alternative. L'énergie alternative est une énergie non-destructrice de l'environnement qui peut remplacer l'énergie traditionnelle qui repose sur des sources d'énergie fossiles. L'énergie solaire, éolienne, la biomasse, l’énergie des marées, de l'hydroélectricité, de la géothermie et des piles à combustible sont les principaux types d'énergie de remplacement. D'autre part, la gestion de l'énergie peut être obtenue par l'optimisation du système, la récupération d'énergie ou les deux. La récupération d'énergie vise à capter ou chaleur fatale provenant de diverses applications et à l'utiliser à différentes fins. La majeure partie de l'énergie gaspillée est rejetée sous forme d'énergie thermique et principalement par le biais de fluides de refroidissement ou de gaz d'échappement de plusieurs applications telles que les moteurs à combustion interne, les cheminées, les fours, les pompes à chaleur, les refroidisseurs et les générateurs. Typiquement, environ 30% à 40% de l'énergie d'entrée d'un moteur à combustion interne sont dissipés par les gaz d'échappement et le fluide caloporteur, respectivement [3]. La récupération de chaleur [4] à partir de l'énergie thermique dissipée est l'une des principales nouvelles technologies mises en avant pour réduire la consommation d'énergie et maximiser l'utilisation de l'énergie. On estime qu'environ un tiers de l'énergie absorbée est dissipée dans l'environnement sans en tirer parti [5]. Cette énergie thermique libérée pourrait être utilisée afin de diminuer l'apport d'énergie. Il est possible de réduire la consommation de carburant d’environ 10% en récupérant 6% de la chaleur rejetée dans les gaz d’échappement d’un moteur à combustion interne (MCI) [6]. En outre, une réduction de 1% de la consommation de carburant d'une chaudière est obtenue lorsque l'air de combustion est chauffé à 200°C de plus ou lorsque l'eau alimentée par la chaudière est chauffée à 60°C de plus [7]. La chaleur récupérée peut être utilisée directement comme énergie thermique pour chauffer un autre liquide ou gaz (eau ou chauffage), pour être stockée sous forme de chaleur sensible ou latente ou pour produire de l'électricité à l'aide de 1 générateurs thermoélectriques (GTE) pour une application à basse température ou d'un cycle de Rankine pour les applications à haute température. Les principaux défis en matière de récupération de chaleur ne sont pas représentés de nos jours par la recherche de nouvelles sources de chaleur perdue. Toutefois, ils peuvent être décrits en proposant de nouvelles méthodes d’extraction de la chaleur dissipée ou en suggérant de nouveaux systèmes hybrides composés d’étapes de récupérations multiples optimisant l’utilisation de l’énergie et améliorant l’efficacité globale du système. Sur la base du contexte présenté ci-dessus, l’objet de ces travaux de thèse est de proposer de nouveaux systèmes/concepts de récupération de chaleurs hybrides à partir des gaz d’échappement et de réaliser des études de cas et des analyses paramétriques afin de prédire
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