Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 41, 1985, 289-296. REPORTS ON THE YEAR 1984

THE FIELD CLUB Secretary's Report Proceedings. The whole affair illustrated, once 1984 was a relatively quiet year for me, as the again, that the running of the central main burdens fell on others. As usual, there administration rests in too few hands. were four Council meetings, but meetings of A new combined newsletter was launched the Executive were discontinued after a single this year and was favourably received. Mr meeting. Attendances always fall when affairs Stagg, the Editor as well as our President, are going smoothly. The Annual General deserves great credit for it. Local History was Meeting was unusually early this year, on 18 over-represented because not enough material April, and was poorly attended as usual in was submitted by the other sections. Also, for spite of the provision of refreshments. No the first time, the New Forest Annual Report was major issues were raised and there were no distributed to all members. The reduced amendments to the Rules. The Secretary and format has kept expenses within bounds and Treasurer were re-elected and Mrs Clelford, has relieved sections of the main call on their Mr Rothery and Mr Surry were elected to resources. It is no longer necessary to make Council. The Annual Conference was again every event profitable, it was pointed out at the held separately, this time in September and September meeting of Council: sections organised by the New Forest Section: it was an should spend their grants and subsidise outstanding success. events, as far as possible, to maximise the The year began with the introduction of new benefit members receive for their subscriptions. Advance warning and the subscriptions. Members should also be advance circulation of those paying by bankers charged less than non-members. order had little effect, so most subscriptions 1984 is also the year before the Centenary were incorrect and required compensatory Year and preparations proceeded meth­ action by the Officers. In my absence at York, odically. At the "time-of writing, the Annual there was too much work for the Treasurer and Conference, AGM and OGS Crawford the new Membership Secretary: even the Memorial Lecture are planned; Miss Robinson appointment of Mr Hanna as Assistant is organising the Centenary Exhibition; Treasurer was not enough. Everybody, Proceedings will contain a centenary article by whether they had paid or not, received the Mrs Taylor and other related articles; the March posting; reminders were sent out late; sections arc preparing their own programmes; and some new members received nothing. and a school essay competition is being plan­ Only in July were the difficulties ironed out. ned. With limited resources, the Field Club Not surprisingly the Society lost members, cannot afford lavish junketings, but some of whom rejoined for 1985. Many Joint substantial sums have been assigned to make Members chose to subscribe as Ordinary 1985 a special year. Members rather than pay the new subscription Finally, the Society lost three longserving and most of those who resigned altogether former Officers, to whom we all owe a were Programme Members, who do not pay considerable debt: Mr R L P Jowitt, a former the full subscription. Income therefore fell less Secretary and President, Miss Frances Collins, than membership and it is still hoped to avoid a past Deputy-President, and Mr F Cottrill, for raising subscriptions again for four years: the many years Programme Secretary. upheaval caused is compelling here. Ironically, one effect of this chaos is that, for the first time Annual Conference at Cadland House, Fawley since 1980, a majority of members subscribe to On Saturday 29 September eighty members of 290 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Tubbs recounted how invasion of spartina Society attended their annual conference at anglica in the 1930s, and its rapid recent Cadland House, seat of former President Mr regression, the revival of zostcra, and the Maldwin Drummond, whose family have advance of green algae had changed the cha­ owned the estate since 1772. The comfortable racter of the mudflats, encouraging the modern house, adorned with historic records proliferation of Brent geese and the decline of and pictures, standing in a timbered park, and waders. Intangible biological influences were overlooking the historic Solent, admirably supplemented here by the action of man, illustrated the theme 'Where the Forest Meets whose discharge of effluent encouraged algae the Sea'. and whose reclamation of 11 % of the Solent Mr Adrian Ranee reviewed the maritime basin had caused a rise in the sea level, halving importance of the Solent estuary, which is so the inter-tidal area by erosion of mudbanks, obvious in the twentieth century in Fawlcy and had thus rendered existing sea-walls Refinery, the site of the old Cadland House, in inadequate. the seaplane base at Calshot, and in the devel­ Whereas Mr Tubbs was anxious to protect opment of the hovercraft. All this originated in nature against further artificial threats, Mr the Roman need for a port of embarkation for Coughlan, a marine biologist employed by the the Seine and in the maritime invasion of CEGB, was concerned with the protection of Cerdic and his West Saxons, but for many man against the sea: zostcra clogged up