Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15912-9 — Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe Edited by Sabrina P

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15912-9 — Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe Edited by Sabrina P. Ramet , Marko Valenta Index More Information 293

Index

Abizadeh, Arash, 8 Archives of Serbs in the Republic of Agreements, 29 , 32 , 37 , 88 –89 , 110 , Croatia, 110 125 , 144, 147 – 48 , 252, 268 – 69 ; Ashbrook, John, 255 – 56 Belgrade Agreement, 144 , 146 , 263; Ashkali Albanian Democratic Party of Belgrade-Prishtina Agreement, 29 , 146, Kosovo, 88 , 270 , 276 , 277 263, 268 ; Brussels Agreement, 263 , Ashkali people, 11, 17 , 263 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 278; Dayton peace accords, 3 , 25 , 275 – 76 , 277 – 78 125 , 126 , 132 ; Erdut Agreement, 110 , Association of Serbian Municipalities, 29 , 111 ; Ohrid Agreement, 30 , 32 , 50 , 81 , 269 , 278 87 , 89 – 90 , 91 – 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ; Osimo “autochthony,” notion of, 233, Agreement, 252; Prizren Agreement, 237 – 38 , 239 89 , 90 ; Stabilization and Association Agreement, 88 Babic8 , Milan, 106 , 107 Albania, 9 – 10, 11 , 13 , 16 , 27 – 28 , 30 , 31 , Bagic8 , Dragan, 211– 27 32 , 79 – 80 ; and Slavic Muslims, 30 ; and Balkans see also Western Balkans, 174 , 177 , the conl ict with Serbia, 265 – 66, 273 , 181, 182 , 184 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 278 ; and the Kosovo border, 32 ; and the Balogh, Eva, 69 Serbian communities, 266 ; languages of, Bardhi, Mehmet, 142 , 147 30 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 264; regions Basescu, Traian, 37 , 70 of Montenegro, 142 Belgrade, 31 – 32 , 146 – 47 , 172, 174 – 75 , Albanian-American Civic League, 83 263, 264 , 268 – 69 , 274 – 75 ; Miloševic8 ’s Albanians, 30 – 31 , 49 – 50 , 54 , 80 – 85 , propaganda machine in, 221 ; position 88 – 90 , 142 – 43 , 257 – 58 , 264 – 66 ; before the 2002 municipal elections, activism, 31 ; and Bosniak applicants 268 ; regime, 264 , 266 , 269 for a scholarship program for Belgrade-Prishtina Agreement, 29 , 144 , university study in Turkey, 272 ; and 146 , 263 , 268 Macedonian supporters displaying Bieber, Florian, 91 hostility at sporting events, 30 – 31 , 86 , Bijelo Polje, 139 – 40 , 141 95 ; and Nazi collaborators, 172 , 183 ; Bogardus, Emory, 42 , 44 , 46 communities of, 81 , 83 , 91 , 92 , 143 , Bosnia, 25 , 26 – 27 , 120 – 22 , 123 – 25 , 173 , 263 , 265 , 271 – 72 ; diaspora, 147 ; 126 , 127 – 29 , 132 ; elections, 122 , 127 ; ethnic, 27 , 50 , 142 , 264 ; nationalism, identity of, 26 ; independence of, 124; 28 , 80 , 264 ; parties, 16 , 17 , 79 , 80 , Muslims ; and Croats, 45 , 47 , 48 , 53 ; 83 – 84 , 142 – 43 , 145 , 146 – 47 , 149 ; Muslims and Turks, 45 – 47 , 48– 49 , 53 , secessionists, 182 54 , 55 , 144 ; pressures for a unitary, 128 ; Allcock, John, 79 two major ethnic groups form parties, Alliance of Liberal and Democrats for 123 ; unitary nature of, 124 ; war, 48 , Europe, 154 , 156 124 , 265 Alliance of Serbian Organizations, 109 Bosniac Democratic Party, 274 alliances, 109 , 146 , 147 , 160 , 162, 177 , Bosniac Party for Democratic Action, 199 ; coalition, 127 ; electoral, 86, 90 , 123 , 139 , 144 – 46 , 149 , 170 , 171 – 79 , 159 ; members, 160 ; political, 62 , 63 180 , 181, 274 ; and Bosniak leadership,

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15912-9 — Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe Edited by Sabrina P. Ramet , Marko Valenta Index More Information 294

