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Litter and Biomass Traits of Some Dominant Moroccan Understorey

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Litter and Biomass Traits of Some Dominant Moroccan Understorey Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 3-16 TRAITS STRUCTURELS DES COMBUSTIBLES DE SOUS-BOIS DANS LES FORÊTS MAROCAINES / LE POINT SUR... 3 Litter and biomass traits of some dominant Moroccan understorey fuels in five fire-prone forest regions Salaheddine Essaghi1, 2 M’hamed Hachmi2 Mohammed Yessef3 Mohammed Dehhaoui4 Abdessadek Sesbou2 1 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II U.R. Gestion conservatoire des eaux et des sols BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts Rabat 10000 Morocco 2 École Nationale Forestière d’Ingénieurs Département du Développement Forestier BP 511, Tabriquet Salé 11015 Morocco 3 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II Département des Ressources Naturelles et Environnement BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts Rabat 10000 Morocco 4 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II Département de Statistique et d’Informatique Appliquées BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts Rabat 10000 Morocco Auteur correspondant / Corresponding author: Salaheddine ESSAGHI – [email protected] Photo 1. Undergrowth after a fire in the Western Rif, Morocco. Photo M. Qarro. Doi : 10.19182/bft2019.342. a31588 – Droit d’auteur © 2019, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques © Cirad – Date de soumission : 18 juin 2018 ; date d’acceptation : 4 mars 2019 ; date de publication : 15 octobre 2019. Citer l’article / To cite the article Essaghi S., Hachmi M., Yessef M., Dehhaoui M., Sesbou A., 2019. Lit- Licence Creative Commons : ter and biomass traits of some dominant Moroccan understorey fuels in Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. five fire prone forest regions. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 342: 3-16. Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) Doi: https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.342.a31588 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4th quarter - November 2019 - p. 3-16 4 FOCUS ON... / STRUCTURAL TRAITS OF UNDERSTOREY FUELS IN MOROCCAN FORESTS S. Essaghi, M. Hachmi, M. Yessef, M. Dehhaoui, A. Sesbou RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN Caractéristiques de la litière et de la Litter and biomass traits of some Características de la hojarasca biomasse de certains combustibles de dominant Moroccan understorey fuels y la biomasa de algunos combustibles sous-étage marocains dominants dans in five fire-prone forest regions dominantes en el bosque bajo marroquí, cinq régions forestières sujettes au feu en cinco regiones forestales propicias In Morocco, efforts have been made to a los incendios Au Maroc, des efforts ont été faits pour prevent wildfires, although with limited prévenir les feux de forêt, même si les results because the pyric properties of En Marruecos se han realizado esfuerzos résultats ont été limités parce que les forest fuels have not been adequately propriétés pyrotechniques des combus- para evitar fuegos incontrolados, aunque quantified. In order to remedy this gap, con resultados limitados porque las pro- tibles forestiers n’ont pas été quanti- the bulk densities of litter and individual fiées de façon adéquate. Pour corriger ce piedades pirotécnicas de los combusti- shrubs and biomass per size class were bles forestales no se han cuantificado de manque, les masses volumiques appa- assessed in five fire-prone forest regions. rentes de litière, d’arbustes individuels et la forma adecuada. Para remediar esta The study covered a total of 35 sites, falta de datos, se evaluaron en cinco de biomasse par classe de taille ont été on both north and south-facing slopes évaluées dans cinq régions forestières regiones forestales con riesgo de incen- in the Central Plateau, the Middle Atlas dio: las densidades aparentes de hoja- propices aux incendies. L’étude a couvert (Western and Eastern), the Western Rif un ensemble de 35 sites, sur des pentes rasca y arbustos individuales, y la bio- and the Pre-Rif regions. Litter depths masa por categoría de tamaño. El estudio exposées au nord et au sud des régions ranged from 1.1 (Ononis natrix L.) to suivantes : Plateau central, Moyen Atlas abarcó un total de 35 zonas, tanto en 7.5 cm (Daphne laureola L.), and the pendientes de orientación norte como de (occidental et oriental), Rif occidental et bulk density of individual shrubs varied pré-Rif. Les profondeurs de la litière vont orientación sur, en las regiones: Meseta from 0.35 (D. laureola) to 4.64 mg/cm3 Central, Atlas Medio (occidental y orien- de 1,1 (Ononis natrix L.) à 7,5 cm (Daphne (Thymelaea tartonraira L.). The lowest laureola L.), et la masse volumique appa- tal), Rif occidental y pre-Rif. Las profundi- fine fuel bulk density was found for dades de hojarasca fueron de 1,1 (Ono- rente des buissons individuels varie D. laureola (0.22 kg/m3), and the highest entre 0,35 (D. laureola) et 4,64 mg/cm3 nis natrix L.) a 7,5 cm (Daphne laureola for T. tartonraira (4.05 kg/m3). As for the L.), y la densidad aparente de arbustos (Thymelaea tartonraira L.). La plus basse bulk density of individual shrubs, no masse volumique apparente de combus- individuales varió de 0,35 (D. laureola) a significant intra-species differences were 3 tible fin a été trouvée pour D. laureola 4,64 mg/cm (Thymelaea tartonraira L.). 