Die Entstehung Der Modernen Synthese Im Deutschen Sprachraum
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Emanuele Serrelli Nathalie Gontier Editors Explanation, Interpretation
Interdisciplinary Evolution Research 2 Emanuele Serrelli Nathalie Gontier Editors Macroevolution Explanation, Interpretation and Evidence Interdisciplinary Evolution Research Volume 2 Series editors Nathalie Gontier, Lisbon, Portugal Olga Pombo, Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] About the Series The time when only biologists studied evolution has long since passed. Accepting evolution requires us to come to terms with the fact that everything that exists must be the outcome of evolutionary processes. Today, a wide variety of academic disciplines are therefore confronted with evolutionary problems, ranging from physics and medicine, to linguistics, anthropology and sociology. Solving evolutionary problems also necessitates an inter- and transdisciplinary approach, which is why the Modern Synthesis is currently extended to include drift theory, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization, epigenetics and punctuated equilibria theory. The series Interdisciplinary Evolution Research aims to provide a scholarly platform for the growing demand to examine specific evolutionary problems from the perspectives of multiple disciplines. It does not adhere to one specific academic field, one specific school of thought, or one specific evolutionary theory. Rather, books in the series thematically analyze how a variety of evolutionary fields and evolutionary theories provide insights into specific, well-defined evolutionary problems of life and the socio-cultural domain. Editors-in-chief of the series are Nathalie Gontier and Olga Pombo. The -
Phylogenetic Implications 16.15 – 16.30 D.T
Genetic diversity within lichen photobionts of the Lecanora varia group (Lichenes, Ascomycota) Pérez-Ortega, S.; Søchting, Ulrik; Printzen, C. Publication date: 2007 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Pérez-Ortega, S., Søchting, U., & Printzen, C. (2007). Genetic diversity within lichen photobionts of the Lecanora varia group (Lichenes, Ascomycota). Abstract from Genetic diversity within lichen photobionts of the Lecanora varia group (Lichenes, Ascomycota), Vienna, Austria. Download date: 02. okt.. 2021 Wien, 20. – 23. Februar 2007 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien 9. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS) Programm Kurzfassung der Vorträge (Abstracts) 1 Kurzfassung der Posterbeiträge (Abstracts) 1 Herausgeber: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien / Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS), Wien 2007 Herstellung und Druck: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien Druckerei Berger Horn Redaktion: Ulrike Aspöck Elisabeth Haring Christoph Hörweg Kriemhild Repp Helmut Sattmann 1 Die eingelangten Kurzfassungen sind alphabetisch (Erstautor) geordnet PROGRAMM – 9. KURATORENTREFFEN 20. FEBRUAR 2007 DIENSTAG, 20. FEBRUAR 2007 10.00 – 13.00 Vorstandssitzung GfBS 11.00 Uhr Öffnung des Tagungsbüros im NHM Wien, Eingangshalle Bitte nutzen Sie diese Möglichkeit, um sich zu registrieren, Ihr Poster auszustellen und Ihren Vortrag aufzuspielen. 11.00 – 14.00 Führung in die Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums, Treffpunkt Seiteneingang NHM 14.00 – 18.00 9. Kuratorentreffen -
Experience« of Nature: from Salomon Müller to Ernst Mayr, Or the Lnsights of Travelling Naturalists Toward a Zoological Geography and Evolutionary Biology*
Die Entstehung biologischer Disziplinen II -Beiträge zur 10. Jahrestagung der DGGTB The »Experience« of Nature: From Salomon Müller to Ernst Mayr, Or The lnsights of Travelling Naturalists Toward a Zoological Geography and Evolutionary Biology* Matthias GLAUBRECHT (Berlin) Zusammenfassung Wir beurteilen die Theorien und Beiträge früherer Autoren auf der Grundlage ihrer Relevanz für den heutigen Erkenntnisgewinn. Mit Blick auf die oftmals unzureichende Klärung der präzisen geographi schen Herkunft von Materialproben bei nicht wenigen molekulargenetisch-phylogeographischen Studi en (die an aktuellen Arbeiten demonstriert wird), soll die Bedeutung der geographischen »Erfahrung« (im doppelten Wortsinn) - am Beispiel der Erforschung des australasiatischen Raumes - untersucht werden. Anfangs dominierten von staatlicher Seite initiierte bzw. finanzierte Forschungsreisen. Dazu zählen im Gefolge von James CooKS Fahrten durch den Indo-Pazifik beispielsweise die im frühen 19. Jahrhun dert von Naturforschern wie QUOY, ÜAIMARD, LESSON, HUMBRON und JACQUINOT begleiteten franzö• sischen Expeditionen der L 'Uranie, La Coquille und L 'Astrolabe sowie die britischen Expeditionen der Beagle oder der Rattlesnake mit Naturforschern wie DARWIN oder MACGILLIVRAY und HUXLEY. Dazu zählt auch die holländische Expedition der Triton, an der der aus Deutschland stammende Naturforscher Salomon MOLLER (1804-1864) teilnahm, der Jahrzehnte vor Alfred Russe! WALLACE (1823-1913) scharfe Faunendifferenzen im indomalayischen Archipel erkannte und beschrieb. Während diese Forschungsfahrten vorwiegend strategisch-militärische bzw. merkantile Ziele ver folgten, wurde die naturkundliche Erforschung im späteren 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert insbeson dere von allein reisenden »naturalists« betrieben, wie etwa von W ALLACE, Otto FINSCH (1839-1917) und Richard SEM ON ( 1859-1918), der sich später Expeditionen wie beispielsweise von Erwin STRESEMANN (1889-1972), Bernhard RENSCH (1900-1990) und Ernst MAYR (geb. -