294 Index

124 , 141 ; and strongman Ugljanin, 173 , Bulgarians, 9 , 10 – 11 , 16 , 33 – 35 , 36 , 155 – 176 ; and the May 2008 parliamentary 56 , 158 , 161 , 165; communist regime, elections, 177; imprisoning of 155 , 157 ; constitution bans, 155 ; courts, Montenegro leaders, 141 ; Montenegro 36 ; distrust and disappointment with members, 141 , 145, 148 , 173, 179 ; of political parties, 155 ; ethnic, 9, 154, Serbia, 171 ; right-wing, 176 156 , 157 , 164 , 166 ; fears of alleged Bosnia-Herzegovina, 4 , 10 – 13 , 16 – 17 , 31 , Turkish subversion and applied pressure, 32 , 120 – 21 , 123 , 130 , 131 – 32 ; Croat 34 ; governments of, 158 ; language ethnic party politics in, 120; Croats of, 36 ; parties of, 157 , 164 – 65 , 166 ; and Serbs in, 12, 132 ; formed from the party patronage in, 164 ; party system wartime authority of Herceg-Bosna, dynamics, 166 ; politics of, 154 – 55 , 126 ; House of Representatives of, 127; 156 , 166 ; secret service, 166 ; speaking Muslim community of, 272 ; Serbs in, 3 ; Muslims (Pomaks), 10 ; western, 36 sovereign and independent, 124 Bosniak, 11, 124 – 25 , 144 – 45 , 170 , Catholics, 45 , 49 , 80 , 182 171 – 72 , 182 , 183 – 84 , 257 – 58 , Ceric 8, Mustafa, 180 273 – 75 ; agitation in the Sandžak, Chamber of Municipalities, 123 31 ; and Albanian collaborators, 183 ; Chetnik collaborators, 182 and Albanian parties, 145 , 171 , 173 , civil war, 7 , 42 , 50 , 52 , see also war 176 , 184 ; atrocities, 141; civilians, Cluj- Napoca, 61 , 67 , 196 125 – 26 ; community, 266, 273 , 274 , coalition, 35 , 65 , 84 – 86 , 87 , 91 –93 , 130 – 275 ; electorate, 170 , 172 , 173 , 177 , 31 , 147 – 48 , 274 , 275 ; agreements, 147 – 179 , 181 , 185; Muslims, 25, 27 , 31 , 55 , 48 , 162 ; all-party, 90 ; anti- Miloševic8, 138 , 139, 142 , 144 , 145 , 149 ; parties, 143 ; governing Democratic Party of 17 , 170 , 176 , 177 , 184 , 274 ; people in Socialists-led, 148; governments, 86 , Montenegro, 145 90 , 107 , 138 , 162 , 164 , 222 ; incoherent, Bosniak Democratic Alliance, 3 , 142 162 ; left-center, 222 ; national, 161 ; Bosniak Democratic Community, 171 , partners, 5 , 17 , 34 – 35 , 130 , 138, 149 , 179 – 80 , 185 158 , 162 , 163 , 269 ; ruling, 32 , 148 , 149; Bosnian Croats, 120 – 22 , 123 – 25 , 126 – 27 , small, 145 ; tactical, 176 ; tri-partite, 162 128, 129 , 132 , 258 ; allows voting in “Coalition for a European Montenegro,” both Croatian and Bosnian elections, 145 – 46 , 148 127; and local political institutions, 120 ; Cocozzelli, Fred P., 18 , 263 – 79 controlled by Franjo Tudjman (Croatian co- ethnic population, 12 – 13 , 15 , 16 , 120 , president), 125 ; inl uenced by Croatia, 257 , 270 120 ; political mobilization, 120 , see collaborators, 172 , 183 , 221 , 278 ; also Croats Albanian, 183 ; Chetnik, 182 ; Nazi, Bošnjac8ki demokratski savez, 142 172 , 183 Braun, Aurel, 17 , 56 – 74 collective rights of minorities, 64, 155 , Brooks, Robin S., 7 201 , 202 Brussels Agreement, 263 , 268 , 278 conl icts, xxi , 31 – 32 , 43 , 54 , 68 , 106 , 107 – Buckovski,] Vlado, 92 8 , 128 , 264 – 65 , 271 ; Albanian-Serbian, Bugajski, Janusz, 3 , 16 , 24 –39 , 286 265 – 66 , 273 , 278; armed, 47 , 140; Bulatovic8, Momir, 140 – 41 , 143 escalation of, 16, 24 ; ethnic, xxi, 3 – 4, 5 , Bulgaria, 33, 35 , 36 ; monarchy, 160 ; 33 , 43 , 48 , 94 ; in Macedonia, 54 ; inter- movement of rights and freedoms in, group, 7 ; internal, 5, 7 , 129 ; internal 154 – 75 ; Parliament, 34 leadership, 124 ; intra-elite, 138 , 143 ; Bulgarian Citizens’ Names Law , 33 Kosovo, 265 , 274; religious, 221 Bulgarian Communist Party, 164 Constitution of Socialist Yugoslavia Bulgarian Constitution, 34 , 154 , 155 1974 , 81 Bulgarian Constitutional Court, 155 Crkvencic] 8, Ivan, 250 Bulgarian Grand National Croatia, 9 – 11 , 13 – 14, 49 – 50 , 102 – 5 , 109 – Assembly, 158 10 , 111 – 20 , 215 – 16 , 219 – 21 , 225 – 26 , Bulgarian Socialist Party, 35 , 155 , 156 – 57 , 251 – 52 ; history of, 224; independence 158 , 161 , 162 , 163 – 64 and cultural changes, 224 –25 ; languages

