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Index

Abrahamic thought 216 anti-sex trafficking Abu Ghraib 65 emancipation of women, and 97–8 acedia (spiritual crisis) 172–3 freedom, interpretation of 97, Advaita 4, 10–11, 22, 185–6, 99–100 216–17 policy development 96–100 Afary, Janet 190 policy limitations 98–100 affect theory prosecution-oriented strategies 98 affect, meaning 165–6 root cause, failure to deal with decolonization 167–8 99–100 deferral of freedom, and 170–71 Asad, Talal 215 despair, and 171–5 autonomy 223–4 emotions, role of 167–8 awareness, non-dualist approaches to feminist affect theory 165–70, 220–22 173–4, 183, 229, 233 freedom and unfreedom 153, bardo (Buddhist state of) 189 169–70 Baxi, Uprenda 34–5, 158 intimate, focus of 167–8 Beijing World Conference for Women normative construction, reparative 1995 95 readings 168–70, 233–4 being and becoming 4, 23, 184 principles of 153, 165–8 becoming the ‘I’ 212–13, 225–6 shame, affect of 167–9 being as freedom vs. freedom to be Afghanistan 241–8 rescue of women, as conflict aim doing, and 226–7 102, 136–8 timelessness of 223–4 women as combatants 102–4, belligerent subjects 40, 44–5 136–8 Berlant, Lauren 151, 170–71 agnosticism 187 biological gender categorization 91, Ahmed, Sara 70–71, 78 Akka, Shenkottai Avudai 244–6, 249 93, 107–8 Al-Hallaj, Mansur 199 Bollywood Alavid Shi’ism 192 happy endings 71–2 alterity queer representations 72–4, 76–7 epistemology, role in 201–3 brittle subjects 223–4 film representations of 72–4, 76–7, Brown, Wendy 42, 152, 155, 159–63 210–13 Buddhism 215, 243 freedom, framing of 145–6 cause and effect relationships 187–8 veiling bans, and 126–35 consciousness, role of 187 Ana al-Haq (I am the truth) 199 freedom, approach to 4, 21–2, Anderson, Kevin B. 190 187–90

293

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Mahayana Buddhism 167, 184, linear progression view 6–7, 218 186–90 maturity, influences of 93 non-self, theory of 21–2 Cologne sexual assaults 85–6, 105 reincarnation 188–9 colonialism subjectivity, role in 188–9 contextual perceptions 59–60, 122 burkini 131 cultural difference, views on 93, burqua see veiling 122 Buss, Doris 90 liberalism, influences on 36–8 Butler, Judith 57–8, 92, 137, 223–5 rejection of 167–8 consciousness Cairo Conference on Population and freedom, and 187, 234–5 Development 1994 95 non-dualist awareness, and 220–27, capitalism 234–5 femme economicus 87, 160 ‘I’-thought 221–7 homo economicus 71–5, 157–8, consumer-citizens 72–5 160–61 rights strategies, role in 15, 160–61 human rights policy development, Cornell, Drucilla 193, 196 and 156–7, 159 Cossman, Brenda 76 carceral 16, 19, 86, 89, 96–9, 104, counter-hegemonic critiques 180–85 106–7, 132, 164 criminal law carcerality homosexuality, recriminalizing 44, control feature, as 105–8, 164 55–6, 61–2, 72–3, 210–11 others, as belligerent subjects 40, human rights, criminality vs 44–5 legitimacy 61–2 care offender profiling 107 ethic of care 101–2 sex industry criminalization, self-care, 194, 230 implications of 96–7 Cartesian moments 193–4 solutions to social problems, as Cartesian subjects 187, 194–5, 198, 105–6 225–6 violence against women, chador see veiling intervention in 97, 105 Charlesworth, Hilary 109 Crowning Wish, The (film) 210–13 Charlie Hebdo (magazine) 85 cruel optimism 153, 170–71, 197, 229 Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish cruelty 30–36, 44–5 (film) 210–13 cultural collectives Christianity emancipation, and 37 education, recognition in 126–8 human rights role 36–8 epistemology of 215–16 liberalism, conflicts with 36–7 homophobic evangelicism 63–4 ‘them’/’us’ perception 36–40 secularism, understanding of 215 culture and tradition suicide 248 backwardness, perceptions of 6–8, civil and political rights 34 17, 63, 93, 94, 122, 130–31 civilization cultural relativism 23, 145, 181, see also First/Third World divide 184 hierarchies, influences on rights freedom, indigenous practices 36–7, development 94 157–8 liberal approach 6–7, 42–3 gender assumptions 101