ERNST MAYR Strongly for His Ideas, but He Would Change His Position Readily If He Became Persuaded of the Rightness of the Opposing Point of View
Ernst W. Mayr 1904–2005 A Biographical Memoir by Walter J. Bock ©2014 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. ERNST WALTER MAYER July 5, 1904–February 3, 2005 Elected to the NAS, 1954 Ernst Walter Mayr1,2 was a man of the twentieth century, having missed only a few years at the beginning of that century and lived a few years into the twenty-first. He was by inclination a naturalist from youth onward, which established the foundation for his career as an evolu- tionary biologist. Often called the “Darwin of the twen- tieth century,” Ernst was one of the leading evolutionary biologists of his time, having been a major architect of that famous meeting of the minds known as the modern evolutionary synthesis of 1937-48 and the moving force behind the founding of the Society for the Study of Evolution. Although he was born and educated in Germany, Ernst By Walter J. Bock was a thoroughly American scientist, having worked at New York’s American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University for 74 of his 100 years. Despite his highly developed scientific mind, Ernst was truly a non-technical person and complained in his later years about libraries’ putting their catalogues in an electronic form because he did not know how to type—he did not even know the location of the keys on the keyboard—which delayed him greatly in finding books. -
The Ibis, Journal of the British Ornithologists' Union: a Pre-Synthesis Poredacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: Paul L
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kristin Renee Johnson for the degree of Master of Science in History of Science, th presented on August 7 , 2000. Title: The Ibis, Journal of the British Ornithologists' Union: A Pre-Synthesis poRedacted for privacy Abstract approved: Paul L. Farber In 1959 the British Ornithological journal, The Ibis, published a centenary commemorative volume on the history of ornithology in Britain. Over the previous few decades, the contributors to this volume had helped focus the attention of ornithologists on the methods, priorities, and problems of modem biology, specifically the theory ofevolution by natural selection and the study ofecology and behaviour. Various new institutions like the Edward Grey Institute ofField Ornithology symbolized the increasing professionalization of both the discipline's institutional networks and publications, which the contents of The Ibis reflected in its increasing number ofcontributions from university educated ornithologists working on specific biological problems. In looking back on the history of their discipline, the contributors to this centenary described both nineteenth century ornithology and the continued dominance oftraditional work in the pages of The Ibis in distinctive ways. They characterized them as oriented around specimens, collections, the seemingly endless gathering of facts, without reference to theoretical problems. The centenary contributors then juxtaposed this portrait in opposition to the contents ofa modem volume, with its use of statistics, graphs, and tables, and the focus ofornithologists on both natural selection and the living bird in its natural environment. This thesis returns to the contents ofthe pre-1940s volumes of The Ibis in order to examine the context and intent ofthose ornithologists characterized as "hide-bound" by the centenary contributors. -
Darwin. a Reader's Guide
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 155 February 12, 2009 DARWIN A READER’S GUIDE Michael T. Ghiselin DARWIN: A READER’S GUIDE Michael T. Ghiselin California Academy of Sciences California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California, USA 2009 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Alan E. Leviton, Ph.D., Editor Hallie Brignall, M.A., Managing Editor Gary C. Williams, Ph.D., Associate Editor Michael T. Ghiselin, Ph.D., Associate Editor Michele L. Aldrich, Ph.D., Consulting Editor Copyright © 2009 by the California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISSN 0068-5461 Printed in the United States of America Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Table of Contents Preface and acknowledgments . .5 Introduction . .7 Darwin’s Life and Works . .9 Journal of Researches (1839) . .11 Geological Observations on South America (1846) . .13 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842) . .14 Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands…. (1844) . .14 A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, With Figures of All the Species…. (1852-1855) . .15 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) . .16 On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects, and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing (1863) . .23 The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877) . -
