Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020 e-ISSN : 2541-4208 p-ISSN : 2548-1606
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THE SELECTION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANT FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF POLLINATION GARDEN AT BOGOR BOTANIC GARDENS
Peniwidiyanti1*, Irvan F. Wanda2, Dipta S. Rinandio3, Prima W. K. Hutabarat4, Muhammad R. Hariri5, Dwi Setyanti6, Saripudin7
Received : January 24, 2020 Abstract. Bogor Botanic Gardens is one of the outstanding green areas Accepted : September 22, 2020 in Bogor City. Thousands of plant species are growing and providing suitable habitats and feed for various pollinators, such as butterflies, DOI: 10.15575/biodjati.v5i2.7480 bees, and wasps. A well-designed pollination garden will benefit the 1,2,3,4,5,6,7Research Center for Plant Con- pollinators and also create an educational facility for the community. servation and Botanic Gardens (Bogor This study aimed to select and characterize species of flowering plants Botanic Gardens), Indonesian Institute that effectively attract pollinators, particularly Lepidoptera and of Sciences. Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 13 Hymenoptera, in the pollination garden candidate area. The observa- Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia. tion had been carried out on 12 ornamental plant species: Pennisetum purpureum, Cosmos sp., Pachystachys lutea, Cuphea hyssopifolia, e-mail: Orthosiphon aristatus, Lantana camara, Citrus aurantifolia, Buddleja *[email protected] [email protected] davidii, Ixora javanica, Nerium oleander, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and [email protected] Aglaia odorata. The method for observing pollinators was a standard [email protected] walking method. Pollinator photos, its number, its visit time, and the [email protected] plants it visited were recorded. A total of 23 species of Lepidoptera (20 [email protected] species from 4 families and 3 species were unidentified) and 9 species [email protected] of Hymenoptera (4 families) were found in the area with the best obser- vation time at 08.30-09.30 (GMT+7). The most visited plants by polli- *Corresponding author nators were Cuphea hyssopifolia, Lantana camara and Orthosiphon aristatus. Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera preferred blue-purple and bright-orange-yellow flowers. In addition, the flower characters that might influence pollinator visits are also described. The result would be an essential recommendation for plant selection, landscape design, and construction of the pollination garden in Bogor Botanic Gardens.
Keywords: botanic gardens, pollination garden, flower characters, landscape design, pollinator Citation Peniwidiyanti, Wanda, I. F., Rinandio, D. S., Hutabarat, P. W. K., Hariri, M. R., Setyanti, D & Saripudin. (2020). The Selection of Ornamental Plant for Landscape Design of Pollination Garden at Bogor Botanic Gardens. Jurnal Biodjati, 5(2), 223-235.
INTRODUCTION can show the change in land use (Winfree et al., 2011). In an ex-situ conservation area such Pollinators are common in the tropics as botanic gardens, the plant species that are (Ollerton, 2017) and capable of pollinating planted may not commonly found naturally in up to 87% of flowering plants. Therefore they the area. It may influence and change the pre- Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020
http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati ference of pollinators within the area. Many of a botanic garden in a city does not only local and exotic pollinators in botanic gardens play a role in providing a green space but also have been studied, mainly their behaviour and in supporting ecosystem balance in a city that preference in pollinating local and introduced is more complex and challenging. plants (Webber et al., 2012). Today, the study Urban communities demand a green of pollinators is used to study the evolution space for social activities such as gathering, of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) to explain casual sports, hobbies and educational activi- the ecological functions and the evolution of ties, provided by a botanic garden. Education- pollinators in IAS ecosystems recipient (Van- al activities in a botanic garden can be an ap- bergen et al., 2018). Therefore pollinators can propriate approach to deliver the mission of play a role as an indicator of plant diversity in the botanic garden in increasing public aware- an ecosystem, particularly in tropics that have ness of botanical and environmental issues. many species of plants. The importance of the pollination issue can be Bogor Botanic Gardens (Kebun Raya delivered through developing a thematic gar- Bogor) is