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markers of, removal implications alterity, role of 201–3 126–9, 144–5 benefits 166–7 narratives, human rights counter-hegemonic critiques 180–85 development through failures in, causes 172–3, 182–3, re-reading 158–9 200–201 obstacles to freedom, as 14, 144–5 linear and non-linear time 218–21 veiling ban cases 122–35 Mahayana Buddhism, of 167, 184, 186–90 Dabashi, Hamid 183 non-dualist approaches 216–17, 240 Dahlab v. Switzerland 124 non-liberal, features of 197, Davies, Margaret 92–3 200–201, 214–15 de Sousa Santos, Boaventura 152, non-Western traditions 215–16 155, 157–9, 197 religion, limitations for 215–16 deconstructionism 186–7 shift in, need for 163–4 Delhi rape case 16, 86, 88, 105 error democracy correction of 221–2 human rights and freedom, epistemic 230 relationship with 161–3 freedom from 153 market influences on 163 liberal perceptions of freedom deportation 86 174–5 dervish 198–200 root 221, 233 despair 171–5 ethnic nationalism 156 Devi, Mahasweta 168–9 eunuchs 246–7 discernment 1, 10, 12, 20, 24, 146, European Court of Human Rights 174, 221–3, 226, 231, 234 veiling cases 122–5 disenfranchised persons, freedom of 8–9, 11 failed subjects 21, 22, 42–3, 79, 132, Donnelly, Jack 34 211–13, 210–13, 232, 249–50 Dostana (film) 72–4, 76–7, 211 Fanon, Franz 167–8 Douzinas, Costas 152, 155–8 fasting 247–8 Draupadi (short story) 168–9 fear, freedom from 30, 242–3 dreaming, states of 220 feminism, generally see also post-colonial feminism economic, social and cultural rights 34 activism trends 108–9 education 43–4 Anglo-American feminism, taking a emancipation, generally break from 108–10 human rights as vehicle for 154–6 governance feminism 16, 95, emancipation of women 104–5, 109 consumption practices 137–8 institutional attitudes to 109 facial visibility as symbol of 137 international human rights law, femme economicus 87, 160 place within 108–9 embodiment liberal challenges for 108–9 becoming the ‘I’ 212–13, 225–6 obstacle to freedom, as an 108–9 sexual identity, and 211–13 political spirituality theory, criticism epistemology of 195 affect theory critiques 166–7, 183 vulnerable subjects, and 40–42

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Western and globalization alternative framing of 145–6, 153, influences 110–111 244–51 feminist affect theory 165–70, 173–4, contemporary acquiescence, as 183, 229, 233 240–41 feminist legal scholarship cultural interpretations 36–7, gender categorization, and 90–91 157–8 post-colonial feminist theories 92–3 cultural obstacles to 14 sex and sexuality interpretations 91 cultural practices, and 157–8 femme economicus 87, 160 deferral of 170–71 Fernando, Mayanthi 133, 136 despair, and 171–5 Fineman, Martha 41–2 displacement 23 First/ Third World divide from error 153 femininity, civilizational differences fear, from 242–3 93, 122 historical definition 1 gender categorization 89, 93 from identification of the self post-colonial feminist thinking, and 247–8 110–111 ideology, as an 155 sexual liberation and repression illusions of 153–5, 174–5 conflicts 66–7, 76 individual autonomy, and 157–8 victimization of Third World individualism, relationship with women 89 228–9 forced labour 98 liberal articulations 1, 3–7, 10, Foucault, Michael 4, 21–2, 35, 160, 12–13, 21–2, 121 201 market influences 15, 160–63 feminist criticism of 195 metaphors of 10–13 Iranian Revolution, on 190–92, non-corporeal freedom 247–8 195–6 non-dualist articulations 1, 4, liberal individualism 195–6 10–11, 184, 189–90, 199–200, non-liberal influences 196 229–32 political spirituality theory 22, non-liberalist articulations 4, 10–12, 184–5, 190–97 21–2, 201–3 power relations 70, 92–3, 180, 197 passion and dispassion, and 198–9 sexuality, repressive hypothesis philosophical approaches 4 196–7 political theologies, role of 157–8 France from prescribed legal space gender equality, conditions of 198–200 131–6 rebellious and revolutionary nature neutral secularism 126–9 of 157 othering of French Muslim women religion, role in 157–9 130–34 reparative readings 165–70, 233–4 personal vs. national identity self-reflection, through 4, 247–8 conflicts 131–4 sexual surveillance, and 105 same-sex marriage 64 struggle, narratives of 158–9 veiling bans 17, 125–34 through rights 229 freedom, generally turn away option 152–3 see also liberal freedom uncoupling from human rights Advaita 4, 10–11, 22, 185–6, 152–3, 156, 230 216–17 universal assumptions 23

