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Year BP Kurile Lake Caldera-Forming Eruption, Kamchatka, Russia: Stratigraphy and Field Relationships

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Year BP Kurile Lake Caldera-Forming Eruption, Kamchatka, Russia: Stratigraphy and Field Relationships Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136 (2004) 199–222 www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores The 7600 (14C) year BP Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption, Kamchatka, Russia: stratigraphy and field relationships V.V. Ponomarevaa,*, P.R. Kyleb, I.V. Melekestseva, P.G. Rinkleffb, O.V. Dirksena, L.D. Sulerzhitskyc, N.E. Zaretskaiac, R. Rourkeb a Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Piip Blvd. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia b Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801-4796, USA c Geological Institute, Pyzhevsky per. 7, Moscow 119017, Russia Abstract The 7600 14C-year-old Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption (KO) in southern Kamchatka, Russia, produced a 7-km-wide caldera now mostly filled by the Kurile Lake. The KO eruption has a conservatively estimated tephra volume of 140–170 km3 making it the largest Holocene eruption in the Kurile–Kamchatka volcanic arc and ranking it among the Earth’s largest Holocene explosive eruptions. The eruptive sequence consists of three main units: (I) initial phreatoplinian deposits; (II) plinian fall deposits, and (III) a voluminous and extensive ignimbrite sheet and accompanying surge beds and co-ignimbrite fallout. The KO fall tephra was dispersed over an area of >3 million km2, mostly in a northwest direction. It is a valuable stratigraphic marker for southern Kamchatka, the Sea of Okhotsk, and a large part of the Asia mainland, where it has been identified as a f 6 to 0.1 cm thick layer in terrestrial and lake sediments, 1000–1700 km from source. The ignimbrite, which constitutes a significant volume of the KO deposits, extends to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean on either side of the peninsula, a distance of over 50 km from source. Fine co-ignimbrite ash was likely formed when the ignimbrite entered the sea and could account for the wide dispersal of the KO fall unit. Individual pumice clasts from the fall and surge deposits range from dacite to rhyolite, whereas pumice and scoria clasts in the ignimbrite range from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. Ignimbrite exposed west and south of the caldera is dominantly rhyolite, whereas north, east and southeast of the caldera it has a strong vertical compositional zonation from rhyolite at the base to basaltic andesite in the middle, and back to rhyolite at the top. Following the KO eruption, Iliinsky volcano formed within the northeastern part of the caldera producing basalt to dacite lavas and pyroclastic rocks compositionally related to the KO erupted products. Other post-caldera features include several extrusive domes, which form islands in Kurile Lake, submerged cinder cones and the huge silicic extrusive massif of Dikii Greben’ volcano. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: caldera; explosive eruption; ignimbrite; Kamchatka; Kurile Lake; Holocene 1. Introduction Arc volcanoes pose a significant hazard to society * Corresponding author. Tel.: + 7-415-22-59194; fax: +7-415- because of their number, explosiveness and frequency 22-59130. of eruptions. By documenting and dating past erup- E-mail address: [email protected] (V.V. Ponomareva). tions, and estimating their size and eruptive volumes, 0377-0273/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.013 200 V.V. Ponomareva et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136 (2004) 199–222 we can contribute to the global paleovolcanic record eruption would have devastated the southern Kam- and provide a framework for further volcanological chatka Peninsula and is likely to have had a short-term and petrologic studies. impact on the global climate. We describe the stratig- Five large (VEI = 5–7) explosive caldera-forming raphy, distribution, age, composition and volume of eruptions took place on the Kamchatka Peninsula the deposits from the eruption and reconstruct the during the Holocene. Three occurred at the Ksudach eruptive sequence. New data allow us to re-consider volcanic massif and the other two resulted in the the extent of tephra dispersal and discuss the charac- formation of the Karymsky and Kurile Lake calderas teristic features of the tephra that are helpful for its (Braitseva et al., 1995, 1997a,b).SomeKsudach identification and correlation in distal sites. Petrologic eruptions have been described (Braitseva et al., evolution of the eruption will be considered in detail 1996; Bursik et al., 1993; Melekestsev et al., 1996; in a separate paper (Kyle et al., in preparation). Volynets et al., 1999), but the larger Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption has only received brief men- tion (Piip, 1947; Melekestsev et al., 1974; Braitseva et 2. Geologic background and previous studies al., 1995, 1997a,b). Recent field work in the Kurile Lake area has collected new data on the deposits and Kurile Lake is located at the southern end of the allows