Index 295

of, 122 , 181 ; political parties, 17, 25 ; 198 – 200 , 201 , 202 – 3 ; cooptation into population of, 248 , 250 government after the 1996 elections, Croatian Civic Initiative Party, 146 , 148 198 ; leaders, 201 ; politicians, 193 , 198; Croatian Democratic Union, 105, 120 – 22 , representatives, 199 123 , 124, 127 , 129 – 32 , 220 , 254 ; and Democratic League of Kosovo, 88 disarray within ranks, 130 ; and Franjo Democratic League of Montenegro, 142 Tudjman, 122 ; Croatian representatives, Democratic Party, 79 , 108 , 110 – 11 , 138 , 122 ; reformed at the end of 2003, 222; 159, 172 , 175 , 177 rule in Croatia, 121 ; values, 130 Democratic Party of Albanians, 79, 85 –86 , Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia 87 – 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 – 93 , 95 and Herzegnia, 121 – 24 , 125 , 126 – 29 , Democratic Party of Kosova, 88 , 276 130 – 32 ; Assembly declared the creation Democratic Party of Socialists, 138 , of a new entity as a third political 142 , 143 , 145 – 46 , 147 – 48 , 149 – 64 , unit in Bosnia, 128; Initiation Board, 165 – 66 ; anti-Miloševic 8 , 138 ; backing 122 ; meetings, 122 ; ofi cials, 123 , Djukanovic8’s, 144 ; Electoral Support; 128 ; parallel institutions, 128 ; party 1990–2014 ; National and European leadership, 125 , 126 , 128, 129 – 30 ; party Elections and the group proportion of split in 2006, 129; relationship with its the country’s population, as of 2011, Croatian sponsors changes signii cantly 159 ; in Bulgarian politics, 154 , 155 ; in the late 1990s, 127 LP- SDP coalition, 147; membership, Croatian Istria, 4 , 18 , 247 , 256 – 57 156 – 57 ; 2002 and 2006, 156 ; split, 139, Croatian Peasant Party, 121 , 127 140 , 143 – 44 Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna, Democratic People’s Party of Krajina, 108 124 – 25 , 126 Democratic Reform Party of Muslims, 274 Croatian Union of Herceg-Bosna, 121, Democratic Union, 17 , 29 , 274 124 – 25 , 126 , 128 , 132 Democratic Union for Integration, 17, 29 , Croats, 11, 45 , 47 , 48 – 49 , 53 – 54 , 79 , 81 , 90 – 91 , 92 , 93 , 95 129 – 30 , 221 – 22 , 225 , 248 – 50 , 255 – 57 ; Democratic Union of Albanians, 17, acceptance of, 47 ; and nationalism, 143 , 146 – 47 107 ; elections, 127 ; ethnic, 12 , 13 , Democratic Union of Hungarians in 148 , 216 , 217 ; immigrants, 214 , 218 ; Romania, 62 – 64 , 65 , 70 , 72 national legislation, 102 ; parties, 121 , Democratic Union of the Center, 274 130 , 131 , 139 ; people, 103 , 113 , 123 , Demokratska Stranka, 179 , 180 128 , 130 ; regions, 112 , 125 , 247 , 251 , Ðinđic8, Zoran, 172 , 173 – 74 254 , 255 , 259 ; Serbs, 103 , 106 , 113 , Dinosha, Ferhat, 146 220 – 21 , 225 discrimination, 4, 8 , 38 , 64 , 72 , 74 , 140 , Culic8 , Irina, 17 , 18 , 191 – 203 143 , 277 , 278 ; accrued, 266 ; alleged, 35, 171 ; persistent, 36 ; signii cance of, 64 , Davutoglu, Ahmed, 177 65 ; societal, 33 ; terminating ethnic, 26 Dayton Peace Accords, 3 , 25 , 125 , Djukanovic8, Milo, 138 , 143 – 44 126 , 132 Dogan, Ahmed, 33 , 157 – 58 , 163 , 165 decrease in the percentage of ethnic Serbs Ðukic8 , Milan, 108 on municipality level between the 1991 Džudževic8, Esad, 174 and 2001 population censuses, 218 decrease of total number of inhabitants Eastern Europe, 3, 18 – 19 , 69 , 221 in the percentages on the county level Egyptian communities, 263 , 276 , 277 , 278 between the 1991 and 2001 Population Egyptians, 11, 17 , 263 , 266 , 267 , Censuses, 217 275 – 76 , 277 – 78 Deets, Stephen, 287 elections, 35 , 37 – 38 , 83 , 86 , 90 – 91 , 158 – democracy, 6, 7 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 127 , 130 , 60 , 161 – 64 , 181 , 200 , 268 – 69 ; Bosnian, 155 , 164 ; competitive, 26 ; introduction 122 , 127 ; contested, 159 , 274 ; Croatian, of, 254 ; polarized, 288 ; promoting of, 127 ; democratic, 114 , 139 , 148 , 220 ; 38 ; stability of, 6 , 7 early, 92 – 93 , 163 ; Kosovo Assembly, Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in 268 – 69 , 274 ; multi-party, 123 , 138 , 139 , Romania, 192 , 193 – 94 , 195 , 196 , 158 , 219 ; national, 68 , 162 , 194 , 255 ;

296 Index

parliamentary, 35 , 92 , 93 , 143 , 144 , European Parliament, 62 , 64 , 156 , 164 145 , 146, 147 , 148 , 172 ; presidential, European Union, 51, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 81 , 94 , 107 , 130 , 143 , 170 , 177, 179 – 81 ; 192 , 239 , 268 provincial, 274 Eli c8, Emir, 179 Fearon, James, 7 Ellingsen, Tanja, 53 First World War, 67 emigration, 62 , 71 , 248 – 49 Fish, Steven, 7 “Entrepreneur,” 114 i ve most numerous ethnic groups in Istria Erdut Agreement, 110 , 111 and in the Istrian County from 1948 to ethnic, 13 , 19 , 34 , 81 , 82 , 156 , 184, 251 ; 2011, 250 Albanians, 27 , 50 , 142 , 264 ; Bosnians, FORCA, 147 , 148 24 , 120 , 123 ; boundaries, 4 , 15 , 17 – 18 , Frowick, Robert, 89 247 , 252 , 253 , 259 , 265 ; Bulgarians, 9 , 154 , 156 , 157 , 164 , 166 ; cleansing, general elections, 35 , see elections 4 , 91 , 215 , 222 , 241 ; communities, Ghanem, Tania, 214 64 , 65 , 93 , 170 , 184 , 195 , 263 , 276 ; Gmelch, George, 211 conl icts, xvii , 3 – 4, 5 , 33 , 43 , 48 , 94 ; Greece, 14, 27 , 29 – 30 , 51 , 55 , 80 , 93 Croats, 12 , 13 , 148 , 216 , 217 ; diversity, Greeks, 11 , 51 – 52 , 55 , 93 , 193 5 , 6 , 7 , 286 ; federalization, 130 ; groups, Green Party, 160 3 – 5 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 – 14 , 247 – 48 , 253 , Gregurovic8, Snježana, 18 , 247 – 59 259 ; Hungarians, 37 , 62 , 65 , 70 – 71 , 191 , 202 ; nationalism, 66 – 67 , 121 , Hadžiahmetovic8 -Bljuta, Ac8if, 172 , 132 , 237 – 38 , 239 , 241; political 181 – 82 , 183 autonomy within Bosnia, 120 ; political Hadžic8 , Goran, 107 , 141 communities, 46 ; relations, xvii , xviii , 4 , Hadžic,8 Harun, 141 , 145 5 , 70 , 155 , 263 ; Serbs, 13 – 14 , 44 , 216 , Halili, Muhammad, 83 – 84 , 85 , 90 219 , 224 , 225 , 257 Harell-Bond, Barbara, 213 ethnic majorities, 4 , 9 – 10, 12 , 42 , 43 , 47 , Herzegovina, 114 , 121 , 124, 128 , 129, 237, 243 , 253 , 259 ; included in several 131 , 140 , 172 , 249 local wars, 43 ; population, 10 – 9 , 42 , 44 , Hodza, Mehmed, 159 47 , 48 , 52 , 233 , 239 ; recognises some Homeland War, 130 ethnic minority groups, 4 ; respective, 4, Horowitz, Donald, 6 8 ; respondents, 45 , 49 , 51 , 53 Hungarian; and Albanian communities, ethnic minorities, 12 , 13 – 17 , 18 – 19 , 39 – 173 ; communities, 10, 37 , 63 , 64 , 202 , 43 , 67 , 70 , 247 – 48 , 251 – 53 ; community 236 , 238 and cultural reproduction of, 197; Hungarian Civic Party, 62 , 200 “compact,” 285 ; ethnic boundaries and Hungarian government, 67 , 70 , 197, 199 , the inclusion and exclusion of, 189; 201 , 202 in Istria, 247 – 48 , 251 ; in Macedonia, Hungarian language, 191 , 194 , 195 , 50 , 51 ; in post-socialist Southeastern 196 , 202 Europe, 3, 18 ; in Slovenia, 232 ; primary, Hungarian People’s Party in Transylvania, 264 ; strong, 5 62 , 200 ethnic minority parties, xvii , 4 – 5, 15 , Hungarian population, 193 , 194 , 195 , 201 ; 16 , 138 – 39 , 148 – 54 , 155 – 56 , 248 ; ethnic, 37 , 74 ; in Romania, 71 , 193 , being marginalised from the political 194 ; university-age, 196 mainstream, 148 ; Bulgaria’s treatment Hungarians, 11 – 12 , 14 , 47 , 61 – 63 , 64 , of, 155 ; center-right, 171 ; dominant, 26; 66 , 191 – 95 , 197 – 98 , 200 – 3 ; alienated, implications for, 143 ; in Montenegro, 65 ; citizenship, 12 , 70 – 71 , 202 ; 138 , 139 ; of Romania, 61 – 81 ethnic, 37 , 62 , 65 , 70 – 71 , 191 , 202 ; in ethnic non-Slovenes, 241 Romania, 9 , 12 , 194 , 197 , 198 , 199 , ethno-nationalism, 28 – 29 , 198 201 , 202 , 203 ; living in Romania, 67 , Europe, xvii , xviii, 35 , 72 , 95 , 154, 156 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 191 – 203 ; Transylvanian, 234 , 235 , 255 192 , 201 European Citizens’ Initiative, 64, 65 European Commission, 65, 94 , 164 , 165 Ilievski, Zoran, 82 European Court of Human Rights, Independent Democratic Serbian Party, 26 , 242 102 , 108 – 9 , 110 – 11 , 112 , 115 , 222