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freedom of choice shame, role of 167–9 human rights, role in 31–6, 41, 164 social construction, interpretation as individualism, and 126–33, 164 91–3 national identity vs. religion stereotypes 87–8, 90 conflicts 127–35 gender imperialism 88 unfreedom, forced choices as Germany 128–35, 164 Cologne sexual assaults 85–6, 105 veiling bans 130–32, 141–3, 164 Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz 195 freedom of expression Ghosh, Rituparno 210–213 gender equality, and 129–35 global gay identity 60–61, 66–8, 71 veiling bans 127–8, 134–5 globalization freedom of religion consumer-citizens, rights of 15, right to die 247–50 72–5, 160–61 veiling bans 122–7 planetary marketplace 157, 160–61 Golder, Ben 35–6, 154–5 gay international 60–61, 66–8, 75–6 good life gender binaries cruel optimism 171 distancing from 93 human rights, and 28, 33–4, 43–4, governance feminism 104–5, 109 46, 151–3, 171 law, role in 90–95 governance feminism 104–5, 109 militarism and war 102–3 examples of 95–105 UN Resolutions on women, peace grief and security, in 101–2 collective responses 57–8 unfreedom, as 16 liveable life, interpretation of 57–8 visibility, and 232–3, 246–7 public expressions 169 gender equality rage, and 57–8 conflicts within 129 grievable lives 57–8 discriminatory nature of 129 non-recognition 137–8 scrutiny, need for 144–5, 157 secularism, conflicts with 17, Halley, Janet 104, 108–10 126–35 happiness sexual violence, influences on conformity, and the unhappy queer attitudes to 87–8 71–2, 79 veiling practices 17, 43–4, 126–35 film perceptions of 72–4 vs. freedom of expression 129–35 happy endings 71–2 gender, generally happy queers 69–75 biological determination 91, 93, human rights role in 28, 33–5, 107–8 43–4, 46, 151–3, 163–4 categorization 89, 91–2 same-sex relationships, recognition cultural assumptions 101 212–13 international law, place in 90–91 harm or injury, recognition of 57–9 interpretations of 89 Hasson, Kevin J. 35 male dominance 91–2 headscarf bans see veiling post-structural interpretations 92–3 Hermeneutics of the Subject, The power relations, and 92–3 (book) 193 regulatory power of 92–3 hijab see veiling securitization of 101–2 hijras 246

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298 Gender, alterity and human rights