home to thousands of species that den, namely “pollination garden”. The polli- provided food and habitat for many polli- nation garden should be able to provide public nators such as birds, bats, squirrels, butterflies, experience seeing the natural pollination pro- and bees. On the other hand, the existence of cess in nature, an example and recommenda- pollinators in the area has ecologically bene- tion of gardening practices and to stimulate fit for flowering species to regenerate (Kato et communities in supporting and helping polli- al., 2008). Beyond that, this mutualism sym- nator fitness. Well-planning landscape design biosis has shown a crucial ecological role in of a pollination garden is not only appropriate maintaining plant diversity (Ollerton, 2017). for the local area but also has a scientific base Several studies on pollination of living collec- and references, which will improve the ability tion by pollinators have been carried out in to attract pollinators. the garden, namely observing flowering and This study aims to evaluate and select insect pollination of Areca vestiaria (Utami & the efficacy of some local ornamental plants Kahono, 1989), fruit-eating and nectar-eating which have the potential to attract Lepidop- bat (Soegiharto & Kartono, 2009), reproduc- tera (butterflies), and Hymenoptera (bees and tive biology and insect visitors to Cassine wasps) in the candidate area of pollination koordersii (Ardhianto et al., 2009), insect polli- garden in Bogor Botanic Gardens (later called nation of Rafflesia patma flower (Kahono & as pollination garden), along with characteriz- Mursidawati, 2010), and guidance on butter- ing the flower and the pollinators. The result fly introduction practices at Bogor Botanical will be part of recommendations that bene- Garden (Peggie & Amir, 2006). fit the process of plant selection, landscape The botanic garden is one of green design and construction of pollination garden space that plays essential roles, both eco- in Bogor Botanic Gardens. logically and socially. The importance of a bota- nic garden function in conservation, research, MATERIALS AND METHODS education, tourism and ecosystem services are conveyed in a presidential policy 93/2011 Study Area and Data Collection (2011) that regulates botanic garden status This research is an experimental study and development in Indonesia. The existence conducted in August-December 2018 at
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Bogor Botanic Gardens, Bogor City, West trees, while most of the central area in the day Java, Indonesia. Twelve local ornamental time was fully exposed by the sun, with some plants were tested in three plots, 5 m2 each, part was shaded by small trees. A big pond in located in the candidate area of pollination the middle of the area that acted as a water garden (Figure 1). They were Pennisetum source and insect attractor. purpureum, Cosmos sp., Pachystachys lutea, The observation was used the standard Cuphea hyssopifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, walking method (Pollard & Yates, 1993; Ta- Lantana camara, Citrus aurantifolia, Buddleja ti-Subahar et al., 2007) in each plot and start- davidii, Ixora javanica, Nerium oleander, ed at 08.00 – 11.00 (GMT+7) as the most Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Aglaia odorata. active period for butterfly (Kunte, 1997). Those species were chosen and justified based Each butterfly and bee species have found on the family of species, the role of species from the plot were recorded and taken photo- as a host plant and food plant (Subahar & graphs, for identification of butterflies “Prac- Yuliana, 2010) and personal communication. tical Guide to the Butterfly on the Bogor The area of the pollination garden co- Botanic Garden” (Peggie & Amir, 2006) vered about 8776.94 m2 and is located in the was used along with expert discussion and southeast of Bogor Botanic Garden (Figure consultation. In addition, we consulted “Plant 1). It is laid on the section XIX.K, XIX.N Identification Terminology: An Illustrated and XIX.M. The temperature was around 22- Glossary” (Harris & Harris, 2004) for identifi- 32°C, 78.30% in relative humidity, 7 hours of cation of the floral character of plant species photoperiodicity, and the average wind speed we used. The factors which were observed was 2 m/s (Indonesian Meteorology, Clima- included flower characters, butterflies and bee tology, and Geophysics Center, 2018). The species, and frequency of pollinator visit. surrounding area is heavily shaded by canopy
Figure 1. Ornamental plant observation plots for attracting pollinators at the candidate location Pollination Gardens, located on the Vak. XIX.K, XIX.N, and XIX.M in Bogor Botanic Garden.