power centuries only small ketches and other sailing stations, sea creatures could now bore even craft frequented the small ports and muddy into fibreglass, and large Korean sea-squirts creeks of the New Forest, admirably drawn for were colonising piles and sea-walls. These the charts of Adelard Cole by a member of the sea-squirts, American clams and spartina were audience. Always strategically important, the all immensely successful imports that were waterway became more easily protected with changing the biological and geological char­ the development of cannon and was fortified acter of the Solent basin. The reasons for against continental invasion by Henry VIII change were often unclear, but biological with a network of castles, of which Calshot — research was an essential preliminary to fur­ skilfully described by Mr Jude James - was ther development. one. Whether local residents welcomed such Like the sea-squirts and indeed Cerdic, the protection is doubtful, as the guns were only Drummonds were foreign invaders, who had once fired in anger — against English mur­ adapted to circumstances and had come to derers fleeing to France - and officers of HM stay. Supposedly originating with Attilla the Customs were liable to attack from local Hun, the Drummonds emerged in Scotland in smugglers. Nelsons Place was formerly called the thirteenth century as inventors of the Lazytown, because nobody worked during the caltrop, so effectively used against the English day: at night, however, they were active at Bannockburn and now a decorative motif on smugglers and poachers, varying their the carpets at Cadland House. Continuing maritime activities with forays against Squire their discomfiture of the English by supporting Drummond's coverts. " Only recently has the Old Pretender and the Young Pretender, Calshot Castle been dwarfed by hangars and two sons of the Jacobite Lord Strathallan become successively ancillary to the seaplane joined Drummonds Bank at Charing Cross base, modern coastal defences,, and the actually during the '45. These two prospered, activities centre. It illustrates admirably the bought Hampshire estates and built adaptation to circumstances that emerged as a Northington Grange and Cadland House. secondary theme of the conference. The Cadland estate, acquired in 1772, was Even the sea, it emerged, was not a constant landscaped by Capability Brown, and the factor. Focussing on the inter-tidal zone and, existing house contains portraits by Zoflany in particular the vast mudbanks, Mr Colin and china by Wedgwood, all of whom banked REPORTS ON THE YEAR 1984 291 with Drummonds! The original, modest man­ more common than villas and probably sion cost the enormous sum of £19,309 but agriculturally more significant: we need to subsequent generations, dazzled by their excavate more sites like Owlesbury before we noble connections, expanded it to truly tackle any more villas or hillforts. unmanageable size, even though there was no The site was occupied continuously from the bathroom until 1926. They moved to the fourth century BC to the fourth century AD. It existing house in 1935 and the old one was originated as a 'banjo' enclosure, like those at demolished to make way for Fawley refinery in Bramdean and Micheldever Wood, and was the 1940s. That the historic family will associated with coarse hand-made pottery, continue was forcibly demonstrated, when the post-holes and storage pits. In a second phase, youngest member impeded his father's perhaps about 100 BC, ditched trackways were account of the family history! laid out and about 50 BC there is evidence of The first Drummond of Cadland also built a extensive trading contacts. Dating from these cottage orne for recreation. The surrounding phases there arc a few prestige finds, 15 acres were landscaped by Capability Brown indicating the presence of some wealthy with the same range of views to be found at his individuals. Little was changed at first by the infinitely larger Blenheim Park. This was not Roman conquest, but the abandonment of the appreciated by subsequent Drummonds, who ditches and, c 130/140 AD, changed burial preferred their steam yachts, but fortunately customs, suggest changed agricultural did not destroy the original, increasingly practice and increased reliance on a servile overgrown, plan. Guided by Brown's original male labour force. Prestige articles ceased to plan,- the Drummonds have now cleared the occur, perhaps because the richer inhabitants accretions of centuries and restored the garden moved to Winchester, and there were some as Capability Brown conceived it. Mrs Gilly very deep pits. The latest coin dates from the Drummond, who told the story and guided the 380s AD and the settlement was abandoned party over the gardens, is now turning her soon after. attention to other historic gardens through the The poor attendance probably resulted from Hampshire Gardens Trust. the unusual timing of the lecture, which will Formal proceedings ended with a presenta­ not be repeated. In view of the Society's long­ tion of plants to the hosts, the Drummonds, standing connection with the site, it was and there was much appreciation for Mr H A particularly regrettable that so excellent and Collinson, who organised the highly successful entertaining a lecture should have been heard day with other members of the New Forest by so few. Section. M.A.H.