Hinduism extremist pressure, role against 123 epistemology of 215 freedom, relationship with 1–2, Hindu Right, position of 216–17 152–3 sexual diversity, restrictions on fundamentalism 39 71–2 good life, and 28, 33–4, 43–4, 46, surveillance of public conduct 151–3, 171 71–2 governance role 35–6 HIV/AIDS 57 happiness, and 28, 33–5, 43–4, 46, homo economicus 151–3, 163–4 human rights and freedom 157–8, harm or injury, recognition 57–8 160–61 historical influences on 29 queer theory, and 71–5 illiberal transformation, and 43 rise of 71 homo politicus 155, 160–62 illusions of freedom 153–5, 174–5 homosexuality individual autonomy, and 157–8 see also LGBT interventions, contextual limitations cultural narratives, changing 59–60 attitudes through 158–9 liberal values, and 28–9, 174–5 decriminalizing 44, 61–2 liberalism of fear, and 30–35, 44–7, recriminalizing 44, 55–6, 61–2, 159–60 72–3, 210–211 limitations of 31 Hoskote, Ranjit 243 negative liberty, and 28, 32 human beings neoliberal capitalism, and 156–7, avowed vs. disavowed, 159 interpretations 151 non humans, interpretation 58 categorization, influences on 58–60, normative influences on 164 151 ‘othering’ of 36–40 hierarchy of 29, 45, 56, 58, 240 paradoxes 159–60 worth and value, market influences political goals, and 28–9 on 107–8, 160–63 pragmatism, and 154–5, 162 human dignity purpose 123 freedom, and 157–8 reduction of suffering, and 30–36, liberalism of fear, and 33–4 239 veiling bans, and 125–8 religion, role in 157–9 human rights, generally see also LGBT rights reparative turn 165–70, 233–4 alternative to, limitations on 163–4 repressive hypothesis 35–6 alternatives to 156 rights inflation 33–4 challenges to 156 sexual marginalization 58–9 choice, role of 31–6, 41, 164 sexuality normalizing, and 60–69 civil and political rights 33–4 specific normative alignment collective vs social rights 33–4 151–2 conformity, imposition of 59–60, subjective vs. institutional rights 121 156 as defence against power 240–41 subjects, perceptions of 40–45 deserving characteristics 57–8 tools of empire, as 155–6, 161–2 despair, and 171–5 transnational focus 28–9 education, role of 43–4 universality, and 36–40

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‘I’, becoming the 212–13 Muslim men, demonization 86, Ignatieff, Michael 33–4, 38, 40–41, 124–5, 129, 135, 138, 144–5 155–6, 162 national identity conflicts with illiberalism 132–5 belligerent subjects, perceptions of negative autonomy, and 138–40 44–5 Shia Islam 190–92, 195–6 colonizing mission of liberalism Western perceptions of 135–6 38–40 Islamic State human rights, transformational role Western condemnation 140 43, 180–83 women, military participation 102, incommensurability 232–5 138–40 India Islamophobia 86 cultural values 86–7 Delhi rape case 86, 105 gender perceptions 86–7 Jainism 247–8 homosexuality, recriminalizing 44, Jihadi Brides 138–9 55–6, 61–2, 72–3, 210–211 jilbab see veiling neoliberalism 55, 71–3, 78, 214 Penal Code, section 377 55, 72–3, Kashmiri Shaivites 242–3 78 Kennedy, David 154–5 philosophical traditions 214–15 Khanna, Ranjana 200 rape law reforms 86–8 Khomeini, Ruhollah (Ayatollah) 191, right to life vs. right to die 247–8 195 sexual diversity, restrictions on Koovagam 246–7 71–2, 77 transgender persons’ rights 246 laïcité 126–7 womanhood, perceptions of 86–7 Lalla (Lalleswari, Lal Ded) 242–3, women’s rights, law reforms 86–7 249 India’s Daughters (documentary) 88 law, generally individualism see also international law freedom, relationship with 228–9 apolitical role of 31 liberal individualism 126–33, 164, sexing and heterosexing of 92–3 239 LGBT rights veiling bans vs. freedom of choice behaviour decriminalizing 44, 126–33, 164 61–2 international law, generally criminality vs legitimacy 61–2 anti-sex trafficking policies 96–100 criticism of 66–7 gender binary focus 90–95 global conflicts 64–5 women’s rights, place in 90–91 governance project, as 68–9 Iranian Revolution 190–92, 195–6 human rights advocacy 61–9 Iravan (deity) 246, 249 interpretations, blurring 61 IS see Islamic State linear regulatory framework 68–9 Islam liveable life, interpretation of 57–8 see also Muslim practices; Muslim naturalization 62–3 women normalization 60–69, 70–71, 75–9 authoritarianism, perceptions of power relations 62–6 124–5 public activism 55–6, 62, 76 good vs. bad Muslims 135–6 pursuit of rights, non-linear 62–3

