PLAYGROUNDS of the NATION ,Ior, 2 S

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DEPARTMENTOFTitIN1VRIOR t BUREAU OFEDUCATION ..11 14 er.

BULLETIN,1927, No. 20

PLAYGROUNDSOF THENATION

A SERIES OF PROJECTSON OUTDOOR RECREATIONAND THECONSERVATION OF FOREST LIFEDEVELOPED THROUGHA STUDY OF STATE PARKSAND FORESTS lt FORELEMENTARYSCHOOLS

FLORENCE C. FOX ASSISTANT SPECIALISTIN CITY saris

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UNITED STATES v GOVERNMENT PRINTINGOFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 ?"'- '"".

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e Or THIS PUBLICATIONMAY RE Pr/CURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OFDOCUMENTS U. El. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 35- CENTSPElt COPY

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. CONTENTS a Pap Letter of transmittal _ . ______vu ... Introduction , _ IM. "" 1 Ir Cluipter.I.Lessons incivics ... =. '. i . 8 1. 1 - II Rebt and recreation_ # Ion. 'Summer and winter 1 canip 1 Open-airsports

Helpfulcamp suggestions ______4. 11 . 01. 11 A State park . buildingproject 13 Chapter ILState parks andforestsas sanctuaries 17 SanctuasrlesfOr birds Game birds 17 , 19 Nongaillebirds______Plan of study 22 _ ___ 23 Sanctuaries foranimals . _ ' _ _ OM 24 The smaller animal,: 27 Plan of study :. -. 32 Wild flowers 33 Extermination ofwildflowers inIowa 34 State flowers 30 Replanting 36 Protection_ 36 Plan of study V Sanctuaries 37 for fish_____ 37 . ..Fishing inState parks: . .38 . Plan ofstutiy ..- r..) w 39 .:.- .. An .aquarium . ., =. ... 39 ;.. . ChapterIII.Conservationof forests .. Lessons in .40 nature .4tudy______-_. ... Ow. ww. GM.... , Maw .0. 40 . Slaughterof the trees GM =o /MD -Forest fires :41 6 '44 - Reforestation O .. .. , 54 Arbor day ______, . 55 . .Plan ofstudy , . . , ..4______.____ Stateforest 55 rules .inPennsylvania___,-,,. __ _ __ Chapter . 58. .. IV.Lessonsin geography.- .,. Adirondack 59 Park fn NewYork : . _ Am .r- . 59 . Pointsau Sable State Parks . . in Michigan , 01 .V 6 ' The,DuncsState Park in r ? Indiana ______62' CnmberlandSiatePark in Kentucky I Ir. 65 PetitJean State . i Park inArkaiisa4 __....___.:._.., 68 Reelfoot State Parkin Tennessee ..... _ _-___-______-_. 70 . ,....1 Chapter ., V.Lessonsin History : . . . -75. i .iai JoisceKilmerState ForestMonument , ,;..,- . - 75 . .., a .. i: ..?, 1 ; CasterState . "'s Park 4,. , . .71. . v. 76. ,..:.- . , . . s,.. ,... -.`--. f. ';'i't ...... - ...., s...... ,.' : -,...... , ....Ir,. .,,o .,: , iL, .. . : :. : : . . ¡ ' I I Yi i- 1 ,'.. . j. ,'.. T a .' a:Z.44',,` ''. ,* .,. I...,,'I -..i'l..r:' J 'N . A 44 .'s . ..:-. %.* L'. -... i - ., .. ? . , , % ; 1 .. . 14, ' :v.,. 4,..,- .1' ..-..: re:N.4 .:,. "lerlifiLt4Yi144itis . ---'r!:-1. : ,::" 3 :',:.; '. 4iii;'' s`.' if\-%741,L11.i t'''fb:4,:., .: 5'.'.''..''er t-3 ::, '!e .1;P`r,,...;:il.AA.';.1, .: Z ,174.,,....,.'.. ...re,.' i ...,':-.' rAti?1; *1.el.) N.-... c..... 1116t . h,..., 4..5.&....1-J,L!.. a:-: : : * 1 ':4 '' " V' ta je C. Y_,:- 14 e' .7. -. 1..-;', 6WA-11; .ck....,,;:?, _ (I:4 4 . ii ___,__ .?? ."-:- LiaLd!-_,14.ii4 'IPA. 1A0kA. 1St r.a'1¡ I,- ._ a.,.... ail. '' 1.,:" -i.riiiif,..i'x., ..,j1: ", '1.".« Vd:t " - -* 4...:i. 4 )

IV CONTENTS '

IT O 9, it . Chapter V.Lesson. nhistoryeontinued.- Page- . Franklin K. LeMemorial Grove______77 -1

Lougfellow-Evangeline State Park,. 78 i

Revolutionary War memorials -4, - - 79 I Israel Putnam State Park in ConnecticutI. ______-- 80 . Washington CrossingState Park in New JeAkey_____4__ _ .. 80 LeWis and Clark State Park in Was1iington___7____ 80 % - List of State parks and forests ___,... 831 v r Pictures - .. -t 89 Reading lessons_ _ 91

Publications, by States, relating to parks__ 1 .. - 97

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ILLUSTRATIONS . s

I . , . Page , ..- A true fish story Front I spleo The evening fire, campfire girls'summer camp 2 . .. A Boy Scouts' stimmer 3 camp: Saluting the flag ,¡.__,____ A. A girls' class in woodcraft in *me of the 4-IIcamp.: 5._ :. Tourists'campegnipment: _. . . Open-air49,ves . .4-4 8 .., . Opencamp shelters and fireplaces permanently placed inmany camps_ . . t . . , Hiking .. - A . .. 8 P I Fishing _ I 9 1) Boy Scouts swimming ______. ._-.)._ 19 , Girl Scouts canoeing ...... __ _ .- 11 A Stgte park building project, fifth grade 14

. . The last passengér pigeon:A bird without protection . __ 18 o , Piitails *- - 19 , . -7 ------, Home of the wild turkey____A______...... __ _ , _ _ _ _ _ 21 . . 'V Migration of pintails ,i 99 Young robin ----- 23 _ The American bison, photo by J. E. Haynes__ _ .__...... ,.. 25 e , The beaver and its conservation work _ _ ...... 26 . . Bull elk in the act of calling _ _------27 . _ Mule deer buck..._- 1 tt _ 28

Mime of the black bear, . . 29 4 iHome of the mountain sheep_ .. ___ 29 , .. Themarten - ., . 30 The snowshoe rabbit . :-30 . ... , . Home of the woodchuck --.- 31. . ..,, Theopossum ____. 32 ! ____ . .81 t* ,Striped chipmunk . 4- 33 : -Lotus beds: Iowa State park - 34 .. - Trilliums . 35 : ., ,.. Writtenlesson on fish, fourth grade _ -- - - 88 . , .." . Desolated -41. area.... 9 I e... :.f . .4. ILLUSTRATIONS V-

Treatment of decayingtrees.: . _ Page . Digging out the decayed wood, thefungus and.the Insects I 42 .. Cavity closed z with tarpaper and fumigated__ _ __ 43 Cavity filled with cement andtreatment completed 44 -Moths layingeggs 45- -Tree and insects_ MN, 111. - 46 Hai. .,' Peak 43servation tower, Southnimbi _ , 47 Inside of tower room 48 Fprest rangeron a trip of inspection. _ ... . . 49 . Tryingto beat outa fire with a blanket_.____ _ 50 Fresbly turned furrow _ IMO MOD MID OM MEW IMO I MIO . .11 OM, 50 gack train takingsupplies tIPthefire fighters ..7,--_ 51 Back-firing OS. .. MIA aiN m IM 52 t. Lightning strikinga tree 40 , OM. 53 Campfire hroyerly VS. cover(41 . 53 Burnedover area where seed has been sowh -5:1 Samearea nine years after =16=1 ______- .1111.%IND MI. MD OM 55 Tree nurseries MY. 56 Tree planting . , 57 Mount "Marcey, AdirondackState park inNewYork-- 60 Points au Sable State parks inMichigan' 01 Tamarackswamp in Indiana State . Park .M MID NEP MID ____ 63 Rock formation, Cumberland Statepark inKentuck__'__ 06 Boone's memorialin Cumberland \ . Gap, Kentucky elm ems ...sm. ter . 137 Cedar Falls,Arkansas ; _ __ 09 Reelfoot Lake,Tennessee ____ _am ew _ ee me_ _ 71 Cypress kneesesposed by . recedingwater_____ 7:3 Joyce Kilmer ____ _ ma. two_ m . I.. .10=a 76 Redwiods,Califiorilia______.___.______re. 78 Bayou Techd, Louisiana- 79

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LETTER OFTRANSMITTAL

. DEPARTMENTOF TI1EINTERIOR, BUREAUOFEDUCATION, 1 oxhington,July8,1927: DEARSIR:Recr6ationalareasin the form.of Stateparks and forests bearaclose relationshiptofilewelfare of theboys and girls , . of America.Accordingly, Ihave askedMiss aFlorenceC. Fox, assistant-specialist in theCity Schools 'Division,toprepare a study

of the . Playgrounds of(lilt Natión. 4 This bulletiiiis inaccord yith theplan of thebureauto offer, from timek) timv, to theelementary schoolsof thec(intry certain subjects ofstudy inthe form Ofnewmaterials of im-arucki-o.so prepared thatthey shallstimulate thepupil's interestin theprogress of the worhlabout hiniand shallalso be easilyadaptedto the teacher's dailypro.gram. I askthat it beprintedas abulletin ofthe Department ofthe Interior,Bureau ofEducation.

Cordiallyyours, . . JNo. 'fIGERTI Comas:114;mo% TheSEcurrAttYor THE INTERIOR. b.

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IV _ INTRODUCTION

Many attractive P areasin theUnited StatesDre not adaptedtO agriculture, andjust, inproportionastheyaredifficult ofcultivation they 6ecomeideal loiiationsforState parksand forest,reservations. I. The Statesarerapidlysetting asideasmemorials andas playgrounds -theAspots .of scenicbeauty.They willremainapricelessheritage toour childrenandtoOur children's children.aslong atithecountry shalllast.. Througha survey ofihese Staiepark!' andforests by the boysantigirlsof theelementarysAlloolsapride inState and National citizenshipmayi;earo.used wliierkshalllead,toa-higher oppreciation thjs beautifullaítd ;vhichthey inherit:. A veritablemine of intvri!stingdata forc.lassisoomprogramscanbi found inastudy of. theSrate parks.What to-selectOut of this wealth of materialisliproblem.Every phase ofsubjectmatter is.repre- witted: . Les.-44)ns innature study, geography,history, civic"; tart,and literature.In thiS bulletinPlaygroundspf ikeNations,aseries of >41 projectsarepresentedwhichare_basedupon these sn6jists of study, :is follows: JI In Chapter1, the relationof people,especil lyof boys and girls, to theuseof the pails forests forrest andrecreation; in.Chapter II, the Statepark and forest;as a sanctuary foli Oa%wild Veiof thecountry whidiarein dangerof exCermination;in Chap- ter III, the eonservdtionof,fOrests; inChapterIV, thesubjectsof -erosion,mountainfolding,andearthquakes, whichvarious parks exemplify; in ChapterV, subjectsin history,of thegredtmen whom for the 011.0and forests stamiusmemorials. Promthis classi- ficationof siibiet:C matter the teacher beprepatedtousethe Stateparkas abasis of'studyand, withoutdifficulty,to incorporate it intothe(hayrol_iyam. Each . -chapter givesa baCkgroupd of factuponwhich the'teacher tiny build her project,vpplementedby readingand studytoas great . akextent4s. The'plan of studS.?Whichfollowsthe,presénta- ...... tionmaterialis based upon actual schoolroompracticewhichhas... beencarried out successfullY insome of the -eltmentaryschools of .4 , ¡hecountry. . . , a _, Silentreadin¡ , lessonsaresuggestedfor each.topic, whichmaybe ..,-foundin the- readep inuse in the schools, iindreferencesto.appro--# -.prititAstories,songs, poems, and pictures ,.. . aril given,followedby refer- , . . . ',,a.' . .1 . - ; , - ..; . :,,J/ .. ,r,,,, .1,:%.,.:.1f.*;;b :10 ; .4'.. ,. .:':Ao i .`,o..I . ?.'- N. .., N...... , :4.0:. ,. :r.\ !le 'No.'' ":: 1'j,ti_k\l'S:*;';`...4?'" ..i*:. -ri-110:tb .r4,-4:40-e"..1: '4,4-'r""e..e.,,I.fr.A P6-- .f!;.'','Pf.n::kJP:1-",;`t v.":'.7"(1?.et'f," +I ..174%.1v4. kg S'1:*14:4,-. .1.4:4tr,, .-. .,.,...... t`f.',1 ' -7 :¡:.:, i 3 ir ...i,.:C4' 4;',; 1, 0 '1,%..04y,.f!..¡;.**".74e;:$1.e,,1 it:i..'.1). ...,5'.. ti'''''. s.--1"'1.'i..,1, , . ,,,, V''L 4N. " u 411 ... 1.*,'...% ) s !7,.: ti I.j.i.mt:0'':''11 L'1.. .4. /' 1 --,-. ±i":-:-.:- ..:..: .. --1L''. ;:,1±S.._*_..'`..1_6'. ..: fi'--1.... '''' '.15' '..=7:wir .k.-..,./.--. IV* INTRODUCTION I 6Ces for teachers foruse,41 supplementing theloctualmaterial

found the bulletin. "ft The reading lesson listed undr eaeh topic for qtades III, IV, V, VI*aretaken fromalarge c'olléction of readers thatare nowinuse in thesc6ols .of the EpitedStates.The list is comprehensive for thepurposeof giving the teacher with eirenasmall collection of , .

. supplementary readersanppportunity of using readingmatie'r alreadyatband without formulating lessons of her:own. With.so

largealist from which to choose, there will undoubtedly. besome. books whichareineluded inanyteacher's collection of supplementary readers. These lessonsmaybe .writtenonthe boordor maybe typed ormimeographed for theuseofindividual pupils in"- classes in sf feading. A i . e.

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.PLYGROUNDSOFTHE NATIQN 4,

11 ChapterI LESSONSINCIVICS

Rest andRecreation - jr, State parksare created fortheuseortheboys men and and girlsand the* women who desireto spendaday,a week, month inthe or perhapsa great out-Of-doors.AllStateparksprovidefor the comfortandpleasure of groups of peoplewhoarein searchofrest andrecreation. .

iSummer andWinterCamps 7 -. . .. vs.41. . 4 .. . Everyboy andgirl lovesapicnic,andto camp forafew days e. in thewooq_smewls a succession ofdelightfulpicnicexperiences. Childrenlove thetrees, thewater, andthe secret wildlife.theydis- , cover e in thequiet , nooks andcörnersof theforest.To findabird's nest hiddenawalfin Rimesecludedspot, to.spy out the pink of thearbutusunder the blossom leaves,are experienceswhich.the. child ..11 'remembersalvrays.To .,!, become,familiarwith the *hauntsof birds .. -... andanimalsinthewoodsandto understand . : , theirWily's ofliving ..r become mo;atcherished . memories.. . ., . ,.1 Fiftythousand . , children, nearlY 'half ..,;1 of themgirls,were incamps . in1926;many . of thèmwere in Stateparks andforests, special which offer .. opportunitiesfor this tYpeofcamping.These underthe childrenwere:. ;- careof traineddirectorsandcouncilors, . of the who hadcharge swimming,canoeing,riaturelore, andarts andcrafts whicheach child lessons received.duringthe last8or . 10 daysof June. 1!,..-ill, Whilethechildren were not coereRdinany way and couldfreely choosethe-activitiestheymost 'enjoyed; therewas. a definiteaim ..... among tke ..r..!.;.., directorsto plan .thechildren's . . that program in sucha, way 1 goodbabits ofrightliving . might be . .. formed:.. . ':. ... ,:, Hygiene.LSomechildrericome tocamp not weighing-as ..,;.1 theyshould. muchas -:..ii.,':.:ai We4re susceptibletv coldsandare troubled with oss ofappetite1r0with indigestion. ::....'',.:....gt. ..,...,,, .. 2 . . Undet théinfluence of 1 the " ' '... " . 8'1 'fr % i .e ..' i '. !:. ,.. !.i'):h,' ::',,,*.C...'4* ' ' 410 I.,' :P ; :ti;'.041k,;4ifo'''.... .)'t.P ;' et: - , * ),':0-.:.,.4 ,.,.4 -,,-".-!,r-k-1,.u.;:, ''(Mt- 'ly g ' I. ::::-' .P.Vi,l.rif. jt.0114.VitIWA l' , : ' f N ; : 2 ...st : ..0,.. , "?-. -;',4 .. 1-1 ' -. ,7.,..'t,..t., ',r3.4- .. %..y.,'.,;,;,....',,:41.:..",:--r,' :1. -14I..i tr i . I. '.1..':. -"4,-, , ,:,;-..:,..,1,.!,-.....7. Av.);, ' .:t.'01. 1:-;,;... ,.;41.4%*.t: . ,...k. f t A:41V ,- z,...... 4...-:.,,. !, .. ,,k:! -,y 4;J"...i.I.J.5;!01, .. .A., ,: -I.Av.:. ,. i, ,,,glit , travl'i.::::::::::*;41_ 'Slifkaidria f 4te P - iaor

- : PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION ,Ior, 2 s. simple, active, outdoor life 'incampthese handicaps tend to disap-

pear.Round backsarestraightened, stooping headsarelifted,over- .

- 'weight children with flabby muscles become strong and wiry, and the undernourished child takesonflesh and acquiresanormal ,appetite. Most children dev4lop sounder and better trained bodies andquite

s 'asimporttinttheybecomemore,self-reliant andare . able to face

their difficulties and dangers with greatercourageand independénce. . . Boys' and girls' cluhs.Perhapsnoorganization in the United States makes greateruseof the State parks than the boy scouts. .., - Inthe Harriman section of the Palisades in New York upward of . 20,000 boys spent their vacations there in 1925.Thècamps accommo- date 3,100 boys4hocaneandgoduring thesummerat fortnightly periods.Theyarehoused in wooden buildings and in tents which Vr theyusein winter forweeli-endand winter holiday outings.In the

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, a .3 -c,The evening fire, Camp Fire Girls' summer camp *. I .i4 .. J - 4.

suntmerthe boys hike and s-wim andcarry ontheir regular scout : ,. program.In the winter they skatr, toboggan,snowshoe, and ski ., onthe neighboring hillsneartheircamp,in addition to theirusual _ : .. .. taco& activities. *-. and the . Nature trails.The Girl Scouts, the Camp Fire Girls, .:. --. Woodcraft League, andmanyother clubs for boys and girls, are , i.,...:1.usingmanyof the State parks noton13;ascamping grounds butfor--I, -,,.,..,

ai 0 : r. ..:. the out-of-doortraininglyalks which have becomeapartof their : naturework.These nature trailS cutacrossthd country from one . . 1 beside . point of interest to another,overhills and through the woods, .:

,,,_,.....-the streams.asnd into 'the depths of the *est. .Objectsof note orof ,. ..i . . ',::...:-...--- marked .and. labeled andserve psguide postsfor.. .aspecial interestare .. ;:ir.% i'il.- t. the "trailer." , ,Writes-:a¡irlscout ofa.'.winter1- trailin the ,:,..;..... - ;..,.:.t..... :s.:., .:..',... .47/4 .;1144 4. ;Adirondacks:.,-0....,...;..c.,-,N;y;N.J...... -;.!:,.. 4..,t..-..:,...... ,A,....,....v:.L:.- v.-tecz.,.. ,....;,...... !...v...: :..14 . ..ro,x. "'k '- ,i141 I t .'.-:. r ...-:,;,414-*,,ecHt,144-4.7.;.4A14;,;.-.:.110Qpir 111111111i11.111111.1101111.111i1111111111111111111.11.111Mia:1-- ' ; LESSONSIN CIVICS 3 01 Wbenyou get into the ()lien,makethe mostofyour views. sport following thetrail in Itwas great the winter,becausewe had to identifyit by close observationof treesand rocks.On theleftwas the Hania birch, to the right the 'a littlefarther Den ofRocks,and thenthe Scotchfir anda sweeping outlook

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A ,1 5 I I..;_ over thevalley.On theway we saw rabbitsand rabbit that tracksand foot prints '. ' we thoughtmight bavebeenthose ; -pot" observIng ofa fox. Thesnow is great for animaltracks.Ifyou can getout intountrammeled inggaloshes, country,wear- you lind.thingsyou didn't dreamcould bethere,

_ 4 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION Insomeof thecamps everysortof growing thing is marked along the niture trail.Life histories of insectsareillustrated by sjvci- mens. hung in bottlesonthe trees, and othergrowing objectare labeled with linen tagsmaricedin water-proof ink.Plasterboxes with removable glass topsare,used for ground insects,and glass ttiks for small aquaria holding salamanders' andsnails.Inone camp con- ducted by the institute for theblindthi4lindcamperslearnedto distinguishas many as17 trees by feelingtheir bark and tasting the twigs,as manyflowerswereidentified by theirsenseof smell, and birds by theirnoies.Stuffed birdswerebrought to thiscamp sothat

campersmight feel and learn to distinguishtheir size and shape. . The half-hour before supperand the eveninghour around the campfire.arethe popular times foradiscussion of the various finds .whiCh the boys and girlsbring in from their naturehikes.Many lessonsarelearned that thange thechild's attitude toward the world of nature around him.His aversiontcharmless snakes isoftenover- come,his impulse to destroybeconwsadesire to protect the wild life he hascometO knowmoreintimately. The bird's-nest remains unmolested; the tiny insectsunder his carelessfeetareunharmed after he has watchedamember ofoneof- these insectfamilies develop aninsight into the plan and in the aquarium and he hasbeen given ; &rpose of its dailylife. %.

. Park mmeums.Sometimes anopen-airmuseumis established in thecamp,where the specimens gathered on naturehikesmaybe placedonexhibition.Such collections have becomeof .great interest to othervisitors in the parks, and when-the material .has seemed. of sufficient valueapermanentbuilding has been putupto holdthe exhibit.Mr. Hamlin, presidentof theAinericanAssociationof Museums, suggestsan,altèrnativi foir the labeling of trees. -He says: Trees should belabelednot too much.I should put up a signsaying: " Within 50 feetof this locality you will findcertain trees," and then make.the intelligenceof the visitors do your parkwork rather than justpityourlabels with questions onthe tales themselves.Followatrail a quarter of a mile long . along the way, the answers towhich will act as a natureguide.'

fiocal inmeuern.To treatthe park itselfas a museum-isanother I movein the direction ofintelligerit nature study.Mr. Hamlin sug- ,. geststhe focalmuseum as anadditional help. He 'would arrange.for . f:.,.. obsersvation platforms overlooking someattractiveorspecially inter t, : ,, :,..6... which is not easily within reachof the visitors : esting.bit of kenery

park.: Telescopes permanentlymountedon anoverhanging -.... to the .f' balcony will .enablethe sightseer to bringthe view close to the eye ' without. inconvenience or'danger to himself.Niagara FallsState. T . is to haveafocal mitseum which will alsoten IP1"... Park in New. York ...... , . . . , . . .. . , . . . t,,,,v_.. :-,1, I FromThePlayground Magazine, February, 1920. ;

.LESSONS INCIVICS JP. 5. the history of the fallsto the hundredsof thousaildsof peoplewho annually makeapilgrimagetoour greatest scenic attraction. Arts and craft8.Thatarts and crafts.should findaplace ina boys'orgirlscampinaState parkseems most appropriate.Every sort of material is at handforuseinawoodcraftprogram. In fact, each member,of axlubis expectecltofashion withhis handsanumber ofprojeCtsfor Whichhe receivescredits in hisorganization.The Camp Fire GirlsHandbooksuggests thefollowing list ofcainperafts fora summer caMp: Rusticfurniture,bird houses,bird' baths,fireplaces,openshticksorshelters,tree houses, boats,bows andarrows, barkcupsand baskets,rushmats, bridges,fire sitpaddlegand their

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, , A girls'class in wixidcrtft . hione ofihe.4Hcamps . . 4101b. s decorations,rude cocikingutensil, andsundials.The4-II Clubs; . which . claim600,000 membersand whosecampsnumbered1,800, with 114,000 , boys and girlsinattendance in°1925, havea.woodcraftpro- .:i gramin additionto theirmany other activitiesin farmwork and ... housekeeping. .... It is estimatedthat in thepast 10years 5,000,000 . . . .., ...-' boysand girlshave been , trained insomeform ofoutdoorrecreation- , .1 in the4-H .r, :,.L. clubHead,.. Hand, Heart, and HealthClubalone.'Then ...?..-'! whatshallwe say of the WoodcraftLeague and their council ring; .4..-..,s. theAudubonsocieties and their efforts 1. to interest boys andgirls in .,.... ,...4i .:the'beautyand valueof wild life andanimal life;and theGirl-.. ..,,,-;,.-4, Scoutsand Boy , . .. Scouts withtheir basicidea ofout-of-doorslife and . . .,....,...:.,:::;.7.i .. naturework?. . . . How... important... ..it., seems.. that the ....;..,-; .:, State park . .. _ . ..,..,..-: move.,.:4A-..- t r'..,' -2 .....,.14r.,,,,,.... e ,... ; 0.., .v. -..... ,t'-4 . ,,,._,, .:, '-f'.-','''-'...... »'-f.;=...... : .,ps ..' .s. -- 52692°-47 ,''tI .) tr..-4::....1,,,.....,.4....4:14.3,.r...0..44..4 ! ? !IA, #...-., ...,...... ,._....:.-,; ":i 1Lle.. ; 2 :4.. rg0,5#.1f.:.-I'v.,,, R. I1 ..,...t.),:....11,-,-...,v...-,-,--...-_,:fitl.,,i3i,i rytil' :""1" ott ' `". -'.. t i . - _ts,,,,,,, s 1 (q...jr::,...i..o.-% i.1.4": '8 I.-.4( .! . . t.'i.". %.' ,.0,0 "; i.1 !. % 41`'e,4',. 4... 4 4,'i. ,'4' 4 1/4 51P* 444:71444k. "? :-.' .\t,!t

6 . PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION , mentshould expand andgrow,offeringasit does the woods,the streaMs,the hills, aiid the valleys for theuseóf this mightyarmy, ofyoungpeople whoareseeking to know and to feel the enchant-

ment of out-of-door living and recreation.' . Picnic camps.Picnicking is the simplest form of campingand, for the children, themost delightful."Let'sgo on apicnic"has amagic soundevento-agrown-up,while for the child it fills his soul with ecstasy. The picniccamp'ground inourStaieparks has afew necessities with which it is equipped for theuseof those who arespendingaday in the open.' One of the first of these isa pure water supply, thenasanitary toilet,open .ovensfor warmingor aildmaking coffee.Firewbod, tables, benches, and cooking food;

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refusecans arealso. needed. A shelter ofsomekind, whichmaybe used forParlorgamesand dancing, is almostanectssity. Thecamp is usually in the shade-under thetrees withs'ome.open spacesfor athleticgamesandconiests.,A few pieces of playapparatús for childrenareincluded, swings, teeters, and a-slideortwo. Waterfor swimming and boating is provided if possible. 2'entri8t8' canip8.Camps toprovide fot the traveling public are

somewhat similar to-picniC grounds whichserve, a.pqblic from neighboring towps fora.day only.They ire, however,-arranged

. on amuch larger scale and areusually laid out likeasmall town orvillage.Insomeparks,the. following plan isadopted.. Each lot the f cOvers. 1 squarefeet, which allows 27 lots to a'n acre.When . tourist drives'o4 this la,unpacks his kit,alid.putsuphis tent,he and LESSONSIN CIVICS 7 his fa-milyare athome forthe length oftimetheyoccupyit.Their lot istheirhomesteadandtrespasserscan not encroachuponit. InmanyState parksashelter houseis providedwhich isequipped .*with toilet, showerbath; andlaundry facilitiés,andalarge lounging orclubroom withafireplace where,in coolerweather,alog fire\\ brings comfortand cheerto theweary traveler.In additionto tlkse luxuries, theout-of-door-equipmentincludesopen-airovens, talks, benches,refusecans,firewood or gas heaters, andin larger . camps anincinerator.For exerciseandrecreationafew piecesof plavgroundapparatus fortheA children.areprovidedandaball grobund;tenniscourt, volley-ballcourt,croquet and horseshoecourts for the olderchildrenand adults, withplacesforswimming and boating, 'whereverpossible.

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It- takes the hiker'over hills and t4oughvalleyswhereveran attrac, 1 tire view is disclosedorwheresomespecial object of scenicbeauty. canbeseen. . . . KhakikniCker6ockersand high-laced shoes, with looseflannel shirt, is thb most suitable dress for hikers, bothmenandwomen.

Softcapswith visors toprotect theeyesfromtoo .much sunlight will add to the éomfort of the trailers.. The,kit should containtwo orthree cooking utensils and thenecessaryblankets for out-door sleeping. A good bed isalongnarrowbag made of bed ticking,

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llikiug about 21/2 by 61/2 feet which'maybe filled with dry lefties for the. night andeMptied inthe.morning.It is well to havearubber . blanket to spread under the tick and twd light woolen blankets for

- covers.&smallshelterof canvasto protect one's head fromthe.1 . wind isalmostanecessity. . t.. Fiehing:Most of the State trails followwater courses;astrills have always done. :These streamsarewell stocked with fish (see ,\,, "'' ,J. .. 11 ,. ."; F.11, . . .14 J. v; I? .., . . ,k . . !. 44; - : i ', *.tz4, 4. , . . ... 'Al . , ;, I 7.1te , --- ;. . %'3," t.11:': " , t )f,,,,4ti..S ..,k4 ;!4{...:1!,.; 1.4:4 tr,t 4tkirj/e da) t .4 kW 4,17;:),,,t,a;... ' _ _ " LESSONS INCIVICS 4- t . . :Chapter II) eitherby natureorby the. Statefish commission,.and onedi. The delights ofhiking isto capturea..bassor trout/*Ithe fly,so tospeak, kndto broil itoverthe coals forsùpper...1t bed-of hot and glowing embers,rather thanaflaming fire,is neededfor broiling the fish, andthiscanbe securedby buildingup a cone- : shaped pile of drytwiga.aroundafevt dryshavings 'beforelighting. Strinioning.MostState parkstry to provide som*efacilities for , swinuning and canoeing.In thecaseof boysand 'girls'adirector is needed notonlyto teach theart of swimmingproperly buttositfe- gunrd againstaccidents. Thenew strokes in swimmingshould be taughtaswellasthe fold-fashionedbreast strokeand sidestroke. ithin thepast 10 yearsthe modern criiwlstroke hasbecomequite , popular. 0 -

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, ' Canoeing.Perhapsthemost enjoyable of allwater sports is '1 canoeing.It isan easyway of carryingcampersand theirduffelon '. . L trips away from thehomecampand isanexcellent exercisein phys, kaldevelopment.The kneeling position isrecommendedforeipert j canoeistsby directors,asit givpfreerplay to themuscles than.the . 6 ' sittitig Position.When .6 one becomes:used to itthere- is 4 :. 4 no more 1 Ot fatigueexperiencedthan by thesittihg position.Thereis lessdanger-. .:.::- -in the sittinkpositionfor beginnersand forchildren. . . . ' C Game8.Thereisno 47'1 I better placefor outdoorgamesthan in41, gtateparkcamp,whitreopen spaces of sufficient :4 size abound for .49 4, ahnost , any forin of outdooractivity.BaseballappeaLs.tòbothboys and girlsand is ait 'never-e;idingsourceof enjoyment. - I . Basketball , . . 6 i % r :5 . . . v . , a t I 47 1 - 01. .. c f 4 .4.'V .S. 4t yebecci 4,44' C ttiriirtA i-.7.:*'w 47; . s. . - . }." .. . 's I.. 4,4':?..j.K4x:'

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. . ',quiresverylittleapparatus, and that .i.s easily transported.As thisgame seemsdestinedto becomeoneofournational pastimes, andasitsusedevelops evilly musclein the body, it should been- couraged inevery campwhere boysorgirlscongregate. Running, jumping, and hurdli-ngcreateahealthy spirit bfcomm petition in thecamp,but there is always dangerin these -atliktie competitions of criywdingout the-weaker and less developed meinbers whoarereally in need of the exercisemorethan those ofgreater

. prowess. . . Ari English-gamewhich is becoming popularinsomeofour eastern campsis field hockey. The technique of thisgameis rather difficult to acwire, yet itsee: .s tobe gainingapopular placeon our programsof outdoor recreation.