Index 297

insurgency, 7 , 81 , 87 – 88 , 93 , 95 ; Albanian, League of Communists of Yugoslavia, 264 94 ; factors favoring, 7; Macedonian, 80 Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, 139 International Criminal Tribunal for the Ljajic8, 175 , 176 , 177 , 179 , 181 former Yugoslavia, 122 – 23 , 125 – 26 Iohannis, Klaus, 73 Macedonia, 10 – 12, 13 , 16 – 17 , 29 –30 , Irwin, Zachary T., 16 , 74 – 95 , 286 50 , 51 – 52 , 79 – 80 , 81 – 83 , 88 , 89 –91 ; Islamic community of Sandžak, 176 and Cijvic8 distinguishes three branches Istria, 12 , 14 , 18 , 247 – 59 ; Bosnian- of Serbs, 80 ; conl icts in, 54 ; demands Croatian communities in, 257; rights in independent, 81; ethnic cultivating its specii c identity, 254 ; minorities in, 50 , 51 ; political issues in, ethnic minorities in, 247 – 48, 251 ; Italian 17 , 32 , 79 , 138 , 143, 144 , 145 , 149 ; minority and Croatian majority in, 252 , pre- Slavic, 29 256, 257 ; multicultural character of, Macedonians, 45 , 48, 49 , 50 – 52 , 53 , 257; portrayed a peaceful; civilized and 54 – 55 , 86 , 88 – 89 , 94 – 95 , 240 ; accession multicultural region, 255 to the Euro-Atlantic institutions, 91; Istrian, 249 , 250 , 254 , 255 , 259 ; Croatian adherence to the principles of the CSCE majority, 256 – 57, 258 ; dialect of the Conference on the Human Dimension, Croatian language, 256 ; identity, 247 , 85 ; and Albanians in Macedonia, 30, 256; Italians, 256 – 57; multiculturalism, 31 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 82 , 83 , 86 , 95 ; 18 , 247 , 252 , 256 , 257 , 259 ; peninsula, and discrimination against minority, 249 ; regionalism, 248 , 253 – 54 ; 35 – 36 ; and Muslims, 272 ; and the name society, 258 – 59 dispute with Athens, 29 ; and the party Istrian Democratic Alliance, 253 –54 system, 95 ; and the threat to stability, Italian and Hungarian minorities, 233, 80 ; and the unicameral legislature, 86; 236 , 238 , 240 cooperation for its force projection Italians, 11 – 12 , 49 , 236 , 237, 238 – 39 , against Serbia, 81 ; ethnic, 50 , 55 ; 248 – 49 , 250 , 255 – 56 , 257 – 58 , 259 ; mastering of the language by Albanian Catholic, 49 ; Istrian, 256 – 57; seen as children, 86 ; seeking membership of genuine Istrians, 259 NATO and the EU, 29 ; Slavs opposed or ambivalent about NATO’s 1999 Jelavic8 , Ante, 127 intervention in Kosovo, 81; social Joint Council of Municipalities, 110, acceptance of, 48 , 54 111 – 12 , 115 Magyars, 10 , see Hungarians Marko, Bela, 63 Kosovar Assembly, 268 , 270 , 274 , 277 Markovic8, Ante, 172 Kosovar Assembly elections, 268 – 69 , 274 marriage, 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 – 49 , 51 –50 , Kosovo, 9 – 12 , 13 – 14 , 16 , 27 – 29 , 52 , 53 , 55 54 – 55 , 81 –83 , 263 – 65 , 272 – 74 , 275 – 76 , Martic8, Milan, 106 , 107 277 – 78 ; border, 32; ethnic minorities in, Mesic8, Milan, 18 , 211 – 27 18 , 52 , 275 ; institutions, 269 ; state, 29 ; migrants, 4 , 12 , 215 , 232 – 34 , 235 , 240 , statehood and stability, 29 242 – 43 ; and minority populations, Kosovo Albanians, 45 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 53 – 54 , 233 – 34 ; economic, 13 ; “ethnically 55 , 56 , 263 , 265 privileged,” 120 ; forced, 235; illegal, Kosovo conl ict, 265 , 274 241 ; involuntary, 214 ; irregular, 243 ; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party, 270 new, 234 , 242 ; “second- generation,” Kosovo Force, 88 , 265 240 ; statelessness of, 243; stripping Kosovo Liberation Army, 80 , 81 – 82 , citizenship of, 234 88 , 89 , 94 migrations, xvii, 12 – 13 , 87 , 194 , 213 , 216 , Kosovo Roma, 266 232 , 234 , 248 ; and self-identii cation, Kosovo Serbs, 264 , 265 , 267 – 68 , 269 , 248 ; framing of, 235 ; governing, 243 ; in 275 , 278 Southeastern Europe, 12 ; intra-national, Kosovo Turks, 265 , 269 – 70 , 271 – 72 13 ; involuntary, 216 ; physical, 250 ; refugee, 217 Laitin, David, 7 migratory movements, 248 , 249 , 250 League of Communists of Macedonia- Miller, David, 6 , 286 Democratic Party of Transformation, Miloševic8, Slobodan, 3 , 93 , 106, 107 , 138 , 83 , 84 – 85 143 – 44 , 170 , 171 , 172 – 73