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queer theory, and 60–61 liberalism racial and cultural influences 63–4, see also liberal freedom 66 autonomy, and 223–4 recognition 69–70 civilization, approaches to 6–7, recriminalizing homosexuality 44, 42–3 55–6, 61–2, 210–211 illiberal threats to 36–40 same-sex relationships, recognition internationalism, and 6 212–13 linear civilization view 6–7, 218 sexual assaults/rape, market influences 107–8, 160–63 non-recognition 58–9 norms of 43–4 UN policy development 66 ‘others,’ concept of 36–40, 66, 102 validation 63–4 paternalism, and 40–41 visibility 55–6, 60–61, 67–8, 232–3, 246–7 post-9/11 influences on 37–40 Western value conflicts 63–4 purpose 31–2 liberal freedom self-actualization 43–4 achievement, means of 28 superior morality of 36–7 articulations of 1, 3–7, 10, 12–13, violence, justification for 44–7 21–2, 121 Western anti-gay conflicts 63–4 assumptions 27 liberalism of fear choice, role of 31–6, 41, 164 human dignity, and 33–4 criticisms 14 paradoxes of rights 159–60 cultural collective restrictions 36–7 reduction of suffering, and 40–41 definition 28 violence and human rights 30–35, as expression of human rights 28–9, 44–7, 159–60 174–5 life, right to 248, 250 happiness, and 28, 33–5, 43–4, 46 liveable life, interpretations of 57–8 human rights creation, and 28–9 ‘living together’, French national negative vs positive rights 31–2 identity 127–35 post-9/11 influences on 37–8 reduction of suffering, and 30–36, MacKinnon, Catharine 91, 110, 228 239 Madan, T.N. 242–3 relationship with freedom, analysis Mahabharata (epic story) 168–9, 210 of 30–45, 228 Mahayana Buddhism 167, 184, separation of 174–5 186–90 transnational focus 28–9 Mahdi (messianic figure) 192 unfreedom, as 46–57 Mahmood, Saba 17, 120, 121, 141–2, universality, and 36–40 145 liberal imaginary 18–23, 142, 163–4 Maitreyi (philosopher) 214 freedom outside 186–90, 213–32 majoritarianism 124 liberal imperialism 8–9, 36–40 Christian 124 civilizing mission, as 39–40, 94 Hindu 72 harmful cultural practices, and 94 religious 128, 163 human rights as tools of 155–6, Mamdani, Mahmood 39 161–2 Manji, Ambreena 90 moral superiority, and 94 marital rape 87 liberal individualism 36–7, 126–33, marriage 164, 239 attitudes towards 77

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queer sexual choice, and 77 natural law 156 same-sex marriage 64, 69–71 neoliberalism Massad, Joseph 68 capitalism, and 156–7, 159 Matilal, Bimal Krishna 215 carcerality, role in 105–8 migration market influence 71, 160–63 deportation 86 rights shifts under 99–100 human rights developments 158–9 Neshat, Shirin 22, 198–200 trafficking, and 98–9 neutral secularism 126–7 women, as forced migrants 97–8 Nāgārjuna 215 militarism and war niqab see veiling aggression vs. humanitarian non-dualism intervention conflicts 155–6 Advaita 4, 10–11, 22, 185–6, gender-based rehabilitation 103, 216–17 137–8 awareness, approaches to 220–22 justifications for 102 consciousness, and 220–27, 234–5 post-conflict normative order 103 epistemology approaches 216–17, rescue of women, perceived need 240 for 102, 135–8 freedom, articulations 1, 4, 10–11, unrecognized and ungrievable lives 184, 189–90, 199–200, 229–32 137–8 incommensurability 232–5 women as combatants 102–4, Indian philosophical thought, in 138–40 214–15 Muslim practices principles of 212–13 gender discrimination, and 123–4 self, perspectives of 221–7, 230 homosexuality, attitudes to 65 time, non-linear progression 218–21 rights limitations 43–4 non-humans 58 veiling 17, 43–4, 122–35, 141–6 non-liberal Muslim women see also non-dualism binary conflicts 134–5 counter-hegemonic critiques 180–85 emancipation restrictions 132–6 epistemology, features of 197, failed subjects, as 132, 141 200–201, 214–15 liberation from veil, relevance freedom, articulations 4, 10–12, 143–6 21–2, 201–3 marginalization 132–3 intellectual pursuits, views on nationality vs. religious choice 202–3 conflicts 132–5, 164 Mahayana Buddhism, and 167, 184, othering 130–34, 145–6 186–90 rescue, perceived need for 102, marginalized groups, implications 135–8 for 15 victims, as 124–5, 127–9, 135–7 threat, as 202 now, concepts of 220–21 national identity Nussbaum, Martha 228 minority interests, recognizability 136 others, liberalist concept of sexual nationalism, and 132–3 belligerent subjects 40, 44–5 social inclusion 136 empowered subjects, and 43–4 veiling bans, and 126–33 incommensurability, and 232–5