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',I.e., -IDft:, .44. Girl Scouts canoeing. Helpful Camp Suggestions 2. 1. Chooseyour campsite yell.It should beafairlyoptn spot, levelenough for thetent andcampfire, but 'elevated enotighto havegood neural drainage.It should haveexposureto'direct sunlight duringpart of the diq, especially.during the early morning hours..Insummer, exposure towhatever breezesmayblow is desirable. 2. Mintcampersmake the Aistake of selectinga campsite solely for itsattractiveness,sayina cozynook beneath the shade of large hemlocksand close byastream side4 this often results in poor light, - poor ventilation, undesirable moisture conditions, andannoyance frommosquitoes and other insects..IC is betterto build- high and (fry.,

sFrom "n PennIrWoods," But. 31.ton.Dept. of Poresti and Waters.It. Y. Stuart, secretary.learripburg, Pa.April, 1923. . . . . , 4 ', ' , _?,*; -.;.91) : : . : . 4_/ .%1. ,. , . . 11 .,44. 1111...ier .01 tA-.. 1.!....:(1.%N.Alpit r,.2..sa:t. - if:;1;4; ,:. 011- ry,,:t :or:4,,s...14,4. 0.. q , 1 . '3 I N.. 12 . PLAY7NOS OP THE NATION . 3, Remember that your.tent isto serveas ashelter ratherthan adwelling place whileAliaril in the .woods. Considering its service as ashelter, it deserves less consideration than the out-of-doors where:the campe'r spends the'enjoyable hours that mike 'camping worth *while.It is not/necessary to pitchyour tentin themost beautiful forestrecm.Often. it is better to keep such places for visitation. 4. Always lociitenear onample supply. ofpure water.While aspring is desirable, theaverages.parkling mountainstream, bub- bling m'erarockycourseand receivingaOeiliful'supply ofsun- shine,canbe dependedupon as a sourceof potliblewater. A hilie upstream fora surveyof its condition is well worth while before final selection ofyour campsite.. It furnishesaunique feature to themany yenturesof a-camping trip. 4 5. Plain,Simplé foods formthe best fare of the forest recreation- ist.The greatest food value, together with the least bulk, is the first rule of his diet.His rations shouhl consist of foods thatare easify, carried, easily. kept, and. easily prepared. .The preparation of the camper's mears is, nevertheless,anart worthy of theex- perienced.The bulk of his food supply foragiven period should averagenotmorethan 2% poundsadaypey man,See booksou camping for detailed information-onmenus. 6. The miscellaneous equipment of thecameer,besides bismew and toilet article, should beverylittle.A, sharp pocket knife of the "BoY Scout " type,asharp handax, adry 'matchcase,aildss. first-8i4 packet should alwais be taken. A bookon'campingsug- gestions, eontaining first-aid .rules, is recommended toeveryfored canver.Field &asses, pocket lens,acanteen, anda compassmkt be desired, according to the individual. A durable notebook and several pencils should certainly bo tarried byeveryforestuser,in which riotes and- 'sketchesmaybé made. The latter,eventhough II simple, will be ofgreat value for future reference. A small camera that ta6s good picturesmayalso beaValuable aqition to'the.

neces:sary equrpment. . . 7. Every forestcamperneeds itcookfire, and .most will. have i

campfire, Oo, for evenings. He mu.4 know how to build them, the 4 materials to select, how to protect:the fire from spreading into the forest, and what to do if it should spread. 8. Before startingyourfires, gathér togetherasufficient supply of suitable-materials.Stuff of mixed sizes isdesiraMe:---dryleave, shavings, twigs, bark, splitwood, and finally round logs.Remeni :ber thatathick piece of wood will not take fire 'from the quick

blaze ofafew leaves thatare soonconsumid.In damp weatherit -

4 . - ,. . . , .5141 : ", a. , '4 * I t- 441 4jI, I rt I et. 4* :: %. : 6 e ., 't , . t+4i.tr.w .1^. ') 4:#2114e740:g4S"1.4 r "44ii1T.i` Pot, 'g 4v1.5 .4 Ak44.11"-. v2.! 4e54 LESSONSIN'CIVICS 13 40. is ativisable to makea good supplyf dryshavings .withyour . jackknife. .. Buildup a smallconeof twigs aboutthe shavingsand, whenthe fire takes well,larger materialmaybe laidacross it anti Shecone shapebroken'down. I isabed of hot end glowingembers, rather thanaflaming ftv,which is neededforcong.For thecompfire, onthe-other band, thecone mayhe enlargedtoas greatsizeassafety w91 permit. - itis Often convenienttocarry a set of 8 to 19. straight, stiff,iron Axis froma-foot and'a halfto %.! feet in length for thegridiron. These rods should fuecarried iiialong,narrowbag into %.vhichthey utbatirIn -use -thesearelaidacrosthe Iìrfromtwo logsor -stones oneithei.side. A simpleanti serviceabksubs( itide forthese rodsare twotlaiirons aboutone-eighth ofaninch in thicknew, inch wi!le,anti 2 feetlong,

A State ParkBuildingProject , Plan ofdudy.Perhaptthebest methodof approachto the study of the Statepark inelementary schoolsis inabuilding imjectby the children.,The foimdationrna,ybe of sandand thebuilding done on an ordinary sand table, ifa temporary project is desired.. Ifa II permanent exhibitis required,as wasthecaseherein described,then metal lathand plasterof Paris shouldbe used for the foundation. This buildingprojectofaState parkwasthe .whrk ofa groupof fourth-gradepupils whohad just enteredthe fifth grade.Itisan illustrationof the possibilitieswhichaproject ofthis kind offer for thecultivation ofsustainedintorestand conCertedeffortoil the .part ofaclass of children.These pupilshad little skillin handwork andnone at all in claymodeling. Yetthe figuresmodeled by them willcompare favorably with similarwork in otherclasses in Oresame gfade.Thereasonfor thismaybe attributedto the absorbing'interest in thevork andthe desireto do the work wellwhidi .wis characteristic,of theentiregroup. . The projèct,represents theuse.of 8.Statepark forrest andrecreation,for birdand animal sanctuaries,ami .for theconservation of forests.As the ivorkprogressed,each objectwaspainted in oils with colorsas true tomat tireaspowible.The backgroundwastreated in thesamemtmner.Thetrees and grass`werepaintedgreen,the cleiftsgray,ihewater blue, and theanimals andbirdsasnearly like theoriginalsaspossible. In the backgroundof thepicture isrepresentedalow lineof °woodedhills thataffordasuitablecover and feeding groundfor the wildanimallife of theforest. Atthe leftaherd 9f deerand elkare feeding anda group of mountain sheeparestandingunder thetrees , "- T ;. 41.1A , . e , .; .-1kr:?."4`...*?: ki.4:4144;4';';-:e . 1 -:0. 0. '-:e' 11 '7 .L44 2, rt& ".',10 011Y4K. +LP,' 't. , . %V.or'41 - L.': 14. t4:;i1;i2C:% 1'7 . . . / h. 4 .

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ea. LESSONS INCIVICS 15 onthe hill in themiddle distance,whileafew bison eanleidgeettat the right just above theriver. Astream flowsalong thefoot ofthese hills from the mountainlakeat theupperright tothe smallpond at theupperleft, wherewater birdsandwater animalsof allvarieties finda sanctuary. The wildland birdsfind theircover just below the pond ina small valleybetweenthe hillsat the left.Thecon- servation of the forestitself isrepresentedby theobservationtower on perched the cliffsat theupper right, and theforestrangerand his house and. barn at the lowerright.Massesof wildflowers 'Of .manytints andshadesare scattered throughoutthe forest. In the foreground a.variety ofrecreationalactivitiesaregoingon. At the lower leftisasmall lakeforsailing andbathing,with the sailbola inthe center find thebathersseated underumbrellason the farthershore. Infront ofthe lakethepla'yapparatus is placed, consisting of swings,crossbars,andaslide, downwhichoneof the picnickers issliding.The picnicparty.are near the lakejust in 0 front ofthetents andarebusyspreadingout.the foodand preparing their picnic dinnér.In themiddleforegroundisa group of boy scouts taking theirexercisesunderthedirection oftheir- leader. Behind 4" theneare thesheltertents theyuseinstormy weatherand just backof them to the rightisasniall fishingparty preparingto fry thefish whichoneof themhas caughtin thestream and is bringing to the fireto*b.cooked.The forestrangeronhis horse in front ofhis house is preparingto rideover to the observationtower toseeif there isanysign offire inthe forest.The loneboatman in hiscanoeo. nthe mountainlakeseems to be paddlingaround inthe water andenjoyingthescenery. Materials andtechnique.Picturesare indispensable forthis work, becauseno group of -pupilswill beableto acquaint tliemselves all the with detailsthroughfield lessoils,evenifaStatepark should near at hand and be easyofaccess.It Isunderstoodby theteachers andpupils that this projectisa composite view ofaState contairiing park most of thefeaturesfoundin all ofthem.Many ofthe picturesneeded ctin 134 foundin 411ustratedmagazines,andsofaras possibleshould bebrought inby thechildren.This interest enhances the.- and giVesa sense of responsibilityand alsoenliststhe* cooperationof the parents... , . The fOundationof theprojectconsisted ofmetal lathshaped to thedesired contour andthen tacked*firmlytoawoodenplatform. Overthis seyeralpieces ofburlap soakedina thinsolution ofplaster . ofPariswere firmlypresseduntil theyhardenedoverthe frameand heldit inplace. Itwaspossibleto insertthe wireswhichwere attached 'tothe modelsa finimalsgild figures tlirough (tithe the meshes burlapI and tomount themfirmlyiti thiswu. ' 1.,7. .) s ti% I ,1 tz, , , " -ha ./ ". - - .. - 44*4%i' . .). ,( "1"/.44.. ,, .1+f T.'.. ' , 10't:14Pl.?t!' :'- 1*,,t4 1.'")!.1,:t. !.rt ' , It 111. a zaat Ne II-47..74,T1:''R., 4 .t'./ 16 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION /1.

The gathering of nature materials for the trees and flowtersand the rockswasdone almost wholly by the pupilsonSaturdays,and

. theywereiliought into the 'classonMonday morning. Theuseof this material showedaConsiderableamount of originality ail('re- sourcefulness.Driedspraysof goldenrod found along the roadside wereused for the trees..Theseweredipped in shellac and when dry weredipped intogreenpaint.They represented almost perfect elm trees in size, shape, and color.The wild flowersweredried seed cradles dipped in shellac and then intoavariety of colors. Clay figureswerecopied from picturesasmodels andwererein: forced with toothpicks inseited in the clay. No httemptwasmadeto model handsorfeetorthe features of the face, but tileposeof each figureivas carefully studied. When the claywasthoroughly dry

itwasdipped in shellac and .then painted the desiredcofor.Tents weremade from thecornersof_ boxes and painted.Very thin tin, easily cut, formed thecanoeand the slide in the j)lay apparatus. The formerwaspinched together, at eachéndand sewed with wire after holes had been punched through the edges.The stiilboat was_carved fromablock of wodd, and the cloth sailwasattached toawooden mastinserted inoneend of the boat. The kindergarten furnished t. the foxist ranger's house and barn and thelookoutonthe cliffs. Theywerecul)esand triangles of wood with tin roofs.The tower was anoblong with stepsupthe sides cut frOm kindergarten splints withatin rbofoverthe observation platform.All of thesewere paintedadarkmaroonand trimmed with yellow. Subjects of study.--In connection with the buildir% project the lessons in history, geography, and nature studyshould beigiven.- Theseforin the best possible bases for language lessons, aritAmetic,

.andreading exercises. . . . The child's home. State is the centerof interest throughout the entire study. The heroes ofhis State, the geographical attractions, the flora and fauna, all offer to the teacherfor cultivat- ingin the child's mindatype of patriofismwhich will especiallyap- peal to cjiildren of the middle grades, andwhich will lead later to a e -finer appreciationof the Union of States which constitutes,the

countryin- which he hires.-7.

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ChapterII

STATE PARKSANDFORESTSASSANCTUARIES . .

iND

Sahcluariesfor Birds The State park , and theState foreaare .essentially sanctuaries. Theyareplacesset agide where-forms ofwild life,especiallythose thatarein danger ofextermination,maybe preservedforus, our children,-Intirchildren's childrenaslongas our country shall last.Some ofonrmoSt valuablebirds andflowers andanimals has7e .. disappearedwithinour own time .tind will.neverbeseenagain, for whenaspecies has . become extinctno power .. can reproduce it.It , isgoneforever. . d . I .. Slitughter.of thepanenger .---The , passenger pigeon is the 4,0 most reMarkableinstance oftheextermination ofaspecies' of wild , :.*life that hasbeen known,because it occurredin- a very Short tinie and .,,. also beeausethereweresuchcountlessnumbers ofthese birds throughout theUnited Statesthatnodanger oftheir extermination seemed possible.Manyattemptsweremadeto induce theState legislatures ofthe MiddleWesttopasslaws protegtingthem, but these bodie's ofmenthought itwasunnecessary, and consequently , this beautifulbird hasbeen utterly . destroyed.The lastspecimen . edied in1914 in the ZooGardens inCincinnati, Ohio,where giurhad

been carefullyguarded for- , manyyears.'The effort .: . , made by the .- ..State ofOhioto finda matefor herthrough .a standing offerfor-. ., , several .... yearsof .$1,000and the tittemptsmade byscientiststo locate 11 another pigeon_of this varietymakea .story that readsmorelike fiction I, than like fact.-. . . Surpriseis oftenexpressedover the speedyexterminationof a speciesthat multipliedsorapidlyasthis pigeon,'for.while they.laid onlyone egg atasetting they . .,..... wally rearedachick eachmonth of , ,..,. P % etheyear,in theNorthernStates inthesummer, and in the South in , thewinter. ; They passedoverthecountry in longflights frontone . 'feedinggroundto another, stopping.at their regulárnestingplaces - to raisetheir young. Audubon computed thatthe coritinuousstreani. .... of pigeonshesaw on one of many occasions must haveincludedmore...::,:::..,,,i..,, than1,100,00,000birds thatwould conimme ..more'than8,500,000.."::::::.(:::.!, rbushelsof grain daily.AlexandirWilson, thefather of '::;:*;;;."1-,:.,,,-.,... .1 ...... :,..:,; ,:.4..-i1!.:; ,--.;..-;..;.',,,: ot*thology" v,.:E» - : -- ....-'. -.r:v-' ....7 .4s'e: Y:...":-;, al - ,,,, :, % ,-- .-.4.,:,%..:. 5-. --,0...-r,..i,,,¡:::.54,,,:.?e4;.044," ''':: 'VI, :.r4'.4F ;:: ".:1, "*. 17 i°j:*i..*4... :,...?.1-:'N''...!4f.t"..e!irk."'. q .:.,,:,....:.,:,:._.ii-7.:*.';:.,-i,.,.!.;:-..'.- 4' 0, .: fZ -4me4 liiziLit'kz.,:w.eig..04tiLl,!A&,. 177-F ob.

18 PLAYGIROMIDS OF THENATIObt rP'..4"LT. s.

states that he estimatedasingle flock to be 240 miles long andover I amile wide.The great Chief Pokagon, the last chieftain ofthe p. I. Potaviatamis,wrote.areportfor the Chautaugult ofaflight which. he-witnessed about the middle of May, 1850, while campingonthe

headwaters of the Manistee River, in Michigan) Hesaysth the: airwasfilled with them and that the light of noondaywas&cured asbyaneclipse. The sound of their passing is describedas a gur- gling, rumbling sound,asthoughan arMyof horses laden with sleigh

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The last passenger pigeon : A bird without protection bellswasadvancing thrciugh the forest,Theuproarof the birds arriving could be beard 3 milesaway. Whenever the pigeons appeared in gtedt numbers the inluAitants t armed themselves withguns,clubs, stones, poles, and,whatever could , .

. ,, . be used to destroy birds andas soon asthey lit the slaughter began. Large netswereused, grain beds'were, made, and the birds allowed- tocomeand feed until from 200 to 250 dozen 'were sometimes taken atonehaul. Howwasit possible formanto kill them all?Itwas , . notnecessaryto do this for the Foung birdswereselected forthe

.,,..:.;,., general slaughter because they broughtahigher price in the market .. :;',;.:',...,.. old and wéremoreeasily taken. Theywerekilled before they-..were. ,. r . 4 4. . .* . . th .4k; 4. ^ . ;. 0 . ...Li : t.-ii;art -! A :iY t , - 1 r "-, 9:4; ,a". ; - STATE r... PARKSANDFORESTSAS SAllpTUARIES I. 19 enough to raise chicksand cirryonthe species.Thus-passed the passengerpigeon,abirdwithoutkotection aridwithouta sanctuary. i.

Game Birds . Caws ofexterminatim.---Grouseare diminishinginevery part of the 'United Stateswheretheywere oncenumerous. Theycan hot stand ordinarydestructionbynaturalcausesand byguns at the same time. Fully5,500,000guns arenow busily at workeach hunting season on ourgrouse, woodcock,snipe,quaikshorebirds, and .. most of the living the blanketof ducksandgeesethatonce covered the areafrom. theAtlanticcoast to thePacific. Laws thatprotect thesebirds fromthegun, wOuld savethem from tab. extermination iftheirfeedingandbreeding places could. bepre-

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. Pintails: Left,female;rightsmale served. The ground.cover thatonce offered-themfood and hasbeen safety largelydestroyedby thespread ofagricillture.It is said t.that tile wirefence. islargely t . . responsiblefoe thedisappearanceof thequail.The clean farmcultivationand theclearing-up ofevery inchofland Itet quail withouttue rai- ewecornet'swic affordedidealcoverfØ fteding and.breeding. . **1 The prairie .,11 chickfii hassuffered Morethan-most birdsfrom loss offood and' covers.The prairiegrasses, the wildrose, the wild $unfloiver, 4, and,many other foodplants.areoftendestroyedon the bigwheatfarmswherethese birdsformerly where .were abundant and they tirenow extinct. , ,.. .., . . . 41, State . parkrefugea.Inthe Stateparkfiesthegreat opportunity . 'for'theStateto tI'l ` save the' ebirds fromextinction. . 'ty . Eveilr Statepark 4

..:AIROP4b4;*q;q4 t1 . . 20 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION

of anysize will eventually becomearefuge for valuablegamebirds. Already they,arefindingasanctuary inmanyof them.Depart. ments .of conservationareestablished, commissionersareappointed, and wardensareselected to patrol tlipse refuges and to insurethe birds against molestation. -Food *and 8he7ter.Areasaremade attractive to the wild life by the planting of nut and fruit trees and shrubsonthe uplands,and food water plants in the marshes and shallow lakes.Natural foods foi wild lifecanbe increasedat little 'expense. Many dealersare nowmakingapointofsupplying *valuable food .shrubs and frees and water plants for these refuges.

. The relation ofon9form of life to -another is aptly illOstrated by the discovery that woodcockscanbebrought into the alders and, birches by pasturing cattle there,asthis brings in the earthworm,

s which is the principal food of the woodcock.Joseph Grinnell, the well-known scientisf, writing of thisrelaiionship-between various forms of forest life, sayS: . I wish now to point to the.far-reaching interrelationdill the living things -V in the forests.There call be .no snappy and full-fleshed trout in the brook7 without adequateins'ectlifet:feedupon.There can be.no ibsects without .suitable food for peir subsistence.There can be no singingfInche4and gros- beaks in the glades without-omitsand _fruits for them to feed upon.There canbe no warblers in the tree tops unless. there be anunfailing supplyo

" bugs."There can be no foxes and weasels to thrill usmomentarifywhen.we. come uponthem withoutr9derits for them to feedupon.Thereelmbe no gay and frisky without Seeds tofeedupon.There can be no- seeds unless-the annual crop of vegetation has been left to,mature. .-

1 Not only does the for'est area afford .the meansof existence for- a great number--of Individuals,* but I am led to believethe 'forest trees themselves . depend for their maintenance In thecondition in which we obserdetheni in this tige of the world upon the activities, severallyand combined, of therul- maim which°inhabitthem now and haveinhaibitedthem in thepast.The

' 1 .4 pockét gophèrs, thegroundsquirrels, the moles, and the badgers arenatural cultivators of4he soil.It is inconsiderable-degree the result Of theirpresence fby the during long series of years thatthe ground has been rendered suitable. . growth of not only grasses andherbs but even of shrubs and trees:particuhift "N. - in .the seedling stag& of thesewoody plants. - !±i : niaintained in the Stateparls in natural Sheltersare . cover..As muchas,possible the refugeall'éVIgittfrin,the. natural An ; state for.thepiotéctio-n of wild life in the stresg *of winter. effort is .being-made tofoster the spreadof tile native turkey, the finest ofourNorth Americangame.birds.In.the Rposevelt Reserve in Ohio wild turkeys are givenspecial.care and. attention àntlthem birdsaretncreasing.. tapidly:Inonerefugeaflock of 15 birds wasbrolight in Which increasedinashort time to -200.-Thewild turkeys' luibitat is the deepwoCods and .the borders ufswamplank '7'77 7.777-7-7771 - STATE PARKA ANDFORESTSAS SANCTUARIES - . 421 They feedoninsects, seeds,berries, and oiliersmall fruits,andare

particularly fondof forestmast. . Briar thicketsareespecially valuableas aprotection aga-instbirds ofpreyand predatoryanimals.Shallow lakesand pondsare essen- tial to the lifeof thewater 4irds, andswamps are preserved intheir naturalstate wherever possible." Don't draintheswamps,"has becbineaslogan for theconservator of wild life,ofwater birds,and ofwater ipimalsr .,, . . ' Farsnericmgi8toince.Forthepast threeyearsthe-game division (itMaryland has requested the farniersof theState toplant seed .4 ofsomedescription andallow itto stand_to furnishcover andleed -during thewinter months.When the .4 . weather conditionsrequjre , 4 . :

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, -, 1 . I .... \I .i' , . t 4 ..., ,,. - I- ,i . N. i 1...s. ... f., ...... ' . .1 . har . .i \ \' t. . I / 11:',...4 t Home ofthe wild turlwy artificial feedingthe farmers.haveendeavoredto locate thegame andfeed itto,carryit throughthe wintermonths. The winterof 1926wasa most successfuloneiii thisrespect.More farmprs, plantedseed andmore persons lookedafter and fedthegameduring the se'vereweather,and through -thecboperationof the publicthere was Morebroodstock.leftoverin thecovers onKarch 15 'than in' any preirious.year. . There .isverylittleexpenseattiiichedto this , tr .methodofconservingwild life,and the faimerwho looks afterthe birds . and tries I to i conserve the brood stock findstheirpresence yery .,. beneficialto his , . crops. Bobwhite quail isoneofourground-nesting . . birds, whichis 1.'1. very beneficial'. to the'farmer, andwithout these ...:_ ground-nesting birds the.agriculturalinterests of theState would f:-; tiAl:s' 741

s. .v?1.11;110 041"'.. .s.

22 . PLAYGROUNDS OF THE N.ATION. suffer severely. What little eipense isattached to this Method .of feeding .is repaidtefifold by the benefits deriyed.In preserving, sufficient brood stockeachseason*thedivision is alwayisassuretP that under ordinary propagating conditions the wild life will wit diminish,eventhough there isaheavy. Oak(uponit by the hunter&

a* j NongameBids One of the most important factors in the protection of-nongam# birdsid the United States has been, the work of the Audubonsoci- eties.In educating the generalpublic in the economiCvalimof birds and in creatingsentiment in favor of bird protectiod these' organizations have' met withremarkablesuccess,and their ediica-

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,... _t ..-- ' ,t:. ),,, 1\ 6 let , T '. : .1 L'" ..-.44.4.- 'fIL. 41. Jos,:1 .. -.4:44` 4-'-4'-- 4 .wfvs, *4211N1.'-'- 14' N.4.11/1. ' 44.. 4. 1...... 4=411 ill1 : 'i5i' ., ' 4.4" -.4 n.. Migration of pintails ,. tional work has paved thewayfor stillmoresuccessful efforts in sequring theadoption and enforcement of uniform lawsand in specific measures for bird protection. .^... I

However, puccessfiil the Audubon societies mayha4been intheir , 'efforts tosecurelegislation, their practical work of enforcement. has beenmoreeffective.Through the aid receivedchieflyvby'popii- lar subscription protectionhas been extended at4g4 all#the important , colopiesofseabirds,bre`eding alongthéAtlantic coast fromMaiie to ChesapeakeBay,onthe coasts of- North Carolifig,Florida,and Louisiana,41. and inceitaill points ip Oregon.- There isnodoubt that thiswork has given theStitei;11 great impetus in establishingbird preserves,in-the State parksof the-country.

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r .1 STATE PAIIKSAND, FORESTS,AS SANCTUARIES ,23 .0

Planof Study .

e. A study of the protectionof. birds'inout State parksand of providing stfitablehabitats foredifferentspecies shouldlead directly ( to some sortofappropriate activityonthepart of the children.At bird refuge within theschool groundsmaybe establishedand pupils -in the school appointedaswardens. Birdhousesmaybe built, bird bathsafra4rinking fountainserected, and therefugesupplied with food by committeesappointed for that pitpose. - a . Iii creatingauseful bird refuge,the firststep is to insureprot tion against all birdenemies; the second,toseethat plentYofnt ing sites suitedto the needs of variousbirqsareavailable; andthird, to improve food and water supplies,itnecessary. a Protection.The best 'deviceisaguard of sheetmetal placedon all nestinktrees andonpoles 'supportingbird houses.Tree guards

'1.

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0. 1. 'Youngrdbin 6

should be6 feetor moreabove the ground.They consistofe'.ither )awide bandof metal around thetrunk of thetreeor aninverted coneof metalattached to the tree at its smallupperedge withthe . ir loweredge spreadingseveral inchesawayfrom filetree trunk. Eitherof theseprevents squirrelsor catsfrom climbingupthe .trunk andgainingaccess tothe nests in thebranches aboveorto the bird house that Iserectedon apole. . . ..* .'Breeding Pace8.Themajority df 'birds build'Vaeirnests in trees orshrtibs,either in holesor onthe limbsorin the'crotches.,Shrub- beryand- trees for "nestingsitesareessential for makingaplace attractiveto- birds, and those of thefruit-bearing speciesshould be. chosen.Shrubs shouldbe allowed to form thickets.and should lati pruned Vackseverely whenyoung so as toproducenumerousnotches. Ifground-nestingbirds,.asbobolinks, iheadow larks, 'andbobwhites are to beprotected,grassin the nesting fieldsmust not be cut during thebreedingseason.

r , 2 , 24 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION

To feed the seed-eating .birdsanumber ofcommonly cultivated annual plants, belongingto thesame groups asthoseuponwhich 11. the birds feed extensively in'nature, produce good cro.ps ofseeds. TherearePrince's-feather, Ion lies bleeding,blessed thistle,Califor- nia poppies, sunflowers, tarweed,forget-me-nots, andsugar cane. Alders and birches bear in theirnumerous conesasupply ofseeds whichareeagerly 'sought for by r&ipolls,siskins, and goldfiiiches du'ringthe. wintet.Larches, pines, and othertrees of this kind-are

attractive to.crossbillsaswellasto other seed-eating birds. . I Feeding fruit-eating birdsis best accomplished byplanting selected species of fruit-bearing shrubsand tree& ,Th-roughlate sprinkand summerthere is usuallyanabundance of insict foodin additionto fruit enough for all the birds.SO farasfruit alone isconcerned, fall is theiteason of overflowingabundance; in winterthe supply gradually decreases, and late winterand early springaretheseasons of actual .scarcity.Fortunately thereare somefruits thatpeisist through thisseason.If enoughareplanted,no134* able4to live onthis class of food shouldstarve.The liest of thestilong persisting fruitsarejuniper, bayberry,.. thornapples and relatedfruits, holly and Snowberry. . The 'birds' water supply shoult bea*pool notmorethanafew inches deep, the bottom sloping graduallyupward toward the edge. A giant potterysauceris- ail excellent device,orthe pocilmaybe made of concreteorevea4netal if the, suface isroughened. Awater tipply in winter is neededaswellasinsummer:.If runningwater 0. cannot be provided, that supplied hould bewarmedto delay

frèezing, .

. Sanctuaries for Animals . , e The American biaon.L-Like thepassengerpigeon, the rapid destruction of the American bisonseemsalmost incredible.The primi) five- numberof bisons in thiscountry has been estimatedat from ito 50,000,000 to 60,900,000; in 1850 therewereprobably remaining 20,000,000; in 1870 only 5,500,000wereleft;in 1888, includingsome in captivity,a meager1,300; and about1895 the remnant hia dwin- dled to 800.Since that time theGovernments of the United States

andCanaila,the New "fork ZoologicalSociety, the American Bison I Society, and certain public-spiritedindividuals have takensteps to-1 . . 'conserve and to increase this small herd,until the bison isnowbraid- ing rapidly in manYparks and privatepreserves. The first railroad which crossedthe bison's happy homelandson

the western plainswaslargely responsiblefor their destruction. Accessto the herdswasmadeeasy,where beforetransportation had beenaproblem: The railroadofferedan easy means of shipmentfor ' t TSTATE PARKS ANDFORESTS ASSANCTUARIE8 25 hides and meat.Not the slightest protectionwasaffordedin the . waysof legislation in theseStates, and insixyearsthe southernherd wasalmostextitrninated, , I Another railroad-farthernorthwasbuilt,

, and inseven yearsthemorthernherdWas destroyed. . So generalwas _ _ ......

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t. 1, , A,.v /. II , "ii . , o ...:*. , "1",. . 1 .q;a- "11 , 1 s't. 1" . v.-a;..: N ." 'ibr*.1' e..1. ,.....,-.-1.-,4..-,, , .. 0. .1 .1-4 . . -,... ."` 4: , . AI '... .6 I ,. . ... ,..., , ,t ''. ' 47,-tlr.);,k- .. . 70r,41-41. IN '' f : ,i- :' J L_Aiin, 4e. .9.,,- c. v I .41 .1 ., . '-**'-' ..-.4 .---iSzi,-14- 441 'it ' t . i.: ...-.s: :,# k,rtill.14. 4 ';'I-d:il. r- 44},..'. ' ' Pk, fir.. , , 5 r. e' V i ; 1.,,it..9 .:1 .' S ,A7t, ° 7 d ._ -lif.-ir /1". p510.;,.s''Lq- . .. . 4 - # , 11 L. ,; . ''?'ig,, II: r .rkv., .*.it i'.,,.. t .,.( '', , l 1 . .S.la,ho. M., . 1. ...,4'' -.44' 0- ., : ' 7 114ti , 41g.:'... in. ft.:- t o -it. 6 it',1' - A t% . t.K- ... . 1.4 41 ';-_-' Pee IC01, 4°t ..t: -41 g.:. '4À 1 Y ... t , J .#.4 N. %...'.,%.1-06. .' fr 4. 0. .t I ass11.1 1 Ti k1.. ' P r I ., .4-..i,.._- .:, A 44 :84 ..,,, . 41 ..., s 1.1 , ,y4A7 A 44f.. ?i-; 0 :4 0,, , ., gP '0) . 1 . pi* .CIS a:C PL.I.11, #4f1.'... .N., ..,.. t,., 4, A .011, 1 I r -1' 7-1:- -i , 1 N','-1 - ,, .. Il ,. 4. "1 '1 , ' ' a .4' .. Z -4.0.'' s .. I I * 1% L .Noi ...4',.*6 ...... , tik.., .,, 6 Oa. ... -t,,i.f . jet '.I . 4' t 1 . ''.4%/eir.1:1%...! ..i #6t" { L i4 r * vil itA:. a iii:..8 ki : t 1 .,,,I. 1 -. -,:..,4.1).:4f-gi. A 01 ' O Zs [11,, -:: '' "1,y;,.i.,!: .... '.; .-0 I fr 2 _ ' a L. _, ... r- -IL. 4...' IV .1.41. 7:. a .. :"4 1 ri Lr P . .E 4. . . IA . '1 3 2- 4 6 ,..., , I, _, 8. 0 - ,,,. . ..0. ..-; :-. ,-, '--.., " 61) .,% 10 lid .i. 1:**.;141; - ,..2,. V.t".i-kiSii!".:, 44/.:,.:.,, !Ol . e ... ° 4 ti ."-' 11 41 .;4! ,,t ;1::°,t . 2 \i ,Asti,, 1.4 t ,t,. 0.:!.; f Mat- ,,tt,:t.',./, ' IS. . i ..10 Ill .. .. (tt . . V:A' . f II 11-#;4. ./ I al ,r . ii 0 . le ; ` Tnx.' '. X' 't-S*. v It s .-$.,t 4.-..27'.. - 9, ,.. 6 1114'-`P : - .., I is /:41*'..k V _ -- -Ft 0. ,.., iil..... * .-. * .1' o .1 4 ? t.4 f 11':I 0 ..14, 4., t.,., ..;...... ,;,-:,"---;-:-'7;:4..."i',..)°,,,-,":*.sli,l..;.:1.:':+-';4.11,ri, .-_'11:A-kitty" 4," ;a -,:e. :t.- `0.:':'; 'f II.`1, Iv',", 0. `11 wi.:I. ; .,;,.. . ; lop...".ft.-,r.i. 91' :. 4., ell' iII 71 . ji orty . 1. l' 0 4..; ;,i ,4.-y1 4:I...... 4,. '.1* ,:fd.fe.A 4;:i . .:-.....-_:4'.V.e. ... -,-7.1-.-4.'-!'1/.. '44 ., ,44 ;h:,.., .1.,-.;111i1,0'.. i' ..41. * - i e 4,II ,qf 4*..,'"tkatAa.:teak i ...... ;,,.s T 4.4 ....i'". I, rat, ',0 ._ ,.._,r.., * 1/4.6 , 'Ft' :e 447; t. a F A 0. q. Plif t LPty.I.k tia r"A+:111...'4';'44;;: ...,,,-. ijr: 4:17,17:01:, . .0%.q., V o t ,1 if ,,,71.'..", .k. ::) i l .1,:'.;4;,P. L. -5/0 ;ftAt.*I.Zo". .'414:1,!,t 4 C it , A ,. A ,. .: P 1.'{"'_ L :.?.t170...... 1 7:4A1 , :. ,:',k. ,i;.'" " I :.}:tiA. ; 4:' 0..' i ; i¡I '. 7:T. ';',ut...., 141.....i.t.,,,,l' 10'' L,..._ TE.A...... ' r ' 4..17 O-', ''' 04 Mg1140 _ i tlit;?¡-- It

fheslaughterand the market WassoglutOd thaiskins of bullbuf- falosbrought only$1; ofcows, 60 centsand, of calves,40 cents. Shalerinsists thatthe sluggishnatute of 'the bison andin some r respects hisstupiditywerelargely responsiblefor his destruction., . ii :At . a ( .WkitesShaler: a., .;- a .(, ' a t. :7; ; .-v . . '".'.s. " $ " '5 .1.a P ',:.40,-k1,49,,. ;" " *. -..:-;;:;f4t4I... =Ai .41 f 10 ::, , r 4';' J -.1r: 1f.'1.4%'' tt'rV%,(.17:%";'/.4'.: ' lotka Z'%-11.1:!111°)%4,'41. !..' 4i '4714-- 1 , . 4*.: s " 'fe !6, P1#!' f;* . e _."_!; y .. .4,:r! 4: Ltr.1 014%.1,1_ 1111=- -L.- fL._.:1.C.iikoti.gr.t_i ' . 1 rt L.12gfsg_ .41:".tr?i,k3 '";. " -Toss °- 26 PLAYOROrNIV;OF THE NATION

Dangerousas he looks, he isa very mild, inoffensive bciast, timidand rep NI, rarelyattacking but Inthe last hopeless effortat self-defense. rIllsenor. mous bulk, shaggymane, vicious eyti-, and sullendemeanor give himaualippeou% I ance of ferocityvery foreign to his nature. _S Hewasplaced whollyat themercyof hi enemiesand seemedto be

powerlessto defend himself. . . , T he bearer:Thebeaver isanother defenselessanimal whichhip_ been nearlyexterminated byman..This harmlessanimalwasfound' early in the settlementof thiscountry throughout thelength and breadth of NorthAmerica. To-dayit*has disappearedfrom the greater part of its formerrange,andovermuch of theremainder

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11r?,' ". . - el 0411; . 1 The beaverand its conservation wort 4' r

I it idrare.It is consideredthemost valuable fur-bearing animal in America andfor thatreasonit has been killedruthlessly.Dur- ing thepast 20years an effort has been madeto protect it and to allow it to in6reaseunmolested bytrap andgun.Already the beaver isbecoming abundant insom6 regions andcommonin others where it had become y. extinct. Most ofthe State parkswhich have suitabis . . , ., . V. *areasareplanting colonies of beavers,.. , and .wherevet thisis done they . havegr9wnripidly in numbersand have accomm. ..` ' ()dated themselves 1 .. . easily to changed , ., k locations.,,