0 G S Crawford Memorial Lecture On 14 July 1984 Dr John Collis spoke at King ARCHAEOLOGY SECTION Alfred's College, Winchester on 'Owlesbury: This year the Section has undergone a change Iron Age and Roman Farm', the first verbal of Secretary, with Annie Robinson standing report to the Society on his excavations, which down after several busy and successful years in the Field Club supported financially. What the the post. Activities have not been numerous, dig exposed were ditches, post-holes, pits, but those which have taken place were greatly pottery and burials, the surviving traces of a • enjoyed. small agricultural settlement, which together Continuing the successful policy of recent are difficult to date precisely or to interpret. years, lectures were run in conjunction with Nevertheless Dr Collis argued for the archae­ local societies: on December 1st 1983, Dick ological significance of the site and speculated Whinney, the Section President, spoke to a about its relationship to hill-forts and well-attended meeting held jointly with the subsequently Roman villas. Native farms were Basingstoke Local History and Archaeological 292 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Society. The subject was the recent exca­ About sixty people attended the Annual vations carried out at the Easton Lane Conference, held on 17th November. This year interchange to the east of Winchester. The it was titled 'The Archaeology of Industry in audience learned of the wealth of evidence Hampshire' and, as usual, it was held at the from the Neolithic to the Romano-British peri­ Department of Adult Education in the Uni­ ods found on the site. Another joint lecture versity of Southampton. The Committee was held on February 10th 1984, this time in wished to adopt a broad thematic approach to association with the Aldershot Historical and the subject involving all periods, avoiding Archaeological Society, at Aldershot Library complete concentration on the technological Hall. It was delivered by Dr Edwin Course, developments of post-medieval times. In the who spoke about industrial archaeology in event, a successful blend of these two north Hampshire. approaches was achieved. Three thematic Two field-trips took place this summer: on sessions were held, entitled: 'The Raw Materi­ April 29th, Michael Hughes and Philip als', 'Men at Work' and 'Delivering the Colebourne continued their study of the Goods'. David Johnston and Kevin Stubbs Wayfarers Walk Long Distance Footpath, this opened the first session with a talk on pottery year walking from Kilmcston to Warnford. and brickmaking from pre-historic times to the Several features of the historic landscape were present day. Dr Peter Ovenden outlined the observed, including Bronze Age barrows, development of iron-working in Hampshire parish boundaries and field systems. The party over a similar period. The final paper of the was also shown how old woodland could be morning was presented by Adrian Ranee who identified from plant indicators, and how gave a detailed account of the rise of the hedges could be roughly dated by shipbuilding industry in Southampton during investigating plant colonisation. The highlight the past two hundred years. The second of the day was a visit to the surviving session 'Men at Work' encompassed three earthworks of the deserted medieval village at subjects: John Silman presented an Lomer. i informative account of the milling industry, discussing both wind and water power. A 'Pitt-Rivers Day' was held on 15th July; Elizabeth Lewis gave a short talk on the little Clare Conybeare led a party around some of known sixteenth century glassmaking industry the most famous sites excavated by the found­ in Hampshire. Finally, Dr Martin Doughty ing father of modern archaeology. The first provided a glimpse-into the brewing industry visit was to South Lodge Camp in Cranbourne with particular reference to the Winchester Chase. Here the Late Bronze Age rectangular evidence. Session three, 'Delivering the earthwork reconstructed by General Pitt- Goods', concentrated on the roads, canals and Rivers was examined. The party next visited railways of the County. David Johnston Woodcutts, a Roman hamlet situated high on summarised the pre-historic and Roman evi­ the North Dorset downs. The hut circles, dence, and Dr Edwin Course outlined the trackway and enclosure banks were all visible more recent methods of transport and and the famous wells (one originally over fifty communication, with particular reference to metres deep) were also observed. Wor barrow, the decline and disappearance of the canals a Neolithic burial monument, was next on the and railways. itinerary. Although