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Data Analysis Magurran (1988) has stated that the value of Lepidoptera is the largest plant-feeding Evenness index is close to the values of 1 that order of insects that has an ecological func- mean there are no dominant species in the tion as pollinators and prey. Lepidoptera has area. There are parameters index still relevant more than 43 superfamilies, one of which is to Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera biodiversity Papilionoidea as the largest clade consisting analysis (Kwatrina et al., 2018; Budiadi et al., of butterfly relatives (Mitter et al., 2017). 2020). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Another largest insect order is Hymenoptera, using XLStat 2014 was used to analyze the which is consisting of sawflies, wasps, ants, relationship between the pollinator interests and bees (Peters et al., 2017). The presence of in the plant species. Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera could be ana- lyzed and figured out by comparing the num- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ber of species richness, species diversity, and species evenness. Data analysis was carried Floral Characters out to determine the diversity of pollinators Twelve species of flowering ornamen- in the pollination garden using the Margalef tal plants from different families show diverse index (R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index flower characters (Table 1). Five species of (H’), and Evenness index (E). Margalef Index flowering plants throughout the observation is a richness index where S is the number of produced many flowers multiple times, name- species observed, and n is the total number ly Cosmos sp., Pachystachys lutea, Cuphea of individuals of species in plots, and ln is a hyssopifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, and natural log, so the richness index formula is Lantana camara. Meanwhile, the other spe- R = (S-1)/ln n. Richness index explaining that cies have infrequent and short flowering 3,5
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http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati scents Flower No scent Light Light No scent Light Strong Strong Strong Light Medium No scent Strong Life cycle Perrenial Annual Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial Perrenial - - Floral nectaries Absent At apex of ovary At base of ovary At base of ovary The depth of the tubular part of the corolla The depth of the tubular part of the corolla At base of ovary At base of ovary The depth of the tubular part of the corolla At base of ovary Adaxial sur face of calyx Surface secre tion - Inflores cence types Panicle Head Raceme single / solitary Raceme Umbel single / solitary or cyme Panicle/ Thyrse Compound Corymb Compound Corymb single / solitary Panicle colors Flower Magenta Yellow White Purple Purple and White Yellow, Orange, Pink and White White White Red Pink Red Yellow Flower Symmetry Zygomorphic Zygomorphic, inflorescene actinomorphic Zygomorphic Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Zygomorphic, inflorescene actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic ------Perianth Form Lodicules Ligulate/ Liguliform Labiate/ bila biate Salverform/ Hypocrateri form Labiate/ bila biate Salverform/ Hypocrateri form Funnelform Salverform/ Hypocrateri form Salverform/ Hypocrateri form Funnelform Funnelform Urceolate ------zations Flower fertili Flower Cross-polli nation Cross-polli nation Self-polli- nation Cross-polli nation Self and cross Self and cross Self-polli- nation Cross-polli nation Cross-polli nation Self-polli- nation Cross-polli nation Cross-polli nation sp. Plant Species Pennisetum purpureum Cosmos Pachystachys lutea Cuphea hyssopifolia Orthosiphon aristatus Lantana camara Citrus aurantifolia Buddleja davidii Ixora javanica Nerium oleander Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Aglaia odorata Family Poaceae Asteraceae Acanthaceae Lythraceae Lamiaceae Verbenaceae Rutaceae Scrophulariaceae Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Malvaceae Meliaceae Table 1. Floral characters Table Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020 227 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020
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Table 2. List of species and the relative abundance of pollinator insects at Pollination Gardens