T Elk and deer.--Inthe smaller State parks it has been v 'I, . necessaryto . ... ,...- : , ., keep these animals . ein small .: r inclosures, whichhas been far from satis- i i , 4, ,,' i &dory,.Largerareasshould be 1 . purchased., wherethey, % > canhive . ," ' 4 14 !. - . s . so . t !!. I - 4., r . 1. : , .7 Atr 1- , -- St.. *j.' ei ,'e. *;.1:1; ,-1,tr .11)11, te .17 ITtsid/ ..# . A , tire IL., AIP rAti,i1.-' 14 : Ni 1 ti.;,-44;:t sk01. 44g' el, 117* It N r-:,_ 47Ist " 1 .PV.4a N'ts g.1 t. z,4%,* ;I 4. ..rl. 1. '14%*t. . , , I . fP".".111*- STATE PARKS ANDFORESTS AS SANCTrARIES 27 1: freerangeandcanliveln secludedspotsawayfroiii theinspection of tourists and the traveling public. Antelope.jThisbeautiful animalrequirea_care as wellas pro- tiction,asitcan notforage for itselfaswellas someof themore hardy animals that find refuge inourparks..Feeding in winteris anecessity and must be doneby the wardenorhis assistant& Reamthe.winter hasno terrors for bruin, foi he crawlsintoit hollow log and sleeps through theCold months oftheyear.Int State parkpreservesthelieaì.sareplayful,fomparativelyfearless, I

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41k b1.4 7p Am 'y t '11.4,. gi, ,Cl -, ,_ ii. rIQ ; ; Mt ''-....ta.,M=, rs_.!_z 6% 7 . :64"7-'' eZ ..: 11 10 . 1 .1, 14 Z.. ' . ''.L 11 . go' 4 e . o ' )4II44 ', CI it I J010. t . . '1 s' I ... so J 0 4(1' .. ',14: ::7. ... 4 ... ..21.Z182. t .. --: :: ':ZI...... -... ______?..,-_, . . 0 ' '-1-",-____,..--... -..7----..,___..,._-.------.,------:L___, __...... r7 . - : , . " I I , .% Bull elk latbeact of calling -.I: andeven,friendly. Theyadd greatlyto the attractive features of anypark wherethey have beenintroduced. Moutitainsheep.--This animalis anotherillustration ofaspecies that hasbeen 'reserved fromextinction by theprotection givenhim inourparks. Atone thne theywerehirdlyseen&mot* themoun- . tains ofthe West. Nowafine increasein their numberis shown;,. owingto the opportunity offeredthem in the-parkpreservis of the RockyMountains. The &RailAnimate The.tnitrtemAnyanimal thatbearsavaluable furonits back is in dangerof extinction.Themartenorsable' .furisoneof the-

o' it 2'11.: 5- 0. . O. 28 PLAYGROUNDSOF THE NATION'

I !, choicest andmost 4expensive ofthose inusefor fashionableattire. For tills reasonthemarten has beensopersistentlyhunted thatthey are extremelyrare.Those that suiviveareshy andinaccessible. Their, refugesin the parksarein the denseforests of pineandspruce which clothetheupperslopes ofthe highei'mountainranges in the West.The martenisan expert climber and quiteat home inthe leafy -tieetop§,, wherehepursues squirrels and huntsbird's-nests with . succesS. He is saidalsotosecuretoads, frogs,lizards, andeven

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I .. . s Mule dee4buck A'. . . . . : . 'fish. Rhhome issometimesadenundergroundorbeneath roc*, sbutoftenerin the hollowofatree. He is found 'r,':' enj6ying the prò, ; , tection whichthe park providesinmost qf the Westefn 8 States where conditionsarefavorable - to his Welfare. !!-..., Thewea8e1.The.weasel,orermine, is huntedfor hig white fur, .4Jr which isexceedingly P. - . . . rareandsocostlythatit becamein olden times .541 4 ;....the speciale L*4r.; . adornment of . kings. andwasknown for thatreason as. royal ermine, Ermine fur.is white only.in winterwhen 'snow is: OW., 4. A. 1 t p.r ; i".41i111...... /1 Ye./ 14'r1,0;, 4it,..1.471,%r.,..1.'4.!;:.7.-..4..%i..1 8:í-f0,11,1".'1:).i..?iii!i% it.1414 411 o 1.1z. , 64S '14'11111144, '11.4N.Lt IT,, r STATE lyilticSANDPORESTSAS I . : SANCTUARIES . . 29 the ground, for ..'. . . during thesummer monthstheweaselis clothed areddishbrown in coat aboveandsulthqrwhitebelow.Its 'retreats .; ut- a,

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'1 A 41%. -., -T-1 t S 4i,,,-, - Ot' re* , ._ 411 re i.00 i . r ' = 4.--.161M= . .",- s 1 ., Za r Home ofthe black t /1 bear - ;. . . . 4. 4 . arebeneath 1 .stone heapsin densethickets, imderlog's and'stumps,in . hollowtrees, andaOso in burrows,thoughtheseare usuallytliose

.. - , , ...... ;. ) e % . ..40 1. 1". o . I' . .4' o . I., .. , I . 0 o Vli ,. ...., * * P.,.. ,. ,. *8, . . *P i * Pg0 0 $1 .1 I 100 0 0 .$ . ... t .. A . , :. % . *. 4 A ' :...r ..,14' J'.. itt . I I.i*P... Cp!* ,.I..... :.: .- 4 .. -,.. r ,I ,...... 4t. : ...... : III), I ..!' . 3 vpi. j I :-,' 1, i r to' 4 ''' r .. . . ' ,"1-;.;;!e_4; *;. r-; -.,,,..f,,, . . 1 r o vt,*,i..4,tiN w : .4r1;.izialtS.''''V't .',.. ,A.-r, -.. .,-,...1:,.,...... - '-",,.,,,,,,*4., r. . r e ..r-. ;-' 11' le .11' 1 ' , P ' ' I. ?.'1'. \* IN ' C .t.l.fi'..' ;;::- 14t.3 1 I?31. . , .. , . .1... , '). t. .t:.. .,:,vet f . "`,..::..;ono %17N: I,',' :. 7:4'.,,,,-;14t:4.'Ai. :: :! ill'i.-. 4 ', .10AZ' -,444,-. , 4:V: ,707.,'5-.%?-.k '; ¡ . '/.,0,1 L.'31.1 I -** r ' 1 " '_ . 1 Itg; I i *f_ 4,.'d I 0 w ,.'..1 , It .ti, -I h I . rsP, .1. 4 :. f . .... % , w . , 1. .'011' ,'.. . . - : N.1 . z »,i.,i o , 1" ...-.51. ... :_ . I i it ? ... k. , .. , .2,32,, E ...... i . .40*. .4' 4 ,

I, lI .1 ' e . g. 11 I ,1 . .

% ci 4 Rome of themountain sheep tinkleby otheranimAlsthat ithasdrivenoffor Audubon: destroyed.Says Forallhisexternalattractions titslittle Passing weasel isfierce.undbloodthirsty. an intuitivepropensityto, destrciyevery aniMal and.birdwithinitsI .

. 30 e. PLAYGROUNDS OP THE NATION e

. l. Hie American rabbit, the ruffledgrouse, and _. reach,someof which, puch as

.. . . , ,. . . . domestic fowl, are ten. times its own size. . ,., . . ,- .. . .- This little animal, like the marten,findsarefuge in the .parks in , thenorthweste-rn section of the United States. .. . .

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The marten The 8n1w81oc rabbit rabbit, like the weasel, changeshiscoat twicea year,in the kpring and inthe autumn. He is called the snowshoé rabbitbecause the elongated trackhe makes in thesnow looks like a.diminutive snowshoetracks He is found in t4 far

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0. .. The snowshoe rabbit /10 North in highmountains. He is valuedfor his fur and hismeat, whichareused by the Indiansextensively. He has beenable tO survive spite of disease, unlimitedsniring by the Ifidians,and which %.,. the attacksoianimal foes, becauseof thenumerousoffspring ' . , . .,,,, .b,,, j Q. A. STATE PARKSANDFORESTSAS SANCTUARIES. 31 1 he producesevery year. He findsarefuge inthe parksofour;sTorth- western States, wherehis food ; supplyconsists ofwillows andother t shrubs that grow along the banksof the rivers.Here hemakes his home in the wilderparts ofour animal refuges,eating theténaer shoots of the willowsand caringfor-his family. .4

The 3 ' woedchuck.AnotheranimR1that findsprotectioninour parks is thewoodchuckor ground squirrel.Te real home of the Woodchuck is histunnelor burrow in thegroun hich variesin length from10 to 25 feet andis 2or3 feet belowthesrface.There .isa snug little chamber at theend ofthe mainburow containihg asmall bed ofdrygrassand leaves where thelittlewood.chucksstay fi until theyarelargeenoughtogo out into the w'orldand dia of their burrows own., The oldwoodchuckssleep inthis chamberduring ,_0:. ir_ ,

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Home ofthe woodehutk. the winter, lyingwith bodiesclosetogether,two andtwo, for duringthe warmth winter seawn's.Theyeat cloverand thetefiderbark and roots ofvariouskinds andare very fond ofgarden truck. the While woodchuckina sense isacultiogeorof thesoil,yet lab often doesmuchdamage to the farmer'sclopsby diggingunderneathhis fieldsof grain and hisplants inthe garden,and forthatreason he hasbeen shiughteredto suchan extent thatprotectionin thepark fefuges hasbeen offered .' him. .' .';" Oponufm.This 1 small animalis inaclass byitself,asit isthe only40 animal.in America which carriesitsyounginapoitch.It isnative to theSouth andisconsideredfine eatingby the negro.. It hasone I characteristic 4% which 18unusual, inthatit feigns'deathwhen and attacked Oa WI. will -lieforsome .. f;:r time ina state of fright r. whichhas anthe :I. appearance , Ofdeath.It wily . comes out at nightfrom itsretreat,. sL '! which is-ahollowtreeor a cteVic'e in.,a, rock..It is.veryfond of gor . ,... k"1'!;!;.. vrft 4.:4':04-1k-..4, 44-041. d A ,,5'41'.0*. e A.1A.. 4. " . 32 PLAYGROUNDS OF -THE NATION . tr' youngtcornand also eats insects and groundbird'snesteggs. In most of the St4te forests theopossumis keptmore as a pet thanas a refugee from the slaughter ofmenand animals. . Striped chipmunk.It is thewestern chipmunk thatis pictured here in the hand of the caretaker inoiie ofournorthwestern forest animalpreserves.This little animal is seldom foundin ttees, forthe opencountry ismoresuited to itstaste, with trees and berry bushesI scattered about and plenty of rock-sirewn,sunny spaces between. In thesespacesit finds 'holes 'among therocks for its home,orit maymakeaburrow.Acorns, seeds of pine and, ofspruce trees and variobs other seeds furnish its principalfood.In autumn it lays up a generoussupply of food and when theweather beginsto get

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Theopossum .,

. cold, like itseastern. colsin, it.takes_towinter quarters, cürlsupand

sleeps. : - . . . . . Plan of Study P An effott h4s beenmade in these descriptionsof animal refuges to describe in detail the native habitat ofeach apimal and its mode of life.It is suggestedthat tIle teacher amplify the information here presentedand,supplemen. the- . . ted by pictures and drawingson ..4 blackboard, i create in the childs'mud,avivid mental picture" not ,

only of the. animalitself but orits. surroundings;its home, its food, the raising of itsyoung,its enemies, and .its ne'ed ofprotection to .saveit from extinction. Nomorevaluable lessons innaturestudy

could be devised thananintimate .study of these animals from the-; viewpoint of their commeicialvalue and their need of protection.

, , +0..1 . ',1 ." . a 4 4 _ r . . . . - . STATEPARKS AiTDFORESTS AS SANCTUTCRIE:S 33 . Special attentioniscalledto the opportrrty4rlesminsoncolor protection in thecase of ,the snowshoerabbit and'thd weaselor . ermine; the. caréof.theiryoungin thecasirof theQpossum, and the wonderful ingenuityof thebeaver. The relationship-between the native characteristicsof theanimal and,h-isdanger ofextinction.ag indicated in thecaseof thebuffaloand thepassenger pigeon; the changes which civilizationhas wroughtin thelives ofanimals and birds; andastudy .ofadaptationto changingconditions,areall

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Striped chipmunk fopics whichwould forminterestingsubjects fordiscussionin the socializedrecitation..

Alf Wild Flowers . Theirbeauty. Thepicking ofwild flowerswas a former privilege. thatone finds hardto giveup; yetit should be ghrenpp..It is the. trees andshrubsandsmalter plants, with theirwealth offibwers. andfoliage,that giveth wild placestheessenceof theircharm.. One . findsaparadise.Let himiastillleaveaparadise forthose who. . may dome after.Thespoliation ofthe places 4. 'vS of witural. beautynear our citiis , , throughthe picking,of wildflowers inlarge'quantities by thoughtless childrenhas left.the suburban 141.4". ,?444.4... - woodlandiand ravines , th f-% . 411.,-./dN'A.-?/1.-% , . f r t1"1":.:..;t;."13sr1., vs- , ,ti-;1''.,..% 14f).% - L Vt. ."' ill'"Ner 44.,--,.4 4- %,,e,t- r, . . - . . ; .

34 . .PLAYGROUNDS OF- THENATION

I* ofmost, ofourcities .without thoseassets of beauty and fragrance that the city dwellerneeds for his refreshmentand iecreatión.Let everythoughtful motoristnot only control hisownactions in, tiiis matter, but let him constitute himselfaguardian of thepublic welfareto advise-the thoughtless and restrain thevandal. 41, 14.

, Exknnlnation of Wild Flowersinkiwi

Prairie rs.A special plea shouldbe made for theprairie flowers.To the naturalist the chief gloryin springwasthesucces- sion of prairie flowers.Taking Iowaas anexample, thepaw flowerongravelIctiolts,the gweet william, cranesbillvetch, puccoon,

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Lotus beds: Iowa. State Park Si . - . wood betony, small whitelady's-slipper, and Turk'scaplily:, and many'other spring flowers,oncefollowed in succession by purple coneflower, black=eyedsusart, curver's roét, pleurisy meadow rue, compassplant, aster, goldenrod,and sunflower..The entire season wasresplendent with.flowers.Therearenotmanyof these areasleft, billsomeof them shouldbe set aside for the pregervation .. 6 .. of theerareplants in all the Stateswhere these flowersonce Li ,

flourished. . , Bariplants.The.automobilq has multiplied-. manytimes the din¡erof exterminationof'many ofourrare;plants.Yeirsagothe large pink lady's-slipperormoccasin flower couldbe gathered by the armful.This magnificent flowergrewin chimp places,in Liwa t the hundreds,5pyears ago. . . yearsagginQuoof. the Peach*. p . . . . t tr,d4r;4 ,r%1';",. %.4 ti. Q411. ...14kk. . '11'41 raill,;(04145.44. ,L4.1314*. ¡atr;.ila '''wr'l)"4 4.35:L"'.$fq:'";":1:'1?1; /A, * -' --"-',";"- . .`.. ' N. STATE PARKSAND FORESTS °AASANCTUARIES 35 A$ . fir . s anabundance of purple fringed I q orchids, andsnotasingle one fe'now.Possiblytheremaybeafew in'one ofthe tamarack swamps,buIthey jiave not been found.Ari orchidhas not beenseen , for 25years,but thebeakedwillow is hoUlidgoninanisólated bog. Beforeman); years this will be gone: . ., The beaver.The beavernodotbt helpedto make thisbog, and with thedisappearance ofthe beaverthê bogbegan to drain.The moccasin flower,oKchids, andferns havedisappeared.The intensive pasturing inIowa and .many-othe;NorthernStates tiv.caused the disappearance ofmany plants, ljice thewake r-obbin,the large trillium, bluebells; St.Jacobs ladder, thecolumbine,meadow . rue,. 6 ,

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I ." . Trilliums , . I and mans other_plants;What istrue of Iowa isalsotrue ofmany otherStates. V. Other FlowersNeedingProtection Laurel.--Oneof the.plants , that needprotection isthe laurel. ..'.:.'.; Many .. would . . think. there. . -is absolutely nodanger ofextermination;..-.:.,,....;.:'..,.: butitdecreastsas yougo north untilyou get into Main& The're, :':::'»:» . 0 % .,I,. isonlyone locality in Maine I P. where it isfound.Floristsarerestion- :-..: Il Bible'for takinglarge .. Tianlities ofnative materialfor decorative.. :. 4 4 '' , . .. purposes. : . . , .. . 1 A ...... '; : ,%. . ,,., A 0

: ' 1 . 1.Trailit(garbutuig is..most danger of )krAl'' ; .. .destructions'Therecanbe.::.:- ....,',"-;1 no questionthat it .. . .-,,, ip abundantinMassáchusetts.. anti Maine.Every year . 7 .,,....:,..,,.:...;.-i,:.;...,4.).a *considerable quantity 41'; :=4:4_A;4,,,'-,.., appears on ,the market, andwe MUSt -: ..4.f-''',:¡.''.:4'' , f.,...... -4,-.,....- _'1)1 :S. -'''t .54 :- .. !.-.j!1: , I.\._ : .'',4:i O'1.1 1-k-' 4= . \4risZ n b i 4 . '%"1. ;. .Atn,N '1 ' 1t.7.1i',41.4 ,,,-,..:..,t, .,: k. .4'-* 441.-Q*+ a,..."4f ....._ ,. A 4.È_'' " ,c- .1... Z.L.ez'LI q. :2 4irr.z '1 :t4A4. '1 7 , rgev,. 1 1 .W ' ." 'Iv . 1 36 PLAYGROUNDS OF THENATION

' educatePeople:ndtto buy it .ifwe are tomaintain that plantas one of inir native plariM. kthis familyarenot only the barberryand , the rliododendron, bt tileazaleaaswell.Formany years we have .- 1. been wrenching them from theirhomes and shipping themsome- 1 , where els.4,many,hundreds of carloadsa year. . The holly is almogt destroyed,owing to itsuse at.C.hristmas time. Substitutes for thatarewreaths frorà oaksand maples thatRave been treated ih such.a waythat the wfeaths willmaintaintheir pliability for15years. StateFLAW sit:

The lady'8-slipperisaState flower in Minnesota;lind whereyou haveaState flower,people.are verymuch in search of iLPlease donotpicka.State flower; pickrather ()fie of ale-common. one's of which peoplócAnpick al.f.theyxant. -:Thecolumbineis theState flower ofColorado And is beingrapidly destroyed; find theToyon;orChristmas berry, 1h,California is in dangerof extermination. 401 A Replanting It wodldseem proper for the State park interpreter, who finds

rhododendron,orgoldenrod,orredbud,orsand myrtle,orwild : lilies,ororchids,orrilagnolias,orwhateverseems togivearare.and ... characteristicnote to the-scenery, to increase their mass.esin size and sumptuousneseandto combine them with otherplants after thesut

gestions of thelocality.Thu.smayhe be said to imptoveon nature, i .1P for he is doingnot just- whatnature did, but what she hinted;not just in nature'swaybut-5sshe might have doneinatomewhatdif- .. .0- . ferent frame of mind. .,, . , ,, . .. , ! ,. 'Protection, ., .i.

Many laws havebeen suggestedas a meansfor _preventind the i

destruction ofanative plant.Mar¡landlaw provides thatno one I

shall enteruponthe land of another and pickflowersorstake,away I anyof the trees withoutwritten permission oftheowner,subjesctto afine of $25 andimprisonment. Some Statesare ' . offering part of : the finetoanyone.who complains. .. . .

. An active campaign for theprotection of dogwoodhas been made

throughalocal dailypaper.in 'Washington, D. C. . For two weeks ; .... , . 1

:. anarticle appeared in each issue. 4 Pictures:i of the flowerwereposted 1 with the legend: "Pleseleave the dogwoodto be enjoyed."One .. : of the specialists in theDepartment of Agriculturesaysof this . .01t: 5. . -"%....#' X' ; %.,,,:¡,, campaign: . . .. -, ..,.., . .. . nI. .. . . , v -r.:.1...... ` On the.firstSunday that the dogw6d .4. . was out I personally covered abtot 125 miles in..anaftern'. .1 (*..z.:..::-.4 ...,.,.. _ o see,.. what effect the campaign.washaving. ...s.40:.,,.,.,;--,,.:.:;. f:i ..2...... i _sk;`: AtOli-'*;:.:%%!... -14,...w.t,2-/-:-1-_...4,,.!_i (;;,,.., .ti u.::,;,c;,: "._,-,.Vt1..%.'..A:' ;..:,,,i.:.,7.._,;4: -:.- I Ni ;;'*-:t4. -:,,,e,-v -' ,.141a,.1`,.;,.,,O,,,i 4.2,...... ; A...... , ,,J.,,..,. :. ..,.,, 1 ..N..,ii s J -. 4s,,;,,--4,i !.; 4 '1"..,'t .:4 I '": ..e s ..'.1'.¡' i, 14 f:44:-:;:. .., _Y _.;.:,,i7vi p4 tr."1: titt,4.i.4441.14414W.,%44.,-i4&V,L71 ,, 1 . ') - ,-4 41 14. -.' 4.4 -- r !4;-.t., __ ... STATE PARKS ANDFORESTS ASSANCTUARIES 37

would not attempt tosay hoiv many automobiles I pissedseveraltiundred of them. In only tail& ofthemwere any dogwood branches,and theyItt re very small ones.Onlyone car line 'leadinginto the dogwoodregion did notcarry. the poster% and thiscar line was the onlyonerep-orted tome where people brought dogwood bushesinto thecar. A similar campaign isplanned in the I12 fall on holly andground pine.I believethat throughedwationalmethods peoplecan be brought tok theselection of _goodartificial 'substitutesfor ttie purposesof Christmasdecorations.

Plan of Study . - Perhaps:- themost practic0 applicationof 'theselessonsonwild flo*ers will be forthe childrento put ôñacampaign forthe.proa -tection ofsome'particularfloFer thatis in danger ofextermination in their vicinity., Postersmaybe preparedand effortsmade to placqid businessplaees, automobiles,andstreetcars.Children will become a.ctli'elyiiiterestedin protectingthe .flowersduring thiscam- paign,iiti4 thisinterestcanbe easilyrevivea whenotberoccasions. arise.124:moraleffect qfaband ofearnest children hent-upon: a mission of thiskind reaches intcithe hearts ofthe peoplennd intro the homesof theentirecommunity.A:publicsentimentcan.thus be roused that willdomorethan all othermeanstowardprotecting the wild flowersofour country from extermination. Afernery.Every schwilroom:if passible,should haveafernery. Thiscanbe madeout ofanold aquariumor aglass globe.Take the class forafield lessonin the woodsand kt themdigup several speci- mensof plantswhich willthrive wellinafernery.Placealayer of 'pebbles in thebottom of thedish andthenoverthatalayer of earth from thewoods, about3. inchesdeep.Plant.anyof thesmall varieties offerns andflowering plants,like arbutus,dogtooth violëts, hepaticas, and wild'orchids.Keep theearth moistand the-dish covered withapiece*ofglass sò theplants willnot. be affectedhy the city air of theschoolroom. Ifa.tripto the woodsisnot feasible, *ildflowerplants and ferns mqy _be bought ofaflorist. 41. ? 2/2 .. aft 2Io /) Sanduaries forFish

. . .Fish inourrimningstreams and inourinland lakesneedprotec- tion quiteasmuchasanimals, birds,or.wildflowers.Fishing is i .. a universalsportLaidprobably more enj9yed thanany other form :,:-:.,.....0: of outdoorrecreation.So.accessibletoihe , sportsman andsoinex- .:...:.,?;.:.1,, pensiveinnecessary equipment -is thisform óf . _ amusement that . .:.' great slaughterof -fishannually . ocpurs tilongourivaterways. '....1,1 .FighcomimiRRion4:--7.Every Statehasa . ; . . fishcbmmissionwhichat-' ::,....,), temptsto regulatethe of fish 2 in all*aters withinthe State.Restrictivelawsarequitéas , . . . . '.. stringent and i '.:-. . . fines andpenaltiefi 01.1.6 , . g .* 1 . ''%; , . ..A . .. .52uty4'.7-47,.,.:.. .." 1.4)4 '', i ''':k " 4..:i 14 . se:., , : " r ' '4 ' . .¡.' :*' ' .t.r.,'..f : .: 1: ;.t.. :.-t.." ;,...rwt.A.I.,t,ls.:._. . I. ,-;.. , ,(,.; , 4..Ì''" -el i ,, ..-:.- ; .': , ..,.,-,.,,.. :.. ,., ,,., , 0A, :,.,,,,,,¡.,,..4,,,' ''' ..,,,. "4-'1: i' .,..:14 7?: ::.:-:;....7(4.\...i' ..f;.':.''''-'441;`,,,:::144:' I"; :11:>.;...--.-4cetf..'0,4 iA '',"....1,,,t_frL !,":,.....i.:_.;,.+¡:-,...4.-1:?0'..:1"....A-,:.". .A14;10 .tiP47.;7,i;.1* 'Ir.:: y .,..,,i ''.";:4i..*: fr ,,n.,),-,,,,,,e7.-..i.. k '..4-.4",10 ''''.. '-`4. .11,1 toti:,:._,,14 4,11.2,,,.., .,60.1...,i -----,-.- ',A,,-..'- il',' ,`-'t 1.1(1:'....y.':;:.,:,!....;'',. ''',it'::1,.. :.1-').9. 4:".% 'fr17,4" a . 38 PLAYGROUNDS. 9FTHE NATION II . , ,. 4quiteas severe as are those to protect othergame.Plantingfish in the watirs of theState is aliooneof the chtties ofthecómmition.. The-supérvision offish wardensAnd the distribtitionof licenseswith the disposinof feesarealsoPart of their work. : . In Cali ornia inthe Years from1922 to 1924 thefish andgame . commission plantedmorethan 56,50(1000 1 trout. and 35,500,000salmon . in thestreams of the State. . Thesewerereared in.. theState hatch-

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e. Wrliten1ei4çofton goldfish, fourth grade eries, ofwhich thereai:e 16,thesamenumber whiciithe Statee Michigin Supi)orts. . , .. . , . Fishingin State Parks -..,., ',. . . .,i ... .i .4. , . . , . , '''....'..':-.-,One of thefóremostattractions offeredby the State the . parkis "A ''. oppodunity forfishing.The State fishandgamecommission,coop- erating withthe Statepark authoritiesinmanyStates, provides ,;opportunities wherebytourists andcamping partiesIt.tayindulge in thissport and mifyaddatennitingbit of fishfood to *their daily bill of fare. . STATEPARikSAND FORESTS ASSANCTUARIES 39 WEI Plan of Study I. A detailed study of thework of the fishtommission in theState Auldbe of great valueto pupilsasillustrating thework ofone .of the most important agenciesin thecountrythatseeks toconserve ourfood supply.If possibleâ visit' toafishha-tcheryshould be made, where the childrencan seethe differentstages of development from theeggsto the young fish thatarereadyto bePlantedin the streams'and rivtrS and inlandlakes of theState. A studyof the fish ieseit in its eelationto iti environment is suggestedby the following example ofafourth-grade Pupil's Nyiittenreproduction pf a astudy of gold fish. al An Aquarium

Every schoolroom tOguld havean aquarium.Theiemay be máde witha glass globe boughtat the fish store or-may bemade by' the chl'hlrenof pieces ofgins;set in a frame snit held in placewithputty.The fishcan be purchased ita fish store, if gold fishare desired, or theymay be caughtin nets in neighboring strtiams by tilepupils if thecommon specimens will be satisfactory.These fish. however, willnot longsurviveinaschool aquarium. The food will needto be Purchased from the dearer,and onlY small'amounts shouldbefedtothe fish atone time.If the school is locatedat adistance ; from the dealer, the fishcan be sent safely by express toany .address desired. ; lb watch the habits of the fish,and to feed them andcare for them, is one of the besrlessons that thechildrencan leani hì nature study. .* REFERENCES NI Nature brier's Pbrary:University Society, Inc. NewYork. National Conferenceon State Parks.Washington, D. C. Natlynal Conference.ouQutdoor Recreation.Washington, D. C. .016.

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4 Chapter HI

coNsERVATIONOFFORESTS%

Lessonsin Nature Study The Statepark and forestisnot onlya sanctuary for the wild life of the forest,butthi)conservation of theforest itselfis of prime impprtancetoeveryme.mberof the Statecommunity. TheState forest is probablythegreatest naturalasset which thecountrypos- sesses.It suppliesuswith nearlyeverynecessity andluxtiry which we usein:our daily lives. Use of .wood.'---Thefarmer is thegreatestuserof wood inthe United States.- Henmids it for repairsAnd improvements,for fences . and building's, andfor fuel.Thereare 1,000,000 cubic feet. of lip', ,.Lerused in fenceposts,every year,of whidtthe farmer'usesthe -largest number. Therailroadsuse 125,000,000 wooden croasties annually in theirioadbetlconstruction, whichmeans a cutoverof aft 'forest landamountingto 1.25000lives.A big Sundaydailynews- _paper uses.20acresof pulp Nyood forasingle issueand for the week's editionaChicágo% dailyuses414)acres.If -it takes2,000acresof wood pulpto print One daily fora year,whatmust it cost in am.age to*printall thenewimpersin all the citiesandtowns of the United States? Addto this the_bookswerendlandthe annualdistribution of magazines,andwehavesomeidea a the;amount of timber that is used forpaperalone.Yet thisafnount is only 5per centof the a ' entirecut of lumber kn the UnitedStates ina year.The insignìf cant lead pencilrequires 7,3(X),000 cubicfeet.oflcedar forayear's- output of 315,000,(XX) pencils. . t About 15sper cent,,or one-seventh, of allthe lumbercut in this r countrygoesinto the makingof _boxes and'crates.3These boxes must bemailestrong and durable,asthe railroads paidover$1,000,000 . for damagesto goods inone year on account of faulty containers. Then there is thé".small dimension "stock whichcosists of handles, spokes, chairs, furniture, 4 toys, and agricultural implments, togetber .I61 with the- I automoNleOrts and theairplaneconstruiti 11.1- all of which 14

.' I Rough, Emerson," The sioughter of the treex."Everybody's Ms ne.Vol. XVIII. f Greeley,W.II, Forest Service, UnitedStates Department of culture, Yearbook 1020. .51-1 . et CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 41 amount to nearly 40,000,000 cubic feet ofstanding timberin-ayear. Ourzinewdwellingseachyearwhichareneededto house the people of Ameiica,ourfuel wood, distillation Il wood, minetimbers, poles, cooperige, shingles, and .6 veneerlogs all takeaheavy toilfromour ' 'forests. .. *,Thc "Slareghter oftlkTrees t it Nearly half of the landareaof the UnitedStates,some 822,000,000 acres, wasoriiginallyin forests, andnearly half of thisvirgin forest isgone. 1 Theftx, the in.sect, the fungus, and firearelargelyrespon- 1 d. sible for this slaughterof thetrees.Growingtreesare notitnly . .,, ..

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1 Diodatedarea .1 mluablein themselves,but they formaprotective. covering forihe .,, soil: Theroots 'of thetrees hold "the" soil inplace,_apd when the f, treesare gone there is nothing toprevent the light vegetablesoil --..! f, I from I' being carriedawayby thecurrents o,f surfacewater.Aftera ..,.., time n'othitigisleftonthe hilisides brit clay.and rock;deep gullies

are formed,sothit the slopes'finally become utterlyworthless. *On .. , the other hand; .. if the rum-off ofthe ritinfall ischecked by thetrees, , more of thewater'finds itswayinto the groundand flowsout in springs.'''This prevents, floods and regulatesthe.stream. flow.* ,.7,,. ....-.....j.,J ..Lunthering.--Asystem of." timber mining"has strippéd.theland, of its trees and has leftitobareund desolite.Wearecuffing down:::;'.!%; I . e.';\t. .1 . ' l. .4 .,S. ; ...-1. f-'' ' tt:'' ...... :-...-6...W , . ,?4""11:' . ,' t , ' r' e ::,- '. i : 'E.' 4 : %07. i'i e 1 l'í 'Dana, SainuelT., -Foreiter, , 11.01.Department ot Astriallture,YearbOok.",1020; .-i,t. v...,. 4tIA;::'..';:' ::. :' Z1:4'...1,: ,Riq, 4LZI:._ 'r4, t' , ., Itv . ,,f ':vi7ivvvir: 4---Ei.ik' *--* ttft '' ' .i ?`SiMi;),? I ;"2:J1 4-"At'atl.r.t.,14: t+tiRikr/s.ZA121.Aiiikat ,, r 42 ' PLAYGROUNDS OF THENATION 's

fourtrees inourforests forevery tree we plant. .The " inexhaust- :ible " forests of Michigan" mined " duringthe eighties andnineties are.now sodepleted that theState buysevery year overabillion board .feet of lumber andpays onitanannual freight bill of$15,000,000..: The careless lumbermanisoneof the Worstenemies of theforests. Hecan useonly the largertrees and in felling themand gettingout the logs he breaks dqwn and kills the yoúnggrowth. Withalittle:

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, . :' , .- .. Treatment of decaying treen.:Diggingout the&Cowedwogd.'. l.-A . i .. * . . the fungus, and . ..., the insects .0 0 Z 0 . t. % 4 : 4 t ......

ctir6 this Might be savedto becomeasecond growth of timber. .Not onlyis the timber destroyedby this method,but the land becomes et I ... , . . . barren and gOod fornothing. .; . , . Fungita8 growth.--Fitigusisakindoft'treecancerand is'asdan4 gerous to trees ascanceris to people. Theonlycureistócut outalt the, infectedparts and 'cover the wound with_tar. and' creosote..In the first picture theOP. Otor (,is. digging: ..out :the fungus growth 'AtZ0g.Lif. 1R.11* .1' II A...F. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 43 I 4 which has eaten into the heart ofthe tree:%.In thesecondpicture he has covered the opening withtarpaper. Then he has takenasyringe and is forcingaliquidsprayinto the cavitywhich willkill the fungus germsand all theinsects that areliving inthetree.In the third,. picture the cavity haS beenfilled withcementso thatcnôthing inthe 'aircanreach the &artof thetree.