largely reconstructed by M.M. the General after total excavation, the site was indeed impressive. The day ended with a visit to the marvellous new Pitt-Rivers Gallery at Salisbury Museum, where the party not only HISTORIC BUILDINGS SECTION saw many of the original finds from the sites The Section is now in its third year, and the but also learned more of the career and past twelve months have witnessed a steady outlook of this eccentric but brilliant man. growth in its membership and the fulfilling of REPORTS ON THE YEAR 1984 293 most of the hopes of those who worked to The summer season of 1984 opened with a create the new Section in the autumn of 1982. Field Trip: a visit to chalk cob structures in During the 1982-3 winter season members and around King's Somborne, organised by Mr attended lectures by Miss Elizabeth Lewis on Gordon Pearson as a follow-up to his winter 'Historic Wall Paintings in Hampshire' lecture. The following month members were (followed by a visit to some wall paintings in taken on a successful tour of Southampton situ in a neighbouring Romsey public house); churches, and there were opportunities of vis­ by Mr Gordon Pearson on 'The Chalk Cob iting St Julian's and St Peter's Churches, Walls of Wessex'; by Mr Peter Reid, advisor to which are not normally ,open to the public. the National Monuments Record, on 'The Later in the summer a small group Country Houses of Hampshire and the Isle of participated in measuring a timber-framed Wight'; and by Mr John Reynolds on building in Romsey. But the main event of the 'Hampshire Mills'. The Section's AGM was summer season was a Day Conference held at combined with a conference, held at King Marsh Court by kind permission of the Alfred's College, entitled 'The Conservation Headmaster, Mr E G Broadbent. The speakers and Preservation of Ancient Buildings', at were Mr Peter Reid, Mrs Jane Brown, author which the speakers were Mr Peter Blakesley, of Gardens of a Golden Afternoon, Mr Kevin Stubbs retiring Chairman of the Section, Mrs Corinne and Miss Krysia Bilikowski; and there were Bennett, the Architect to the Dean and opportunities of touring the house, as well as Chapter of Winchester, Mr Mike Pearce of the of picnicking in the delightful gardens. Eighty Hampshire Historic Buildings Bureau, and Mr people attended this conference, including Charles Brcntnall, an expert in the disman­ several members of the Lutyens family.- The tling and re-erection of timber-frame buildings. formula — a conference with distinguished During the winter season some lessons were speakers talking about a house and its gardens learned about, the need for actively promoting - was clearly successful, and we hope to repeat and advertising our activities, especially by it at a different venue in 1985. circulating other societies and groups; and When the Section was created, one of its above all it was made clear that a reasonable main objectives was to monitor applications audience could only be assured by holding for consent to demolish or alter listed winter meetings in Winchester itself. This buildings in the County, and to keep an eye on evidently conflicts with the Section's policy of 'developments' generally. This demanding spreading our activities to more distant parts task had hitherto been undertaken by Mr Peter of Hampshire; and the intention is to Blakesley, the Field Club's Historic Buildings' encourage 'joint meetings' with local amenity Secretary. During the first two years of the societies, with the dual benefit of assuring an Section's existence it proved difficult to recruit adequate audience and widening the Section's local representatives to undertake this work; contacts throughout Hampshire. but the growth of the Section has brought a Possibly the most successful of our winter number of well-qualified candidates who are events was the exhibition of the Section's now acting as 'listed buildings correspondents' activities displayed at the Winchester City for their parts of Hampshire. Mr Blakesley Museum by kind invitation of Miss Elizabeth having retired after several years' important Lewis. The exhibition was entitled work for the Society, the role of coordinator 'Hampshire Buildings', and it was* intended to has been taken over by the Section Secretary. demonstrate the wide range of activities The Section, acting on behalf of the Field promoted by the Section. It ran for over five Club, represents the Council for British weeks, during which time over 1,750 people Archaeology in the matter of vetting listed visited the museum, most of whom examined building consents; and he forwards the our prominent display, which occupied most statutory notifications to the local correspond­ of the ground floor area. ents who examine the cases and comment as 294 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY they think fit. Some areas of Hampshire are Hampshire's urban change during that period. still poorly represented; and we should Dr Martin Doughty next spoke about welcome applications from prospective 'corre­ Southampton, giving