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interpretations, them/us/other gay rights, attitudes towards 66–7 36–40, 66, 102, 140 power Islam, conflicts with 86, 124–5, empowered subjects 42–4 129, 135, 138–40, 144–5 human rights as defence against linear time, and 218, 250–51 240–41 men, demonization 86, 102, 124–5, power relations 70, 92–3, 180, 197 129, 135, 138, 144–5 sex and gender, regulatory power of sexual violence 85–6 91–3 threat, as 40, 44–5, 231–2 precarious subjects 239 unfreedom, and 46–7, 140 precarity 15, 43, 56, 68, 75–6, 100, violence, and 44–7, 97, 105 170 women, need for rescue 94, 96–7, prostitution 100, 102, 135–8, 244–5 see also sex industry; sex Otto, Dianne 109 trafficking Overruled (video installation) freedom, as law enforcement 198–200 outcome 96 protectionism, and freedom 101–2 Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah Puttaswamy v. Union of India 79–80 190–91 Pandey, Jyoti Singh 86–7 queer passion and dispassion 198–9 see also LGBT rights peace and security becoming and being 75–9 liberal peace 103–4 coming out narratives 67–8 post-conflict normative order 103 conformity, and the unhappy queer securitization of gender 101–2 71–2, 79 violence against women policy consumer-citizen 70, 72–5 focus 105–8 cosmopolitanism, and 72–4 women as peacemakers 101–2 depoliticization 74–5 women’s rights linked with 101–2 film representations 72–4, 76–7 Persian Sufism 4, 22, 185, 198–200 gay international 60–61, 66–8, 75–6 piety 141–2 gay stereotypes 72–5 planetary marketplace 157, 160–61 global gay 60–61, 66–8, 71 political spirituality theory 22, 184–5, happy queers 69–75 190–97 post-9/11 interpretation 60–61, 65, 67 grief, collective responses 57–8 liveable life, interpretation of 57–8 liberal freedom, influences on marriage, legal and cultural 37–8 conflicts 77 postcolonial feminism 13–14, 17 negative/ positive uses 65, 78–9 developmental influences 94 normalization and respectability feminist legal scholarship 92–3 75–9 First/ Third World divide, and queer desire, visibility of 73–4, 110–111 232–3, 246–7 trends 109–11 queerly queer 232–3 victimization and rescue concept recognition conflicts 69–71, 78–9 94, 96–7, 100, 102 sanitization 68–9, 72–6 postcolonialism self-regulation 75–6

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sexual vs. socio-political uses of 65, right to die 247–50 67 right to equality 144–5, 246 successful queer 213, 232 right to life 248, 250 queer theory rights strategies, generally happiness, reconceptualizing balance, need for 14, 17–19 69–75 consumer agency, and 15 LGBT advocacy and scholarship, criticisms 14, 19–20 and 60–61 freedom, and 1, 3–10 sex/gender binary interpretations governance function 8, 20–21 93 morality of 20–21 social inclusion, and 73–4 motives of 2, 20–21 negative outcomes 8–9, 11–12, rape 17–18, 21 Cologne sexual assaults 85–6, 105 Rorty, Richard 31, 33–4, 40, 43 consent 86 Rudali (short story/film) 169, 199 Delhi rape case 86, 105 Rumi, Jalaluddin 198–9 gay rape, non-recognition 58–9 justifications for 88 Şahin v. Turkey 122–4, 127–8 marital rape 87 Śaṅkara, Adi 185–6, 215–17 rape refugees 85–6 same-sex marriage Rawls, John 28 normative order, place within Realization of the Absolute: The 70–71 Naiṡkarmya Siddhi 217–18 recognition 64, 69–71 regulatory heuristics 68–9 Santhara (fasting) 247–9 religion, generally SAS v. France 127–8, 130, 132 see also freedom of religion Sati (burning of widows) 247 epistemological limitations Scott, Joan Wallace 132–3 215–16 secularism freedom and human rights Christian understanding 215 development, and 157–9 gender equality, conflicts with 17, gender equality conflicts 17 126–35 piety 141–2 national identity, and 126–7 sexism of 158–9 Sedgwick, Eve 4, 21, 166–7, 201 religious fundamentalism 156 Buddhism and freedom theories religious symbols 184, 186–90 bans 125–9 Seely, Stephen D. 193 recognition 125–6 seeker 194, 223, 242, 245, 250–1 reparative turn 165–70, 233, 249, self 184–5 rescue of women being and becoming 188–9, 197, concept of 94, 96–7, 100, 102 212–13, 225–6 perceived need for 102, 135–8, Cartesian subjects 187, 194–5, 198, 244–5 225–6 revolution erosion of self 170–71 freedom, revolutionary nature of impressionable self 224–5 157 indivisible nature of 221–2 interpretations of 190–93 non-dualist perspectives 221–7, Iranian 190–92, 195–6 230