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.. Ì--,4'.4 .Theineect.Theinsectpest workingday andnight throulghout , E. théyear kills $130,000,000worth oftrees annually.The I western.. . pinebeetle . .4 (.; alone has killed. during the pást 10years more than. , ..-".,;1' 1,500,000,000 .: board feet ofourbest. ..trees, witika stumpage value of :::.-0;,,.',..i:. more than $3,000,000. ... ,,.4,.., I , Some of these . . . insects attack...the leaves,others::...... :,:. ..*bore into q Ati.::eet.i . the bark and , sapwood.at Even , a ' if thetree is not killed,ito is: S .;,11.1. 60 weakened that it falls . :.. o .P 6.:...Aiil . an easy prey to decay.4 .... , . : - -' , . ,... , -..,, ,.,, ...,:..!. -.....,..;...-,:....:,- . .,i :Cs .-'/..;'"e--'1' 1.1'.' 6, .I, *4 ,4" Timber,Mine .["S." or Crop," U. 8.Department of Agricultiire,Yearbook, 1%. 4."111P 1922. r. ' %.1 . "' A' . : 44 PLAYGROUNDSOF THE NATION f. 0

No period ofthe tree's lifeis free fromthese attacks;andevery, part, from the smallestroots to theterminal. bilds,leaves, flowers, and fruit,maybe infestedbyone or many species of insects:,The I bark beetlesgirdle thetrees; the caierpillarseat the leaves andbuds; °prunerbeetleseatOilthenewtiO;gnats and liceproducegalls; scale hisece§ suckthe juice;weevils kill *youngtrees; mole crickets gnawthe roots, andafter thetree is dead thesawyer beetle spoils

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i ./A,1 11 ; , I OE . e. .;/ ," ,.., r t.3 i . f,0 14 ../ AfIA :i % Ii ji 4 " - 4,1) I 4i It., , if 14 1: 1 f 4q.: ' fAs ss'1. J 4 1i. 0 f :r II I 0,,. . ,V' V f'Ir , I, I e i'3 .. / .., 0, r r. :t I's- s.I, ' A i . .. 1 El '1,,r, E .1 D'irc°,,1,/,' . if 2, WI* ir A ,i' 4' I (f 4 ' k,; -J./ ( GI' '. , / D.. / I.,/.1e e ., "a A . r -0 ' 1 ' t, ,4 1 I i , o i /IE :4 . 1 .. p I tft 1 d 1 "E;,411 ,L '00 ' / . J i *.' .4.- ' T AO . ;2;=1 ,. a":1/4.% r6r rez .,.. ., .., :.-4.1, .,;,,,6,.-,,,A.L, .. . . - -.. E s- .° r -' r_..A. 1417t1 .."' '..-...1. A.A._"4.A #902 O- Cavity filled withcement and treatmentcompleted v' the wood.Themost important checkto . inseAdestruction oftrees arethe birds.Foradetailed study ofthe *relationof the bifel and insect to the tree,seeCycles ofGarden Life andPlant Life, United.1. States Bureau ofEducation A' Bulletin,1925, No. 15. ..': .01 .. ? ; . . Forest._.. Fires . . The lookout.This observationtower is ón HarneyPedic in Custer 1- State Park, inthe Bad Lands of SouthDakota.It is 7,340 feet1

(k( ;14 -. 1 i -ft. ' . '-.. I . t ftit Z.10. es1;+ .1. .4y ,r,p);{,i,Vrht& \- *el 483. ." . .tgor: . a. : CONSERVATION OFFORESTS 45 high andoverlòoksthe Harney fire district.The lookout'swife is . standingonthe rocksnearthe towerhouse and is searchingthroiigh

her glasses for signs of forest fires. . Below her shesees apatchwork ofhills and valleysand darkgreen forest trees.Here and therearesettlers' cabinsand clearedspaces wherecrops .are 4. growing. Theroadrunslikeayellow .ribbon through the valley, and thewaters ofastream almost hiddenin the depths ofa canyonsparkle inthe sunlight.Faraway anexpress

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= Moths layingeggs tr4in iswindingAhrougha passin the,mountain,leavingathin trail ofsmoke dissolvingin the air. Thetoorn in the tower houseis rimmed aroundWith windows,so that the 4 . lpokout and hiswire.can see afire in.any.airection.A .,.,i,: large mapof the districtis spreadoutonthe table, and the firefinder, ...,..! M swingson apivot.overthemap.Theranger sights the fire outside -:.::11 hiswindows through the finderand then phonesdown to the fire -...:. ranger in the valley below. . . Theforest ranger.--Jimt as. .soon as the lookout. loca,tes the fire 'he case' up.theranger .athis statiim in theforest. . , . Everything here is ,s . 41. .?. .. ready' ' foraquick 'start. . ..The6. ranger*,, gets oUt hi .horses from the ',IiitirirtiN '''...... , / 6 ' ..4 .,..; ' 4 4 '. -, I; 4.' ,...::: .r I 60 i : "'..... is. ..s t t. ' 1L':""1 k' P,61tAir;., ..r,t! (. ; it 1...;§13401,) I s ...i. 4.4...1 t r. rPf I.. . 41. tAitg,pr:oers.4011.6., :..1,iiteP,4:i :...i, 44, 1:41:%i .kie4t`in. A 'et ifr.t 2, .1 IC 01 ' ..1'16 ZiUr ' ..t.;&,VII:A vt tti 1. \ :di VI: .5,1,:frtéP1 ._ :4}".:,ilit' 1±1.-rfit 6111' 4.40:ei,i4è, . 1 ! I . 46 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE, NATION . . . . . stables and loads his pack horses withafolding rake andshovel, amattock, andagooday.He packs his bedding and cookingoutfit re and twoorthree days' supply of " grub "in panniersorsaddlebags

. - onthe horse's back. Hemounts hisownhorse, and in30or40

qiiiktes from the time hegets his call he is ön hiswayto the fire. I. , _ ,. il 1`- , ,. '4 ' 1,. 1 ,,A INA._ . .. . , rk,144 Ltsift ., I -, .t i. .,-. .1...... Pita. -:44 .fk. . ,,'e0. f.I..- 4. #.4.7,....., it: '-#l ....,,,.-..N. 1 , i, .4e-e,.....s.,,. ,....,,-,...7,...... 1...... -- . ... , -le- "e "'6. z . t-1, ,- A ... ' 16, .'. ,...;...... , e ...... dr. .V.. . .0 ii" .'jillir 2". ,,,'... CI , e 4.;.%;..%*. r - : : ":. a P`'..».0.4'' 1'. .., i; iI I); ' ' Allk p ,:47.1;1;. U- ''' e

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-.Tree and insects . , If the fire is in thegrassand burning slowly, therangertries to *Seat itout. He throwsablanketoverthe handle of his shovel and works along the margin of the fire, beatingdown the flames which arespreading fartWer and farther into the timber. Sometimes, if the firecannot be stopped in thisway,he digsA broad furrow along the gage of the fire.The freshly turned deli

qtY CONSERVATION OF FORESTS 47 is oneof the best Nybarriersforafire of thiskind. The-grass burns CO -I - until it-reaches the furrow ;owl and then itstops. . aS When the fire is .a rtt .tf) 'largeoneandawhole forest isburning, the supervisor and all themenfatcan get awaycome tohelp out the *42 ranger.A long paCk trainof supplies as is brought in.Camp is made. .cr2 CL)

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. ' I. we4 . a 'I; 4. so Al?.,41° -10 4. I.41;t- ' 4 * itr. , I 71.: ...- 44. q. I 41. I Pr LI .. :*f_ 6 ' ' :I...... AA .: a' a ' . A r r i* 1' ..t . . s ':.' °. a P , '. L, r e o ., ,... ,... `, . , 4 4J 'se. I / e.. o '041 ***I - : I ***44.- ,11.4.. 44; 4 .-b 7 LI51..- 7.9.-...... , -t -----r 1* -..-.--:421-'':*'-'11. -4:1-*-g_ '11211---;"=1 .t, t, . Harnty Peak obiervatIontower, south-Dakota . . . . 4.. . A fieldtelephone issetupand themenlive in the fore`stfor days andsometimes for weeks,fighting the fire. - Whenaheavy growthof timber isthreatened with firethemen cleara space by back firing. They cutaPath along tlie edge ofthe _( , thnberby clearingout all theundergrowth mid 'rakingawaythe

? 48 PLAYGROUNDSOF. THE NATION

leaves -and.grass.Then along thë edgeof this path Tarthestaway frómthe timber theymakeafirebreak.That is; t6ey burneitery livrng.thin-g.downto the grciund with torches theycarry in their hands. All thebUshes and weeds andundergrowth for thespace of . . several feetarecompletely destroyed.When the forest firereaches this huntedareait has nothingto feeduponand it graduallydies -down antigoesout. Causesof/twit fre8.Lightning.causesonethird of allthe forest fires in. the VnitedStates. Whenatree is struck by lightningit bursts intb flames and the firesprdads quickly.These firesare difficult to reach, for.theyareapt. to be hiddenawayin theheartof.. _ the forest, androads have to be cut through.. before _themen can get a , . a e. ..:-...anaaa ', 17.:-.-

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. to them. In the meantimethe fire has gaineflgreatheadwayand is difficulttocopewith. The observationtowers and lookout stations whicharebeing built all throughthe State parksareof great service

..... in locating these fires use ,-:. qurckly andthe improved toölsnowin ..1...; I .. make road buildingmuch easier,so that-the damage doneby lightning i ,.:. , . I ., in the foresthas been greatly less'ened. ).. _. : , t .. Railroads. hitve _causedmoreforest fires in miny .. ,States than any , . otheragency.The drygrasgand tushes thatareleft alorg the T.::,'. -tracks' make exCel)entfuel whenalive coalor aflying sparkfalls frém the engine. In isecpntyearsthe railroad companies have tried . Nytty o to keep the right of a a along their lines of travel free from this , ,-....9.3--;. :.-:: ,... ,' ..amtnable..,.4., mateiial,and guards around the fireboxes,withqtark"t; (...s it/i ittSi#14I, ..4. If.'4?!Pr- ..:a..49'): ;,./-,44%. 4.4;i44r391.Y.-'71: :rt 1.'-''itA'...i. Aft&A"f L .:i.:Vilia. ,?!..r.-Ef/112....6 ,44/r...41-,,..'N;964.,..1.;...... 111,04, .06,..1.'1 4. .. f:$ : :.'.ri ..».14,4.3:.'"AiA t!,j_ 2i_!,_`; ti LIZri' .

- . CONSERVATIONOF FORESTS ,- . 49 MO arresters in front of the engfine,havecut crownthese firestoasmall number. The oilburningengine which Isusedon many lines does awaywith this meriace ? entirely. . Careless campers tare thecause ,of,alarge numberof forestfires. The follo*ing seventested rules.forpreventingforestfires, ifcare- fullyobserved,wouldpre;ent the firesthat ** are set by this grout; of park yisitors. , .

022 1. Carc.Be t. as.careful withfire in thewoodsas youare with fire inyour home. ! . 4 2. :. I . . ' 4 .io ie .: j . . .. .1 :4' :;,*""' 4...... ; . - .' - . .,. .. ..: . ." "A , .,.... 1 j ., e , ;. _ -;1! att ; ... -,.. -:4'.jA It. ... kX.I-- I ,. 7 'km-2 - _ a ... , , . , .. 4.4'.4 : . .V - . , - 1. 'I ... 'i.e.,'%;,Ni .r.i -. '... - '-.- 4 ' , e..,_ r ..'feir 0 N .n.i .,,. `a ' er .. 221 tt % I. . ITIPL d. 1. ger .'.1 ;.- , .11 . . . r I. ft x It : I.

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. . . . k s4 - Forestranger ona trip of inspection 2.Matches:7-8esure your match is out.- . 1 Put it inyour pOcket . . In tVo or break It'. -..A .t..:i beforethrowing it , away. Make thisa habit. . , 3. , . Tobacco.Thrmpipe ashesand cigar v. or cigaTette stubsin the :. ,. the rolid,and dust of stampor pinch out thefire before leavindthem. Donot thibw .theminto 1 brush,leaves,or needles. ., . 4. . Locationof .. .e camp.Seleeta spotas free as possiblefromInflammable ./ material,sheltered is. from thewind, andnearacce. .!-..-.7 4:.,..,. . MiblQvater.7.:-.' ...... ---- 7-... ,,,* .7:,5. 'CompfirmNeverbuild ...... 41. amini)fire againsta tree ...... orlog, in leafmold,or rpttenwood.- . z. Build allfiresAway, from 1,-.4.,..,....,,, .- ..-.i, . 1 2'-' ' overhangingbranches 1. - ;4, k .1 and 4, 031 a dirt liNAS:r i..;' . . .' " *It°. *. * *. N_,tr 14:' .. 11;1y ' . '. "fr:,1 ..ti %,.41:.+41. V '1'. 1.;;,..1;47} Al.'ik'Ag e ;:, ic4r1 .4;e.4):4.4"...:), ,'-1.1,Y-1 ';t' 4&ik.1:1111.41IL"''.. -; A '4.-114-Ir'144.:17"--:'';IA/ ..:4;,... -41,-.;2s ,..7e- 174., %.:*.. ':.: '; .-T .r.f lq 1 2,.'" rt. ta;,..r% P 't. ; i::.440. ,. ..., '".-L ' . . ...,.4. .,. e'.s .1 , .'A,,t1 r,,,, L 4.1!+fi'.',t-.'7¡11,:i.`..N¡$-¡.., IL 4, .. t ±..., Aill'242.:iii. let, -J--',:,liti:i:v4.,...,'=1 .1If .. ' * ' -- A ' .21 iti-3yitggiVIVia _, ¡:. I. i. .". r :. M4":44."--.....1.-4!'.° '41--.VLI4.4...1-L.-, 1 1: A ___t:i.).ti ,.,t,i.17,,r,. '. el INeW- 4,1- , . ..'re... .1 " r+1.1.t í '4'. /'-4 01.t7 1474,, i1. ' .. : t ; ) o , I. * . . 1 al o. . " " ' ,1 ;40.. 1 .46,1 da . , - I 1. . TA-11 - 11% ,1 g 1 . 9' 1:1 . 4 e a r 1 kli ..). 7-Nt. F. i s:, 1 - 'r .41", :..;;ISTe0'11 ' f0"Z° F-3 1144,.-4, :1 ' ,,,:...o..g., v ;. Ivi-j1 - _. . :!..-1, I.,:-. I 11.: .?,11. 11, itAiti ..,,.. :A ! .1.1 -.:;N!. .,-' . -*. :-., .., ,,, 4 ar ' i -1..! e.' i . ' t . 4 .411 1 .4 *Tryifiglo oeafout riq ._ /1 to_i 17 L - . 9 s. . 6 o °,1"-GROUNDS ta . P r L7-. l I Att LES - . . , 1. 'ì ' , % 441 .1 oiteshly.turned furrow 1 VP 41.1ni ..1"=4., -r . I tri . or- " '4' f- .1i,,e.i A . ;"...1 am. .; r' . PI.... 10. 0 1") .4. on. 3, .1. Lob a - '41+- a _ Or THENATION 1 ,ait-4,, .. tire withablanket.' O `' l .1... r. " ; 4 t It a . r /. i. r; 7;1. i, 4 . , /1,514 * .1. GI N., . ,ti *fr-rt ° r eft1.1 rot " ;C:." ,EJ ' ; Jo. I . =,. I °1 0!¡:` - - 4?) - ; . fr.;.?SiN . ' "44 41 rd ¡sq. * . I .. ; :" .":11 r. oft, - .4t p. / 1-. 1. , . s 11%,, , I. . ; 1,171412. . to . I. ..''''PX11%, I. 7..1'4, tf V - I i;1'; 11,0 , .1 ;

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' . . . CONSERVATIONOF FORESTS 51

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1 orrockfoupilation.Dig out- all rotten wood or leaf mold from the fire pit,

s and. scrape sway all intiammahlt material within a rpdius of 3 to 5 het Make sure the lire can not spread on or uni,ler the ground or up the mossor bark of a tree while you.are in camp, and that it II; going to be easyto.putoit when you are ready to leave. 46, , 43.Leaving comp.Neverleave a camp 1106, even for a short time, without. completelrextInguishing.every spark with water or fresh dirt treefrom-Moo' , , 7 -

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4 ; . ID aTirt.i3 1' I k 1 ... 11:?-rf ttk. L. ..a 1 .1 14 SY 4g. %. 4 ',,, . .: .yd 'I .. . : 0 Back firing . -,, ,,` .. 7.1 el* 0 V *# .* 1 44/41(-1;il :ti.%'. A .4. -1 . : ..i4;;r4i ili :

, : auk A. and leaf mold. Donot.throw chir logs toneside;'here a smoldering . . might catch.It is well to soak toroughly11 embers and charredpleps if I woo9 and then cover them withdil-tFeelround the outer edge ofthelilt,

-.... pit to make sure no fire, is smolderi gin charM.rooiiiorleaf mold.Hundred ,..

'''.%¡:.';'.:' iought wereextinguished... . save of firesescape. each 'ear after cam . - ... . . , . . . .. 1.= . ,. , . I I ,-..1.,.. .'-.4: 7.Put thefire out.---If you diver afó lire,put it out.-,,,If you'peed ' e. 4. , tt .!'"-- '' .lielp, notify the 'nearest forest: warden.,., .. telephone central willconned'. ,., .,., .,..,,: .... .- ., 4i 4'8: 46,-ir.1 .0.,..n.,. , , , - '...4:4-..¡'72,.. ...a 1!;:2 ...,4,. .---.:'14-!: .. ,-,aaki..i.3.".', 1 : .: ..1..;,:kif '4., -.A,. 4,:', ' t.l 4ron with hi= ',VI 4:.;1 k ... , ,....1. `. .' , "' - e' .4.0 S ..a.'11';' ..), , 1 '',:. 1 4 '4. j,..t' t ,14/AL 4 S. 1-ki1/40:,:ri,A*447-ik. --4...44:76,_044**f:,46.4... f;I*1 t ..- -- or.*-40., _,...:44. 4 31.It...ei.:!4' ;::13f4 0 'Ì S'41. .4, 1:-.:-::.T1r.'-:.116,1;-.1j,' ''-/ill. t ....b. ..a. trd.'1.4. '.! ;,./ 44 0.::,- A Atscn,t44, r4.,. Jr. IL r 1 ) - r . , . . ;)5) CONSETtirATION orwiruarrs 53

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. I I 1- . : ,' . .. I . i Camp tire properly covered 1 , ...... r. I ...... r. * . * / .1i 444 " i / i1 . : i k. .1 .. 4. ,' ; %. .../ , :.***5;L're .. 52092 6"Ir I , i... .5.4. fe f14 - 4:.if ... : a.V.' - p...... )..r A., "' :,,f , . ., . . ..41it kro Pre1.- 1 e. I 4 ' , %. P J '" S - $ .."&k. 611!,.e. v.; . ":1" :;* 7 I" 1,51 Fje eit¡; : ;.:- t "*".. . , re t, ".( ' ;,./..41,.,1...,A.L..4,;. ..".14?1,:ii-..:V.L,..:!-71'!..1%.t.A.0.0. lik».44%ifiZip,.ittfi,.C.....'.::,..,..y.e;1-41...%:.,b..tt..4- ..i.,'..$:'"'!.1.'4.4 /1,4,););',:a.4.'"...11.-Ai'Vs"...... ;44(4&;Ap- 1`1,:4:444# N!,;KX71/4;s..:1,'' ..,i ,,41 ...!..3 , ofzl.irp.-.,-....,_-,,1 - K.3.1,.,-..P.i!':4:;, " 7. .1r..0..¡F41-13P 4' 7. `1":""':$.41-0. ',I. 4.144r/Nii .4.., .,., 4 .7,1,, ,,,,I.,'..:,,,, % q.t.! YIA:q.4;14 ..`,4, .. . ,J .. ,.* (i.4v-Apif 1:.'4- .1 L . -1 P ...At g , rtl3' Aky.etI q IL"1-^ I Y ttqJ ;

54 pLAYOROUNDS OF THENATION. . . . , LiT . ,. 1 Fishermen, berry plckibrs,smoker, hunters,(hosepersons who - art .clearing land of brushand undeigrowthareall responsibleinsome measurefor the annuallotts of29,000(X)0acresoftress in the United States forests, worthinmoney over$106,(X)0,000.t' - ,

: Reforestation Thereare81,00,000acresof forestland in theUnited States.which ?is ate largely barren.The timber hasbeen strippegfrom thelam'',in& S. it has becql left without cultivationeither for.forest,sorfor.agricul. ture. No regionorStatecanafford io letforest landremainidk if..aprofitable use.can be found for it. e Desifte4lumber villagesarescattered alloverthe UntedState$ 'which miiht havebeen. kept alive. ifsome usehail'Um;ilia& ofthe

4. : . ". . ,-. , T 41,41?* 10.r(-.i. '1i . 4.4 0,-.,.. * 1.,i,t, .4. ? .;. q,- ,:t.. . A ..41 . rrifi7. 0,- . t. .:.;

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e. s es . .. 0.. I . Burned-over I area wbere se"ed bud beensown.: I. / - , ./ . deriiidedforestland ,intheir vicinity,,After thtirnbr is cut by . someshort-livedeshiftingindustry, the milland ;factorymove onto .denude anotherforestarea.The railwaysystem whichwasbuilt 'for timbertraffic stops its service,pullsupits rails and ties, and follows themill.This leavesthe mill handwithout work, and the whole lifdof the community suffers.Everpne who;Capget away

leaves,. and thosewhd stayonsink into-poverty and wretchedness I ' .No longerare taxescofii¡ng Intopaypublicexpensek. Tho schools -are.closed, the church is, withouta*tor,and the market dliindle . .. . tojuit thebareneedessities.'.Anyone who hasever seen, adeserted ...... : yillage willappreciate whattimber miffing doesto sti,Chaeémmunity. .-IY,.,,'..',...r.. .-. i,In. both the Statepark and theState forestthe preservationof . _....4.!.,.- . 11:;) , '1;,''.; treesI. is of first, importance.Sometimes seeds ariescatteredover ,... 44 , . ': A t'''..4."3P.:-..4 ..burntareas, but most.,Qf the renewing of forests done by bvt Iknh.% ..-.i..,,t,...... ' s 1: .1 '':0. I..;,.. .. li." ..f... it" .Zg -4. i'aAr..:44- 4.i:..-..\¡....-,...1,:,.41:e.,Q00.1.0.,.,1. i ' '4.19-41.0114 .14 "r41."",`*,* i kii;"`r4rle ''- 4tV.''ilhi'I 4' , I. ,..-,...0....,;.,% _. , 11 t.. %i;%tVPP-if41% ! ..y..t. t::.¡:/.1(4".4,11:_.:.:4,.:44..:;:...... 44.11l' . '1. *:e.:1 A, .1:.`r. ,.'¡-:!-..:it..:.,',-.,.;' i -.-...e.kiv, .4,4e.±" ... !,.V...jo CONSERVATION OFFORESTS 55 . et

I out young trees which havebeen growninnurseries.Inmost States., the conservation `Commissionsupplies theseedlings,and theyare set outun4r diesupervision cif I. the,State forester.In- thesix New England Statesawl N6w YorkAndPennsylvaniapver 99,000,000 treeshave'been plantedonState,land tipto the clOtx of1925. .

.1 . .* Arbor Day -.Poys and girlsarelwlpingto makeupthiswaste oftrees b plantingasmans?aspossibleonarbor day.-More thaila'millin jivesweie plaptedin Nebraska.onthe firdarbor day,April /0,- is2, and since thattime 4heiyeremonyhas spreadtoeverylocality inthe UnitedStates.Programsareusually givenwhich incitide manyof ,the followingsubjects: '71?meaning ofarbor day;its .. - t

ar . v . z . I. a1 .1. . '1- 1 1174N /ekIll111 N :1 '; la no a rea 11, "44 Wnt" 43., . A ti .?

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. . Same area nineyears after-, I . origin; itsspread and observan'ce414tpspfobservance; arborday and the spiritof civicbetterment;careoftrees; planting oftrees along -roadsandhighways;the effect9ftr-eeson watersupply;memorial trees; treesto plant;plantingsu Ions. I o a Plan al Study,' 0,00 Perhaps'themost. praCtical m'ethodof. esenting tls:ubject of forestry .... to classes 'of pupilsis by .,, ;. . entatioq anapractice. Pupilseshould , 'collectfiLesttreesee . t.phintthem inboxeS iii the r schóolroom.A fiernessonfor thispurp?sg.will6e-eiijo.'yed brtheclass ana willbeavaluable lesson in.nature; studyid; well. liavisittp I . afo isnot practicable, the. see'jnaybe gathered , , 44.t undertrees along streetor ,. " r :"1 . highway. Péachbasketsare i;:7,.3.4.t.1.11.!igii: s a pod , . f ist.cppiieles for theseeds,anait is 'Wellto have.;. ,eath pupil I tarryI, 0his , " » ( ;;;;; 144./9/tar VIC/1/ 56 PLAYGROUNDS OF THENATION. I ownand do hisowncollecting.In thiswaythe tree ancHts environ- mentaroimpressedonthe pupil's mind. . :;A After the seedsaregathered and broúght intothe schoolioom, they should be mounted and labeled.Large sheets of drawingpaper

aresuitable for this,astheyareeasily .handled.The seedsare arrangedonthepaperinanattractivemannerandareheld in place

. by pastingparrowstrips of writingpaper overthem. The classi- fication of the disseminiition ofseeds into seeds that .fly, fall,sail, orstick.maybe u§ed, although thelatter method doesnot apply to foiest trees.The seeds of the pines andmaples sail, of thecotton- woods and poplars. fly, and of theoaks and nut trees fall.Enough

ffinerwrie 44, . 5 -, .... '...: 'N'ai .%, .... c,, . .,...... iii . ....-... 1 . J ...... ; -:, . .-..., e_q. . - 4 ! Ur. .:.: ir:..... : . ... f.... 1.. .. .41 -. . . 41 / . .g 411r46... . JI , AI it . M.... all . '... e / . III J i d'IL Otor mn,i'ii : --,1,1, . - .. -? ,.6 74. , 4 ..../7 -* . '-m. - , %e ' ' ,4.' .'F. -7' ru].iii...... '1' 4, wr-...... e 'J..° id'... A'. 4 *9 s .- . .e 4.. 4. d ' e- ...... er . . i r ,ets . . .Ns '"E ... g , .. -..,-.-.;.. . -t,;*": ° _. % - 7., ...t.e,.... o . ., : . , ,.. -,,. 4...... 4... . e ,.. . . '--.. .1 Il -: . .... a i ^ .-:- ...... ; , .-.e, : .; ... :...... ,.-.. "Nw) .,..r.:. .te ,. ag i ? .... ,:x! a,.. ". 1 !1. s. ' ..1....* N ,. ;.-...,.....4, "IV, I ! -. . ..r . ...f,.. 7,1,...::- . : -0 f.A.A.;!4s, . 'I: * .. P. "....if,:'' ..5A ,... ..d, 11 .4_- , ---: '..1,;:dir .10 I. di -a .;. 't.r. : .- ,-- ., 40- , '.* . ... 1. ,- ... r ?k _F,.,..,4 "1 .....: .. 7 f'.. 64:1'..4::...... : t. r ...... ,.. . -'1" . . ge Sw * ,Of fr O. _ 1_4 -7 / r I -0 .- 4* E=- . .r Iln e TM / l

Vei V. , ". 4P'm . rt_ 4',Pr . - 71P4.: le la, 0\ . ,, 4 .4. . 1 4- ?..li-'1'. 4,i1: II . fi4.-,,*11II; I'V 1..4 El- .1 P. .1, 14A, ! I.'. 9 I.Ilt./1.. 1... .41' ' II ' . 1 ... # 2 . ,..`I ' .* V..- t )1' . A 4 . . . ,1.--,.. If 4.1,40-*.. ; .:-..kk- 1 V '1 , t.," r- f 1 1. I .. 4.,1. sn-:" _ -,' ;I. 31--L.A.1:.;_ii

4 . A 'free nurseries

. . d . seeds of each variety shouldbe gatherOdsothat there will 1If.: ç. left to sprout in the schoolroom.'Tliese will be valuablein t: ./ , L.: . . for lesson§ongermination and similar subjectsin naturestudy , classes. %. , , - . . . , , The pupils should followupthis work of seed study by planting large tracts of land with forek - treesasis done in several schools k. N . in differint States, "especially inNew York.IrsVallythetown'board Pecuresthe land and turns itover to the Oistrict *superintendentfor

. i asch&11 forest.Sometimes the planting. is doneas anarle.-ilay 11:;"4.1.'1.. $ 'exereiSe?One school began workat 9 o'clock, in the morning'and Wanted 10,000trees bynoon.The older boyswereorganizedinfo 101..W,-s , . grub-hoegangs. who made the holes for, thetrees.Each,feadief t ,. '41A . d, ,11 s I q " V % L.Içtp r r .t t, ,4 "q M411 ., IV'c... .14 ;e45,1;')i, `y,1 % I ,4:; tiLte p ) t ' : . ;,4, 4. ., : 1 k:54:1:?,$),.. .:4101 . it!! to . :*".nrre Tifr.7.1.4-424V...q4 >.t.1 sr vi e Ckit ike&i:mmar- a- -T1SV " CONSERVATION AP FORESTS 5 7 _ .. MD . . , , .. took¡bargeóf 6or10¡Iris, , ._ worked ingroupsoftwo. They, ,,*- ---*' hada10-quart galvanized iron pail withas many trees in itlas could -.,...e., . _ 'be carried conveniently.Each girl tookaroivof holes, andthe : pailwaskept between thetwo. Theywerecarefully taughtto place the rootswell down in the holeand to place theyoung tree close to ... , .oneside of the hole.Then the pileof dirt left bythe grub hoe , waspressed firmly around the roots. The old sodwasplaced around .- the tree with the rootsupand servedas amulch in drought,After gattle practice,60 girls could plantsewral thousandtrees inafew ::hours.Only about15Percent of the numbef trees planted failed : Fit :. 4 to grow.The, marker for thisplanting ,1 made oftwo heavy . A ti- " .. i.150111V,,- .04,.ttr r iii: IA! ,1, .i.l..- , , i. ... L18 ,,, '1f9 %-...... VP 4 .1

I 15. '# I - .. 4.1. A 4) -I t * 1. t . 5 t et e2' .. iI' el 0 ' 1 ' - 5,4 Al ' 4L1 I .ç .0 " VP in%44: :0

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p. 0 . V I .. . . A t. . .. A. .. . ! , 1 "i -. S,r.A: 1 b. '. e * 4. . %V e.., _!` e " - \ r ... J. . ''7 44.-' .., N t i A 1 .) N.% e 4 1 -%' IN. ur ..r. _ ID. . iik. 13 CI 04' 0, ; * Z1'. . s 0 . *# I , ' .1p , -i. , r o t Lt-* i .. fis .... .!'i r e E0677A I I r C we 14/414._,.: 7.$2;74.'1 7. .wl- ---..ti,tA)-,../.' ' --, .. 2,- -''"-"'-'-'' *14'I,' ---...--X 11- I. . . : . .- Tree planting planks, 2 inches by8 inches and 16 feet long,placed ori edge6 feet apart 'and held in place by otherplanks placedontop of them at right angles to themand all strongly braced. Atwo-horse team washitchedto the marker and it was-drAggedalong the ground to mark therows acrossthe field. o One boy ina.country school in New" York beganplantingtrees when heentered high school andnówha's 67acresofnungforests. He luisplacedanorder with the conservation commissionfor 10,000 Scotch pines,10,000 white pines, and500 No*rwayspruces tobe

plantedthis spring. Hesays: t- ; . s 1 a t .

, -I haveplodded a few thousand trees eachyear since I started high school a ....-....4!-;-?-,;ii fewyears46.;As soot*asI fivished school and college the firstmbney I .:.'. .earne .. ent intoa75-acri plot which I%Oiled..to set out completely.Itnow .-, 4.. ,.e '..; *,:s...4.:h'4.¡JV.1.' !Ili ti.'5i4 - 1111 , . -.4 .. 7"- . PTAMIGItOTTNDSOF THE IsTATTON . i .t',1 ,-L, d . _,,...; . .: .. - ' -.,con _ 000 Seoteh and whitepines which -A-- arethriving.One field ofa little' over ..... set out in the fall of 1921contains 1,5(N) whitepines, of which only iv his4var,¡mileofmy older trees grow between 30 inches an\d3 fetiik,w.ii,,,1each. yearATlioseset out. in 1915nre now 16 feet high,and 4 inchm in. e.tffitiths.butt..To date, I .have .e . 67,000 trees, b4.0- fircrOorisiRules in Pennsylvania 1. The r' tate forestsarefor theuseand benefit of all thecitizens of-Pennsylvania.Forest officersareinstructedto cooperate with, and assist allpersons in the legitimate enjoyment ofthem. 2. To provide for theproper useand protection of the forests,no standingyoungor-oldtrees shall be citt, shot at, barked,orotherwise' damagedordestroyed exceptas maybenecessaryforproperutiliza- tion of tilt% forests and withthe appioval ofaforestofficer, secured in advance. 3. Since uncontrolled grazingby horses, sheep, cattle,orhogs is injurioustoyoungtrees, it is prohibitedexcept by special permission. 4. Nci permit is requiredtocampovernight, lmtto insure theprotection of forests against ala-eapermit isnecessary to camp fora period oftwo daysorlonger. 4 . . . . 5..For the protection:1)f thepublic lHialth, springs andstreami must not be polluted.,

6. It the needs of the StateforCiliberare tobe met, forist: fires must be stopped. Nocampfiresarepermitted whichare not adequately protected against the spreadof fire.

. 7. Allcampfires must lieput out completely, immediate!.after use. 8. Persons suspected of starting forest fires,intentionallyorunin-

tentionally, will be prosecuted. .

. j. 9. The placing of advertisements isnot permitted. la For theprotection of those who wiH cami)in the forests here-

after, all wastepaper,emptycans,and other refusemu4, be buried

orotherwise disposed of beforeieavingcamp. . 11. For the protection of wild life, strictobservance of thegame

and fish bycamperswill be required.- f 12. For the preservatio,n of flowers, the gatheringof flowers of woodyipeciesis prohibited,exceptonpermission ofaforest officer.

84 I

6 f a Chapter IV I. LESSONS INGEOGRAPHY

- Adirondack Parkin New York 6 ,Ctne of the largest reservationsof forest landin thé United States is the Adirondack Vark, in thenortheasternpart of the State of New York.This reservationis slightlylarger than the State of Connect- icut and comprisesandrea ofmorethan.i,000,000acres,covering aterritory of 12 counties.Within its bordersarefound the highest inountainin the State,greatareasof rollingcountry, numberless lakes and ponds,anetwork of, streaniaridrivers, vasttracts of true primeval forests,aswellasluinberedregions and regions clearedfor .. affriculture. . , . This parknot only affordsawealth ofsceneryunsurpassed in wildnessand beauty, butat thesametiine it iseasyto reach by train ormotor. Onecanleaveany partof .New York St-ateand within 12 hourscanlaunch hiscanoeinoneof the lakesor streamswhich extend throughout,the reservation.Railroads entirelysurround it, andonelinecrossesthrough the véry-heart jf the region.Highways ' and dirt roads leadto all parts of the mountain's,andnofewer than,- lo foot trails climbto the summit of MountMarcey, where the entir6. i toPof the State isspread outto view.These forestpreserveshave been acquiredfor the protectionof the headwatersofstreams, for. 1 the preservationof forests, andfo):A, playgroundfor the millions of people whocanenjoy it forcamping,hunting, fishing,and licreation. Contour.Themountain belt, whosegreatest width is about 40 miles,runsfrom LakeChamplain inasouthwesterly directionand is' awild regionof rugged mountainsshowing in its formationthe oldest rookin the world.Fiveseparate mountain chainsor ranges run par- , allelwith eachother through the et,ire belt, about8 miles apart. : . An interestingcontrast 4. canbe made between therounded domes of --i. thesemountains and ; the sharp peaks ofthe Rockies whichare,found .. - );i1 . .,: in CusterPark in the BlackHills of South.Dakota.The Adiron- dacks are anoldformation,wornsmooth iv centuriesof erosion. ...:.. The Rockiesaremuchnewerand their peiksnot yet old enoughto.:... ;::':. havebeen , worndown-to the rounded forms of themore .:-4.:'':./.;:'¡' . .. ancient . 4.. : ,...... ranges. , .:,.,. a .., -4,., ;. . . .. 4 ...... , . ., 0 9, :I. 1...... ts,,-',- ....,.t..,,-,... .; i... . _0! ..,.,.....,..,,,,,, :, 4 't ...',. riz.-.. -..2-i' ;04.,...:;-;;,tit, .z 4 . *>: ;. -I '0...r. , :'$, ".. 44 ..,..s'.. .t.i ''.'" . - w ., ... .:. " ,.. 9 ;.1.i;.' 81:. ', % ..;:. ' -1 . 4. ..; C.. :' ::',..' :'s.1 4 i1.v. .% , ,IA: ' .i . '.:''L',v. 1 '; &rt,04,1 ( i*t 5 i..1...'" (,,:"..':4;;-,;;,... ,.,: ,/..4to. ,,L,....:.- ti' ....,. ',1 -16. %. - "...:' 0 )4 eekr 14-7.46' '.I i". f.i 'h.d':.i4v,,..:-4..,I 4rf JO:'tt.0."' !"14itiat ,....,. ,;.t.:,:p,...1 .: y -4Pn; %- 4-c.....tite y : li ,.if i% ;:. to, _,),,q,..4:.,.....;vs,;.1.,iiii:.fiL vit..,.1.;,....y.cot it ' .,,k.,'':.-' ..-..,4.t. ..-,'i; v:- lv;' V:. .,;;°. a'.' ,'., i.i; !.-..,,-:"..-Arg-,'''.c,r! ''' ''' '.4 i 1:4", 4 r,!)....: .... , r. .f A e '" t r 11 t +k-fit:. s'..f -4. ' " 4,/'"'P'1),' t - 1-0174'I---e .,..111/,,,_;.-,: :.42,,J.,a.t....,___4=talvil I 1:* tf f.,, 1; I a;,4, '4v.,..)h-o- ,ies- J,,,.,.: zi.cl. .11.6**010 ' ".. 'IA è.!''_',..V.gAt. ,..$.-. n i 2.0 .M. .1, .... .,.....,...__...._ f .. .. a. 1 Ihie 41s, ... ), jr. .. VI 0 -'. . .4. .Nri. 4,4 S S ...I.- 4 ..4 . I % , I. . ... : .. 7. .. .." .. ,1 .- F.A;,' ! I 4 i I' '...:. ;7.1. A .111T-...N...-7.. 1 . . S ... i.:, ,v . 2-: ..;itito-, '. 60 . PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION . IL,...... -.