us to reconstruct the eruptive history. Here we Kamchatka Peninsula. The lake is 81 m above sea document the largest Holocene explosive eruption on level and has an area of 76 km2. It drains into the the Kamchatka Peninsula, which resulted in the for- Ozernaya River, which flows to the Sea of Okhotsk mation of the Kurile Lake caldera and produced an (Figs. 1 and 2). The lake and surrounds is a wilderness extensive ignimbrite deposit which has characteristics area and the rugged volcanic landscape is mostly resembling the Taupo ignimbrite (Wilson, 1985). The covered with bush and forest vegetation. In mid- Fig. 1. View looking southwest of Kurile Lake and Iliinsky volcano from Zheltovsky volcano. Iliinsky volcano and the dissected surface of the Kurile Lake caldera ignimbrite are in the foreground. Iliinsky is located in a crater of the Late Pleistocene pre-Iliinsky volcano (the rim of the crater can be seen at the break of slope to the left of Iliinsky and can be traced around before being buried by a young Iliinsky andesite lava flow). The large fresh crater on the center–left slope of Iliinsky formed in 1901 by a phreatic eruption. Kurile Lake is behind and to the right of Iliinsky. Dikii Greben’ extrusive massif is on the right just across the Kurile Lake. The Holocene and Late Pleistocene Kambalny and Kosheleva volcanoes are in the background. Photo by Nikolai Smelov. V.V. Ponomareva et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136 (2004) 199–222 201 Fig. 2. Location map for the Kurile Lake region, South Kamchatka, and distribution of the basal unit (unit I) of the Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption deposits. Dashed line a–b south of the lake marks the profile shown in Fig. 7. Pleistocene time, the area is believed to be an island al., 1997). The 7-km-wide Kurile Lake caldera separated from the Kamchatka Peninsula by a strait belongs to the subduction-related Eastern volcanic (Melekestsev et al., 1974). belt of Kamchatka. The belt lies f 200 km inboard Volcanism on the Kamchatka Peninsula results of the Kurile–Kamchatka trench and 100 km above from subduction of the Pacific plate underneath the the Wadati–Benioff zone (Gorbatov et al., 1997). Okhotsk and North American plates at a rate of Volcanic eruptions in southern Kamchatka have f 8 cm/year (Geist and Scholl, 1994; Gorbatov et been highly explosive. Four of the six Holocene 202 V.V. Ponomareva et al. / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136 (2004) 199–222 eruptions in Kamchatka with tephra volumes greater Widespread outcrops of white pumice around Kur- than 10 km3 (Braitseva et al., 1997a) took place in ile Lake, some more than 150 m high, caught the southern Kamchatka. The Kurile Lake caldera is 50 attention of native settlers who called them ‘‘Kutkh’s km south of the Ksudach caldera complex which boats’’ (Kutkh was a hero of local folklore), since the experienced two Late Pleistocene and three Holo- shape of the vertical ribs, formed by erosion and cene caldera-forming eruptions (Melekestsev et al., possibly fumarolic induration, resembled huge over- 1996). Kurile Lake is surrounded by the Late turned boats put out to dry (Fig. 3D,E). Piip (1947) Pleistocene–Holocene volcanoes Zheltovsky, Iliin- began reconnaissance volcanological studies in South sky, Dikii Greben’, Kosheleva, and Kambalny which Kamchatka and suggested that the eruption of pumice are located only 12–18 km from one another (Figs. was associated with a tectonic depression centered 1 and 2). Recent eruptions include Zheltovsky in within Kurile Lake. This idea was supported by 1923, Illinsky in 1901, Kosheleva, and probably, Braitseva et al. (1965), who determined the pumice Kambalny, in the 17th century (Novograblenov, was a pyroclastic flow deposit erupted during the 1932). Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption. Some research- The Holocene and Pleistocene volcanic deposits ers attributed the pumice deposits in different valleys rest on Pliocene to Miocene volcanic and sedimen- to individual fissure vents and discounted the exis- tary rocks (Florensky and Bazanova, 1991). Pleisto- tence of a caldera (e.g. Masurenkov, 1980). Radiocar- cene volcanism included the formation of lava bon dates for the Kurile Lake caldera deposits, which plateaus, several calderas, and several stratovolca- are discussed in detail below, give an age of about noes including the pre-Iliinsky somma-volcano, 7600 years BP (Zaretskaia et al., 2001). Braitseva et which encloses modern Iliinsky (Figs. 1 and 2). al. (1997b) recognized widespread tephra fall from the The existence of a Late Pleistocene caldera within Kurile Lake eruption over much of southern Kam- a larger mid-Pleistocene Pauzhetka caldera has been chatka, and Melekestsev et al. (1991) identified it in proposed but the existence of this caldera is still the Magadan region on mainland Asia. These findings being debated (Melekestsev et al., 1974, 1991).At showed that the Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption least two partly superimposed caldera scarps of (coded KO) was the largest Holocene eruption in Pleistocene age can be identified near the lake Kamchatka and the most important in ‘‘a century’’ (Fig.
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