Chantries of Christchurch'. After lunch, the Maldwin Drummond. The theme was 'Where group visited the beautiful Priory Church, and the Forest meets the Sea', and the major were given a guided tour of the main body of papers read were on. the 'Drummonds of the building, and also of the Anglo-Saxon Cadland', by Maldwin Drummond, 'Ships that crypt. They then visited the Red House have Passed', by Adrian Ranee (read by H A Museum, with its notable natural history Collinson in the author's unavoidable collection, and finally, Mr Arthur Lloyd gave a absence) and 'Capability Brown and fascinating lecture on 'Christchurch and the Cadland's Cottage Orne', by Gilly Smugglers'. Drummond. There were also three short 1984 also saw the introduction of a new 'Cameos of the Solent Shore', on 'The format of Newsletter whereby the Section's Changing Environment of the Solent' by Colin contributions were placed in a volume Tubbs, 'Marine Life of the Solent Shore' by containing notes and articles from the Field Jack Coughlan, and 'Calshot Castle, a Solent Club as a whole. Generally, the change met Fort' by Jude James. Members were later taken with a favourable response. round the remaining works of Capability Financially, the Section was in a position of Brown and shown how these arc being strength in 1983-4. This allowed the restored. The day was much enjoyed by those continuation of the purchase of microfilms of attending. documents relating to Hampshire's history At its. meetings the Section Committee kept in national archives. It also made possible continued to monitor plans and development a reduction in the charge for the Christchurch in the New Forest, including re-affirming its meeting as compared with the previous year. opposition to any route for a bypass for C.M.H. Lyndhurst that takes it through Forest land. Some concern was felt at the change of name from 'New Forest Museum' to 'New Forest NEW FOREST SECTION Centre', as it was felt that this led to too much The Section held the following meetings and emphasis on the tourist information side of the lectures during the year: project. However, it has been announced that At the AGM in March a talk on the exca­ the title has now reverted to 'Museum'. vations at Buck Knowle Farm, Dorset, was Matters considered and commented on presented by Geoffrey Collins. In October, within the Forest itself included a new car- park Mark Brisbane gave a most detailed and inter­ near Boldreford Bridge, which, though esting talk on 'Saxon Southampton'. welcome in that it will keep cars away from the Field meetings were held on 'Plants of West bridge area and ease the increasing erosion Hampshire Chalk', by John Ounsted; an there, still leaves a considerable depth, of archaeological walk round Sloden, for coppice penetration into- the open Forest. . Guided banks, pounds and other earthworks, led by walks for visitors, the impact of orienteering Anthony Pasmore; a demonstration of meth­ and damage done by excessive pressure from ods of trapping small mammals by Stephen riding establishments, and the serious concern Hill, held in Roydon Woods Nature Reserve; at accidents to commoners' animals were other and a joint meeting with the Hampshire and topics during the year, as were the plans put Isle of Wight Naturalists Trust on forward by Hampshire County Council for the 'Dragonflies' on Beaulieu Heath, led by David dangerous crossroads at Marlpit Oak, between Winsland. Sway and Brockcnhurst. The plans for improv­ The Section hosted the Hampshire Field ing the safety at the Picket Post junction, Club One Day Conference in September, and subject of a public inquiry last year, have been this was organised by H A Collinson, and held held back pending investigation into a new in the delightful surroundings of Cadland route suggested by Shell, owners of the petrol House, by kind permission of Mr and Mrs station there. 296 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Three notable reports on New Forest Excavation was continued at the site at commoners have been published by the Church Green, and a full report will be RSPCA, Nature Conservancy Council and published in the Section's Annual Report for Countryside-Commission, and are now being 1984. J.I. studied by New Forest organisations.