. . : The lake region ofthe Adirondack Park-stretches westwitrd-from the base of the mainAdirondackrange. tothe borders of theforest, adistance of 50 miles.,Within this waterarea are,all sizes oflakes and ponds, some.thatpermit the navigation of 1ah4esteamers, others too small foreven a canoe.Thèse bodies ofwaterare so closely . connected that trips of100 milescanbe made in carioes,brokenonly by short " carries "that seldom exceed2 miles in length.These water routes, together withmountain trips and good highways,ma- bine to make thisregiona meesitforsummertourists.:NoNiliere

. 4. the worldmaybe found suchicombination of.wild,grand F:cenery,

. , and delightful,easytravel. lingat theverythreshokl of ..dense populat ion.

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4.4.. . . . Mount Macey,Adirondnek .Park . .. . . i .., . . . . . Higory.More than40years agothe people of .the. State of New York decidednot to sell,any moreland in tbis section of the State and pasied*a law providingthat this region "shall beforever _kept 9. nswild forestland for the'use of the public."Early in the .nine- teenthcentury, in, theyear 1820, Gov. De Witt Clinton urged the

jegislature toconservethe Adirondak Forestinorder to maintaina i . . , water, supply for the ErieCanal, wbichwasjust then being operfed. . The State forestidea dates backto the Revolution,whenNew York ownedpractically all the- teiTitorynorth of the Mohawk Valley. After tileRevolutionaryWarwas over, all the land in the8ti4-e , belonging to. Engltindor tothe, Torieswastaken'over by the State -14 what is ffnown J,, as." forfeiture of 'grantsmade by the British IN

1 , ; . t. . 1 " 9.. ' ":.'-' .e.:,.-ii ;4,irr:jt., . .. 4.-. . ,l. 4: li; . . II' ' . t A . . 1 . I ' eee LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY .61 ---.-;,.- : ,.. Crown, either to the State itselfor tothe Tories.twhoseestateswere ...... - confiscated."

Plan of Study I -A comparison hore betweenthé rounded.tops of the Adirondacks andthe. sharpjagged peaksof Custer Parkin the BlackHills of South Dakota, ChapterV, will bringthe ,ideabf erosion hometo the children. Mapy pictures Qfmountains shouldbe presentedin these lessons:Those- ofrecent origin comparedwitho`klerformations willleadthe childrento readataglancesomething ofthe earth's history, and to appreciatethe fact that thegreat forces ofnatureare forever buildingupand tearingdown,areforeverreconstructing the contour of the earth'ssurface.

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. Pointsad Sable State l'arksIn Michigan . Points AuSable &ale Partin Michigan Alongtheeastern shore ofLake Michiganthe sand ¿Imesare shifting andmovingasthey have beendoing forCie hundred timesa thousandyears.They have formédsmall inlandlakes along the eoist whichoffermost attractiVesummét r'esorts forcolonies afcottagers. #A longpeninsula }Lsandyridges piledupby the windthrough countlessages separates thegreat Lake Michigan fromthe smaller lakebehindit, and offers . quiet, secludedwaters tosummer tenants,-...., .,.....,!:. ,,.:.forswimming, canoeing, andfishing.It offersa quiethar: i/oraswiell.., for théGreat Lakessteamers,whe'rethey . canO. . .be safely' o. 1 :,;:.docked, unloadedof their ....:,,::...; ...y4...... -,!--,...... 4.... P-4..0, tr. cargo,and loaded ,,...,--., .`. !:. ".;q; ,*'I '.,A,' , again,. 4. . . :i.''l . ,.A .:!...,,v,,,v..-..r.....:.;., 1 -'I, T: r'r.71'.' * t 4 ..:A'ij-4.!, III... . :,..4 . V ,,,, : , 9-' ..: % 'LAX'i i .1:." :,:f:. ''.. r . ' *I,' *9. ' :. ;- % 8' 01' ' ' " r 1 _1):1%414:49:I:V... iS*;%.**W ...-;+.h.X41,..; A. li 101.47;I'/.'1";')4 '''""e:ittj"1/2Y...P l'''4°!'(. .S V4 I # #`10e 4# 1 ,,.,!'s ...... 4..,-;...; 4::*'. ,,,t..,. I f !..01 .& 1'494,00 I ...ritil 149'''''Aili15,,ii t f J : fi : '1? : IL,: 4. 461 : ?i 1A; r ltla .9:11-"44.2,.!±L"::.:ik:/._;_eff4i11I4 1.. ':': _' '4.1.'1Cn-.4211_,76ek.9V201 1. .1M1'i¡W-t .i j -*' a t .: ;.P i t 6 S4 $ ! jVt1 414.7i041.441°1:0 F : ,_- I- . -: - . .... iI : .. C-.. '40 . . 'r. 62 . PLAYGROTiNDS (W THE NATTOk I. °

. 0 . .. Two such sitesasthese have been selected for thenewState parks of Michigan. ,Orie isin.MasonCounty,onGrande Point Sable,and the ether inOceam;County,onLittle P9int Sable.. Ont. of Michi-

P -' gan's most spectacular'dunes is Contained in the°maim County site. . ,.. '.Here isabroidsiretchof sand of mountainouspe'r*oportionsmoving . , , ., slowly lint steadily east-ward into Silver Lake.Each-yearthe wind,' N-sqththewavésof great Lake Michigan,moves up tonsof fre.sh sand,' ..-. poursitongeeen foresttrees, and. feleases others tbat have been . . . buiied -for *yearA. . . In the Mason County site there isadifferent typIt of lesson.Here, too, isanipland lake, Hamlin,.to the east of the park, with great _ , Lake Michigan in thewest.But the (lune here ispermanent, and . about 240-acres iscó.veredwithasplendid standof 'white andNor-- ...... waypine.People in-Michiganacquainted with thelandsare now

: kioking forwärdto the day 3vhen- theycanbe used a's- parks; for swimming, picnicking, camping, and hiking throughthe sands.-.. ,, de . . . .. The.DunesSide Park in Indialna d This park is locatedonthe shore of Lake Michigan, in thenorthern partof Indiana.Itcovers2,000acresand extenas .foradistance

of 3 miles along t4coast.The peculiar formation or the park is . found nowhere elstktthe worldsave-in this vicinity.The sipd dunes haveascenic beauty all theirown.There.aredense woods. lands and high and bare bluffs of witid-tornsand, with deep, quiet hollows filled withmanykinds of wild life tof plants andanimals, birds, and insects.

The park lies only 50 miles fromChicago andisin direct line of . tratel: from,east to westacrossthe continent.Eleven trunk lines of railroadspassit, and 12,0(X:1,000 people residewithin reach of it by the purchase ofadollar ticket. A hugh piers for theuseOf steamers is to 15e builtundadequate b4thhouses and shelters for visitors.It affords opportunity fortilltypets of sports for both wi.titerandsummerand for land andwatem The botanist finds., evdry variety of plant life here; the historian findstracs. of early Indian life; and.the artistcan ,..- find all phases ofnature in lowland- , orhighlanfli. beachormarine, inany seasonof theyear,expre'ssed.. 1 :. 4 .t $ 14 :. : 4/. .- .. : . in the greatest beauty. 4. . .4:

%OA 0.4 : 7 . Study el erosion by whicl."-crild water.--The 14 o, .4 are ' wooded 4unes

'-..- ':.. .permanOt, but they:bare sdfitlyones arebeing builtup ,ortorn down ., ...... ---bythé-. relentlesswinds *whichsweepVIoverthe water. 'Onemay :.,..watch the:iaking.ofaduneasit begins to form inatiny moirfid on

the beich. "A brisk.'wind-blowingoverthe beach and canrryinik: .a... load'ofMildmeets tomeobstack likeaiuftofgrass or. a.pieceof ,. '. ; driftwood, Herea mind is .dropj)ed, arldatiny chine is formed ' .. '... .4 ' i'it ..,: k11° :...'0.V:0V. .,.,.,,,..: p .:, .....:. 41 I .; I 6 i . 1 f...;_: '-;,1::"t ..y. r, a" , . :, .. ' t...t. 1;4'i° V ,...0,..A. ...,,,1::. 1,-...e, ..,-;' : 'I. 14" 440;-....,4;,Z.,14.'.''17...*.i..444, 1-.. zt...... i 4V..C4I ; r'l .r.q :*,::;.-: *(.Z(1*-104",I;Si/ h ,7141.NT:9C1-":'*" ..,.. .- 0141c7tt:!.: .2II; ..i 1ff1 g'%",- 1..-4J". 4t:r24.:;:;.* tC,..7.:,'.. -ir.: "1) s.it" ,k,,., 9';-Xi 11,:it..,/ j- i:iir:, \-, < , 9id 9., st _?_s - s a"' di. qb. . - a LESSONS IN GEdGRAPHY - 63 .... . Moreandmoresand is added untilhiesmall mound becomesafter

. mahyyears a great one, sometimes rising toaheight of300 feet. But thewindnot only buildsupdunes but ittears them downas well.Evenanold dunecannotprotect itself against this force.

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11:1Irr -. e $.4,4 - - .. ` ' . .71 Tamarack swampDunes,Indiana -.* Thewindtakesupsand not only fromthe beach but from-thesur- faceof thedune.It is gatheredupfrom the windwardside., anti far:. *ried up overtheciestaonly to.bedroppedonthe1eewarcr',41bi)es.8,9 *thedunemaytmshifted, inch byinch, -from ivirOwa441:*.e*trr4: 'In time, tlie olddune isswept.away,and.41néwone,irise-e ,00..it, , , , ,.. % ., , , . i, . . . 1 k'lh44,4, V ...... "'r 4 ' iA:i114,44 1.4 L711:44414;4110-.1.;;1 11111::ki . , 47-11- - - : 17 . r .1 ¿ A

°- 64 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NAT(ON t- ' s. --- , -; Dunesmove in this.wayfarther and fartherinland froM thewatet, changing the shoreline of the lake andwillenidg the beach.Punes

ceasetomoveand become fixed when enougiivegetationcovers them" to protect them.Evenla woodedclime is not safe fromthe wind. If the sand patsupafraind thetrees faster than thetreescan grow, they become buriedtgderthe'sand and 'sniothered.Then the freak. ;Ai windmay unoöver themagaiji andoneseesit graveyaAof dead 41, trees standing,starkliandbare. where. therewas once a_greenand living forest. Higo.ry.The Indianhistory of this regioncentérs arbund Pon- .tiac, *the Indian chief who ruled ov6r 1 the territory aroundthe head : of Lake Michigan. The shore ofthis lakeat this particular point was aparadiseto the tribes ofInjiariswho fished in thelakewaten 411, . . from theircanoes or,hunted 'through the forests.Tracesmaystill beseenin .the park of old camping groundsand Indian trailsalong r'...' 1 . the Was leading fromOnevillageto. another. .

. Recentlya groupof Chicagoans have-estaillishedastAnntercamps ! . .. intÑ Indiaimpark, andarrangements have been made for allthe , e',. chitrenin the orphanages.Of theState.to take their tunInier outings there. A 'strip in therear,called the hinterland,is to be devotedto -*ia1 service, in which the Staté or.perhapsthe Ameri.can ,- , Red CrOss , .. .-. may assumecharge. .. .6 . 0 . . . h ,.- .. ,Plan of Study7- -An ,excellentdescription'ofdune study byaclass 'of third-grade children'is found in the FrancisW. Parker School Yetirbookon Science. A pupil'sreport ofatripto the dunes is included hereas .an egeelléntillustration of the value of thismaterial fornature study lessons and the opportunity igives for WrIttenreproduction,aswell asthe intriguing interest itpossessesfor the childrer.

r.. OUR TRIP TO THE DUNES - . ,. :* . We went tt Millers, Ind:, .Friday, October9. We met-at the sehoolat 7.410 that morning, and went down to the La SalleStreet station.It tookusabout , - _... 4 ¿In hour on the trgin to reach Millers.' . , .- Onth.eway we saw some swamps and great quantitiesof tumbleweed. T1211 , leaveswere turning red, andbv6wn, andgold.Many teees Were stillgreen, andmanyof themwereOne frees: . matt- Li., We climbedsome dunes and found 4o,.. a place to put ourwraps. Wethen Illirstartedout see'what io .1 ..- ..- . the. country: wits like. Wèclimbeda highdune'aml I , saW the deep blue water of the lake, , . . r. swamps, and sand dunes everywhere.. i : t We found, wild,grapes, colored leaves, and mini different *Inds of bone.

4 'Helen founda turtle's egg ,., onthe edge 'of the,swamp.Itwas white, andabout . , 114 inches long..Itwas oblong in shape. ,Some of the boys saw4a snake. .

P, ? '. .After lunchwe ..--, Hktt'dto fish. We wantedto ,geksome things for,our .e aquaktun.litany us had nets and .the director haul -...... to . a dredge tò useIn .,.. , ...... , :1_.,. . . .1 . .. i iTbese pupils Iffive hid unusualtraining in this tOe of øtudy1essn.: t,..,,-....,... . 0 Ordinarily..di* :' ki?T,, ttfdy should be placed in fifth-grade classes.....ri!r14'.*?, ,.,.....-.,: !.-./*4.-v.er -.1-i g....':.'-. i.:?,...,%..' -t...4...:1:,41 . .4.i..71:`,11f 4;:,. -.4(4., ..t1".0.-.--N, 4: %., v::,-,..,' 1.*. 4 ':. klIr4%..,4kitL, 0 V .a%.*;j4t''.....-^s' :44t -. : I.; .:1;11-:4§;:'\it ,:lsk* ';1:-.:... 7:,4 ' .' , .,,..:441; re+4t .0.14-0.0p4-94.44r.4.4,40446t4-11r4.-1vh:0-0.7.ALit, --' ,. - on 1- ; '.i'; +. 1 1 1/4;4 . /..kt11" '1410* rt. .-3' L' . ,i,i; X -!-.VtIL:1--" , :11,,7,- 1:,1LAtii".:?kLilli7,02.. Atij5-".-4` ..t*_.4) 4 %,..: ,.-"-'.7-+ -- . tv 't IF- V S. *9 2irr, " Ir. : LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY . 65 e

swamps.We caught crayfish,tadpoles; frogs, leeches,newts, TOcklish, and minnows.. Wefound the larva ofthe dragon fly. Wethink the dragonfly goesthrough three stages,. justasthe butterflydoes. Weare going to ksuilp it Through the winter andsee if it will change. One of the tadpoleswa* n-bull- frog pòllywog. The other, we think, will chAngeto Ec-.green frog with gold buttons. We caught two kinds of snails.Onewas anmill oblong indthe 'othera lint coil. Wecaught whirligigs, waterboatmen, lame of the Mayfly, . and.4water beetles: We also found fciurkinds ofwater weeds.Therewas somewild rice in theswamp. Along the edge fif theswamp we found gentians, the bottle gentian and 'the fringed gentianiAlong the roadwe found prickly pear.and witch-hazel.The, witch-hazel hadits flower and fruitonat the fametime.-- - .r ., . We started home at 3.15, 'andhaqa very good time that Vay.

Cur4e4andState Park'in Kentucky

0 , This parkislocatedonPine Mountain, just northof Cumberland i Gip, where the boundarylines of three StatesVirginia,Kentucky,. i , and Tennesseecometogether.ItCovers4,600 aCresof land inone- r. of themost picturesquespots in America...... The mountainsstretch awayineverydirection, with gentle :1 I. slopes heavily wooded orhigh- ..4. abrupt ridges borderingthe- valleys whichliebetween.Here the : mountainstreams begin their we'stward .., journey toward .the Ohic.. ,. Riv.er,Cutting theirwaythrough the mountainpaSses and torming the mountain - li gaps.which havemade this section of*our" country of. 4. great historic interest.On Pine Mountain thesceneryiswiidsand rugged. . Massivebeds of sandstone jutout athigh 'angles,some- ,tinies.rising200 feet in theails.'The -softer riric beneaththese blocks , of sandstonehas beenworn Awayby the weather,leaving shallow caveswhich are.knownasrock houses. I. ..- ' , :. A "twill ofmountain folding.Shaler inhissurveyof Kentucky pronounces this mountainoneof Mg, mosi beautifulillustrationspof the action- ol mountaiiibuilding, forces in'the world. &Some fOrce within.theéarthhas pushedupthe underlyingsandstonespthat it .. has brokenthrough thesurface and' formedthe high ridge whi(..11 , we call Pine' Mountain.2This ridge has beenslowly rising forcen- turies and twicehagsbeenworndown-by,the action of thoseforces of-- '... nature whichwecall weathering. Howvery-slowly themountains ,in thiseange haverisen is showi. by thestreams which cutacrosS it . ;41, midseem to flow uphillfromajow;*erlevelontheeastern side of ihe,. ..iPii ',,i !Angeloahigher levelonthe west.Bnit while themountains*are-''': .hightr in thevest, the river.bedgarplower here becausethe streams :....'..)'.i. havebeen ableto cut down by erosion faster than the land hasrisen. : ..., .'''.' Ifthe timeshallever8ome when the tipliftshall become.muchmore rapidthan . , at*present,.. the flow of *thestreams westward willbet;."..:.:...... :.:::',;' . ,.. , ... 11111.111111 , , . . i ..-,,.!,4,5,w ... ,-..f_ X. . z . . , 1 I. °Ashleyand Olen, United Straps neologies! Survey;,. BlitatO., KentuckyGeological Sur- Tel; Mary Verhoefr,-/Centucky -:-._ A, Itlier Navigation. I.._- --,..',' MM. i --. '',% .-.4!,L.,,,I.,..=:,,-,.. t:. I., .4. 4 .;-- ..., 44z: e ,.'t- ..rP k'- ::. .:1'::-:: 79: .'"::: ..31" , k 1 ').?".°':"71»,$*:!.. -14:'.1. IVTSt -vd . ,t ,p.t . .,74,44:40;vi-,!..,_-4.h.'..+:4 ...A., ..,.44. 3; A -4, - ..:.'4oi..4s,k,-.:;;;,_4i. ,'' 4 x7t, :.,.,4 ,s . t IZ-''% t ,Ji(4,::;4',', 1..4..A.. .`; :..:."'11>t,,lit.; 1*''''4-:Y`A,.;I! :'I" 1. '1"- LahlU'''14r1?"..;",';%.4.9- * t -p,-` .4,;qef.,,i . , I Vel al! Oa\ '.-: f', ':;" ! '''''''.-fZ:'-',....: "1asilt!:ti17.!tizi..A,...4242fm :;'41-egi:,S-Ulkt..*ritt iA.,e. -itel,-,ilaft,.f e4, l'a4 V ese .. -, . . ' :t . . . 66 III/A:VGROUNDSOF THE NATION tti.

obstructed. In this event thrco swill be tvrned aboutand will

set intaard theeastwhere they wil the rivers of the Atlantic ' : slope ratherthan'those df the Ohio Valleyasthey donow. .

. `llistory:CumberlandPark hasgreathitoric interest -fromthe . :1' fact that .Cumberland Gap lies at its southern Mundary andthat tl visitors to tfie park willpassthrough that historic roadway. Cum-

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- Daniel Boone dikovered thispassagewaythrough themo4untains in .,1

;:./..... 17*while hewashunting.in the forestsonCumberland Mountain/! .*.:t , ,.. , His home,wasiti Virgiñia, and he bad supposed that there was no *.. I 1..r4s-, Ii,.-. 1

.,,..s9ty tAcrossthe mountains at, .Allis point that would lead into . ..,,.; qr -,y,..1.,, el . , t; .. ..,.. ,_. . . 0.1-...' ...... ;'+ y , . , . 2(4: -...M filtIctrA4+44:".:044, j'1 14'''V... -...:;11.1PVtt.'' j: .1's k'___11qi.;111Wks_i.Z4. AtAl!tfiiVil- Itk-IZS.11}6141#844:PALifg/41:..9 : '11 t.'t% " WI::4;XS'''41. q4.:tri::;;:' VI ,,Ari. :k 47;"::* . O LgSSONS INGEOGRAPHY Of 67 04- \. Ol Ohio Valley. Whenhecamethrough thegap at the westernend, onthe track ofadeer hewashunting, hewas amaied at thebeauty of thecountry which spreadout before himand whichisnow knownasthe State ofKentucky. Groupsof Virginiasettlersbegan tofind theirway over thepass as soonasgoonereturned homeand told his people Qfthe wonderfulvalley he haddiscoveredonthe far sidti of themountain.Sixyearslater he .and fiiscompaniong Wazedatrail throughthegap,which hassince beenknown'as the Wihierness Road aiulwhich playedanimportantpart in the Viva War. t

-Thir.ar ,,T..._.-

21 - o .: , 1 ' a .!IF' 4 ' ; ... . ;l'il . , . 11 k : r t.7.41.: .:-.r.i:.:&.1 11 !, . i. r A %giu... ll444 47. i e 1 0$ 0.g. , ,1 t .. i e '4 V:. . ,4. .1 i: . 4., ' ." 1. I. . , i r . ..12. a i ': 6 4 ,, J. dll , . . WA' 1,21...... x., . - .- . . 0. t".1 r .1. ' ' '...,' ( .-.I 'be. , ilit e 12 I ri . riii . -..". ci 4. r.4-'s*'61 --"':::tt:;..L;IP 4 "-s ..11. i''' '4o Ati-4=1,41pr- % 1 61. -% -2 .11 4 -.41`. Vi '.. % ..4.*, in ,;' vkt.,-. 0 À]. . * ' '.-A 4 - , ! e. 4,.. A 4 - , ., 1 . A .1, ....It: 40 ir, a o 3* -,-!--1:-tiOti: I i.. 4 .1 . (..! :. 4, .. ar C 4 . li 11. I fi . i f 4 .

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,....a=::, ..;.1,1 t.i qkiR, .., .4...... ____. a ., . ,4,em.,.;..ki, AO' !. . w 14._ ...... , Awry, 4t.i: ------. .A, or ,,, if_. .. _, ,_,_...... si...I. 4... . '1_...... :_-----9_ '-' .....i..,-.1,____!,.,-.., -- - - a ,.. -... J e. . 1.. BoomsMemo:ltd. , .4An-endlessprocessiònof emigrantsBegan theirjourneyoverthe pass. fen,women.,and children,horses, cattle,and houseboldgoods, thecoveredwagonand thepack hoisetook their.wayfrom the .easternseaboardin Virginiaitothefertile plains.of Kentucky. A memorialhas been erectedtohoone'`s'menforyat the head .ofthe gap by theDaughters.ofthe American 4a; RevOlution..Andnowthe e. Dixie Highwayrunsits',concrete trackOver this routewhere the I 'backwoodsmanbla.zed histrail, and700 touristspass over.it daily ort theirjourneynorth-orsouth throughthisgreat thoroughtire which extends2,200 miles .fromSault Ste.Marie. inMichiganto Miami, ,Fla.: Midway the . journey sta.ndsCumbeHandPark;to- welcome .. .. the. travelers and . .,..7 .to offer rest ina recréation . ,-..r...... , to those who .., .1, : . : . 1 I 0...... 4... , ':i desire. ., ...... ,, _ . I , , 4 V.A.j. 14....i.it.v6.kP -....% '..: .4 ... _...,. t. 1... : ...I' .it, ',Z., T t:-., A a ...... !...,,,I,.....- ..`%f .1....4,:.4,: .1. ... ' 4: '51.4. ! ttzti. t ,.. _ 0 fr ., 1_, . 0,;,...1,1;...4.i.;..141.. .3 v...... 1._?-0,, 1 ... '1` -r. - ,, - .-: - . , r '4....11:''''` . . . : p,--71...y? '?" '1 ,7": IF' li. . ,.,.;r1..A.z1!-';`,114, ..,e,..i.-., 1.. vi . 4 .'.'....-...... ' ':. ' 1 t f-t. ..' .11-''''''N ' ** ''.. ':*' ".... :'. -, 01¡..,...f.;.; ;I .k, ."4,. ,,,A -e .44. I. ?".4i...:'4. '*1-' i.* 'V :i5;7:* ii 44 ,t, vii, L-le.....41.4.....A.WA..4,:S-.-41,:` .'''.. +3.1!4.-:,'"`*/.171"'..... s. 0.0,40,4. -;411;.* . 1 s'¡'.; ) ..4:1?..i.:',o, '0.:*:it4. ..."4.: ''''''U' .. $1..1 ,".. ; , 11 c. :'13:'.."',.#?;- . , ... 4,t- . . . . . 4 . s'' ''' /44 4A ,.-4.''.,` .'',..1....r...e 3-',.. .I,- e s 4.. . " *J.:A *.t! k'IJ.4 "1*.,', ..i.4 e t!" '''i ,e '.."' `.... 1 .I.2.atL, - 1,:qii y' ill:RV -=-' 4...... 4.-AL ,...V.eP4- -,4t ,1,4'' si%I:sr.:At1144= s 1:i...; ..1.2.-up_.a '2_,.,.;,..:,...,', ._...... _2 'r i, 9r i ;41 ;V: ' 'M .k: ...._- ' LIV. `....E,I,t iii ".. *i.at 'N' 7?.'' 68 lhAiGROVNDS oi?THE NATION

-* Mir of Shay .9 . , Thispark\oftersanunusual opportunity to teachers forgiAng the childrena-few elementarylessonsin geology.Thestructure of this mountain system Sbaler calls "amountain of ?simplq folds.'

1 Eachiniaitfmayrepresentthisbya.cruTpledfol0 ofpaperin this wise: Grist)*asheet ofimperatfts- outsideedges and inhigthe hands together, crumpling thepaperbetweenChem. 1111Ni-the sheet hasiwenreleased and maid (in the desk it will pFesentagood illustriaion ofamountainrangewith parallel ridges and valleys like those in the Appalachian system. -The childrenmayIttgorges;. acrossthe folds to show how the streams haveworntheirwaydown through the rocks 'while the nwuntains have been slowly ink Further development of this prQject will lead the pupils to 1 out aseries of highways through the valleys, to select *the suitabl 'sites :fol.cities and towns, and to suggesthere waterfalls and lakesare mostlikely to he Noun(' in,sections Af like topography. It is said that Cumberhimi Gap haspiayeda moreimportant part inb the settlement of thiscotmlry than-anyother geographical (Catkin of histórical importance in the United States.This idea willfsilin up amost interesting line ofinvestigation' by-the pupils regardirr the effect oftópiographyuponthe development ofapeople; the typeúf pioneerin this.section of the 'country ;,*where hecame'from and whatwerehis charairteristics; whateffect has mountain life boo, 011'aPpeople; what effect hasopenvalley,life; how. do these people of thesamestock differ, those whopad through thegapand settled in the Ohio VAlley andthose-who remained in the iiwuntains. Rohsevelt's `. Winning of the West" shouldbe read in this connee- tiort, andCharlesFixbert Craddock's"Great SmokyMountain; eitli.er in Nrts by tue teacher to the cla..s(tby the ptirlil, preferably

the former. , . Petit Jean State Park in Arkansas 4* Almost in the enter of the State of Arkansas,in the southern part , of the Oiarks, is the Petit JeanMountain, andonits flat topthe , , Petit Jean State Park of 80acresis situated.. The mountain isshaped likeaflatirori, with the tiploward the east.It is OM feet high,and it1 is the oldeAmounlainin the world, for the Ozarks arethe remnant-, ofa oncemightyrange,which existed in this countryin itsearliest

days and which has been worndown by countlessagesof erosion. "_ ... , - 16 isamost beautifulsitefor.apark,suirounde4 kir high bluffs , , fed by ,...-. -....,sloping gently towardthecenteil,where the 'Cedar River,

..,.;-.1- springs and smaller streams, cutsitswaythrough.aseries of gorges.

A.:45 '.:-:¡,'...... to the westernend of the mountain.Here it plungesover anembank . . . 4 ,.,...... I.. t ..... ,. . , ....,...... , ., .-.. t.1,::.»''''. Li49..,._ii,:,* -.1.1N10-..q-- .--t ...- ...% :...;$': :... ' . . : :..:I.-..;ie"' " :.':.: e: 7.44T :''' ' 41. -; 4.,..,,,...,. .;. «,.it,,_...... , ..;/.....,,..4.,,...,411,0 4t:4`.,..rairit...,...»::" 1.: s114l':. .4.41t.444:146 ;::7ert, tkr''. ' ..? ti.V-32, :." ,:,.! l.'s. '277. tr. .1 l':t .. 0.',i;ov...,;;V...?; : ,%.4:;;F:;....1...:: 1 :1:';,.L17.i- Si 1:1' ,,Nrite'' 1!....!;::69efPies-,*" ., A, : .;:'...`s:'%.:::.:;r::Sii',:°.-r:, ..4;:': ,.,:j!: ..-1117;;I:71,1 llii 1111.* 00444,712* " rts:_' t_''_`,i V:_.,:i,:A !.r..1,:,...... ,4,,..v _7---"-'7'.. I .. 4 11 e ITI' ^,. k . 1 LESS.ONSMGEOGRAPHY ..'..1 69 * I P i , - mentloofIsetintoawidecAniyon which who'sdown thi inountain side and through which the river, hasworn achannelto the deptb of 300 feet. Great rocks have fallen fromoverhanging cliffs,from time X totime,along thecourseof the river,both above andbelow thefalls, ! which add greatly to the rumdbeauty.of thpscenery. On-themourt- tin largefields'ofthese bouhlergstand in tlic mickofaprimitive

41, 1. i - - "' "" ra 1 'OP '11 r i . ." t. .11.' r 4 : , i .tr ,.."fe q '.14. 11,.... '.. .: En 1, tr`,,....." 41:',, ii.4 11, '' `ffiii_E;fi. -A' '' 0 I't. SP,13 11 ç. rm...... k f tt a

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. ... a . . Cedarrani;Arkansas si 1". : a . . forebtofgiit pines. Vie; 'risein the air100 feet, andontheir. peaks aboyqthe. -highesttree topsone maylook offoverthe rolling,.

hills and nirrowvalleys for 50miles inevery.direction. The park a ' includes theifalls find the 'rapidsabove and below the falls.Thereare fererai-brafichingcanyonsof 'similarbeautywhich*have lately been

. . . !includedmill 4 '4,1 the-Stateproperty.. ; I . * .I 52692°I-27-6 . . L r Pt , . i . . .. Iti:?..N..!.¡4.;''''.;:lie0ii.»-- 70 r PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION . . I . , . . . .0:. . r 1 .... . s I . f ... 4.! 1 A.. iitudi of ci-ogión by running water..7The history of 'the'erosion which the rocks, andgorgesin this park reveal is simil#to that of Niagarw Falls;. The harderstancistorieliesDutop ofasofter,shale ; whichwearsa;iayand undermines the harder;upperla¡ersof the I sandstone. When the ,erosion 'cuts undei the sind,tonesothat its 1 suppott isgone,*ittopples oter and breaks away from thecliff- '..:whereit has rested from the time of its formatiot.Soinetimes the ;upperstandstone remains in place and the.erosion underneafii 'cuts

outacaVe Orarock. houseasit ir# called. . Thes.e rock houseare oneof the p4nIliar featutes of thePetit Jean Park. .00 of film issolarge that,i00 peoplecanfind shelter in..it.-ThatTitmust been used asadwelling by early,racesof *people ishc4n laythe pictures which cover.the walls and which.by their greatage, seemto link,sothe historians tellus,the people of

.that time with the people ofIiiicjentEgypt. '. ...:: ,.*... !...

I Thereare noforces in nature that worksosilently apd irreSistibly

e and' withsocertainaresultasthe forCes called erosion: Freezing gild &wiltare amongthe mosteffrtivetof,. these.They breakup ..the soil and loosen it, they enterevery'tiny .fissure .in the, rocks and . ...widen .thein,sothat funning watercan moreeisily wash al4ay the " looser material -after it has been workeduponby the frost atid the' 1 stinshine. Plan of. Study .._ Fifld tripsareneeded to impressanylesson pf erosiononthe minds oithe pupils, and fortunately such lessonsare'alwaysnearathand.