Ordo Family Species Relative abundance (%) Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Doleschallia bisaltide 0.29 Euploea sp. 0.58 Hipolimnas bolina 1.45 Junonia atlites 28.90 Junonia erigone 11.27 Junonia hedonia 6.07 Neptis hylas 2.89 Ypthima sp. 8.38 Papilioninae Graphium agamemnon 0.58 Papilio demolion 0.58 Papilio demoleius 0.29 Papilio polytes 1.16 Pieridae Appias lyncida 0.58 Appias nero 8.67 Appias olferna 2.02 Eurema sp. 15.32 Leptosia nina 5.20 Lycaenidae Lycaenidae 1 1.16 Lycaenidae 2 2.60 Lycaenidae 3 0.58 - Sp. 1* 0.58 Sp. 2* 0.58 Sp. 3* 0.29 Hymenoptera Apidae Amegilla sp. 36.29 Apis cerana 4.84 Tetragonula sp. 2.42 Thyreus sp. 11.29 Trigona sp. 6.45 Megachilidae Megachile sp. 1.61 Scoliidae Campsomeris sp. 11.29 Vespidae Phimenes sp. 10.48 Polistes sp. 15.32
Butterflies that belong to Nymphalidae of Junonia atlites (28.90%), Junonia erigone family were most commonly found in the (11.27%) and Junonia hedonia (6.07%) to pollination garden. They have polyphagic have a relatively high abundance (Indriani properties that allow them to have more than et al., 2010) reported that Junonia atlites in one type of food/ host (Priyono & Abdullah, Tanjung Puting National Park are often found 2013). Also, the environmental conditions of in open bushland. This type of butterflies the pollination garden, which were slightly likely live in open habitat with high ambient open with good airflow supported the species temperatures.
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The highest relative abundance of flowers to look for prey, namely caterpillars Hymenoptera was Amegilla sp. (36.29%) with and small bees. Nevertheless, the presence of blue-banded body details showing that this Polistes sp., Phimenes sp., and Campsomeris species likes to fly in an open area exposed to sp. who visit these flowers are also useful in sunlight under the canopy (Kato et al., 2008). the pollination process (Parikesit et al., 2018; In addition, this species also has long glossa Prakash Gautam & Kumar, 2018). (a tongue-like structure in the labium of an The biodiversity values of Lepidop- insect’s mount parts), so it tends to visit tera was higher than Hymenoptera (Table 3). flowers with deep tubes and brightly colored The index of species diversity (H’) of Lepi- flowers such as blue-white. In general, (Mill- doptera in the pollination garden was classi- er et al., 2011) described that bees (bee-polli- fied as moderate (2.34), while Hymenoptera nated) generally attracted to blue and yellow was classified as low (1.86). It was directly flowers. Besides that, flowers that have nectar proportional to the value of the two species guide can increase pollinators visit flowers of pollinators. Meanwhile, the index of spe- because it helps bees finding the nectar cies evenness of pollinator species showed (Hansen et al., 2012; Leonard et al., 2013). low value (E <0.1). It shows that in pollina- Other relative abundances were Polistes sp. tion garden could be found individual species (15.32%), Campsomeris sp. (11.29%), and domination, while other species were part of Phimenes sp. (10.48%), which live solitary subdominant or not dominant. and predatory. These species often visit
Table 3. Diversity parameters of pollinators Parameter Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Richness index (R) 3.76 (moderate) 1.66 (low) Diversity index (H') 2.34 (moderate) 1.86 (low) Evenness index (E) 0.10 (low) 0.21 (low)
The best time to observe pollinating potential to bring pollinating insects, such insects in the pollination garden was at 08.30- as butterflies and bees. It will undoubtedly 09.30 GMT+7 (Figure 2). It was in line with become one of the new alternative gatherings (Priyono & Abdullah, 2013), who stated that and educational places at the Bogor Botanic butterflies would be active and fly well when Gardens which is full of information and the sunlight intensity increases as butterflies knowledge for visitors. Based on the obser- need heat to help them fly. Insects which were vation, the five most-visited plants by polli- mostly found during the best observe times nators were Cuphea hyssoppifolia, Lantana were Eurema sp., Junonia atlites, Junonia camara, Orthosiphon aristatus, Cosmos sp., erigone, Appias nero, Ypthima sp., Amegilla and Pachystachys lutea (Figure 3). Cuphea sp., and Phimenes sp. hyssoppifolia has nectaries at the base of long corolla tube so that advantages for Potential Pollination Garden Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera to reach it The pollination garden candidate area with their more extended proboscis (Safriya at Bogor Botanic Gardens has considerable & Karunaratne, 2011).
