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Development of Ichthyoliths As a Paleoceanographic and Paleoecological Proxy

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Development of Ichthyoliths As a Paleoceanographic and Paleoecological Proxy UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Ichthyoliths as a paleoceanographic and paleoecological proxy and the response of open- ocean fish to Cretaceous and Cenozoic global change Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60d8q1w2 Author Sibert, Elizabeth Claire Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ichthyoliths as a paleoceanographic and paleoecological proxy and the response of open-ocean fish to Cretaceous and Cenozoic global change A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Elizabeth Claire Sibert Committee in charge: Professor Richard D. Norris, Chair Professor Lin Chao Professor Peter J. S. Franks Professor Philip A. Hastings Professor Lisa A. Levin 2016 Copyright Elizabeth Claire Sibert, 2016 All Rights Reserved ii The dissertation of Elizabeth Claire Sibert is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION For Midnight I love you forever, my little bear iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …..………………..………………………………….………………………………….. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. xii VITAE............................................................................................................................... xx ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ........................................................................ xxi CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Dissertation ................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Outline of the Dissertation ............................................................................ 9 1.3 References ................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal scales (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments ..................... 21 2.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Methods for ichthyolith isolation and concentration .................................. 27 2.3.1 Carbonates ........................................................................................ 29 2.3.2 Pelagic clays ..................................................................................... 33 2.3.3 Silica-dominated sediments .............................................................. 34 2.3.4 Organic-rich sediments ..................................................................... 37 2.3.5 Comments about ichthyolith-specific washing and picking techniques .......................................................................................................... 39 2.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Ichthyolith Accumulation Rates ....................................................... 41 2.4.2 Ichthyolith Community Metrics ........................................................ 46 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 49 2.6 References ................................................................................................... 50 2.7 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3 Resilience of Pacific pelagic fish across the Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction............................................................................................................... 56 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 57 3.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 57 3.4 Methods....................................................................................................... 60 3.5 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 60 3.6 References ................................................................................................... 60 3.7 Supplementary Information ........................................................................ 61 3.8 Supplementary Materials and Methods ...................................................... 62 3.9 Supplementary Discussion .......................................................................... 70 3.10 Supplementary References .......................................................................... 75 3.11 Supplementary Figures ............................................................................... 77 v CHAPTER 4 No evidence for productivity-driven dwarfing in pelagic fish communities following the Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction .................... 94 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 95 4.2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 96 4.3 Methods....................................................................................................... 98 4.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................... 99 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 105 4.6 References ................................................................................................. 106 4.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 5 New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous− Paleogene mass extinction............................................................................................................. 110 5.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 111 5.2 Introduction ............................................................................................... 111 5.3 Results ....................................................................................................... 112 5.4 Discussion ................................................................................................. 113 5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 115 5.6 Materials and Methods .............................................................................. 115 5.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 116 5.8 References ................................................................................................. 116 5.9 Supporting Information ............................................................................. 117 CHAPTER 6 A two-pulsed radiation of pelagic fishes following the K/Pg mass extinction............................................................................................................. 124 6.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 125 6.2 Introduction ............................................................................................... 126 6.3 Methods..................................................................................................... 129 6.3.1 DSDP Site 596 lithology and ichthyolith isolation ......................... 129 6.3.2 Fish Tooth Morphology and Morphotypes ..................................... 131 6.3.3 Morphospace Analyses ................................................................... 135 6.3.4 Estimation of evolutionary rates ..................................................... 136 6.4 Results ....................................................................................................... 138 6.4.1 Stratigraphic Ranges of ichthyoliths ............................................... 138 6.4.2 Ichthyolith abundance and sampling .............................................. 141 6.4.3 Origination and
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