,.. Atevery.doqr step of every 'school in the countrysomeevidences of erosionmaybeseen.If possiblea-camera'should be used duling thee '/lessons,.andp.upils should makeblueinin"4of the'section studied, :..showing how the erosionis taking place.These studiesiifferthe '?.'-'. ., . .. . . , 4...,..., : mostvaluable type of materialfor oral and -writ.ten liinguage lessons. , .., . .... ,.. ,. ., . . . 4. . .. .: .i.. :, . .Reelfoot Lake Park in Tennessee . 1110 This park is situated 'leanthe Mississippi River, in thenorth- western partof the State, in,LakeCoiinty, Tenn. 'The park ihcludes Reelfba Lake, which isatiout10 miles long and 5miles wide, ana certain portions of the groundsurroupding it.For 15yearsthe lake has befnaStite refuge for birds and fish, and ruksregarding 4,0 . t wtd !Ir fisliingandhuntingonthe lake have been made to protectthe

4' t,;:. ,"lifei61ch is fouS there in great abundance.It isasp'ortsmaes paradise, for it lies in the path of migrationwhiChoiir waterOrds takesinorjourneywnetth,an4 sout1tdjur spripgand autumn after'flodrof seásons.The first ,coldsnaprin the fall.-11 brings flock at leakt 20.varietiesof chicks do;vn from the north, and theysettle , . jn the inarshesot Reelioqtforaféw dtiys'of rest snitféeding.".110 tr..'t¡I, e , . 44; .;6111,k :I viz.; _ &": 1141? ' .'. e ' " . . . . . - '. . . ' LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY' . . 71 I 4, . r I o ' . . . . Lnallards are mostnumerous,Nittherearepintails, reaheacts,black

duck,andtetil,withmanyof theirlesspopular cousins of.inferior

I varieties.After the duckare gonethe cootscovertheopen .- ,

tiops of the lake until the water is black with . them. The double- :

breastedcormorant;comehere to fish andform their longcurving Ori linesonihewafer.They beatupthe surface withtheir feet and. ft. wings andso*disturbthepoorlittle fish thtitthey riseto the top and precaught in the long bills thatarewaitingto capture them.Tile lover of bird life will findover250 di6rent varietiesfor studrhere, someof th'emvery rarrand not to be foundin otherspots in the United States.As thib hrkestandsonthe -borderlandbet7en the I.

------____:_esec .....:.zz . . ,4,,441::::.m.i.....f.,0::is...;.!, ,...... ) ... .:...---- 4 i'ig!,'sr.).NA....I.' ..--,,,, --.camemm-t.ev- , ...... 4. . .t.---- . . - c .,...,,r4e, ---.. t...,.. .. .,- . - J. t. -...... sr,:-....= . f # 41:1___.---. L41.4.,r .1 . ...l., .. ...t...__-_.-7... a . ., .-..ifr I . '''''"'I.. n u tt....,"__.. , ..I ...., --- . At , I 1 ',....,.-.-:.-u:'- .--- .. ,: _1,....,.-----411--, - .....s.. ,, I 4; .....0 , " 6 -.1.4104416.ttsp4 t' - ..4%- -.' If . 11114..,,%, -, : ..- 41 ie,6" ,..,*,'' f,'., :,)-,4,T 4 17--- .-.:."p'c.: .7; " -A re .t.- ' , .11....pqr-....--."''' -;1'' 42I1.¡ 1 -4.:Vs--,..,.'1.' -4 (:''';' 69. .c"f'-'1":1114:,....,.. r -i: ,... -'11. -..-:- ,-,, L, .;,_ -: .t*.'' '''''-- ....1.-.:3: .-.-,4... iirrA._ - e. , ,741:,...,_ ',,)- ..i-oI , . L v_ ", - .-s-7: e i,. it..-...... 1...° I'-:* -. ,... : - : ':-.,-ft_ Li ''-,. V 11. 1 ;,.., ' 'ti f id...k.t....,-21. -1: 11 a ,p,i 40? X 'I -. ..::-,%:* .....:41'..,. ,T-4 .1. 44.' 4 .' 0 ,_ v% v 4.,.,.. 1 0 . I, A'1,74f`,4...' kl-1 I* -4s. , ' . o `ieZir,"?.1... IL 1.7, q , ,7"., _ / -6 , 1" .11 c. . -, ,,, 1 .,,,q; - . r-,...-a.4Vg.144-.Oa. , t ..sei :7 k II at!. . 4 f-:- r-n 116=4 "Tr iI IV OiA'11.T j " °IL"Sl D t ti 4 kg.% . , . 11r p P.-4e:tes

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. 4 17 in 41-%, Fri :Er9 :A P . :...1 g4 r1.-1! e.. 1 !". RA .tPa41 h 4_ Is :',..?":--..,-- ..,';'' , -4 .... - . , -,- / ?;:l-..!:.....4-:ri .4.. 11-...!..r...... , tilllit .- 4.. r.,.. t . _ , 11 , ) 1- 1. ;..... 7 *, :711.-. ' 7$1'.5. , ie' fr

0 .,.4:,4 1 . . 1 ' 1 t .,4:r a ....1. ,. , . lit? . - ...... g -.,.,: 4 _4( - t.9/. 'r ../, 1 .13',.., 1 ., e .., Jr. -, "...-*". ,x. : "- 4.--'-:''.7.,.t.--lire .4.'',0:'\111:--4- r ? 4 . 1 ' . ...it. ..r..!;.'fi.;'' ,,c, . 4&:.41A- : ,z.- 9 - . : Reelfoot Lake,Tennessee , 0 J i . . . . . I . ... 0 :. 6 Northand the -south,.niany southern birdscome asfar north . : . .:- as- Reelfootfor their breedinggrounds,orlike the wood iklisof Louisi- ..., . .;.., ..,-P'.1 t' . . ..- .. . inavisit the . lake after theirbieedingseasonisover: -; ,...-. f- - . - a,;_ys . ifutthe wonders of Reelfootare. . the cypresstreses, which. growiti- .,;.:....?,.' . , ....,... the. . svampg ''about it, and the, Americanlotus blossom, . 9 Called ihe chinquapinlily, which floatsabove itswaters. , . Shaler predicted, . -VP% 9 . k,k. , some 00years - SP agollolienhevisit4d ihe.ke, that thecypress iis -- destined .ÇJJ : to be,omeoneof themost importt or.our American Aoft -"..): ¡;-1.11'J.,44,141 1 / eAmyl , and for'I theiereasons:ft 7,NL" It attain$eat fa% is remarkably 41, .11 ..; : ; iii-,1 .--i - I- .. free: fropl e 2. 0 I. .,... ,A 1. blemisls, andc.an.A be .itOrlsed ayit.1...,I,,'O. ,...-' -*".,...- =_.e, itays. re '7. i.,grding XL. 7,4* iti"As ourpine 'forestsdiiiinisfl, th cypr,ess ilwamp 4 iO' 9, c.. .1 ./..,.? 1.14,' 'ti '', '.c...'- I.L.,, 1.*' g 4I. ) 41.,:.!??':." 4.1 '''f'l .. » .... '!;i1.,-, ' : f".4141.i, ,..._,-,0.K-.4..,,:,- ,.... 44;...:,,..rito:,:ret,,0..,-,,;,-.-I,,,.,..t.)..-1., :Vi.:2i1;4...i..1.":;.. 5'; 610i tt-'1. ?1st ',..:tt..`44:: ' v. / .,,,,,./.11.4, ,.- ,,,,... . ,..,t..1,",- Kn., 4/, 6(6., ki.,,...... ,11'.1::.:-7 -,? ). . 1:4 1`.''- 'Ik...... !i A 1. .1: 41, .!. ! ' ..7..1. PVIi'001.4.r.9r.1 '-iirOtt:.i."' t/. P ,,,) '.44i/1-.r.oir,r V 4,. -f ;11 ,..4::.1.;_!4rt. 4 1-,; V ...P,`, ....i.:... Z..54.1A1,1 P s .1 . ' - --- .4 IN/ . I. :, t I, 72 PLAYGROUNDS OFTHE NATION a ey . ' 1:r4 1 yieldalarger and largerpart of the soft wood of thecountry..'Of . the chinquapin he speaksin glowingterms: . . No other Americanflower approarlses itingorgeous beauty. The corolla,a great yellow, lily-likecup, often atootacross the rim, is. borneon a stem 3 feet above the Water;on F either side tWo leafstems lift into the airleaves which areover2 feet in diameter;the other leaves troutin the wateraround these elevated stems.

AND History.The h?Ntoltyof Reelfoot Lake is likethat ofnoother bddy ofwater in the world.Overahundredyears ago)in theyear 1811, the lakewassuddenly formed byanearthquake._ Theland where the lakenowstpnds beganto sinkas soon asthe earthquake wasfeltan.c1dropped from 10to 20 feet inItfew hours. Imme- diately the inter flowed inoverthe sunken land, formingwhat has since been knownasReel Mot Lake..A. large forest ofcypress trees growingonthis landwaslowered with it, androots and trunkswere cover4over with thewater.Ther6they stood formany years, their roots in the lake bottom.land theirtops,someof themmorethan .100 feet above the lake, slòwly droppingtd decay. At lastafire . I..

o froiiithe shoresweptoverthem leaving wide.stretchesof charred and blackenedtree trunks standing in thewater. Cypress lowes.Notreeseemsto be able to livewith-itsroots under- the water. When air is shutawayfpim theroots the tree smothers. As thecypresstree loves togrowinswamps and marshy places, its rootsareoften below thewater. When this happens and thewater isnoebtoodeep, the Vile sends tiparoorstemwhichgrows until it reaches the surface.' Herea is *formedonthe end of the stem I. calledaknee and thetree is suppose4 to breathe through it.. Otter frees besides thecypresshave been knowntogrowkneesontheir roots whenthe-yhave bten covered Withwater..-. .

4 study of. eartligualces.=-The. Rew Madridearthquake which formed Reelfoot 'Lake is noted 'becauseit is the only earthquike . .. which hasevervisitedariver valley *far removed from volcafioes. ' It has laconaieoneof, thfteoilders of the world.No earthquake had

.41 ; *4 'ever beep knownin the region before:Peopleswerit-wakened 41 the ! r, I . t. :. . . ;

t 1%4..tÁ night by the t.(roaning; creaking,and crapking of the timbers of-the rt 0'42. house8 oi cabins in whichtheywe'resleeping, by the rattle of furni-

I ture thrown down, and .by th6 crash of fallingchimneys. The ground :LC . : roseand 'fell,says awriter of that time,asearthwaves'swept over . . . .c like-long low swells of thesea, soil . tilting,. the. tref.s and opening the ,..4°.. . . ii,deep cracks. On the Nfississippi'greatwaves _werecreated which. ..- :.. ;4.. asank manY. boats and .washedothers highup onthe shorè. An Iridianillavassunk beneath thewater at Oils timeinçl'idt , ' 1;1d . t 4 , . .the people in the yijlajte,weri). draw*, The Indians tliougl#46. 4Atpil earthquakewas,*sent ásrpunishin6fto the old chiefs soil; 1eelf00, ".'4(4.k ',V**".-r' '.14: %41;'/A''1,1.-V :4 Ai!' ...IA) ., 6 4°r '. 1.14r.7(no'l... 1.'A 'V '10.47)411. ',.' 4 VVI4(111.. 'S i'll ;4. %%*A''4.01, AIl'''t ,..'. i , I ' : , . ? f ;* I ' ,.-v:,:_, a t,,Z: - .:.;... -, IPIPM1171"-- . : " ''....s- LESSONS IN OEOGRAPHY:. :73.... t " A. ( 7 . e 0 t ' : . I. ; .a . al , - . ..

I becausehe stole his bride from another tribe who lived farther south, : . I 6 1 e downthe Mississippi River. , ...: ., , The causeof earthquakes.Whenwethink of all the different t

6 miterialswhichareunderneath the ground,wewonder that the ,... I% regions below usremainasquiet andaspeacefulastheyappearto do.:_ . 1 There arethe streams of hot water insomelocalities whichcometo thesurfaceas geysers.Thereareoil pockets out of which the oil

comesgushing, smetimes at the rate of 1,600 barrelsperday. There , arethe vast reservoirs of naturalgaswhichhabvebeen tapped 'and

.have, inso14 insfances, supplied cities with' light' 'andheat for many years.Streams df coldwater flow undèi the surface nearly

.. m.o.... ge IA t-;4 Si ' e : ,,i .0. f'".1 _..- , 1.1"T ex- , . .,,, 1: a-x..1 . - e .t.)1 .. ' `0' .4... :".' . - . ...ot . . :-' .i )...1..*:::. .;'4074.7't:i. 't r .-'.-A .. '.: .$1 .' ,... .% ' .11: 1 '*;, t-::1 1 4 .... o!. --E I. I :1. .1.%.1:1/4tr A,L tk- 114, I I .4 , i ''-'- '..-,1%.-1-*`,143't' ri.I 4., f 'it ',.1f4, ik i ir ' ,

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. Cypress knei.s exposed by receding wáter

"I * I , S everywhere,to be tapped by wells ot to i'ssue forom the hillsidesAs . springs.Veins of coal, and veins containing iron,copper, gold,-or . . other metals -.- -,,- i occur .places.. .and ., inmany. ... arereached by mines.But . layers of rocks ofniAny'different ltindscomposeihegreater pcirtion .....;: I ...... bU. *; I ". . r .. : of the earth's . 4. . ' . , . V.'S' .. crust. i :?: A a . . .i.4 '2'. . : .

: Alltfieseare.apparently .nicelybalanied.-Asd'maintainwhtitwe ,

call their " equilibrium.":When_ anything liappens to disturb this. -.. 7-:;,.1`1 4

. equilibrium, thena newarrangement ftiematerials must take ..:,,:;,;,:L4,1'.'lj:7 - . k..1 , .:..,pace, .reekmassespiay. shrink. 0.eipand,. or'one rockmags mayslip Hoier Anoth'Egis. one.spot and iome- Too greatastriin....!. is.. crated in . .,thirigliyesway' under it. -Then thee mù beanew .adjustment .ot. ... ,,,, ,; ' roCks, AO thegasesftheyittiérii;*'ina'the 'Oils; or. *batever is itt:. -illattbartof the eitrth's. cruet.$otnetineio this is done:4,1401y, tipfle'r-- .1 ,;. 11, P 'rr :.1, . rriiiri,ae ..*"..:!. A.;t;e,' 1 v! f#64.),rkii,,. . .1..' 1-):.'':FV¡+` ...!:..,...1 t' -.4:Fi ;k:.-...n.ti,,'..it..,A.3....) , r4', 1.1,:-tIVY4f,' I'',',

.1h`':.' A717:1:4 '' 4' I. "..a.:;:i.ile4.,1; 4461', !':ivi'l'iret" ..:11..'r'.#::'''s i'%*g.., ii:I.;.a.$4;:e.1.::b.c..e.':,1;.::4,.,.;4.:1;;1:44:;/¡:i":54i7.04:1;t:nPt;j:f1,4IN-1It'i7V:'r.likloirs:-, _,,-.41;%. A,li:t.vt-'1:''"": PI: " .. /4..'"- PLAYGROUNDSOF THENATION:. : ..,.._ 4,..., --A . 1: .. ,,,I 4 1:.. ! . e. ir'i .....irJ1 I ,:.*" e i ;... : neith the groUnd,and someiimesitconies to the sufface in the I form of volcanic: ,.., actionor anearth:quake.Vents and widecracksare , ... ,:- frequently formed,out of whiph the . lava, ash, and sandmay gushas. .theyaredriven intothe air. Many" sand blows "occurredduring the New Madridearthquake, fillingthe air withasickeningvapor

and causingcompletedarkness. ,

Plan of Study .. . The study of thispark(pensit.paseries of le;sonsthat willbe of, . intense interestto.thé. children.Itsuggestsa'series ofprojectson - earthquakes aildon swamp- life, the fish, .the birds,thetrees, and "flowers which. abbunirtherp. A detailed studYof thecypress tree . wotild bemist Ippropriate in thisconnection. It.pos;ible,secure the ' Geographic 11pgazineforeTanuary;1924, foradetailedaccount of the _ lake and theIndianlegend of Reerfoot.Wrife'tothe Bureauof Forestry, Departsment 4Agricultgre,Washington, D. C.,'for ?Iota onthe cypreSs- tinaan.ixccouidit A oitheir late.exiiteriments withthe , kneis of this' peculitir tree. A sefof . \ . 59 lides.. givingpictures of the cypress Lindalectureotiforest botany,(PunP,Ele securvdfrom them

I , which will give .thechildién ail inte,\TV:in4and' enjoyableènter- 4 , , $ ..,,`t' vt.. ..ut,.le tainment. .4 . ,. . .. At ' 4 . ,-IL 0 ... -1 o REFERENCEt4 . . .

14 - .. Van Wegener, AlfredLother.University .ofGraz, Austria. Displacement theory, epigenetic *thEeoryoforedepositions.frOmOrigin of Continents and Oceans. II' Joly: John.Oxford.Ibulloactivityas the source of the enzth's heat: Sues% Edward. Oxford.The Face bftiirEarth., a 7 . r.

. 4?dr-6

ft, 41. a ed. fo, or

4 a.

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. ; 1. ek». '.11. 1°. '..; "6'4. '.11to.. i.: 11.' "*4 '1 AIN';11. , r'.41';i;;(4.i.tn . ,:."11°.12, ,ii),;/N .;:i¡O. A *A I 4.:-';:01,- 1. t % 4 i'.14jr1 `4.r!, 4.1 i41 e: 410% 0.!!, 1,* ti ,v,It? s' ITA t. A' t on. p. 4

-Chaptei V . N.,.//

LESSONSIN HISTORY I.

111

t i . .. . 4 .... -.. . TRÉES . .. ..4. : . . N \, I think that I r.1aI1lover see . .

A poem lovely as a tree, . .

tree whose hungry mquth is pressed , Ary eroseto the.earth's sweet flowing breast, A tree who ldoks at God all day - And lifts'her leafsinnstd phy, , A tree who may in summer wear . , A nest of robins in her hair, .1. trpori whose bosOmsnowhas. lain, .. Who intimately liveswitl;rain. . CI Poems are made by fools like me :SueonlyGodcanmakea tree. . Joyce K Inter: . .4 , .-Many ofchir State parks and forestsarenamed inmemoryof the- È.

menwhohave çontributedtothe deN;eloPment ofthe State'sresources_ . , r.r1

or *. -iyho liaye given exceptional servicetoiheNation's gowth'and 4. prosperity.It is indeed fittirig that sections of land withinaState

set aside for recreation .and conservationpurposesshould. become at d I the same-tismq-memorials forthegreatmenofou-rcountry,-

Joyce Kilmer State Forest Moitume;:t . ,... A poet awl &WienPennsylvania has rememberedmarryof her :..

distOguished-sons by nanling for them,her Sttite Parks, her fores , .. . r..r ialblicpftmps,and State forestmonunients. The Joyce KilmeiTub- ,:. .t 11 t . lic Ca* in the imuntains of Pennsylvania where he spent his boy:.. ..,, ..hood, has béen,:. named for the Americanboy 'poet lotho made the .

supreme sacrifice during the WorldWA-is and immortalized hisntime ... .. a.' F ; by his unexcelledpoem on'":Tree.s."c-'. 1 .. :"..,,, ...."Gypsies'are WelconfeHire" has Imén 'lacedovertheenteliince...... 4' ' ,I''.0 1 4tO thiscampin Memory,of the poét's often expresskd wish that sonie . . . ,. , , ..:,..,,, .: 'vot might be set aside where gypsies 7(:..,.,-,'..,rn' . mikht bewelcomt A placard , ' 9 gHring" Trees," 4in full' is 'alsoat the entrance to thetrill NyhichTea ,, ...... a . 4 tois monument. ea .4! . . I

JIM .4: 4 I ,jr.: :*. go. IlArtifalk:tr;134**411011 ,..if . «...... ,. I 0 - . . .. s 71 1 , 1: ' : i. e .'- . ;:*-- -0 ! I d. I , . et 0 IA vs. ' I...... O.' 1 , -. e . '.; 3.Ii $/Pi `'. 411 ,- e ...14. , -- .:,. 1/4 .. - 76 ...- ,;:'..'.: ,PLAYGROUNDSOF THE.iATION- 6 :, , .. . :. ff:- & t Geography.---Thisecampof 23oacres isIt'forestof old 1ienAoçksind; . white pines, accessibleonly byfoot.traili,onttenorth slop.ndsum- mit of Paddy Mountain.The Jojice l'pinertrail leadsto the Moun- tain 'topabove andto the natural amPhitheaterknowngsJoyce

Kilmer Rest.Hereigroup.of flat bowlders ?' formasemicirclestir- drounded and overNungby gigarítie, dark,hemlocks.The 'campis . 3

_ ., .. a _1.yAi-, ' 4t2,-: t . - e el I 6 a a A ,,*. 0 .'. o 4.. . e* I . . qte' 7 - 4 .! k . V. t ,

--3 k-- 4 . . t,

it- - A44-1--* . ! . V.-;- e-.1 e'r , ....,1-, : . . . 4

A ILN44s: .".-1

1.- a 4* ' . 4- $

I I CI - , 4.. , o :0 sild. tr. . I. o . cj, 4.4 ti 4? '4 . fr -,,; . \ .!" 4/4 t.4 . A 'f. .0 . 1,..4IV ; ,- I ." . .4P' / _SI CI - .:. -5 :«1":. '1'04,VA % ; tit . . , . 0be . : I :0. .t -,Jet, ft 7-441-%tro" 4.. 1- t' :'"' k L . . ' . P r:I. . # O b ,,:k .41 , Joyde.Kilmer .z!: ;'^..i , . . t .. . . . ;., . .4 : , 111411/4k :44 :1 Jopated 5mils.'ettstofWoodwird in/UnionCottifty,on one.()Tithe. . ft. $tate. highways.-.. , .. ays., . - I . CusterStalePark . An 'Melia-itfighter.---CusteePark, in the 'MackHills ofSoil& Dakota, isone'of the largest anil'fipesti, Statepairks4'n the United!, States.- It 4snamed for the -fanioui.Indian Iiihar;* . ,. . . , eralCuster,'. whdoe, efempaignsakaipstthe Indianscoveredalarge part ot this 'a e ....46, -1,-. ,I. l 1

;P'30 C _._-,-. a , .. . : '. re ' . .-1.7 .. i, ...*er.j.: 7;.$1... ".e.f . . ... , i...... S *. ,.. .. : . . - fr...* *' .-V>r.4' -ME,,.. Xl- ,; ,:I". I r. KT' a I *,-.':. s 4 . I; 'N ,,...... LE g IN .IIISTORY .. .',. ,.! , ' ; . '77.. . . i r 0 ...1. .1. . 1 *:.:Géography.-=-Thigpeak isa tract pf land 8 mileswide aild miles long andcovers anareaof 107,440acres.Besides% Hardey's Peak,t;254feet in height,it inchidetsseveral othersummitsover 6,0(X) feet high, notablyLoaputMountain 'tinedBuckhornMomitain. It isatonderland of se,énicbeauty withits lakesandgorges, its canyonsand valleysthreaded by élealr I streams teemingwithtrqut. and covered fromthe edge-of tire prairie-withaheavy growthof .9 ; western yellow -pine.Tlip paik.starts at the footof theflocky Mountain Rangeandgoes up gradually for about 4,060feetto the summit. ThenewNeedlesHighwayfrom SylvanLake throughthe picturesque. granite. se4ionisoneof the mbstremirkable scenic roads in thecountry.It climbstoover 6,000festabovesea level, skiiiing iirecipitas'pinnacles ofgraniteortunneling Itswa/ thragli the 'solid'rock.Custer StatePark offersa'naturaland ,convenient stoppingplace fOrtburigts boundwest frbm theMissis- sippi andMisouripointsto the Yellowstone-orRockyMountain ..t . ' ....Nitional Parks.. .. t I .,, ... . , , . .. . I- . i s . 4. , P t. ....t. . . t a .....Franklin K. e .1 Lane?WanoriaiGrove D. e 4 . ! . t o. A8tatemhv. TheFranklinC LantMemorialGrove, inthe -HumboldtStateRedwood Park hiCalifornia,commemerates the service ;vilich r Mr. Iirne#iénderedhis Stateand count&and is dedi--'' , . . . . -p . . cated withthese wor"ds: A . ., , . .... WELL-BELOVED SON OFCALIFORNIA.CREATIVESTATESMANIN A DEMOCRACY. TKSPIECE OFTHE'FORESTPRIMEVAL ')S. . FOREVER DEDICATEDIN AFFECTIONAND REVERENCE. 4, %Gtograp.Ay.Thers FranklinK. 14neMemorial'.0. Groe isabout 200 pilesnorth of.SanTrawisco, e . on tht Redwood:I* ) eof ,ihe great sCe.nic routes 0 the country:Thisgrove' ciwbodsis one ofnihnytracts, thatmake up'.tiieHumboldt :State-Parkin nokthein -Cafifornid.Theredivimd, forésts, of which,till .-krove 4111 isiaOrtutire'.iinique, andtareto.befound nowhere eWi.iithe world: Many Cfthese tmeiareover:a tht.m.saildwarsold anclare living the tallest treeson&tali tacky,-insomeinstancés'reachingaheight of 4irfeet,withsadiameter of30 feet. Akin . . to 'theredwoods andyernotmuiteidenticalarethe Digtrees .ofCalifornia. Asmany as 4,D00 annualrings have geezicounted by'. John, the scientist,onthestump of.oneof theseBigtrees, 1 showing that ithadelSeen grovAngón.the Pacificcoast. for 100yea mprethan lien, Kinetutit'nkh-firiien:bégantoieignover'iliadestinies- , oftheftE k 'A ptianpeople ra6otittit000 , . i 1, years' ago'. ! . ., . f e . . . . ; . i 4. .i.# W- : . .I. . . i el .. # , I/ % A- 4.Of . .1 . , :."7',7:':&it:, . ...:54;-. aA-iii,k4P' :::...atck'i.:oavihii,,- *i.' ,74. - . t",...111 MI 1,v . . .t.., .. P. arl "ta .78 PLAYORtItiNDS. N ATION .E1,..c.:a c..) es 4,1 I 3 0 tt Eli /tr v t t . 0 a . ° I tl =04 E4-,.A . 6 11.9 , .Longfelloio-Evangeline Rate Park 14 4. ..1 MD. >i$o 3:1).= . I I rzlce"Z 021- = 1 ... : '.T.0 8to76faneii/e.--Evange1in6 history, mil& faindus by ) 6 *244-4 c) rot 0 .74,, 0 CIO) :is -,,counheniorated bya..netily 0.0 *" Tale ofÄcadie;? A.4-4 tinte0 Ca . 'V 4 111.0.111 glig sm,W ell, .created 411.0 pirk in...Louisiana,.onthe banks of the:Bayou Teche- it4 ccr,

. .14 . Bayoo Tesh).This park is called the Limgfellow 77 A. fcr-if= ...ag .. . 6.. r on. 0 4010, w P 11,..... I --1 .' 414'1' CAN 11' 01. :. 1. ,/1V- . : ' ,,.is 1PPL our I% ; - '' ' .1 firl". l , I 444 4 1 1 1 k 0 V ',I. ; P. 4 ` 1U%[- ,Lttir. OP 11.- '... 94* ..1[1 -' - v...... r...,, Ei44i 1 ., 4'1 A. N :.41;'? i t ..,./iLi-, a) Pal C3 E I z % 9 '4.1; 1 ,it, - I. ! 4414t c. .1!..1.1 14. s* % l',,.P.91 . 4,4 4 I ; E' , .4Z=a1) tr .1,.. " I IS W ii., t I ... 't.,, a 4 polowl ,L e ., x,, ' 464 f,4 ;(..it'' W tr at.--- ,_ -',., 1001 'I. .19,-1' * C ' f .0 CA moms I .. ''''\iskf.4.... .1"t4 :' ..4 o ommil c, t - , t f Or all: Aiftie C) g 7 it' :"; ! 1 CO: r 1 V 0 Ar4i: r4 . tEr, ....! alizit '6.r.-:;:lik LI . rs. r .ic 47 4; srA . .IVI 1 re ' 40- -AL 2. ef. ,id, ,,, .... . 0.v% -,,-. 42) -..... : If 4 ..:, . oE; .5 aeilw El r.4f. :- .,,.....:c r ti . r, . fP "I .A r"ZJa1.74,..pc o0 =.0 et .... - I, 4 . sk,- 4..*- ii* (::,:-,4W_ °,vi'r,,,, - A . get Erz - a - \.... v 1 ioi a- a' .... "60-pl Oar. 1r .v h.,...... , ft ...... 4 4 1. P -w 1. !, sk . o I 4°4 i 41.., `'.-.¡- . IP .....,.c %. . ' .1' ' ;ft 2 = ' . ' %t 46, `'e -1 i 4 "2 1;ljcat.0 -.5 ' 0.. wt .L I V

411 .r _fly,. o .74,448 -r 1 = S.917'7, 3.1 (*,.17 `. v 0.-.E: diP w 1 . I ,1* law 3 e fil.2 gt e Is . t ts 1390%4 E." 2.47,=...":1..!ed ° __f!.! PA ' es z t. *1--ik9d . n 44.., ...: ,..1.-, , F, .....0 .1-- .. : I o . 1-ft 1 .71.4 baval 1, . la g b. ,'"..- '.1 _.,,,,,,, 4. 7} CLO . . o P .4., ..:Ir.-- i - I J .: '°4.. 4 % I. .74* 'I Ss; ° - =1,...?Ny 4 ig oss ...A, 110

:141 cv " 4 .,:lpt D ...' ' 'PI p. 4t:t.1vo ,''la I g es t. .:1-4...% t. 1 -.. ,-,PI 61 i '--- .r,e F`. ! r

1 I (1411` '- 4 . P Cd ,rot ' gt 11 I. .r . 4 i. , ' At.:1 J1,,gI . : e. I. 41

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'. 1 ;1,..;.. 1 ..i;A 1_, --r - t. tr'.... 1 .3 1 4 ed.°4"' , '" A 4 iA1:: '" hvi -.. ,,-. .,.. i /44 . 6.,*. _ ' (. 1' SW. Oft r * r I.....N; .: in P1di ase 41.0

1 ].= e 01 . ' ° ''''' 404 Mt . [1,..--- i .4, o i go' I. ... ',I 4,41' i!lq.44'- ; p A 1Ii:' ° a .1 .°D. i 4,f I P I'4#' 11... It*5.. 1 ;4:: I.

.1 1 LESSONS IN HISTORY .\ 79

The Acadianswere,exiled fromNova Scotiasin _1755. . Herded v -oldships, families andfriendstornasunder;somelanded in Maryland andsomein Louisiana,manyof themto become wander- ' erssearchifigfo'roneanother throughthe desolatewilderness.After threesyears the Marylandgroupworledsouth to thesettlementat. St. Martinsville, and thelostwerefinallyreunited. Geo'grafi0.BayouTeche isasmall tidewaterchannel inthe tsouthern part of Louisiana,west -of Grand Lake, flowitia-smith and' met1pt.y4ng into Atchafalaya Bay. ltwas once.. theoullet orthe ",. mAin channel by whichthe Red Riverdischarged itswaters intp the Gulf of Mexico.-The land throughwhich- the BayouTeche flows has been formed !.4 from timpsedimentbrought downby the rivers . I ' !if: '+'-erfP'..11' It t

,e. . 4 e - 1 : IT ° 41, %., -; A.1 iP

Val

I 4.

11 4

61P04, .4i, .4,;:c 0, ,, C 4 ¡ ri. 1,4,;.g tri. v.. rilfalL.f 7 V "4._. 3 . xe, ,J ' - i '.,. A' , , #. ;,,. . , ' . , Jo :1r-r...;14.'',4: .,... ..:$4, i. .-1--.*It'kiikli."1 , .,.. .1', ..( . .. ) -70 .. ' d, fair...- , .. ,.... VIV2 ,! I,rp 4, :4 .. ...f,'..ti 1.

11% 4",r.k tri_'41.) .4 tr r t." -` . !!' V la ; . 04 A 1 J. 'a 14 :4110

:"4. n' 80 _ "AYGIMITNIVIOP THE NATION O a,01 ';:r1. 4 16 I . The Isrcrd Putnam Side ParkinConnecticut _ Ir A great general.TheIsmaelPutnam Memorial Camp in Con- . necticutwasthesceneof thecampof General Putnam's divisionof Washington'sAi.myduring the winter of 177849. The remains of manyof the old firebacks built by the continental soldiers at file time of this encampAntarepreserved.The park containsaeolonial * museuminastonebuilding designed for thatpurpose, amemorial monumentpt pavilion, and oilier buildings for theuse'of touristi whomaydesire tocampthere.lin-ivas estalAished in1g8T,the first' . . of the 44 State, parks which Coecticutnow ownsand controls. Tirobbickhouses,'"oneoneither sile of the gateway, guard thetn. 4.. tiancetothe park and standasreminders of the old colonial days. when *fortswerebuilt Jo protect the colonists from the Indians. The Wolf Den, made famous in the Story of Putnam and the Wolf, has been purchased by the Daughters of the American ReMu: ..3. tion and is to be preservedasanother memcirial.to the famous general.

C;cography.The*Israel Putnam Memorial CampGSoundcom- ' prises 203 acres,..includingatake of16acres.It is southeast of

Danbury'about4 miles and is reached byoneof the State highways. '

I r It has been allowed to remainin its qat4ural stateasauch9s-ixmible , and 'possessesmanyelements of scenic beauty. ..- The Wolf Den, where Putnam captured the w0f, isa. tractof

. land of130agel.lying in the northeastern joirt,of the State, in Wind- . ham County.It is well cared for andopento thepubliv./

.. Washington State Park ih NewJerse.y ...... Commander in Chief bf The "Oval of thehevolution.Washington , . , Crossing State Park,, in New Jersey, isahistoricalmemo'rial to *ark the spót where Washington crossed the Del!tware River and landed his troops at Trentononthe Right of December 25, 1776,

... turning the tide of America's &feats intoaglorious. victory. . . i : .41 . :. ,.,, .:GedgrapliyeThis park is 0 miles above Trenton andcom -, -..._ --., , , . .. . '-s.' 237acres.The old historic Ferry House is still standihg and is used ..= . ...:-. as ahistoric shrine andmuseum.,The park extends_ along the Debt-.'

: ':,..-',-.,...- fine growth of Mature trees.. ware&River and is covered witha . :....04 . 4. ! .