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Figure 2. Insects visited the flowers
Figure 3. Plant visited by pollinators
Most of the selected plant has a diverse ovary of the flower with the proboscis (Safriya flower characteristic to attract Hymenoptera & Karunaratne, 2011). and Lepidoptera. Cuphea hyssoppifolia was The second most commonly visited spe- the most commonly visited by insects because cies was Lantana camara, which has an umbel the flowers emerge in the terminal and have type inflorescence in terminals. Thus allowed a lot of numbers and perianth with the form insects to visit at the same time. Moreover, the of Hypocrateriform, which is a purple tube corolla color, which changes from yellow in and small in size. It allows Hymenoptera and the opening, then changes to orange and gra- Lepidoptera to take nectar at the bottom of the dually changes to reddish-orange, acts as the Peniwidiyanti et al. 230 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020
http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati indicator of pollen maturity and nectar con- attract pollinating insects from the relatives of tent (Barrows, 1976; Priyanka & Joshi, 2013). Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Based on the Therefore, Lantana camara is visually ap- insect group found shows that the relatives pealing for pollinators. of Lepidoptera are divided into three groups Orthosiphon aristatus was one of (Figure 4), namely the group that has the the most visited species by bees because highest relative frequency and relative abun- of the variety of flower colors, including dance consisting of just one species, namely purple, intermediate (purple-white), and white Junonia atlites. The second group of butter- (Febjislami et al., 2019). It is also has a raceme flies is common and has a medium frequency inflorescence and blooms from the bottom to of visits. This group of butterflies has similar the top. The flowering period was quite long, plant species preferences: zygomorphic flo- which was around 2-3 weeks. Therefore, it wer type, perianth flower in the form of labiate allowed the pollinator to visit the inflores- and umbel, white, yellow, and purple, and has cence in a longer period multiple times. a medium aroma. In contrast, the third group However, some plant species were not is the butterfly group that has a low relative preferable to pollinators due to some charac- abundance of species. Generally, these species ters. For instance, Ixora javanica and Hibiscus come to visit the pollination garden only occa- rosa-sinensis had fewer visitors, Lepidoptera sionally to sunbath and perch on plants. How- and Hymenoptera, because of the red flo- ever, the presence of this third butterfly group wers. Flowers with brightly colored charac- can increase the diversity value of butter- ters such as red are generally more attractive flies in the pollination garden, especially if to birds than bees (Hails & Kavanagh, 2013). the plant characters fit the group preferences. Bees learn rapidly the association of colour, In addition, there is one species of butterfly rewards, and its costs (Chittka & Wells, that is an outlier, Neptis hylas, which has a 2004), somehow the topic of bee vision and living preference in the shaded area or under colour preference still has a long argument. the canopy (Saikia, 2014). Thus, in compiling Pennisetum purpureum was not a type of the pollination garden landscape design, the insect-pollinated plant, but the leaves were habitat and feed conditions should be adjusted commonly used by butterflies to perch or to to the preferences of the second and third lay butter eggs. The pollination of Pennisetum groups so that the potential for butterflies that purpureum is assisted by wind, and the spike- come is higher. let color not flashy (colorful), making it less Furthermore, the analysis of the main attractive to pollinating insects in the morn- components in the Hymenoptera is divided ing. Citrus aurantifolia and Aglaia odorata into two large groups and additional outliers are also species of plants with a strong scent of two species (Figure 5), namely the Amegilla with an inconspicuous color and flower shape, sp. and Polistes sp. Both of these species have a so both species of plants are widely used by big difference in habitat and food preferences. butterflies to perch and lay their eggs. Amegilla sp. is a solitary honey bee that pre- fers areas that are not exposed to direct sun- Ornamental Plant for Landscape Design of light and flowers that provide lots of nectar Pollination Garden and pollen, such as the type of Cuphea hyssopi- The principal component analysis was folia, Cosmos sp., and Orthosiphon aristatus. used to determine the plant species that can While Polistes sp. is a predatory wasp that
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http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati visited many species of plants, especially in namely Thyreus sp., Campsomeris sp. and the areas that are open and exposed to direct Phimenes sp. These three species of preda- sunlight. The most visited plant by Polistes tors may be one of the factors making other sp. was Cuphea hypssopifolia because this species of pollinators relatively low. A second plant is commonly visited by Apis cerana, group is a group of common pollinating Amegilla sp. and Trigona sp., which is a prey bee species from Apidae family who prefer of Polistes sp.. The first group consisted of yellow, orange, pink, white to magenta three species of predators that have relative- flowers with a type of inflorescence of the form ly high abundance in the pollination garden, of a head and medium and light floral scent.