Zentrale Themas
Biologie für Geologen Gerard Versteegh Karin Zonneveld Zentrale Themas • Leben • Evolution • Ökologie • Zusammenhänge • Fragen I Leben beinhaltet..... • Organisation • Fortpflanzung • Wachstum und Entwicklung • Energieverbrauch • Homeostase (Selbstinstandhaltung) • Evolutionäre Anpassung • Wechselwirkung mit Umwelt Ökologie studiert.... • Wechselwirkung von Lebewesen zwischen einander und mit der Umwelt Evolution ist.... • Genetische veränderung ? Evolutionstheorie • was ist eine wissenschaftliche Theorie ? Wissenschaftliche Methode Wahrnehmung Frage sehr oft Hypothese - Vorhersage Experiment + Wahrnehmung Evolutionstheorie • sehr oft bestätigte Hypothese • Wahrnehmungen: Vergleichende Anatomie • Morphologie • Embryologie Fossilien Biogeographie Taxonomie und Systematiek Co-evolution http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljune99.htm#thicket http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljune99.htm#thicket Style length in figs varies Female fig-wasps enter the fig with female flowers ripe through the ostiole They pollinate the female flowers They lay eggs in the short-style ovaries by putting the ovipositor through the style Ovipositor is too short for the long-style flowers to reach Fig and fig wasp-larvae develop simultaneously. Male emerges just before male flowers open Male fertilises female Male activity increases CO2 in fig Males eat themselves out CO2 level drops Females become active Male flowers are ripe Females collect pollen Females escape Female enters new fig flower with ripe female flowers Female flowers become pollinated..... Weiblen and Busch, 2002. Mol. Ecol. 11:1573-1578 Fig. 2 Evolutionary patterns of host association in pollinating mutualists and nonpollinating parasites of Ficus subgenus Sycomorus sensu lato. Species associations between pollinating Ceratosolen and Sycomorus are pairwise, in contrast to Apocryptophagus, where multiple unnamed parasite species may attack a single host species and some host species are not attacked at all. Cospeciating nodes inferred from reconciled trees are marked by dots. -
Why Was Darwin's View of Species Rejected by Twentieth Century
Biol Philos (2010) 25:497–527 DOI 10.1007/s10539-010-9213-7 Why was Darwin’s view of species rejected by twentieth century biologists? James Mallet Published online: 1 May 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Historians and philosophers of science agree that Darwin had an understanding of species which led to a workable theory of their origins. To Darwin species did not differ essentially from ‘varieties’ within species, but were distin- guishable in that they had developed gaps in formerly continuous morphological variation. Similar ideas can be defended today after updating them with modern population genetics. Why then, in the 1930s and 1940s, did Dobzhansky, Mayr and others argue that Darwin failed to understand species and speciation? Mayr and Dobzhansky argued that reproductively isolated species were more distinct and ‘real’ than Darwin had proposed. Believing species to be inherently cohesive, Mayr inferred that speciation normally required geographic isolation, an argument that he believed, incorrectly, Darwin had failed to appreciate. Also, before the sociobiology revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, biologists often argued that traits beneficial to whole populations would spread. Reproductive isolation was thus seen as an adaptive trait to prevent disintegration of species. Finally, molecular genetic markers did not exist, and so a presumed biological function of species, repro- ductive isolation, seemed to delimit cryptic species better than character-based criteria like Darwin’s. Today, abundant genetic markers are available and widely used to delimit species, for example using assignment tests: genetics has replaced a Darwinian reliance on morphology for detecting gaps between species. -
17Th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft Für Biologische Systematik
Zitteliana An International Journal of Palaeontology and Geobiology 88 17th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 21. – 24. February 2016 Abstracts An International Journal of Palaeontology and Geobiology Zitteliana 88 Munich 2016 88 ZittelianaAn International Journal of Palaeontology and Geobiology 17th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 21. – 24. February 2016 Abstracts Munich 2016 Editors-in-Chief / Herausgeber: Gert Wörheide, Michael Krings Guest Editors / Gast-Editoren: Mike Reich, Dirk Erpenbeck, Andreas Fleischmann, Katharina Jörger, Gerhard Haszprunar, Gert Wörheide Set and Layout / Bildbearbeitung und Layout: BSPG, Martine Focke Founded in / begründet: 1961 Formerly / ehemals: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie (1961-2002) Zitteliana (1969-2002) Zitteliana A (2003-2015) Zitteliana B (2003-2015) Editorial Board: B.J. Axsmith, Mobile, AL F.T. Fürsich, Erlangen K. Heißig, Munich H. Kerp, Münster J. Kriwet, Vienna J.H. Lipps, Berkeley, CA T. Litt, Bonn A. Nützel, Munich O.W.M. Rauhut, Munich B. Reichenbacher, Munich J.W. Schopf, Los Angeles, CA G. Schweigert, Stuttgart F. Steininger, Eggenburg SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, D-80333 München, Deutschland http://www.palmuc.de email: [email protected] Authors are solely responsible for the contents of their articles, and retain full copyright / Für den Inhalt der Arbeiten sind die Autoren allein verantwortlich und behalten alle Urheberrechte Zitteliana © 2016 SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München Articles published in Zitteliana are protected by copyright. Reprint and duplications via photochemical, electronical and other ways and production of translations or usage of the presentations for radio television broadcasting or internet remain – even in extracts – subject to the authors. -
List of Biologists
Scientist Birth-Death Country Humayun Abdulali (1914–2001), Indian ornithologist Aziz Ab'Saber (1924–2012), Brazilian geographer, geologist and ecologist Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist Johann Friedrich Adam (18th century–1806), Russian botanist Arthur Adams (1820–1878), English physician and naturalist Henry Adams (1813–1877), English naturalist and conchologist William Adamson (1731–1793), Scottish botanist (abbr. in botany: Aiton) Michel Adanson (1727–1806), French naturalist (abbr. in botany: Adans.) Monique Adolphe ( born 1932), French cell biologist Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889–1977), British electrophysiologist, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on neurons Adam Afzelius (1750–1837), Swedish botanist Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859), Swedish botanist Jacob Georg Agardh (1813–1901), Swedish botanist Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss zoologist Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), American zoologist, son of Louis Agassiz Nikolaus Ager (1568–1634), French botanist Pedro Alberch i Vié (1954–1998), Spanish naturalist Bruce Alberts ( born 1938), American biochemist, former President of the United States National Academy of Sciences Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British pioneer in plant pathology Boyd Alexander (1873–1910), English ornithologist Horace Alexander (1889–1989), English ornithologist Richard D. Alexander ( born 1930), American evolutionary biologist Wilfred Backhouse Alexander (1885–1965), English ornithologist Alfred William Alcock (1859–1933), British naturalist Salim Ali (1896–1987), -
Ernst Mayr As “The Darwin of the 20Th Century”: Defining a Discipline While Defending a Faith
ERNST MAYR AS “THE DARWIN OF THE 20TH CENTURY”: DEFINING A DISCIPLINE WHILE DEFENDING A FAITH By STEWART EDWARD KREITZER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Stewart Edward Kreitzer This document is dedicated to everyone who ever felt a desire to get to the bottom of things. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank the University of Florida for providing an extremely accessible, high-quality educational experience. I further wish to especially thank the faculty and staff of the History Department, but in particular Betty Smocovitis, Fred Gregory, and Bob Hatch, who teach the history of science. While working with me as my graduate advisor, I must acknowledge that Betty has been extraordinarily patient. At the same time, I would like to offer an all-encompassing “thank you” to all those who throughout my life have offered guidance and encouragement. My ability to accomplish this present task is in no small part due to all that I have experienced in the past. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 THE EVOLUTION OF ERNST -
Evolutionary Novelty: a Philosophical and Historical Investigation
Evolutionary novelty: a philosophical and historical investigation Submitted by Thibault Racovski to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy In June 2018 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. Acknowledgements I am happy to be able to thank at least some of the many people who accompanied me during my doctoral experience and made the completion of this thesis possible Philippe Huneman, my co-supervisor in Paris, for introducing me to philosophy of biology eleven years ago and accompanying me through all the stages of this research project with his immense support His generosity and his example greatly contributed to my understanding and appreciation of the world of research and academia The mark of his numerous suggestions and of his critical eye is present throughout this thesis John Dupré, my co-supervisor in Exeter, for his astute guidance and his patience during my sometimes tumultuous intellectual journey John transformed my understanding of the writing process and made vivid the value of collaboration in research I benefitted greatly from being part of the project “A Process Ontology for Contemporary