::;1.-.....:.:.:- '..,. follest is tx) be installed in this park for growing tree State nursery ,,; .. . , . . . L-,1'',-.40,-:-..?"-seedlingsfinsusethroughout the State and 60or80acresof. forest' -4--.,./ . -...;,...-b..:. plantations *ill be install tkWide titriety of species being, .. . , k . , .ilk% I...,.'. 1 j.,-1,,ft...w,.- .--. ..--. % !-7 : .--=-.6.''..'.r; .-- _'''.** 1 purposes. a , ' It . . eiplanted out for förestry .. . I. ' .. e . t.' 1.A._... .f.-4t i ... j...3,,t, . 1 ;1. V.% ;.*. , . %. r:-i.:44: 44;!-. ' .1...'.&`: ",-iy.... : t 4++,. :'..,. .i.";S:i.t.444.: 44-=:.;i:;4 4 .,:.'....,;,',-,V.,,!:*:v,.,,le;;,,%,,.' ;,,,,,.- ..e._ '1' '51''''f '77 W°4'n .:.. 4,"7/* 4.... t '9? !w , s/$...; 'eae* )} v.:4i, .?,:14;., t :. i':' ..''.i . ''; ' .,i ;.' 'S" .,1' ''''. l- -I' .''.; -; :i.'':../ e ':* :. r:.t.; , , ...*: -Ys-pli, .,.3.2,4 .;, w-p,,,i- row ?.,. 4 t-' t.', ,: , -,.. 1 a- .. A' .:`. ../.1--' 't , ; ..' . -,4- ,.. ,, , , : ' '''. °Si . . .7 o f ., ;- % %.,-ir. 7. ' ' .. , ,..;;..- ..,., ._ .4}, ..,... .. a,- .1.A6:1...' Ih.. 'I...' i;;. 1 ' I ,¡ 4 , ,... ; tads and Clark State Park lñ Washington I :2;::?gief'. ..t i,..:".4:.:4'..,,e. °4 p 6, ,6.. . . a.4.7 . , *". t .:.'.. . 4 ...1'$1'°,,l.!'1114 41: % .s...'. 1...... " .';'.i'tht. ','.: . . A" 416.6,.11:tNi'.. qAf' ' i6 d.. a. A .. .:::t 17,.. g - in Washington 3"11;si: ,great explorenit-,-Lewis and i ..,...... ,-. Clarli Staie t'ark . ...,...... ,-.g: . '. is named for the noted explorers wbo early t!ie eighteenth renttui.9..., ''.1 rdSt'':* r. . 4:.1., I. ., i: .. :.v, A;. . -.. ,, ,..., ..t.ri it :-.., A,-,;...r ,,,... ;.. .. ve;..c.,et.,.. ...,. .v '.,!.., 0..,i 'r,";. -I ...', -7c,,-4, ,7,¡:! kr,_; -....7, .1 0.-- -.9, .-ir.i . It .4)Y''''. -,.'-i.r.41. , LESSONS IN HISTORY 81 '1 a blazed trail through thewestern wilderness and scalqd thepass 1 ofer the Rocky MountainstoreachlheOregim territory,'whichnow comprises the threegreat States of Oregon; Idaho,and Washingt,on. Theiromantic'storyof the BirdWoman, Sakahmea, whoguided 'the expedition, should be notedattillstime. With her babystrappedto her back she led the party for Iong'weeksand months throughtile forests, from her home inNorth Dakotaonthe banks of theMissouri 'to the home of her people illythe foot of the tiockyMountain& Here themenof her tribe, throughher influence, tookupthe journeyand showed the expeditionw erethey might:. safelycross over the inountains. A Geog mpky.The Lewis dClfrkState Park islocated aboutan equal distance hetween Setie,Wash., and Portland; ()reg.It embracesan areaof -520agesof virgin timber,largely of splendid Douglas fir. The park iscrossed by the PacificHigi.iwity.and linikes '1. aconvenient stdpping placefor touristson.their jotirneyalong the Pacific coast. v . HanofStudy .J1 I I The children duringthis study willbe especially'interested in the memorials within.theirown .6tate, althodgh\ manyof thesenawel, possess a national significanceaswell.Pupilswill beeager toinquire further intothe lives of themenwhi) havebecome worthy ofthese honors; , ,: : Many lessons intitaracrer building mity:be taught in connection ol% ; with tbeselessons In history.What did thesemenflo to win the 4.! regard of theiiCouptrywen? Whatwere someof the characteristics they possessed !wiped themto succeed in their undertakings? .4 Thewnee pertinent vestions whichwill lead ..tbe pupihtoa better *

undgrstanding of themotives andpurposes .eek,I "1 I in;ioic ourVreat men to become strong and virile.in character.-:-.''.;v ., ,,,. r . .10'7';4,( iti.1 0 1 .. Correlated subjects, especiallyin literatui:,,ti: -..!.!a'no4 thele's- , Af -;,I, sons .. and add much Cif interestto .the storpo giojnin this i:',,v compction. . . .-.:,,,11.,, Joyce 'Kilmer'sPoem,Treés,.441.:be doubly.,appre7, .. . .,...... ,,,-. dated afterthe cilildren become familiar withjiis halmts,onPaddy Mountain.Anotherpoemof, his ,which has. Vecome'agreat *favorite

is The 'Housewith Nobody in It.. A JoykKilmer IDay mightbe :institutedandaspecial prograin workedout, !with. reporfs of his life, ' hisloveof nature, this literaryattiimiients, Andhis high-hearted : ! , 4. , ' r lb ".s, ' -,. ..," "4 4 .7' . . Talor.. valor.. , v 1 4,5,11, 16 . 4 !".k ' .rt e. . * ;17/ ' ..r 4 rt. , 1 1 4. t 1 ; , X.7.7 t Ungfellow's-poen4i.cif Evangeline I ..nyty *vineavivid pidure..of pioneeilifé.inthis country if kesefited()tiringastudy of the Sfafe Oark.inLouisiana. **.Washingron'S despeikestraitsduringthe winter of 1778-79will holdàlewsignifica4ce when the .niOnorial . at Wish-, _Von's ,. L. Crossing becolpe#SviTidrisslity.to, the 4ildren. Some of - .! . `f A Cea.4114-. 447 g t:A4;, -4` t1/;* r6441,r4,07e i½t (.0" -312P- -Wir1=1M.

82 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION t

,. ti:ehardships of Custer's ,valiant campaigns against the Indianswill .

. be bettet understood after the children have takenanimaginary journey through thecanyonsof Custer Park arid have climbed the

Needles Highwayto the, snmmit and have stood at_anelevation of,1 6,000 feet, lookfng outovertheBrack Hills a South Dakota. Events in colonial bitory become real and vital when the children pièture the ancient iahdinarks in the Israel Putnam Park in Con- necticut. Theyseethe Continental soldiers cooking food at the ohl firebacksorwarming their frosted feet before thecampfires, and all

I t4e deprivations and the misey of that heroiearmy comevividly before*them, and the prin.ciples for which this heroicbandsobravely lived BMsobravely diedareindelibly stampedupontheir memories. Franklin K. Lane's effoits to help to make luippy the lives of those ak associated' with himwill be remembered by tlichildrenaslongas the Redwoodsaregrowing in the Humboldt forestsbecause ofthe dedication of this memorial grove.to his memory.. The opening of thegreai Northwest and its placeamongthe States ofourUnion will be récalled again and againasthe Lewis and Clark State Park in WashingtonIs studied by the chiltlien. and the tnen.whosenamesit bears willseem morereal and their service toour countrybecomemoreandmoreappreciated.

s 14

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. ;...Z.% : 1141i. . 9..1 .k '11. ' , I ;V i ' 2 ' v . o ': Natri 4 - '44: ' II . t. *%10001%.. t ---,,,, ,Z 0 -...., -., 1 .... I:.,' . , p . .7,, , ,,. o ...? :. .4.:',.. ..,:".'41, ..11,7...t.: , pk-t.':-, v,-,Lv-i,,. . t " ..., . Iii l': i , " . . , 1, ,-..,..ir 1. . 1 I ...... , . . I, i .4. 1.0; -... ,., 1 , ....,-. ., .: ... , .. *.. :,.":)./1.7 .:, : '.: 4 - ,...". : 1 %,. I ..;.:...".!... ,.01 k142%; 4?4,,..-,;,.....,.4.,,,,,,,,..i.4.,...41.:.,...,.::,:.-..,...., 4.`1.,.. J4i.it."1. ..,Z.4*, '`..,-, . %:/.t1.... v72.,-,t r?Pi.v.t.2...$0,..r.4 ,,...04t:.....,4.1,".A,:, t;7,43..y. ,:,...10. , :.4., .6 ,,;.44.4itr ft ,...- ';:i''t )Jt11.2,V /: .....4 '4 .r4'., ''Il:-:.1464e.i.';4.7.:e!1 ,..!¡...12.1..);./4[21-'; KI.4:40...?ti$:#1'''''4)."It .::% r 4,,,,e..41...,: ;:..iik,..1,.. t f , ...,1 ., ..._. r, . a ... .,.,,, Itil.t".N.... :, ,,,,,7,::1 ...:_414 ....11,i....'' v,',14, 4:41 ,?,,.it',,il...;,!; ,,,..;,, .,'' ::..Z.! '..%N '.; ia 4;,-,, .., ../..1 - . ../,''. ,i. .it.... ,,6" 1 -:'t !. - 4. 4, '.3 1 -` r:4'1'''''' 14.7.4.::-..t .: 1, i..',.-;)I .' :.4.1..',. . i 4.. .0 1 4.14; 'A.. ,/' ....: .:.»J'. .if - '1,,:f .: i t-e , - ;...,. ' -..J.,...t.-',1,.`it. e.:.,11-ib lit-.7A;.," 1 .. t,- t ).1,1t.. _IkS1 /I'm 14.+°:'t 1.. 4,-....'' ': 4 i.t AW.Nr:ik IC-' "4, ?., ..'''. TM. ..,0,15-; )4., O. 4,..t . 1-,* F.4. I-:-., t I. 1% . .:}:,.1.4*.t.':'-40:!...... ,::.t; Ari fl', !LIt-y,t`-; .. , ... 1.1,:;';44'-'-/S.. ";. 1, `t '", '''' .4--'''''''' .:' -.1"' ;-Irit' it 1 . ' ./.....1--.,..:... 10.4L ).:. 3 - 7 .' , %ail V .. $tAta."1;7,fat,:l ,' .r...,4 ':_,... -:.i 4.4'41..2.4', ,.. 2i-,'." '4-''. . '...,:; ;: e.'..' , - ,.,4-4. :.!ii t . ... ' ^. 14114....'14 'Ai .. .4' ....* 11.4,..4.:", , 4"14 . ' . . , ., J. 4*: ' ' ,. i . ..i. -,11 .:.'i '.: °.V...' .t-'. ' .). _: ." t ... .,I. , . : . ij '1, ''''').!* ,. .... r rt. 44 ie . . 1.: ; .14 V: *Ili " ".. . .4 " I -- ' - e . . , '71; .4. 0 44, t r : -4 ? .g tt . it. 4 . , ". . , P:V,../AnZo '; A,4; !"%,4' , : 4 .5. 3, 4f I. s. t. . t .0* st114F ^ 4 ' . f 1 $.4.N y.t-. - J. " 1.44r $:11.¡ )4 App....lit-" ` A :, rta. ar.e--(4":1 .t '.° / Irt. ..t AV :.1L:4' 4 *1..,....Crt '40 -ell"k.t!' S ti43 ..!'` 4".?:t Wi.q . ie

tr 'V- 4. LIST OF STATE PARKS AND FORESTS'

a ,ALA RA MA isforfralaifra.Ilorsrshoe Bend, site of victoryof Andrew Jackson over Upper Creek Indians. 1814; Port Touloutle, site of Indiantown of a I isskigi.post of French 1714. British 1765, Amerjean 1814; Montpelier, burial pia of David Tate, made military post byMidrewJackson: William Weather- ford burial place; Fort Confederation, site of French Fort 'Tombecbee,1745; Twenty-seven Mile Bluff, grave of Henri Total, early French settler; homestead of Sam Manacle; Pole Cat Springs,a e1ebrakd campmeefing place. ARIZO.VA.Xone. . ,. ARK A Ns.4s,----P1 lt Jean State k. CA L'IA.---Unlifornin State 11441wood Park,ilumholdt State Redwood pa t.0:tr Diablo,BurneyFalls.GekneralBidwell. 4 COOkAb0.None. ,. coNXECT)ert.Sherwood 4;:land,Hunt Park. Mount Tom. MountBushnell, Seidon2itlek1 Haystack, Ivy Mountain, MohawkMountain, Great Hill, West 1 Mashamoquet Brook, Saptree Run, Macedonia Brook,Bolton Notch, 'Dart Island. Wharton Brook, ButtoulaillBrook..Kent Falls, Hammonasset Beach, Mack Pond, DeVil's llopyard, Lake Wfiramaug,Wooster "Mountain, Nathaniel LyonMemtortal,Hamaston Brook, Campbell Mills, QuinebaugPines, Mount -Carmel, Wolf Den, Minnie Island, Fort Shantok,&plant& Meshomask. Nipmuck, Union, Simsbury, Housatonit, Natchaug, sidawk,Tunxis, People'sForest. Public monanienti.NInnumentto Maj. John Nasal). who overthrewthe Pequot hams in 163T; monumentto Istael Putna4, senior major-generalof Ameri- enarmies In Revolution; shaltmarking 'grave of Nathan Hali;patriot; NJitfinuiel Lyon bionument, Mexicanand Civil War soldier, killedatWilti+m's Creek, 1861.Tri Mountain; BlackItock;.Cockaponset ;Nepang;Nehantic; Pool al ark; Nougat uck. f

MLA WA RE.--N4ste. t . ,. ,s. . [ FLORID:I.Royal PalmState Park, Dade MemorialState Park, Naturalk li .,..... Bridge, PortSt. Joe, Oluitee State Park.. .:',1; . .'-'s, --. .. ,.er GEOROIA.None: a .1. . , IDA110.Heyburn State Park.on Chateolet Lake rind St. Joe Itiver, at the e -sontb end ofthe larger Coeur d'Alene Lake,in the northwesternpart(')fthe'';:',:f.'',.i.1 State; PriestLake State Forest. a, , ,, thLINO18,-4Jook CountyForest Preserve; Starved RoCkPark LIFort Chartres* awned torthe Dult. de Chartres,s(t).of the regent of. France;'Fort Maslow; blltlij1,757 b)i the Fretich,captured in 1765 by the British,and taken by the 4merieans.6IderGeorge Rogers Clark in 1,778;Lincoln Monument and Lincoln MemorialHall, Old SalemPark where Lincoln kept store, practicedSurveying, becamea captailyin the Black Hawk War, studiedlaw and Was elected to the. shame;Vaudalia Courthonse: .00cupied, fretii1:4; as thecOnrthon444 tte County; DouglasMonument Park, ChiCigo, where StephenÀ. Dour 14tswas buried; the Lincoln'Homesteadaplain Ltwo-stary home of,t;zorooma; irir

Reporton State Parks,aod pivots: The National Conference. dinitatéParks.Waatt. , , . 84 PLAYGROUNI1S OF THE NATION . .. Metamora Courthouse,ziereAbrahamLincoln practiced law,built in 1845; Fort Creve Coeur, 'called" Creve Coeur" (broken heart) becauseof serious difficulties La Sallewasunder at the time;tvon illockhouse,where Lincoln served asa soldier intleBlack Hawk War,on the Lincoln Highway; Shah- bona Park, occupied by monuMent built by the State (Shabbona, forwhom. it is named,wa;aPottowittamiechief who tried towarn the settlers of Black Hawk's intention to slay them); Cahokia .Mound*, largestpretistoric,artificiala earthwork in the United States. and oth(r smaller mounds;Garrison Hill." Cemetery, resting place of_)pioneers of old village of Kotkaskia,a 20-acre tract bought by the StAte in 181 after the original burial groundwas washedasiay; oy: toElljatiParsons Lovejoy, forerunner .of emancipation, built b7 the State in Alton Cemetery in 1897at acostof $30,000. INDIANA.Turkey. Run; MrCormick'sCanyon ;Clifty Falls; theLanier Homestead:Muscatatock;Dunes of Lake Michigan, at Tremont, about50 miles from Chicago; Clark CountyState Forest; Lake James; SteubenCounty. . IOWA.Backbone. Bellevue, Theo. F..Clark,Clear Lake, Devil's ,Lake,Dol., liver Memorial, Eagle Lake, Eldora' PineCreek, Farmington, Fort Defiance, Gftchie Manito, FOrt Atkinson, OakGrove, Lacey-Keosauqua, Ledges, Cepley, L6Viis and Clark, LostIsland, Niellium Lake. Merrick Park, MoreheadCaves,

Oakland Mills, Orleans Park, Palisades,, Met-Knob, Elbert, Rice Lake., Rush . Lake, Silver Lake (three in different counties).Okamampedan (Tuttle) Lake and Park. Wall Lake, TwinLakesand Park, Wapsipnicon, Flanders-Bixby, - Little Wall Lake. , KANSAS.John Brown Memorial ParkatOsawatomic, of 20acres (the John Brown Memorial Park is the site of'the fight,on August 30, 1856, when Capt. John Brown's force of 40mep was overcome by400 " border Alians,"or

pro-sMvery men); Pawnee. Rock' State Park,.at Pawnee Rock;Fart Hays . SfatePark. at Hays;Scott;Mead County; Neosho County; Pittsburg. -. KENTUCKY.Cumberland State Park(MktgonPine Mountain,near

Pineville. just riorth of Cumbèrland Gap);KentncldrNatural WO State- ParAc (this isa great rock arch, on the dividing ridge between te two counties 'inthe Red River Valley in eastern Kentucky); Fort Harrodili, site of-the '

first settlement.. .1n.Sentbcky by John RogersClark; Bluetand Gray'State Park; , ... Kentenia. . e. .' . 4LOUISIANA.Longfellow Memorial,on Bayou Teche, 100 miles north of New Orleans, where Evangeline, de orted from Acadia,met her lost lover, Gabriel.. State 'game prelterves.--Thê Rc kefeller Preserve;the Russell Sage Preserve, i. ...covering Marsh Island, on the Gulf of Mexico ;stile State4WildLife Refuge; Rainey Refuge, donatedto the National Association of Audubon Societies by Mrs. Grace Rogersas a memoriayo her brother. Paul Rainey;Irapides. . , MAINB.Stategamerefuges.KatahdinPark Game Preserve, Rangeley Game' 'Preserve,Deer Isle.Old fort?.--Fort Machias; Fort Knox; Fort St. Georges;

Fort Edgecomb; Fort Pdpham; Fort Baldwin; Fort MeClary.,formerly Fort . William, named for the famous fiirWilliam Pepperell;the Sugar Loaf Islands.

MARYLAND.The six State-owned forestsare: Four in Gayretf County .-

Skipnish, Brier .Ridge, Herrington Manor, Kindness;one. atFort 'Frederick,.,. :east of BigPooion the potomac River"; the other just west ofo Baltimore on the Patapsco River and Swallow%Falls-MuddyCreek Falls.,Fort Frederick is one of the befit preserved forts ofpre-Revolutionary days.It is in the forma . ofa square 240 feet onaside withcorner bastions, with walls 2p feethigh.

.Itwasbuilt in. 1756 by the ,Colonial gofernot,Horatio Sharpe,on.the then. , .., ,-.1-..,1. frontier. .. .

' .

t1 . . 4t. ,;: ?.." . 010 rLIST OF STATE l'ARKS D FORESTS 85. t . MASSACHUSETTS.--OakhomForest; Octoa Mountain; Otis;itPe1,4Peterz t. sham; Pittsfield; Sandisfield; Shawnd,Shutesbury; Spencer; Suttoir; Temple- ton; Tolland-Granville; Warwick; Wendell; Westminister; Win6or; Worth- r :4 ington;. Arthur WartonSwann ; Harold .Parker; AlylesStandish; Otter.River: Savoy Mountain; Ashburnham; Bash Bish;.--Blandford;Beartown; Clarksburg; -..- Colrain; Conway);Erving;.Hawley; Ilubbardston;Leominster;Mohawk Trail; Monroe; Mount Grace: Northfield.:Slat()reserratfonn.MountGreylockReser- vation; Will Mountain Reseiviktion: Mount EverettState Reservation; Deer Hill Reservatknr; Mount TomStatee Reservation;PurgatoryChasm; Mount Sugar LoafState Resesivation.;Goodwill Phrk; Motint 'AnnPark; Rocky 4. f s Narrows; GovernorHutchinsmf'sField: Monument MountainReservation; Pine Knoll; Petticoat Hill\Parsons Reservation;Carlisle PinesReserv.ation;Gilson Hill Resetvation; Torrey. . . ¡Helm-JAN.-11.H. Dtky;. Youngs ; Harrisville; Wm. MitellEastTawas;, Gladwin;F.'W. Fletcher; Dunes; BurtLake; GrandHaven%Otsego Lake; Island Lake,Dodge Bros. . No. 1; r:H. Hoeft; Marquelte; DodgeBfos.No. 3; Dodge Bros. No.5; Dodge Bros. No.7; Dodge Bros: NO.9; BloomerNo 1; Bloomer No 3; Magnus ;-ilaragh :.Bay City; Huron ; Van Buren; Higgins Lake:: John WalkerWells; Traverse City; Presque Isle;Grand Traverse;Ouawnav; Ci!ebvygan; Interlochoon ;.liengfe;Wilson 'Charles ; WhiteCloud Hills: Orchard ; Cedar Bench:.Hanson;Aloha.:.51n9liegon; Dodge Bros. No.2; Dodge 'Bros. No. 4; Dodge Bros.No. 0;Dodge Bros.No. 8;Dodge Bros. No. Bloomer No. 10; 2; Bloomer No..4;Brimley; Fort Wilkins;Lake City;St. Clair; Straits; DodgeBros. Menoskon; Grande Point Sable; LittlePointSable, 7 .MINNESOTA.Alexandey MIsey. Birch Coulle,Camp Release,FôrtRidgely, Garvin Heights,lloraceAustin,nter-State, Itasca, Jay. . Cdoke,Lake Bemidji, Minneopa,MinnesotaScenic, Scenic,Sibley.Sleepy Eye Lake, ToquaLakes,. Traverse destioltx.White Water, WoodLake. LakeChetek,yipestone,Chim- ney Rock. . 'Th ' MISSINSIPPLRorie. . . t MISSOURLAlleySpring State IN Park, containsa spribg withaverage daily 400 flo* of 55,00009gallons fromuniiera cliff intoa spring branch mile joins. which ina Jack's 'Fork;BennettSpring; the Bi¡4SpringState Mark Twain Skite Párik;, the Park; the Round SpringState. Pall;the Sequiota Park;the Ellington State. Tract; Montauk; Franklin;Arrow Rock;. Sam..A.. Baker; Gilchrist. , -.. ..MONTAN4.Stillwat:erState Forek, ...... Swan RiverState.Forest. Coal:Creek RiteForest, ,- Sula State Foreit,ThompsonRiver StateForest,Cleatwater StateForest , , , LincolnState Forest. , . .v. . . NEBRASICA.Chadron ,. Statepark, Arborledge, VictorsSprings,'Font]; IleneFore%,-Stolley Park. Public fishinggrounds.Givseaud AlkaliLakes, WalgrenLake, Rat-an4Beaver Ldkes, FrontinelleForest. f'111 NEVADA:Rocreationirounds andgame refuges.:Elko County; State Jarbridge RecreationGrovnds; Elko County,gumboldt.State Recreation Humboldt Glround; County,Santa-Rosa StateRecredtionGroundand GameRquge: NyeCounty*Grant State RecreationGround andGame Refuge;Ne County. ReeseRiverState RecreationGround and GameRefuge; WhitPiL...... Lehman County, I. State Vecreation'Ground.andGame &Refuge;WhitePine Co CreekState ty, Schell RecrrtloilGround andGame 'Refuge;Lincoln 10 Grant CJuntyaddition 4 Staie, RecreationGround and , Refuge;WashoeCounty.sanctuary' forantelopenorth of ,..:i. Smoke Creekdelert along ,-.:.-'fi, California-Nejvada, line; and forqualf.andpheasant alongTruckee River; also . StorerCounty addition,:1 -:-';"'41 ..'. , ,. ,,, i 52802°-27. 7-- . ,f.' '.11 : % ',,V-. r...... :..,f r: , .. . r . .a., .../ ,`.:4 . /; ,..1 : . - ...... t t *:ti .i. r'f.' ?-4.i,' r.,i- r..m, .:.II ', . . :.; . b.''':i.. .t.-g.' ...... : .3t... , ...., 0 ' .% . -..,r.r. -; ...-tv-eit''-t. ... .,-I.;..1 .::; , . -. '*. 1,6 - .4 :, .. .. :4' ! ' 1 `.1-.1-iCA':`'t "e`44$ :' li; ...: ' ... ( 1 ' " 4 .it.k;it,s, i6-.1:414,,.i.,,.--):.....,..;,.!..4:L.,,.4,..i.:::,.)-,..ol. --itioi-ti,,,:,,-. -,710:Iti.H.,,,t,:#v.-4,itsplo*,,;tAidt..... -.It ,,,s: ., 4 flit 0 11,, V,IC i-geve-i..2 ..40-,;:.:1-,..-11-N:;:_.ty.:.:v,:-,;:.?...".;4,...."#:7."'% ..1k j.N., .. 1;:...'.-4:'..1t*Ii; '''.1 ....'.. V l'i:''' .i.j".'T,..;: '...1 (K: - " iro....,4....:,,...t..... A 'I' '.':.' C 6:0,:ltf,*.r:if .P1q1142 1PP 'r7171:212'V:1::1 ''I:i .:!rf-S°!:04 .a. t P'' ! LW. 1 ".I;.n'.44ifirt°frk.4" : . t r k 4 A .17T j t .r - _ . . t. 86 PLAWROUNDS OF THE NATION for quail and pheasant;- Cla'rk County:Lander County, State. Recretition

Ground and Game Refuge; State'RecreationGround. andGanie Itefuge)for4 . antelope, White Pine County; publit domain in Churchill County; Lincoln 4 County, Cathedral Gulch State Recreation Ground and Game Refuge.;Clark County. Flaming Fire State Recreation Ground in the vicinity of St. Thorium;

Lehman Caves: Pueblo Grande. 0 NEW HAMMIIRE.Forati and reservations.Miller Park, Cathedraland Horse Ledges,konadnockrHaven.Harriman-Chandlur. Crawiord Notch, Mer.

Pit Hump, Huckins, Everett, Walker,Davaille,Alton Boy, Mast Yard, Sentinel

I Mountain, Livermore- Falls, Blue Jop, Mascoma, Litchfiel.SalmonFalls,Bear Brook, Sugar Hill, Kearsarge, teremy Hill, Cardigan Mntain, Honey Brook, Stoddard, Dodge Brook. Black' Mountain, Scribner-Fe lows, Contlicook. Not- tingbam.*P-onemab.Craney Hill,'OylOr, Pillsbury;Marshall, Conway Common Lands, Beech, Fox, Annett. Annett, Green Mountain, Glover. Welton Falls Ow of thisname).Pawtuckaway, Blair. Red Stone.ForeAts.Lend Mine Bridge. Shelbourne; Snyder Broolc. Randolph; Josoh Story Fay. Woodstock; Farrar, Pack Monadnock Temple; South Baldface Chatham; Kearsarge (Pequawket) Chatham;Rhododen&o'n;Fitzwilliam; Sky Pond. New Hampton. Walter R. itDavis Memorial, Jackson: Mount Sunapee, Sunapee: LostRiver."Woodstock? Roadside Pines; Tanworth; MasonianReservatian.publin andJaffrey; Prhneval Pine Trees, Sutton; Derby Woods. Dublin. Mount Monadnock; Royal Arch, Springfield; Cathedral Woods, Conway; Beaver Meadows.Woodstock; frank West Rollins Memorial, Warner, Mount Kearsarge; Richard M. Colgate

. Mennvial, Smapee; Hillside adjoining Royal Arch, Springfield; City Hill, , Nelsom '. NEW JERSEY. Bass River StateForest, Jackson Forest, Lebanon Forest, MountLaurel Forest, PennForest., Stokes Forest, Swart'swood Lake Park, Washington Crossingyark, HackleparneyMemorial State Forest' Park. High Point State Park, Pal:sades Interstate. I . NEW II E X le0.None. . NEW YORK.Pinger Lake StateParks.WaticinsGlen.EniieldGlen, But- /termilk Falls, Taughannock Falls,Fillmorediem,Montour Glen, .Bluff Point. Forest oreserres.The Adirondack Park,Mount Marcey, the Catskill Park, Lake George, Tongue Mountain, John Brown!sFarm; St. LawrenceReseivationor o International Park, Saratoga gprings, Curtis GamePreserve, Boonville Gorge, Taconic l'ark.Patin.adex Intemtate eark in New York and Ne.n.Jersey.- , *Blauielt Rifle Range, Bear Mountain, HookMountain.,Storm. King Core. Highlands-Ramapo area is called the HarrimanPark.Harriman0 section.- Kanawauke chain oflakes, Lake Stalmhe, Lake Tiorati, Upper and Lower Twin Lakes, Upper and Lowg CobassetLakes, Summit and Barnes Lakes. 'Westchester parks.-L-Mohansic Park; Manursing Island Park ;,Croton Point; Tibbets Brook Valley; Woodlands Lake; GlenIslfinil;'HUtchinsonRiver Park- way;Silver Lake Park; Kingtiland Point Park; Saw Mill RiverParkway, Crugers; SawMillRiver Parkway Extension; Hutchinson River Parkway4 1 tension:CroAs-countyParkwayf.laxon Woods Park; iMgmaroneckRiver Parkway; golf course along the Mamaroneck River at North Street.White t Plains; Pelham-Port&testerPattwtry, Glen Island approach; &SilverLake f r ,pide additions; Splain Brook Parkway; connection from Bronx Parkway to Albany Post Road; additional-approprlation, TibbetsBrOok. alai, Nepperham .Heights Parkway; Vditional lands, Nepperham HOghts Parkway: Hutchinson -; Croton River Parkway; Poundridge Reservatiop ._ River ParkwayOnions; RingP .Rye"Beach.. Long iftland qtate parks.--Jones Beach,'Firt; Nand, Devi-. r Stab:Park, MontaukPoini. "Niagara galls .Reseivation.Historic .,preserva- . iZ4 tions:-.4ohnBdyd Thacher PArk;Sto4Point Battle_ Fieldkeservation; John j*\ . . . : 444 _ . ". ., . ) r s t . t 'rbeer, $1" r. t, . . . , -dr.,;41, iip4 I aiis J. Al 41: ." e:4;1 1 4 tie '''"Wa-. 14.04. g 11" v;t1.-.$y, Qv, kataid2 s_lo,V4- ri.V!' . LIST OF STATEPARIgiS AND FORESTS 87 William Draper Memorial Park;theIndreMonumentat Tappan ;"Philipse Manor Ilall, at Yonkers; Diamond IslandPark; Fort Brewerton,an earthwork of the colonial perilal, inHastings, .Oswego County;Battle Island Park;Lake George battle ground;Crown Point;Letchwork Park.State ItuAcum.---Clark Reservation, Lester Párk,Stark's Knob-, SquawIsland, ChittenangoFalls Park. Historical. :WmBenningtonbattlefield,'Washington'sheadquarters, Spy Island, Montcalm Park, .Newtonbattle field, Sir William%Minor Mansion and Blockhouse, the Herkimer Homestead,the Guy ParkHouse in Amsterdam, the Schuyler Mansion inAlbany. Fort Crailoin RenSselaer, theSenate House .0# at Kingston, the Saratoga BattleMonument, theGrant Cottage atMount i *McGregor. ;Mai/TA ROLLV.4.MtwuntMitchell StatePark. 'Fort Macon StatePark, Itoldevous. NORTH DAKOTA.----WalhallaState Park:Fort AbercrombieState Park; Fort AbrahamLineoln State Phrk;Fort Rice StatePark; Ariknra Indian Village: PembinaState Park; CampAtchison-historitaisite; Fred SMithState 'Park;-HomerState Park;McPbails Butte historicalsite; CampKimball historical site; J. °S.Weiser StatePark;Streeter State Park: Dead' Buffalò, Kidder County; Hunting Lodge. Butte; FortBerthold; Camp Corning, Barnes County; Fort Diltz, BowmhnCounty. OHMCanalrotfrroir laiios.LakeSt. Mary's, IndianLake. Buckeye Lake, Portage Lakes,Loramie Reservoir.Dean Forest ; Waterloo Forest: Scioto Trail . State Forest:-Pike StateFOrest; Spiegelt;rove StaiePark. the homesteadof President RufherfordB. Hayes,at Fremont; LoganElln Park;a small tract surrounding.the elm under whichthe Indian ChiefLogan is saidto have read .:. .themessage of Lord Dunmore,att44ng1usion ofa treaty ofpeace in 1774; ...., Fort Ancient,310acres inclosing the ivutthworks ofWhin has beencalled the masterpiece ofthe mound buildersin the Ohio Valley;Serpent Mound State Park, an earthork in the form aa huge serpent, 1,254 feet long.swallowing 1 f an egg; Big Bottom Parl,scene of aassacre of 14 'whites IX Indians-, January 2, 1791; Fort Laurens,site of fort erectedin the nortirernpart of f 4TuscarliasCounty in 1778;Schoenbrun k'ark. siteof Village ofSchoenbrun, founded by' 4 Moravian missionariesin 1772; FortSt. Clair Park.near Eaton, .. 1 site ofbattle with 1 Indians in 1702;Site of Fort Aliplidillbuilt in War of 1812, .' includesmilitary cemeiery;Miamisburg Mound.Montgomery County,largest prehtsloricmound iti:the State:Site of Battle of FallenTimbers. %WereGeneral 1 .Wayne defeated Indium s in 1794;- Tecumseh State Park. siteof .battle ofPiqua, ,. and birthplaceof Indian ChiefTecumseh, in ClarkCounty.Deani, Shawnee, . Pike,-kiotaTrail,Waterloo. ....; "- . . OKLIHOMA.None. . . . OREGON.BradleyPark, at Clatsop.Crest tnthe ColumbiaRiver Highwai in ClatsopCounty; Ditto Park,4.88 . - acres, on the ColumbiaRiver Highway mey Rainier,Columbia County;HolmanPa'rk,Salem; HelmickPark, Polk empty; .. Mayer Park,Wasco County;Emigrant Park,Umatilla County;Booth , P9rk.DouglasCounty; Memaloose Park, WascoCounty; .Viento.Park, Hood , . .., ..i. RiverCounty:- Chandler 4. Park, LakeCounty; Bonneville-Casade.Locks Park; ,; . Emtgrant _... .Hill Itark;Umatilla 'IndianReservation: GangloffPark, Union .... County; -. Hunters Head'Park, Curry County;Boiler BayPark. 'LincolnCounty; :4-J Otter ;,. Crest Park.Lincoln County;Rocky Creék Park,Lincoln County;Moms , .., Creek . . Park, CurryCounty...... PENNSYLVANIA.,--Michaux fr .,...._ and Mont AltoStatesForests, MontAlto .. ,"?,..11 &aleForest, BuchananState 'Forest, Tusearora StateFotest. Ifothroek State ..::::;:.':;:',. Fprest.Logan StuteForest, PennState Forest, Karoolidinha . . (Bald Eggle) . , I e 4,, 6 . . . , . .% . ' r . ;It. W:" A;. ( ..1 ' "1, ,.. .s- .. - 0-4-./. ... i ,, r.... 4 , ; I ..:V" .... (. . ' - 4 1 .. I. _ : ' . t.' . , . _ ,'. '.' .. ", 1 s...i ''',. ',,L Ir ,. 1,. I.j:11i ..j.ii. s.: j t ' :. L:sl.. '.. 12."' 1;. 447'''17.4 ijt..:¡.:,?4.;.."'',:?; ;.. i..1.7-...0.1'0,4, , ikiik;.,:. I...4 kir-:?,,;.:...-.4 :-"' 1;.: ,': ,::',-.,11-ts"AirP!IP,P:14i).7.14i:rtn.".17;,, !.-tr...),(13X:Sr..ir't..1".:r_ fr i',,, , i L41,1 . , r.:21; ., Av. ,.-.er.C., T.,'...,,:. Z.4 : :4;* ,...... - . p. i. i..,...Z. Z:, a.%I', tTI Ike '),;1 .,,,:* ehiftyv.7a, a,.1.tty;rak '.;',..2.;!:,.i t", .:: Cr::: .:-. . i . . ...v.v..,... -ri N. f j.I. .. v " ::--.".vi,.,k, ;,° ..:/_1:01r , '.,..1.z.i.:L.;¡ .5. .. ctxrrit# .-~e ';.-ttA 4' g .sriiii,. r 4../4P-,-, 0 A , r 4 , . 88 PLAYGROUNDSOF THE NATION ht, State Forest. MoshannonState Forest, Sproul StateForest. Sinnemahoning §tateForest, Titulaghton StateForest, Elk State.Forestdistrict. Susquehannock -State Forest,- TiogaState Forest, DelawareState Forest, GeorgeW. Childs State Forest Park, Hairy John'sState Forest Park,Caledonia StateForest Park, Mont AltoState Forest Park, ValhallaState ForestPark, James Buchanan State Forest Park,Leunard HarrisonState ForestPark, Snyder- Middleswarth StateForest Park, Coxe'sValley View, CherrySprings DM*, Laurel Smatpit.State forest ntonumente.Martin'sHill StateForest Monu- ment, Joyce Klimek StateForest Monument, -Ole BullState ForeitMonument; Mount RiansareS StateForest Monument,Alan Seegar State ForestMonument, Minna Logan StateForest Monument.McConnell Narrows StateForest 'Mom; went, Bare Meadows StateForest Monument,Detwellee RunState Forest Monument, Adams Fall, DarlingRun. Baldwin, kooser,Prouty Place,Patterson. State parks.Valley Forge Pint.Washington Crossing 'Park. Pennsjlvania State Park and Harbor, PaoliParade Ground,Camp Curtin, FortWashington Park. RHODE ISLAND.Woonasquatecket Reservation,Mashapaug PondReserva- tion, EdgewoodBeach, SillhouseCove, Metcalf Field,Corliss Park. WestRiver Reservation, SeekonkRiver Reservation,Neutaconkanat HillReservation, Nar- ruginsettParkway. Dr. GeorgeB. Haines MeinorialPark. NausauketBeach Reservation, ArnoldsNeck, ChepiwanoxetReservation, BarringtonParkway, Pawtuxet RiverReservation, Lincoln WoodsReservation, TenMile River' Reservation, MeshanticutPark.1 SOUtHCAROLEVA.None. SOUTH DAKOTA.CusterState Park, inthe Black Hills. TENN ESSEE.ReelfootLake. TEXAS.LWashington--- Park, GonadState Park, SanJacinto StatePark, Gonzales Park, King's Park,Mary Campbell,Barreda, Weslaco.Beeville, Fredericksburg, Katemcy,Malstrom, Eden,Johnson, Foster, BigSpring. F. M. Weaver, Tahoka, Plainview, Wayside,Ferguson BrosMemphis. Stanford, Abilene, Mother Neff,Balton, Dilley,Macken, Mayhew.Thomas. Fort Stockton. Goidthwaite,Burg, Tipo.Boerne, Schreiner,Robinson, Buescher,Champion, Goree, Jefferson Davis,Young, JohnHenry Kirby, Cleburne,Linden. Marshall. Atlanta, Ross, De Kalb,Leonard,Gardner Memorial,Kirbyville,Rusk, Montgomery County. UTAILNone. VERMONTi---GeorgeAitken, Arlington.Batten, CharlesDowner, Groton, M. J. Hapgoisl.' L.R. Jones, Lyndon,Mansfield, aPjoctor-Pipe,Putnam, Towns' shend, West Rutland,Mount Philo StatePark, Camel's Hump,Calvin Ctiolidge. VIRGINIA.State Forest. WARHINGTON.Moran StaiePark,beceptionPass State Park,Larrabee State Park, Bay ViewState Ijrk,Twanoh state Park,Mahler Staté Park. Sequim Bay, Schafer,MillersylvaniaMemorial StatePark, Poison, Matilda N. Jackson State Lewis and Clark-State Park, Crawford,Vashon. Islal Rigney, Redmond, Black . River, Zillah,Alger. Clearwater,Olympic Peninsula. o -, WEST VIRGINIA.--The Four.H CampingParks; .BerkeleySprings; James Rumseyi who Inventeda steamboat prior to Robert Fultonand made Itrun 04 I : the Potomac; Motwdsville;Point Pleasant. . .V. . WISCONSIN.--7-Devils Lake,Peninsula,Nelson Dewey,Interstate Park, Patti- ,. . son, Perrot, Brule, Cushing MemorialPark, BelMont,Rib Hill.Staieforents. Ashland, Bayfleld,. Burnett, Douglas,Forest, Florence,Iron, Marinette, Onfidl ,;- ''.,; Polk, .Price, Musk, . .4: Sawyer, Taylor,Vilas, Washburn. . '..., e. WYOMING,--7-B1g , I .. .. Horn Hot SpringsStateReierve." .' : It JA1 ..t.0k...,.... .i ";''1 It.''". :.. .1'i . ,. I ' s ' 1. !.: t ' . f I .. r .; I . . ..h.....,.l',.t_..,. a . k :.;-,. , . , . -.:. - .,...,...... 4 ':' )...1 . . , '..4' .' - ,,,(1./....,:iir,,,,, f4,-,..., . 44-...:,,:le, t.,. to_ ,;. A...-",..,,..i.-1.;,--07 -. -...6., .0,,,, ,-,,,.v. IN; !.x. vi.e.,...... 1 . 4 t., .1.\--... ..,...t..yit.., I..., ...Ont.:- -3,,ze: ,r,:. ,,. . ,,,,;:,. ,..-1,-.,,.. ; * ,.,. - ....:1.,-..:r, ....,4 -1..,-;1:-:'14,- tj. 4, ier; ; -PLAYGROUNDS OF THENATION 89 PICTURES