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non-self 21–2 gay rape, non-recognition 58–9 self-actualization 4, 43–4 gender categorization, and 89 self-care, 194, 230 law, changes in 86 self-direction 5–6, 160–62 public activism 85–7 self-reflection 4, 11–12, 227, racial perceptions of 85–6 247–9 sexual discourse, role in 85–8 self-transformation, freedom as sexual surveillance, and 88 239 unfreedom, influences on 88 ‘I’-thought and consciousness sexuality 221–7 biological categorization, and 91, tenth person analogy 223 93, 107–8 sex, generally contextual interpretations 59–60 gender categorization, and 91, 93, form of power, as 91–2 107–8 identity and embodiment 211–13 regulatory power of 92–3 interpretations, male dominance of sex industry 91–2 anti-trafficking policies 96–7 repressive hypothesis 196–7 criminalization, implications of stigmatization 58–60 96–7 shame, affect of 167–9 freedom, interpretation of 97, Shari’ati, Ali 192–3 99–100 Shia Islam 190–92, 195–6 moral crusade against 97 Shklar, Judith 30–31, 40, 45 sex worker 58, 72, 96–8, 100 slavery, interpretations of 98–100 sexual conduct sleep, states of 220, 222–3, 226 see also homosexuality snake and rope metaphor 10–12, recognition 58–9 23–4, 153, 164–5, 173–5, sexual legitimacy 230–31, 234 Bollywood representations 72–4, social rights, as collective rights 76–7 33–4 visibility, and 73–4, 232–3, social transformation, pluralism in 246–7 157–8 sexual nationalism 132–3 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 94 sexual security stigmatization policy targeting and stigmatization freedom of choice, and 164 106–7 policy targeting 106–7 unfreedom, and 15–16 sexuality 58–60 sexual surveillance 15–16 subjects policy development 105 belligerent subjects 40, 44–5 profiling, and 107 brittle subjects 223–4 women’s rights, restrictions on Cartesian subjects 187, 194–5, 198, 87–8 225–6 sexual violence empowered subjects 43–4 see also violence against women failed subjects 132, 211–13, 232, Cologne sexual assaults 85–6, 249–50 105 precarious subjects 239 Delhi rape case 86, 105 self, conceptualizing 221–7 enforcement mechanisms, timelessness of 223–4 conflicting influences 106 vulnerable subjects 40–42, 229