298 Index

minority groups, 5 , 45 , 46 , 49 – 50 , 53 , 55 , multicultural rhetoric, 185 , 253 , 255 ; in 238 , 253 , 258 – 59 ; an Hungarians in Istria, 248 , 257 ; promotes inclusion and Transylvania ; Vojvodina and Baranja, 12 ; tolerance, 248 and acceptance of Hungarians exceeds multiculturalism, 196 ; and ethnic Bosnian Muslims and Croats, 47; and boundaries in Istria, 252 ; declarative, Bosnian Muslims accepted by Serbs as 258 ; Istrian, 18 , 247 , 252 , 256, 257 , workmates, 45 ; and Roma in Romania ; 259 ; notion of, 247 , 252 Bulgaria ; Serbia and Macedonia, 14 ; and multi-party elections, 123 , 138 , 139 , the Bosniaks in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 158 , 219 11 ; and the high acceptance of Roma, Muslim minority groups, 55 47 ; and the low acceptance of Kosovo Muslim National Council of Albanians, 48 ; and the Turkish Sandžak, 172 community in Bulgaria, 10 ; collective Muslimansko nacionalno vijec8e Sandžaka rights of, 64 , 155 , 201, 202 ; largest (MNVS), 172 ethnic, 4, 9 , 10 – 12 , 13 – 14 , 15 , 16 – 17 , Muslims, 11 , 45 , 46 – 47 , 139 – 41 , 142 , 43 , 248 , 253; members of particular 183 , 249 – 50 , 272 , 274 ; Bosniak, 25 , 27 , ethnic, 45 , 49 , 51 , 53 ; Muslim, 55 ; 31 , 55 , 138 , 139 , 142 , 144 , 145 , 149 ; non- Slavic, 53 , 258; politically dei ned, Bosniaks, 250 ; Bosnian, 45 – 47 , 48 – 49 , 4 ; recognized in Romania’s Chamber 53 , 54 , 55 , 144 ; Bulgarian speaking, of Deputies, 38 ; refugees, 212 , 226 – 10 ; intimidated by paramilitary 27 ; returnees, 212 , 213 , 215 ; Slavic formations under the command of (Bosnian Muslims ; Serbs ; and Slovenes), ‘Vojvoda’ Milika C]eko Dac]evic 8 , 140 ; 48 ; small ethnic, 9 , 272 Macedonian (Torbesh), 272 ; mocked minority languages, 90 , 196 , 199 , 239 , 251 by Orthodox Christian men at the minority population according to declared Vevcani festival, 30 ethnic afi liation, 11 monitoring of returnees, 212 National Council for Combating Montenegrin Bosniac Party for Discrimination, 65 Democratic Action, 141 , 145 , 148 , National Council of Hungarians in 173 , 179 Transylvania, 37 , 64 , 200 Montenegrin independence referendum, National Democratic Party, 83 139 , 144 national elections, 68, 162 , 194 , 255 Montenegro, 8 – 9 , 10 – 11 , 16 – 17 , 138 , National Liberation Front, 89 , 93 139 – 40 , 141 – 43 , 144 – 45 , 148 , 175; national minorities, 61 – 62 , 67 – 68 , 102 – 3 , Albanian; regions of, 142 ; and Serbia, 104 , 109 , 112 , 198 , 221 , 238 , 251 ; 139 , 141, 175 , 272 ; and the bid for councils of, 104 , 109 ; recognized, 236 ; independence, 144; and the difi cult rights of, 102 , 108 , 110 , 113 , 251 relationship with the Albanian political National Movement Simeon the Second, elite, 142 ; and the Euro-Atlantic 158 , 161 – 62 , 163 integration, 147; and the relationship National Szekler Council, 37 , 64 , 65 with Serbia, 146 ; Bosniak people nationalism, 30, 66 , 69 , 84 , 95 , 104, 237 ; in, 145; citizens of, 9 , 18 , 139 , 140 , Albanian, 28, 80 , 264 ; civic, 66 – 67 ; 143, 144 , 149 , 172 , 240 ; Croatian Croat, 107 ; ethnic, 66 – 67 , 121 , 132 , culture and heritage in, 148 ; EC 237 – 38, 239 , 241 ; Romanian, 66 , 69 ; accession and NATO membership, Serb, 107 , 142 , 172 146 ; ethnic minority parties in, 138, nationalist parties, 128 , 132 , 138 , 139 ; government, 140 , 143 , 144, 149 ; 163 , 255 independence of, 139 , 146 , 147 , 148 ; NATO, 3 , 29 – 30 , 38 , 51 , 62 , 80 –81 , Muslim and Albanian communities, 88 , 265 139 , 143 ; parliament, 138 , 141 , 142 , Nazi collaborators, 172 , 183 144 , 145 , 147 – 48 ; Sandžak region of New Croatian Initiative Party, 121 , 127 Serbia and, 139 , 143 , 145 , 170 , 272 “non-returnees,” status of, 212 Morrison, Kenneth, 17 , 18 , 138 – 49 non-Serbian ethnic groups, 4, 216 , 273 Movement for Self-Determination, 28 non-Slavic ethnic groups, 45 , 49 –50 , 53 Movements for Rights and Freedoms, 17 , Novi Pazar, 170 , 171 , 172 , 175 , 34 – 35 , 155 – 56 , 158 , 164 , 166 179 , 181 – 83

