The Limits of Arbitrage: Evidence from Dual-Listed Companies Abe de Jong Erasmus University Rotterdam
[email protected] Leonard Rosenthal Bentley College
[email protected] Mathijs A. van Dijk Erasmus University Rotterdam
[email protected] May 2003 Correspondence Mathijs A. van Dijk Department of Financial Management (Room F4-21) Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31 10 408 2748 Fax : +31 10 408 9017 The Limits of Arbitrage: Evidence from Dual-Listed Companies Abstract We study the limits of arbitrage in international equity markets by examining a sample of dual-listed companies (DLCs). DLCs are the result of a merger in which both companies remain incorporated independently. DLCs have structured corporate agreements that allocate current and future equity cash flows to the shareholders of the parent companies according to a fixed ratio. This implies that in integrated and efficient financial markets, the stock prices of the parent companies will move together perfectly. Therefore, DLCs offer a unique opportunity to study market efficiency and the roles of noise traders and arbitrageurs in equity markets. We examine all 13 known DLCs that currently exist or have existed. We show that for all DLCs large deviations from the theoretical price ratio occur. The difference between the relative price of a DLC and the theoretical ratio is often larger than 10 percent in absolute value and occasionally reaches levels of 20 to 50 percent. Moreover, deviations from parity vary considerably over time for all DLCs. We find that return differentials between the DLC parent companies can to a large extent be attributed to co-movement with domestic stock market indices, consistent with Froot and Dabora (1999).