Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1999. 28:455–78 Copyright © 1999 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved EMERGENT FORMS OF LIFE: Anthropologies of Late or Postmodernities Michael M.J. Fischer Science, Technology and Society Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; e-mail:
[email protected] Key Words: social theory and ethnography, science institutions, film and cyberspace, reconstruction after social trauma n Abstract Anthropologies of late modernity (also called postmodernity, postindustrial society, knowledge society, or information society) provide a number of stimulating challenges for all levels of social, cultural, and psycho- logical theory, as well as for ethnographic and other genres of anthropological writing. Three key overlapping arenas of attention are the centrality of science and technology; decolonization, postcolonialism, and the reconstruction of so- cieties after social trauma; and the role of the new electronic and visual media. The most important challenges of contemporary ethnographic practice include more than merely (a) the techniques of multilocale or multisited ethnography for strategically accessing different points in broadly spread processes, (b) the techniques of multivocal or multiaudience-addressed texts for mapping and ac- knowledging with greater precision the situatedness of knowledge, (c) the re- working of traditional notions of comparative work for a world that is increas- ingly aware of difference, and (d) acknowledging that anthropological repre- sentations are interventions within a stream of representations, mediations, and unequally inflected discourses competing for hegemonic control. Of equal im- by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 09/21/10. For personal use only. portance are the challenges of juxtaposing, complementing, or supplementing other genres of writing, working with historians, literary theorists, media critics, novelists, investigative or in-depth journalists, writers of insider accounts (e.g.