Index 299

Ohrid Agreement, 30 , 32 , 50 , 81 , 87 , be willing to accept a member of 89 – 90 , 91 – 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 particular ethnic minority group in the Operation Lim, 141 stated social relations, 51 Orbán, Viktor, 67 , 70 percentage of Serbian ethnic majority Organization for Security and Cooperation respondents reporting that they would in Europe, 31, 90 , 128 , 129 , 267 , be willing to accept a member of 273 , 276 particular ethnic minority group in the Osimo Agreement, 252 stated social relations., 45 Pljevlja, 139 – 41 , 144 , 182 Pajnik, Mojca, 18 , 232 –43 Podgorica, 140 , 141, 144 , 149 pan- Albanian, 32, 286 ; groups in Kosovo political autonomy, 39 , 105 , 113 ; and and Albania, 32 ; “temptations,” 27 , 28 separatism, 285 ; cultural, 63 , 65 , Park, Robert E., 42 103 , 104 , 108 , 112 , 191, 202 , 251 ; parliament, 94, 103 – 5 , 108 , 157 – 59 , 160 , educational, 109 , 171 ; ethnic- based, 161 , 178 , 191 – 92 ; Croatian, 103 , 105 , 120 , 286 ; within Bosnia, 120 111; elections, 35 , 92 , 93 , 143 , 144 , 145 , political leaders, 25 , 27 , 28 , 44 – 45 , 46 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 172 ; Montenegrin, 138 , 47 , 48– 49 , 51 , 52 – 53 , 54 ; and Ahmed 141 , 142 , 144 , 145 , 147 – 48 ; Romania’s Dogan, 33 ; and Union integration, 25 ; Chamber of Deputies, 38 , 61 , 62 , 72 , Serb and Croat, 25 74 , 196 ; seats in, 35 , 83 , 90 – 91 , 92 , 107 , post-conl ict societies, 42 , 214 , 226 , 227 108 , 123 , 145 – 47 , 163 – 64 presidential elections, 94 , 107 , 130 , 143 , parliamentary elections, 143 , 160 ; i rst 170 , 177 , 179 – 81 democratic, 84 , 105, 139 , 172 , 254 ; Prizren Agreement, 89 , 90 results, 146 “Prosvjeta,” 114 parties, xxi, 17 , 34 , 35 , 74 – 79 , 106 , 120 , Putnam, Robert, 6 155 , 270 , 274 ; Albanian, 16 , 17 , 79 , 80 , 83 –84 , 142 – 43 , 145 , 146 – 47 , 149 ; Rabushka, Alvin, 6 Bosniac Party for Democratic Action, Ramet, Sabrina P., xiv, 1 – 19, 84 , 285 – 88 173 , 174 ; Bosniak, 17, 170 , 176, 177 , referendum, 70, 83 , 92 , 124 , 128 , 144 , 184 , 274 ; Bosniak and Albanian, 145 , 175 – 76 , 199 ; local, 175 ; October, 145 , 171 , 173, 176 , 184 ; Bosniak and 176 ; public, 26 , 32 ; unofi cial, 37 Muslim, 139 ; Bulgarian, 157, 164 – 65 , refugees, 4 , 5 , 81 , 87 , 211 – 13 , 214, 166 ; Croat, 121 , 130 , 131 ; ethnic 215 – 16 , 226 , 234 – 35 ; minority, 212 , minority, xvii, 4 – 5, 15 , 16 , 138 – 39 , 226 – 27 ; return of, 18 , 211 ; Serb, 18 , 148 – 54 , 155 – 56 , 248 ; Hungarian, 200 ; 212 , 215 , 218 – 19 , 222 , 223 , 225 – 26 ; nationalist, 128, 132 , 138 , 163, 255 ; surveys of, 214 Serbian, 102 , 107 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 172 , relative size of the ethnic majority 268 ; Turkish minority in Bulgaria, population in Southeastern Europe, 16 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157, 158 – 59 , 161 , 9 , 10 , 15 164 , 166 – 67 Republican Party, 84 Party of Democratic Prosperity, 83 – 84, returnees, 211 , 212 – 13 , 214 – 15 , 216 , 217 , 85 – 86 , 88 – 89 , 90 – 91 221 , 222 , 226 ; elderly, 217 ; experience patronage networks, 26 , 158 , 163 , 164 , return with a feeling of ambivalence, 165 , 166 214 ; inactive, 224 ; minority, 212 , 213 , percentage of Croat ethnic majority 215 ; monitoring of, 212 ; registered, respondents reporting that they would 216 ; Serb, 212 , 216 , 218 , 223 , 224 , be willing to accept a member of 225 , 226 particular ethnic minority group in the Roma, 12 – 11 , 38 , 47 , 49 – 50 , 55 , stated social relations, 49 72 – 74 , 240 – 41 , 257 – 58 , 259 – 63 , percentage of Kosovo Albanian ethnic 275 – 78 ; activists, 277 ; and Croatian majority respondents reporting that anti-fascists, 221 ; children, 36 , 38 ; they would be willing to accept a communities, 12 , 33 , 38 , 236 , 240 , member of particular ethnic minority 276 ; education, 240 ; identity and group in the stated social relations, 53 culture, 277 ; Kosovo, 266 ; leaders, percentage of Macedonian ethnic majority 36 ; minority, 73 , 160 ; people, 45 ; respondents reporting that they would population, 33 , 37 , 74 ; regions, 166