Figure 4. Principal Component Analysis of Lepidoptera
Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis of Hymenoptera Peniwidiyanti et al. 232 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):223-235, November 2020
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The constituent plants which are suggest- thanks to Heri Destrianto, Akbar Alif Pribadi, ed to attract Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera in Ningsih, and Alan Handru for assisting in the the pollination garden are species that have collection and identification of the insect, and white, yellow, or purple to magenta flowers the maintenance collection staff for the gene- with less scent. The preferable forms of the rous assistance in the field. We appreciate two inflorescence are head, raceme, umbel, and anonymous reviewers who provided helpful the shape of the flower crown in the form of comments to improve and clarify this manu- labiate and hypocrateriform. In addition, it is script. important to provide suitable plant species to feed the pollinators larvas, which is not only REFERENCES providing space for insects to breed but also providing a platform to lay eggs such as the Ardhianto, D., FMIPA U., Sari, R. & Djalil, Citrus aurantifolia and Aglaia odorata. A. (2009). 54732-ID-none.pdf. Buletin Pollinators from Lepidoptera (butter- Kebun Raya Indonesia, 12(1), 19–27. flies order) and Hymenoptera (bees order) Barrows, E. M. (1976). Nectar Robbing and preferred plants with particular flower charac- Pollination of Lantana camara (Ver- ters in color, flower symmetry, inflorescent, benaceae) Author (s): Edward M. Bar- and scent. Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera pre- rows Published by The Association for ferred blue-purple and bright-orange-yellow Tropical Biology and Conservation flowers or inflorescence. Lepidoptera- pre Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/sta- ferred zygomorphic flowers in the form of ble/2989633. Association for Tropical labiate and umbel inflorescences. In contrast, Biology and Conservation, 8(2), 132– Hymenoptera liked flowers that have a flower 135. pad for them to perch as in the inflorescence Budiadi, Musyafa, Hardiwinoto, S. & Syah- of the head, shape, umbel. Both groups had a budin, A. (2020). Changes in insect bi- preference for light to medium scented flow- odiversity on rehabilitation sites in the ers. The plant species that are highly recom- southern coastal areas of java island, In- mended to be included in the garden design donesia. Biodiversitas, 21(1), 1–7. are Cuphea hyssopifolia, Lantana camara, Chittka, L. & Wells, H. (2004). Colour Vision and Orthosiphon aristatus, or any other local in Bees. In Prete, F. R. Complex plants with similar flower characters. Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS England: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press. Thank you to the Research Center for Febjislami, S., Kurniawati, A. N. I., Melati, Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens – M. & Wahyu, Y. (2019). Morphological (Indonesian Institute of Sciences) LIPI for Characters, Flowering and Seed Ger- the support of research funding mechanisms mination of the Indonesian Medicinal through the 2018 In-House Research. Our Plant Orthosiphon aristatus. Biodiver- deep gratitude to Mrs. Djunijanti Peggie and sitas, 20(2), 328–337. Mr. Sih Kahono from Research Center of Hails, C. J. & Kavanagh, M. (2013). Bring Biology – LIPI for the opportunity to dis- Back the Birds! Planning for Trees and cuss and validate the insect species. A special Other Plants to Support Southeast Asian
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