3 found between the sampled regions, La densidad aparente de broza inflama- (0,22 kg/m ), et la plus haute pour T. tar- except for Arbutus unedo L., while the tonraira (4,05 kg/m3). Quant à la masse ble más baja se encontró para D. laureola effect of the region on fine fuel biomass 3 volumique apparente des buissons (0,22 kg/m ), y la más alta para T. tar- was not significant in all species. Linear tonraira (4,05 kg/m3). Para la densidad individuels, aucune différence intra- functions were used to adjust the fine fuel espèce significative n’a été trouvée entre aparente de arbustos individuales no biomass for the effect of individual shrub se encontraron diferencias significativas les régions étudiées, sauf pour Arbutus volume. Such adjustments will be very unedo L., alors que l’effet de la région sur intraespecies entre las regiones mues- useful for forest managers, since they treadas, excepto para Arbutus unedo L. la biomasse du combustible fin n’était will make it possible to estimate the fine pas significatif pour toutes les espèces. En cambio, el efecto de la región en la fuel biomass contained in a shrub using biomasa de broza inflamable no fue sig- Des fonctions linéaires ont été utilisées simple, independent measurements of pour ajuster la biomasse du combustible nificativo en ninguna especie. Se utiliza- the shrub size. Integrating data on the ron funciones lineales para ajustar la bio- fin pour l’effet du volume de buissons structural traits of fuels into fire behaviour individuels. Ces ajustements seront très masa de broza inflamable para el efecto prediction systems will facilitate del volumen de arbustos individuales. utiles pour les gestionnaires forestiers, estimations of fuel hazards in the regions parce qu’ils permettent d’estimer la bio- Tales ajustes serán muy útiles para los studied and thus guide decision-makers gestores forestales, ya que harán posi- masse de combustible fin contenue dans in their task of protecting both humans un buisson à l’aide de mesures simples ble estimar la biomasa de broza inflama- and natural resources. et indépendantes de la taille du buisson. ble contenida en un arbusto utilizando L’intégration des données sur des traits medidas simples e independientes del tamaño de los arbustos. La integración structurels des combustibles dans des Keywords: bulk density, biomass per size systèmes de prédiction du comportement de datos sobre las características estruc- class, fine fuel, shrubs, wildfires, fuel turales de los combustibles en sistemas du feu facilitera les estimations du risque hazard, modelling, Morocco. d’incendie dans les régions étudiées, et de predicción del comportamiento del guidera les décideurs dans leurs tâches fuego facilita las estimaciones de riesgos de protection des ressources humaines de incendio en las regiones estudiadas y, et naturelles. por consiguiente, guía a los responsables de toma de decisiones en la protección Mots-clés : masse volumique apparente, de los recursos tanto humanos como biomasse en fonction de la taille, naturales. combustible fin, buissons, incendies, risque d’incendie, modélisation, Maroc. Palabras clave: densidad aparente, biomasa por tamaño, broza inflamable, arbustos, fuegos incontrolados, riesgo de incendio, modelado, Marruecos. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 342 – 4e trimestre – novembre 2019 – p. 3-16 TRAITS STRUCTURELS DES COMBUSTIBLES DE SOUS-BOIS DANS LES FORÊTS MAROCAINES / LE POINT SUR... 5 Introduction In order to prevent wildfires, there is an urgent need Their quantification contributes largely to the estimation of to assess the fuel hazard, especially under severe climatic the damage that can be caused by the passage of fires, in conditions associated with recurrent droughts and heat terms of tree mortality, loss of nutrients, soil erosion or air waves (White and Zipperer, 2010; Ganteaume et al., 2013; pollution (Hardy et al., 2001; Fowler, 2003; Johnston et al., Anderson et al., 2015). The fuel hazard can be assessed by 2004; Hiers et al., 2005; Ottmar and Andreu, 2007). In addi- quantifying the pyric properties of the species (Dimitrako- tion, a high bulk density is associated with high soil tem- poulos and Panov, 2001), determining thereby its flamma- peratures during a fire and a longer residence time (Brad- bility (Papió and Trabaud, 1990; Dimitrakopoulos, 2001). stock and Auld, 1995; Santana et al., 2011; Pausas et al., Flammability and fire behaviour are mainly determined by 2012; Pausas and Moreira, 2012). Thus, the characteriza- the physical arrangement of the plant biomass (Doran et al., tion of the surface layers of forest soil (land cover and soil 2004; Schwilk, 2015). Indeed, the size and shape of the organic horizons) is of major importance in modelling the fuel have, in addition to the environmental conditions, a effects of forest fires (Ottmar and Andreu, 2007).
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