300 Index

Roma Community Council of important, 106 ; faction advocates the Slovenia, 240 Principality of Krajina, 107 ; founded Romania, 9 – 11 , 61 – 63 , 65 – 67 , 69 – 74 , in Gracac] in 1991, 105 ; merges with 192 , 193 – 94 , 199 – 200 , 201 – 3 ; and the the Serbian Democratic Party for All control Transylvania, 66 ; Chamber of Serbian Lands in November 1993, Deputies, 38 , 61 , 62 , 72 , 74 , 196 ; ethnic 106 ; of Krajina, 106 ; of Montenegro, minority parties of, 61 – 81 ; government 106 ; of Serbia, 106 ; of the Republic of, 65 ; unii cation of, 66 of Srpska, 106 ; regards cooperation Romanian-Roma Democratic Party, 108 with the Serbian Orthodox Church as Romanians, 12 , 63 , 65 , 74 , 191 , 192 , important, 106 ; rejects any possibility 195 – 96 , 197 , 199 – 200 , 203; and of cooperation with the Republic of the Romanian State, 191 , 195 , 197 ; Croatia, 106 ethnicity of, 67 ; government of, 63 – 64 , Serbia, 11 , 102 , 109 – 10 , 112 – 13 , 174 , 65 , 66 , 73 , 200 , 201 , 287 ; language and 181 , 225 , 263 – 64 , 273 ; and Albanian literature of, 65 , 195 – 96 ; nationalism populations in Kosovo, 264 ; and of, 65 , 69 autonomy, 29 , 105 ; and Bosniaks, RSK Party of Serbian Patriots, 108 170 , 178 ; attacks on Slovenia and RSK Serbian Party of Socialists, 108 Croatia, 82 ; communities, 266 , 271 , RSK Serbian Radical Party, 108 , 111 279 ; government of, 31, 170 , 173 – Rugova, Ibrahim, 88 74 , 175 – 76 , 178 , 179 ; lands, 106 – 7; language standards, 225 ; minority in Sandžak, 141 , 170 – 72 , 173 , 174 – 75 , contemporary Croatia, 102 ; minority 176 – 77 , 178 – 80 , 181 – 82 , 184; and leaders in Kosovo, 29 ; people, 82 , Muamer Zukorlic8 , 174 ; and Serbia, 106 – 7 , 109 , 113 16 , 31 ; Bosniak Muslim majority in, Serbian Business Association 31 ; franchise dictatorially steered by “Entrepreneur” (”Privrednik”), 114 Sulejman Ugljanin and his deputy Serbian Cultural Society, 102 , 112 Harun Hadžic8 , 171 ; Islamic community Serbian Democratic Baranja Party, 110 of, 176; political landscape in, 181 ; Serbian Democratic Forum, 107 –8 , public opinion in, 180 ; recognition as 111 , 113 – 14 a separate entity and emancipation of Serbian National Council, 105, the Bosniaks, 172 ; recognition with the 109 – 11 , 115 status of a federal republic, 172 ; region Serbian People’s Party, 108 – 9, 111 , 179 , of Serbia and Montenegro, 139 , 143 , 180 , 181 145, 170 , 272 ; split into two areas, 178 Serbian Radical Party, 107 , 111 , 140 Sandžak Democratic Party, 170 Serbs, 10, 13 – 14 , 49 – 52 , 54 – 55 , 102 – 5 , Sarajevo, 25 – 26 , 31 , 122 , 123 109 – 10 , 111 – 20 , 217 – 22 , 225 , 267 – 68 ; seats in Parliament, 35 , 83 , 90 – 91 , 92 , 107 , and Bosnian Croats, 258 ; and Kosovo, 108 , 123 , 145 – 47 , 163 – 64 ; guaranteed, 264 , 265 , 267 – 68 , 269 , 275 , 278 ; ethnic, 277 ; reserved, 61 , 72 , 270 , 274 13 – 14 , 44 , 216 , 219, 224 , 225, 257 ; Second Balkan War, 80 in Croatia (organisation and political Second World War, 68 , 112 , 172 , 174 , 181 , position), 102 – 10 , 222 ; nationalism, 183 , 215, 221 , 247 , 249 107 , 142 , 172 ; organisation and political self- government, 80 , 84 , 198 ; and councils position in Croatia, 102 – 24 ; Parliament of national minorities, 104 ; ethnic- based of, 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 180 ; parties, territorial, 200; local, 85, 104 , 108 , 112 ; 102 , 107 , 111 , 112, 115 , 172 , 268 ; minority, 104 , 109 ; regional, 222 – 23 ; population of, 112 , 113 , 114 , 267 ; rebel, units, 103 216 , 217 , 221 ; refugees, 18 , 212 , 215, Serb Democratic Party, 105 – 8, 110, 115 , 218 – 19 , 222 , 223, 225 – 26 ; returnees, 123 , 127 , 131 , 158, 160 ; advocates 212 , 216 , 218 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 the implementation of the Vance Plan, Serbska, 225 , 226 107 ; believes the Serbian people in share of ethnic Serbs in total population Croatia have the right to establish by municipalities according to the 1991 their own state, 106 ; characterized Population Census, 217 as “monarchist,” 107 ; considers the Shepsle, Kenneth, 6 cooperation with peace forces was Šiber, Ivan, 54