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Index 305

suffering transgender persons, rights of 64, 246 aggravating, human rights role 3, Turkey 122–4, 141 175 Twelver-Shi-ism 191–2 causes, non-state actors role 35 cultural or racial primitiveness, and Udwin, Leslie 88 240 UN Convention on the Elimination of liberalism of fear, and 40–41 Discrimination Against Women reduction of, human rights role 1979 95 30–36, 239 UN Convention on Transnational rescue and rehabilitation 94, 96–7, Organized Crime 2000 96 100, 102, 135–8, 244–5 UN Resolution 1325 100–101 resolution of, 197, 212, 232–3, 239 UN Resolution 1820 100–101 sovereignty, and 33–4 UN Trafficking Protocol 96 vulnerable subject 40–42, 229 unfreedom Sufism see Persian Sufism cruel optimism, and 170–71, 229 suicide 247–8 despair, and 172–4 Sullekhna (fasting) 247–8 liberal freedom as 46–57 Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz rights, forced choices between Foundation 79–80 128–35, 164 Sureśvara, Śrī 216–18 sexual violence law reforms, and Switzerland 124 87–8 veiling bans 128–35, 141–6 ‘I’-thought and consciousness 221–7 United Nations Tabrizi, Shams 198–9 LGBT rights policy sessions 66 tectonics women, peace and security friction, creation of 201 resolutions 100–101, 164 incommensurability, and 232–5 United States tenth person analogy, of self 223 anti-Muslim propaganda, and 64 terrorism armed forces, transgender persons see also war on terror in 64 liberalism, threat to 38 LGBT rights 64–5 Thousand [Verses of] Teachings, A same-sex marriage, Supreme Court (book) 215, 217 ruling 64 time awareness, and 220–21 Universal Declaration of Human being and becoming 223–4 Rights 248 indivisible present 219 universality linear progression 6, 218 cultural collectives, conflicts with markers of 220 36–7 non-linear progression 218–21 human rights, of 36–40 timelessness 223–4 Upadeśasāhasrī (Thousand [Verses trafficking of] Teachings)(book) 215, 217 see also anti-sex trafficking definition 96, 98 vakh (mystic poetry) 243 forced labour, and 98 veiling prosecution-oriented strategies coercion assumptions 121, 123–4, 98 127–8, 131–2, 138

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306 Gender, alterity and human rights

facial visibility as symbol of violence 9 emancipation 137 see also sexual violence; violence failed subjects, and 132, 141 against women freedom from 17, 122–4, 143–6 liberalism of fear, and 30–35, 44–7 freedom through 141–3 sovereignty, and 34 human dignity, and 125–8 violence against women legitimacy of veiled females 141 anti-sex trafficking policies liberal opposition to 130–32, 138–9, 96–100 142–3 criminal law intervention in 97, negative autonomy of 138–40 105–6 piety, role in 141–2 emancipation focus 97–8 rebellion, and 141–3 freedom from, interpretations of removal, perception as liberation 129, 135–7 95–6, 99–100 self, significance for 43–4, 135–40, gender categorization 89 141–2 policies, limitations of 98–100 social interaction, as obstacle to policy developments 90, 95–6 130–32 security policy focus 105–8 submission, and 124–6, 127–9, solutions, negative aspects of 99, 138–9 106 veils, meaning of 120, 141 vulnerable subject veiling bans empowered subject, relationship disproportionate impacts 125–6, with 42–4 129–31 gender and sexual norms, and 42 European Court of Human Rights human rights perceptions of 40–42, cases 122–5 229 freedom of choice 130–32, 141–3, victimization, politics of, and 42 164 freedom of expression 127–8 wahdat al-wajood (absolute existence) freedom of religion 122–7 199 gender equality, and 130–5 wakefulness, state of 220, 222–3, governance mechanism, as 226 130–35 Walzer, Michael 38 liberation, applicability 143–6 war against terror national identity, and 126–35 grief, collective responses 57–8 public safety 127–8 liberal freedom, influences on refusal implications 130–31, 141 37–8 unfreedom, as 128–35, 141–6, women as combatants 102–4, 164 136–8 victimization, politics of widows, rights of 244–8 postcolonial feminism, and 94, women, generally 96–7, 100 biological categorization 91, 93, rescue concept 94, 96–7, 100, 102, 107–8 135–8 combatants, as 102–3 Third World women 89 militarism and war 95, 101–3, vulnerable subject, and 42 135–8 Vienna World Conference on Human non-aggressor perception 103 Rights 1993 95 normality, renunciation of 242–3

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Index 307

peacemakers, role as 101–2 public activism 85–7 rescue, need for 94, 96–7, 100, 102, rescue and rehabilitation concept 135–8, 244–5 94, 96–7, 100, 102, 135–8, widows, rights of 244–6 244–5 women’s rights sexual surveillance, and 16, 87–8 anti-sex trafficking, and 97–100 sexual violence, and 85–7, 104–5 covert and overt controls 15–16 UN Resolutions on women, peace freedom, reality of 17–18 and security 100–102, 164 global interventions 15–16 unfreedom, as 16, 128–65, 164 national values, conflicts with 87–8 Yajnavalkya (philosopher) 214 protectionist approach 95, 102 Yazidi women 102

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