Index 301

Sisac]ko- Moslavac]ka county, 103 , Tadic8, Boris, 177 , 179 – 81 109 , 110 Taleski, Dane, 93 Škiljan, Filip, xv , 16 , 102 – 15 , 286 Transylvania, 12 , 14 , 37 , 62 – 63 , 66, 67 , Skopje, 29 – 31 , 32 , 81 – 82 , 86 , 93 69 , 71 , 200 , 201 – 2 Slavic, 31 , 45 , 48 , 53 , 54 , 95 , 258 ; and Transylvanian Hungarians, 192 , 201 Catholic Slovenes, 49 ; Bulgarians, 33 , Tudjman, Franjo, 120 , 125 , 127 35 ; Croats, 54; Macedonians, 30 , 54 , 82 ; Turkey, 13 , 69 , 155, 173 , 177 , 270 , Muslims, 30, 33 , 263 , 272 271 , 272 Slovenes, 237, 238 , 239 – 40 , 241 ; Turkish Justice Party of Kosovo, 270 –71 authorities, 18 ; citizens, 234 , 236 ; Turkish minority parties, 16 , 154 , 155 , citizenship, 233 , 241 ; labor market, 156 , 157 , 158 – 59 , 161 , 164 , 166 – 67 236 ; minority in neighboring Italy and Turkish National Liberation Movement in Hungary, 238 ; minority in the bordering Bulgaria, 155 region of Trieste and Gorizia, 239; Turks, 11 – 12 , 33 – 34 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 – statehood, 236 , 237 – 38 , 241 , 242 56 , 269 , 271 – 72 , 278; ethnic, 15 , 33 , 34 ; Slovenia, 9 – 12, 13 , 49 – 50 , 232 , 233 – 36 , self-identii ed, 269 , 270 238 , 239 – 41 , 242 – 43 , 247 ; Hungarian Tusk, Donald, 68 minority in, 239 ; Italian minority in, 239 ; minority regimes in, 236, 238 ; Ugljanin, Sulejman, 171 – 72, 173 , 175 – 77 , population of, 236 ; post- socialist, 7 , 179 , 181 232 ; Roma Community Council of, 240; ultra-nationalism, 39 , 67 , 68 , 69 unrecognized ethnic minorities in, 232 UN Interim Administration Mission in Smith, Anthony, 66 Kosovo, 265 , 268 , 271 , 274 , 278 Social Democratic Party, 127 , 130 , UN Interim Administration Mission in 131 , 149 , 170 – 71 , 173 , 174 – 75 , Kosovo, 265 , see UNMIK 176 – 80 , 184 United Nations High Commissioner for Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, Refugees, 25 84 , 108 ; boycott of parliament, 94; United Roma Party of Kosovo, 88, 270 , minister Vlado Buckovski,] 92 ; PDA 276 , 277 coalition, 93 universities, 91 , 174 , 194, 195 , 196 social distance, 42 – 43 , 44 – 45 , 47 , 48 , University of Pristina, 86 49 , 50 – 51 , 52 , 256 , 257 , 258 ; analysis University of Tetovo, 91 of, 46 , 54 ; in peer relations, 44 ; issues of, 43 Valenta, Marko, xv , 3 – 19 , 42 – 55 , social relations, 42, 43 , 44 – 45 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 247 – 59 52 – 54 , 55 , 215 ; distant, 47; majority of, Valentic8 , Mirko, 105 48 , 52 ; peer, 44 , 50 Vijesti, 151 Socialist Federated Republic of Vojnica, Branko, 111 Yugoslavia, 215 Vollebaek, Knut, 31 societies, 5 , 6 , 43 , 112 – 13 , 213 , 227 – 32 , voting, 145 , 268 ; civic majority, 128 ; ethnic, 243 , 252, 253 ; advanced industrialized, 7 ; 132 ; law, 127 ; patterns, 120 ; rights, 120 civic, 84 , 89 ; democratic, 70 ; ethno- civil, Vukovar, 110 , 111 , 113 193 ; heterogeneous, 17 ; multiethnic, 17 ; post-conl ict, 42 , 214 , 226 , 227 war crimes, 125 – 26 Southeast European University, 86 wars, 3 – 4 , 42 , 45 , 81 , 123 – 24 , 125 – 26 , Southeastern Europe, xvii – xviii , 3, 4 , 8 , 215 , 217 , 254 ; Bosnian, 48, 124 , 265 ; 9 – 10, 12 , 14 , 16 , 24 ; countries in, xxi , 3 , consequences of, 114; First World War, 5 , 8 , 10 , 12 –13 , 16 , 19 ; politics in post- 67 , 248 ; Homeland War, 130 ; Second socialist, 18 ; post- socialist, 3 , 18 – 19 Balkan War, 80 ; Second World War, 68 , Spirova, Maria, 16 , 17 , 154 – 67 112 , 172 , 174 , 181 , 183 , 215 , 221 , 247, Stabilization and Association 249 ; Yugoslav, 39 Agreement, 88 Western Balkans, 27 – 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 79 , 286 Starcevic] 8 , Ante, 224 Western Macedonia, 32 , 80 , 82 Strabac, Zan, 16 , 18 , 39 – 56 , 247 – 59 Whitt, Sam, 4 Subotic8, Jelena, 17 , 120 – 32 , 288 Wilson, Rick, 4 Suny, Ronald, 287 World War One, 68 , 191

302 Index

Xhaferi, Arben, 84 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 Zadar, 249 Xhaferi, Musa, 91 Zadarsko-Kninska county, 103 Zagreb, 26 , 110 – 11 , 113 , 114 , 122 – 23 , Yugoslavia, 24 , 107 , 221 , 234 , 249 , 251 , 250 252 , 254 , 272 , 274 ; defunct, 235 ; federal, Zdravkovski, Aleksander, 16 , 170 – 85 263 ; former republics and provinces, Zecevic] 8 , Zdravko, 106 240 , 242 , 249 , 251 ; reconstituting of, Zenka, Mehmet, 146 219 ; successor states, 3 – 4 , 6 , 10 , 13 , 16 , Zukorlic8 , Muamer, 170 – 71, 174 , 176 – 81 , 95 , 232 , 234 – 36 , 249 ; wars, 39 182 – 83 , 184 Yugoslavia minorities, 236 , 237 , 238 , Zuli karpašic8, Adil, 172 239 , 242 – 43 Zveçan, 267