From Perry Picture Co.TheLake, D'ance of theNymphs, SOing (Corot);Forest Pool, Forest Road (Lambert); Evening's CoolingShades (Chwala);Spring (Knaus); September, Zuber) ; Frightened Bather(Mme. Demont-Breton); The Sanctuary (Landseer); Sunset in the Forest at Fontainebleau(Rousseau).Forests, Grand Canyon,Terraced Rocks, Yellowstone ,Park, NiagaraFalls, OM FaithfulGeyser. A MountainRicer, A e MouviiinLake. American Bald Eagle,Mallard Duck,Cunvas-back' Duck.Wood-duck, Snowy Heronor Little Egret. Mamiarin Duck,Prairie Hen, GreatBlue Heron, Pintail Duck, American, Coot, White Ibis,Brandt's Cormorant,American Bittern,,GohlenOrioles, American Blue Jay, Red-headedWoodpecker, Bobolink,Wren. Black Wolf,Coyote, Moun lea Sheep, Raccoon,Common Mole, Weasel,Gopher, Mink, Muskrat,American Elk, Walrus, Polar Bear, FerretFlowers In naturalcolors.--Goidenrod.American Mistletoe, Iris, Yellow Lady's Slipperand Painted Cup,Swamp Rose Mallow, LatePurple Aster, Black-eyed Susan, MountainLaurel, Trailing Arbutus. From Elson Art Publication CO.Dnwn(Eggleston); Summer Afternoon(Benson); ; Catching Minnows (Curran)Deer inForest (Boaeur): Mellon EatersMurillo); ;. Prince Don (Valesquez)On the Beach(Blommers) ;Fog Warning Vlorner); , . Dawn (Eggleston); Helping Hand (Renouf). From the University Prints.Entrance tothe Forest(Ruisdael);Dancing Nymphs (Were) ; The Blind Fiddler(Wilkie) ; Wood Near Cornard (tiainsborough);Neapolitan- Fisherboy (Rude) ; Nymphs Bathing (Girardon); Diana With the Stag(Goujon); By . the River Side (Lerolle); Poplars (Monet); DancerDegas) ; Poor Fisherman(Chavan- 1 ; Falcon Hunt (Fromentin);Stag's Thicket(Courbet); Pen Drawingof Oak Trees, Oaks (Rousseau); Oak Tree (DuprO);In*theForest (Peuya.); Matinee (Corot); Reunion of Comedians ina Park. (Pater). ;The Piper (WilliamBlake);Larch:Park anti Forest (JamesDuffield Harding); Marsh svith Storks (Danbigny); The Large Tree (Jan Both); Three Trees (Rembrandi) ; Three Stags,(da Modena); The Scout (Dallin): Black Ilawk (Taft); General Sherman, Robert Louis Stevenson..Abraham Lincoln(St. Gaudens); James Whitcomb Riley (Sargent); Path in the Woods(Weft.); Washington. Surrendering IllsCommission (Blnshfield) ; Adirondack Brook (Wynnt); Landing of the 1 Pilgrims (Boughton); Rocky Mountains(Bierstndt); Lalw ,George(Kensett);Wash- ington Crossing theLrelawore(Lentze); Inthe-Woods (Durand);River Glimpse (Doughty); Landing of Columbus (Vanderlyni; Thomas Jefferson (Stuart); Oxbow of the Connecticut (Cole). From Brown'sFamous Pirtures.EMnee of Children,Pond of Ville-d'Array,(Corot); The Rainbow .. (Millet); The Ferrymnn's Daughter(Adam):The Pilot (Renouf); Summer Evening (Adan) ; Turkey Keeper (Breton); Sheep in Pasture (AugusteBonheur);Pas- turage In tne Forest(Jacque); Landscnpe with-Sheept ; Trumpeters and Danc- 1 ing Boys, DancingBoys with Cymbals,Children Dancingto Sound of Fife andTambour -(Della R(lbbia); Dancing Boys (Donatello): The Sanctuary (Landseer); Boatsat Low .--Tide (Revenue); Forester'; baugiVer(AnsdelD; The' Deer Pnss(Lnndseer);Children Playing(Voegel); Return of the Oyster Fishers (Feyen-Perri.n). .. : , . Prom KeystoneView Co.: Wild Ducksand Geese, Great BlueHeron. Blue HeronNests,.. Nest andBeg of Loon.Black Tern. BlackTern Young in Nest.Nest and Eggs ofMarsh Hawk, Nestand .Eggs of Sparrow .11 Hawk, Woodcock Ilen`onNest (back view),Woodcock * - Henon Nest (side view). NightHawk on Nest. MalePartridgeor Ruffled Grouse Drum- . ming, RuffledGrouse (female).Nest of Ruffled Grouse. Quinn'sNest. Gray Wolf.American Red Fox, BlackorSilverFox. Badger. BlackBear Cobs. BearsFeeding in theNational Park, YoungSeals Sportingon the Beach, Hedgehog andyoung. Group of CommonBats, GreySquirrel, Woodchuckor Ground Hog, America* Beaver. TwoDams and Beaver House Between, Bison,Bison-Cow andCalf, A Herd of Bison,Rocky MountainSheep, Rocky Mountain Goat.Prong-horned'Antelope. A Palr of AmerlowElk. RockyMountain %deDeer,Moose. Herd of Reindeer, Head of Whale.Skinning Whale. Opossums.Man- .. eating Cro-codiles,Big Alligators,Bo's- Tortoise, Pine Snalie.Black' Snake. Rattlesnake. FromForest Service, Unittct ' States Deparitmentof Agriculture: Sets ofabout 50-" . Coloredslides. each set nceomparded byn syllabus for n `lecture, will beloaned for short%o Perlodson condition that borrowersagree to pay transportation charges.to be responsible ftir slideslost or broken, and to forward slidespromptly and ingood condition at the.. . directionof the ForestService. .Applienntsmust Ptate that :theyagree to these conditions.The.suhjecARupon which seta are availableare as follows: Forest . botantv; Conservation of the forest; Forestry in the United States; The work , *of theForest Serviece; Recreationon national ,forests; Agrieullureand forestry; Farm:-...--. -,:, forestry . -..,-,.... in the South; Treewindbreaks;Farm woodlands: Naturestudy and forestrY; ..,.. Lifeofa tree; Street trees;Manual training and...... »..:. , . 4 forestry; Geography and foreStry. .`....:' e Z ! . . .1.,I ::t...7.1:4j.!.. 0 . , ". .0 . P .. 4'-'''' . " .- i ..-. ; t'''t:'!::g:.-:_;..*e...NYI! 4Y: ? ' 4. ;''.'1. 6.: ' ..; ! . *!.., i v.--.0-; . 1'...i".3.'").-` :..-'.. ts-- -/, ; :.'... -.-'"*.-;.% .4,-,..,;-,6:1..`. '7 t:.!.'4:'7*1.4.1.'1. '''...?.9.°(:.. -'' I.: '.\ `r., 41 04,.4.).±- ja +1",,,.., '-r. :7 ,4474 - % - . V . '- ' v . 1 -, ,. ,'" "4',, : !_,,.-,. ,'; - . . ., i:. ...,.,*- 2,-i,-!' : :' : ? ..:,,a...... 44..i-.1%;., t: -.-- .1. - ..-. - 0-; ' 11 * " I- C #als`,,. 60.),? 4., * ,,,: .-.1,,,:lv J.':;;,: :1. -..4,,,02-,;-.4 -.244 ,';i4;;;;:...Nsge444 .. , . .. . i:#1.44-;VA..A. :e;f44-gt.; ;t' -, g t 4 .0 ., - gga r' ! 41;' 'A .46.,'.. . EL 1 _11, to. .41-gt.; -' 0 '0' : .. tk'i."-\;.'- ,,qi ,t*:: t:LiNiiti.A.A.,,e,i,- i .8 ,r X.. -.1 ... ' - .. 7,-.- i.A:.tet,r1, yikp , it c" II,' " i - di ..'1+ VIlt ' .k/. , .i.1 i' MIY ,v' ;.4', 4' 1,_ 'i:Atflg101;"%l.f. .6.+t, w ,, 4 r - - .1 ... ' g .g` .1_1-:tri.' .! .7). %n \S tirkl.?4S!';!'511';e17- AP- t..1"i"417aP1.1'14JO. "; 'IYY1Co Z4 :,7Lifigif-,,,Ill , A'at:. &U4.1.:Tli ,.4!..4.I *relka° .1. ' 90 PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION I :774; . . c . Slidesrom general eoliection..without syllabus,are loaned upon thesame conditions.- Slides y usually be had on till% followiAg subjects: City.trees; Cuttingon national No% Diseases and injuriesof forest tree's; Erosions and floodsp Forest fires andtheir effects; Forest engineering;Forest types; Forestutilization; Forestersat wprk; Grazing tA and Its effects; Homesteads°:Cabins; Camps andranger stations; Individual Species; Irrigation in relation- ióforests; Lumbering; Miningand mine timbers; Plantingand plantations;RepmduetionSilvicultute operations; Topography;Road building;Water supply; Wood preservation;Wood utillkition.

". Addresses for Pidures

40- A. J. Nystrom, 2249-1253 CalumetAvenue, Chicago, Ill. Art Extension Society, 415 MadisonAvenue, New York, N. Y. Brown's Famous Pictuils,38 Lovett Street, Beverly,Mass. Elson Art PUblicationCo., School Street, Bejmont,Mass. The Forrster, Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service;Washington, D. C. Good Housekeeping Magazine, print department,119 West FortiethStreet, New k, N. T.' International Magazine Co.,119 West Fortieth Street, NewYork, N. Y. , Keystone View Co., educationaldepartment, Meadville, Pa. _ Marion Humble, 23 West Thirty-third Street, New York,N. Y.s- The Mumford Co.,Kanakee, 111, The Ptrry pictureCo., Malden; Mass. The University Prints,Newton, Mass. W. D. Moffet, 381 FourthAvenue, New York, N.Y.

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411.

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PIA . .

.*. t . A k : 11' * .* . 1 , / :". I 's . < f.f. 4, ; 7,oFt.f,o -"A

ut,,-,5*-Fi . _ 40

- ..1 REApING LESSONS

("4 REST AND RECREATION A; or

neat n ailing. Grades IV. V, VI: a-

Fourth Readers . How Theodore Rooseveltovercame his handicap A boy'ssong (James Hogg) ; What the wood tire said (Frank L. Stanton);Taking lunch witha wild grouse (Ernest Harold Baynes'; The Fisherman (John G. WhittierlElson.Thecave boy; Swimming hole tielghbors; Sharp eyes; Lost in the woody (Mary T.Colton); King good health wins: The lobster* and -the crabStudy Readers. . The brook(Tennyson); The song of the Chattahood (Sidney Lanier); On a Florida River (Blaney Lanier)ElsonGrammar. M* I BjlIrnstjerne Bjornson); Boys song (James Ilogg)Baker and al Carpenter.

".Fifth Readers

. ..- . Robin lloodReading liternture..1 night among the pines (RobertoLouis Sterenson) I:la-atm.Theglasin'essof nature; Wintersports in NorwayMerrill,A buy'ssong (James Hogg, ; An anxious hour (Maria Audubon)Iogressive Road.A day withthe In- I dians (Steward EdwardWhlte)Bohbs-MerrIllIAdrift inan open boat .,1 . (W. nark i .i Russell) ; The explomr in the farNorth; Cap cooking in the far North(Fridtjof , Nansen,;Backwoods boys' of longago (Stewart Edward White)Modern"Readings. - A gpose hunt In Alaska (Emerson Hough); The song my paddle' sings(E. -Pauline Johnson) ; A song of Sherwood (Alfred Noyes); The ships of Yale (BlissCarmen); A Greek boyat the Olympic games; A Roman boyat play (Jane AndrewsiField. 'BuyScout laws; Bill's hill (HarryStephen Kieler);tamp-tire girlsChild'sworld. Sixth Readers . .. Alone ina forest (Alpheus,hystt Verrill). ; The cost of living in thewoods (Henry David Thoreau) ; Ode tothe tire; Theopen fire (Henry Van Dyke);An idylof the North Sett(Edward Win Bok); Tke wise use of nature's gifts(Gifford Pinehot) Literaraeand Living, Book II.Taking the trail(Emerson Hough); The prairie. fire +Herbert Quick);Kenneth buys his outfit(Zane Grey);Lost In the painteddesert 'Kirk Monroe);The corn andtomato clubs; Our first mealIn typee (Herman %ineiModern Mel-, Readings.Mr. Winkle triesto skate (Charles Dickens);Our frontier marksmen(John James AudUbon);The forest primeval (Henry W.Longfellow) . Bakerand Carpenter.The waste of fire (Angie OusleyRosser); A forest fire(Dorothy Canfield Fisher) ; The ring of the ax (Sara Ware Bassett); The :wont law; A boy *scout; Fun andhealtbStudy.Readers. The nightriders (John Masefield); Getting ready for a vacation (Jerome K. Jerome)Field.Our national parks(Robert SterlingYard); Oa the beach.;How Robin Hoodbecamean outlaw (Howard Pyle)ProgressiveRoagl to Silent Reading. *A letter for boy scouts (TheodoreRoosevelt);Camp-fire girlaof America (Gertrue E. McVenn)Kendail.In'Ardenforest (Shakeepeare)BobbsMer- .rill.Adesolate islandi chaptei2; A voyage of discovery,chapter 3,; A tuccessful age, chopper 5; voy- ; A night's lodging,chapter 8; A castle in the air, chapter 9;A visit, to thetent house, chapter 10:After ten r years, chapter 34Sw1as Family Robi,nson. .

4 FORESTS 4 Theanxious leaf ; The maple and the 'AtliNew Educational,4. Hie away!(Sir . -Al Walter Scott); A forest fire (Joaquin Miller); The sugar-plum tree (Eugene Field) I. , Aiil Young .and _...yr..;ill Field, 4.Woodman,spare that tree (G, P. Morris); A walk in the wo.ods -; 1 (Frances . .t. % W. l'arker)StandardClassic, 4.'The old peartree (Jean Howie Faber); . . .. ,.. . . t . I ' . . ..e. . , . .pi .. s . ..8:1: ."-, ,.,..1 ,, --.i . ,'! ..f *0. *9 1 - ., p-.4:.±ft:.::. : ;!., . ,. ....- 4,14 A ':1 t.!..4:',...;,,fa,',-.,. . -,z :4.10A.'";%' b-'..1 11. i51, n", ! ;la.' %'A... 4; ... 'T A"NS .'4 , 1- - ..%,- t i'.:'.4 .,- . . .".. I': -1+4, ?" 1 . . A* -. r '4. :71-f. ' e VI ..:,1... ''''' -' -w-). .t. - `41. - -1;:f.i':'...;',,.:1.14'i-m...... ;:-..,..-..,.,..,`,%:,'-;%17.;',,,.. 41.-f.il:.,...1!.;.!. -...1" . 4'4...-'..1,:4,[;.,4:. '1`;- ,4,1.'-' ;;Wi-.1'.,-,ii-4,;'' 4*'4-- 'I .. )1.--- 1 ,_ ..,,_,vy .,.....:,-..,. .; I ,,,..::,,...,....,.-.,..,.. - ::?".. ..,I4-2,4 iv-14""11...,;iris Sr 414`::1"... 44.ilr4.44:e.*:'Z'-s.'il. IT :1441:-:),:-. t -, ....r *-'-, _?:k--, ...... ",. .- '. 1 '.... . : -is v ,1, k c i, . "Ii. ¡s*,¡_.- k,` tr.; X../..¡0,J1t; .tik. t.d. '.4...1.4..h ke-" ...4 '...*,:.'I.L0-erks ! -1.xi* h ma plir. k '' .4 ti-FA 92 PLAYGROUNDSOF THE NATION. . ';'!k-. o The gift of the olivetree (Greek Legendl-----Child-LIhntryReaders. 4.Rhoecusareek Myth; Threetrees: Adventures of Robin HoodChildWorld, 4.How the leavescame down (Susan ('oolidge);Hiawatha's ('hildhood(Henry W: Longfellow);The p1/4bble and theacorn (Helen Flag Gould) ; Wishing (Wm,&Hingham);The little land(Robert Louis Stevensou)Wheeler's.Literary Readers.4.What thewood-fire said(Frank L. Stanton); Early settlers (John _James Audubon,;Planting thetree (Henry How the leaves Abbey); ,came down (Susan Coolidge); Mny (George Macdonald);Thetree (Bjornstjerne Djornoon); The miraculous pitcher (N,thanielHawthorneiElson,4.-Imo in tbe woods (Mary T.Colton); The old pine's atory; Tree twins; The railhitand the hare (Lena Dalkeith)StudyReaders, 4.The Mot leaf(Oliver WendellMimeo Moon GraMmar, 4. ,: . How the cliffwas dad (Bjornstjerne Hjornson)ProgressiveRoad. 5. Pinevivo (Rumkin)Cyr,5.Conserveyour birthfIghtti.II.Wallace);Woodman.spare that tree (G. Pa, Morris )-; Facts abouttrees; Three tree*it'.II. Crandall o"; sons tit spring (E. Nesbit); Thefruit treet L. Bail(1) ; Four appletreeit ,(E.roulisso)Fana Life, 5.Apple-Seed John-41tudyRenders.S. SpringMerrill. 5.-A nizlitamong the pines (Robert Louis Steveiroon):The mulberrytree ¡Thomas Love PeaCockiOftrtion.3.

The.lob-stick tEmerson Hough); City trees '4Edna 81.,tnevnt MIthiy1:Kennethwants. to study forestry (ZaneGray); A woman tire tinder (HelenaH. Smith)ModernRead- ings. 5.A journey in Florida ¡John JamesAutlubonlField. 5.Planta tree il.vvy LarcomlChild's World, 5. Forest fires(Overton WestfieldPrice);theheart of the treis (HenryCuyier Thinner): Whot dowe plant? .(Henry Abbeys; John Ap))leseed(ElizabethIlarrilson i Literature and Living, Hold( 117When old forests fail(Arthur Newton Pack); Lost in the !mimed desert (Kirk Monroe)ModernReadings. 6.The planting of theappletree (William Cullen Bryant); Under the greenwoodtree (Shakespeare); The curate and the mulberry ,tree (Thomas Love PencoekiUnkerand Carpenter, 0.The onk tor theNotionaltree Study Readers. 6.Stories found in oldtrnnksStudy Renders. 6.The planting ofthe apple tree (WilliamCullen Bwant)ProgressiveRood to Silent Reading.6.Trees .(Joyce Kilmer)Mageo; 6. TMbrave ola oak (HenryF. ChorleY) Evergreens (Ed- ward C. Pinkney)-7--Aidine.6.Thestag and the cherry treeBaron Aanchaugeno 8 Kendall, 6.The planting of theapple treeWilliam CullenBryant)Bobbs Merrill.6. Lumbering in the big thithercountry tRalph I). Paine);Brier Rose.I Itiorne Bjornsani Barnes. 6.Planta .tree (Lucy L4rcom1-7-Itiverside literntvre.IL Tile India rubber Die. The hollow tree. Chapten XVIand XVIII: Guava. ChapterXV;Where different trees come from. Chapter XVIII;Fir and terebluth, ChapterXXISwiss nmily Robinson. ANIMALS 'Silent reading, GradesIV, V. VI: Fourth Waders ot Thewonderful tarbaby (Joel (handler Harris, Youngand Field.Bruin's horinN match; The oldpossum and her- kittaa----Child Library.Halsor and thebear (Charles 1. Major); The thirdway outChild World. MAMA.Rabbitas n fisherman-4Vheeler's Literary.Pioneer days (David Crockett.); The squirrels at Walden(Thoreau); How the chipmunkgot his stripes. (Flora J. Cooke);Mishook, theSiberian .cubRussiss Tnle--*---Elson.The rabbit and the-hareStudy Readers.The mockturtle (Lewis Car- roll) ; A nittaleCarroll and Brooks.The hound of theplains. thecoyote (Erma Ingersoll): Mr. Sequin's goat lAlphonseDaudet': Monarchs in exile. the bison(Mabel \ Osgood Wright) ; The pet iamb (Wm. Wordsworths;The mountainand the squirrel (Ralph Waldo Emerson): Our gray squirrels i Ernest IngersollIBaker andCarpenter. Fifth Readers Ilrowgit's brothers(Rudyard Kipling : How Ihiffnlo Bill got hisname;.The raccoon (Samuel Scoville,jr.)Progreesivie Rued.Themouse teareron the RhineColumbia. ,. The biography ofa beaver (Hulbert) : The panther hunt(J. J. Audubon):Alunted by a. o f bear (CharitsRead)---Farm Life.Buffalo hunt (J.C. FremontiSprague.The mono- taln and thesquirrel (Ralph WaldoEmerson ) Literary. . What .the fawns': must know (Wm. J.Long)Barnes.Whenyou meet a bear (Wm_ Long)-8tudy Readers. s The bison track(Bawd TayloriMerrill.The buffaloL---Gordon.A funchema guest (Steward Edward WhItf;;Fighting oil' thebears- (AllenChapman) t¡fillinga grizzly (Emerson Hough);An Arctic water-baby(Samuel Scoville, jr,)ModernRetd- lags.Bruin's boxing match(G. D. 'Roberts); The mole's picnic (Kenneth(Irahame): ,..The ghost ofthe buffaloes (Vachel - Lindsay . A French bear&doryI Alexatairs Dumas-) ; The 'wimp fox(William Gilmore , $1/ Simms)Child'a World. , .")4 . ..v4,"--.v4' .t. I, t : ;, 4 3 ' 6.11 Ss. ,s , " .1411 4,t 64 14,-r4110`1t*"!k' ! .2404,_4.4.-44441.;4i4.3r4:'0444,414:.. fa_tr .N4: i?Ptirt:::.: 401 . READING LESSONS 93 Sixth Readers

Critical momenta with wild animals(Ellen Velvin); The taming of animals(ter_ chimers Mitchell);What the earliest Men didfor u.s (Smith Burnham); Roast pig (curies LambsLiterature and Living.Mink II.A yeller dog (BoothTarkinglon) Tbe timber wolf (Stewart EdWard WhitelModern Readings.A narrowescape (Charles Read t Baker and Carpenter.His drat real hunt (HermanIlagadorn from Boy'sLife fit Theodore Roosevelt ¡toad to Silent Reading.Red fox (Charles G.D. gobertssWheelerlLiterary.The plaint of the camel('harlee E.Carryl);Ilow 1" teem»anaturalist (Theodore RooseveltsMagee. The whiteseal (Rudyard Kiplingj 1. Kendall.American bighorn sheepI TheodoreIfooseve)ti i4Howan elk swam to safety Eious.A night witha wolf I ltsmitd Taylor"; The actor andthe pig (Phaedrus)Robbs ¡Merrill.A cry in the nightI William J. Longs.; Reading thesnow (Jim Smiley)Barnes. lisageroo (Chapter Xi: The muskrats 4('hap*1rXXVI1b;-Bears ina cave, Rabbits, Tanning bear skins tehapter XXIX,: Making hats of, skin. Making boatsof skin (Chap- ter XXXIA walrus (Chapter XXXI, .nfriope.A.Buffalo lick (ChapterXXXII); The hyenaI (AmplerX XXIII1--Sul.% Family iIbIIItIfl. I.

1, 131 RDS .

11.nt Grades IV. V. VI: flolif/h Rf itdera

OM Abeentitle.war eagle; Bob White: Budsand bird voices (NathanielHawthorne); The coining .of spring(Helen C. Bacon);Little Roscoe's Canaries¡The Americanrobin; Row birdsprotect trees (Florence MerriumsNiwEducational Readers. Thesandpiper ;Celia Thaxter): The swallowsSir Edwin Aronidi; Robert of Lincoln Minima Bryant Young Cullen and Field.The bird, that,!mikes claypotsKraest Thompson Sean); atcert.» at home (Ernest Harold Baynes) ; Red rilng hood (JohnGreenleaf Whittier); - She whippooewill (FrankL. Stanton); Bob white, Wheat's ripe (W.T. Whitsett) ;.Tbe tillswans Mans Christian Andersen);How the bluebirdwas chosen herald (Jay T. ittocking)Child-Library.The turkey girl (JellFolk Tale); Whippoorivill time (Maas sea Y.Caweills; Themusic les.son (JeanIngelows ; My robin (SarahK. RoltonlChild World.Robin's' comp (Wm. W. Caldwell): The quails(Jataka Tales):Bob white (George (:11Oper) Wheeler'sLi refs)ry Readers. . FifthRf I/d(rit The Flicker (U. l)anridgel:BIMh. songif spring sE.Nesbits; To a waterfowl (W. C. &put);Economic vitae ofbirds (Wallace): My lady's plumes. Audubon Society-s--Farm Life. Spring in. KentuckytJame. Lane Aliens; The albatross (Coleridge); The belfry pima tN. P.Willis-Cyr).Sparrows that liveIna house (Olive Thorne Miller); The ostrich (JohannD. Wyss); Bird life on. the Isle of Shoals(Celia Tbaxter); The partridge 411eary D. Thoreau); The hunt as told byn red partridge (Alphonse Daudet)Gordon. Tbenightingaleand the glowWorm:. Featheredfairies (Henry D.Thoreau); The comical chebec(Olive ThorneMillers Sprague.Robert of Lincoln(William ('ullen liryant); The eagle (Tennyson); The eagle (iretteras Joe)ARivenddeLiterature. r . SixthReaders Ito

am, Stupiditystreet (Ralph Hodgson';Our'vanishing birds(Itudolf.,t.. Croman) tion ; A peti- of the birds(George Friable -IloarsLileratureand Living. Book II.Therome.nce ofa liwun'snest (Elizabeth Barrett Browaing;; The eagle (Alfred Tennyson); The eagle awl theswan (John JamesAudubon.;; To a waterfowl (William CullenBryant) ;Baker and Carpenter.The cardinal (GeneStratton Porter); The *visit of .thewrens (Paul Hamilton[lapse): Hark to the merry birds (RobertBridges)Fleid. Therobin (Gilbert :Pearson); The song of tbe lark; The woodpecker "(F. a L Beal)ProgresslieRoad to ,Bileat Reading,Wehister'squest(Jatiwalame Aikus.-Magee. A birdlure (Ivan Tur- yam);Tbe mockingbird'ssong (Joseph DrakelAldine. The cardinal Oniterman) bird (Arthur : The bluebird (Maurice Thompson);'To'the cuckoo (John Logan)The hummingbird (John JamesAudubon)Elson. The little redlark (Katherine Tynan Ilinkson) ; Tbe oriole's nest (SamuelScoville); The sandpiper (CeliaMiatterieBobba Merrill.-Carrier..PlgeoPP, the 'pigeon house, Chapter,XXIII; The oVIIPIchesa Chapter XXVIII: The ostrich eggs, Chapter XXIX; The ostrich tamer, The-ostrich chidlts4Chapter XXX TileBlackswans, Birds Of Paradise, Chapter xiXIIISwlasFamily Roblnion. ;, . . .. UN: e. r ." ,;.*Vrc

. .. ' .. ¡VI' - .,. .. 4...,- _ , l ..-,.:.4.4.a.10s1.. . , ...... ' . .. _.'.. :'''' itsil.'le";,... ' ' r . I ::':` 4-.,' ,.. .. .,;1.;,.. A -..-; -1.- q \ :4 ...,14., ;+.1.::::;Vtaient./...;.erritt.iimodek,164111k--.:-...... )--7YL,:.4.'t-: 4. I ...rt.-..1..... I...4.4 11': .ta'Y...... ,..Ai..lies...... r."L r .)-..I .....4-.... 4: A, ",4.* - dOi /'0.4. 1'e AN ' 4141.*:-. .ott.,...-40»..Sr....e.....' v2.:lat..... 'ANN , k17- ..

9.44 PLAYMIOUNDSOF THE NATION.,

FLOWERS

Silent reading, Grades IV,V,. VI: King Solomon and the bees Mora J. Cooke);Tbs apple branch The flax flower(MaryHowitt INewEducational Readers, 4.Sept( mber (Helen HuntJackson.); Buttercup gold (Laurs E. Richards)-youngand Field.4.The iscontented buttercup (8. C.Jewett)StandardClassic. 4.Goldenrod(Frank Dewitt" Sherman.; Talking in their sleep (Rd Ith.M. Tbotnas)-Child 'World.4.TheyelloW¡idyl (William Cullen Prysnt); How thedowersgrow (Gallic". Setoun)-Wheeler's Literary. Readers. 4, The dandelion(Nellie M. Garrabrant);The daffodils(WilliamWords. Wortb)-Baker andCarpenter,4. e The daffodils4.WilliamWordsworth);nowplantsare produced-Colutnbin, 5.'1% the *mall celandine.Daffodils(WilliamWordeworth) Tralikm arbutus(Henry Ward

I Beecher)-Cyr, 3.The apple itiossona tV..W.Martin): To blossoms(Robert Herrick) Farm Life, 5.October's bright blue weather(Helen Hunt Jack%onl;November (Anot Cary); jack In thepulpit(Clara Smitb)-Wheekr'sLiterary.3.Daffodils WLflhs Wordsworth); To the dandelion-Merrill.5. Under thesnow (KotherineLeeBates)- Field,5.FOur-leaf clover% (Ella iligginson)-Rakerand Carpenter, 5.Luther Burbtak and his friends (W. K. Tatel-ChIld'sFork'. 5. TheRhoda."'(Ralph Waldo Emerson); To thedandelion (James Russell Lowelli; FlowerinIli).crannied wall tAlfred Tennysont-Rakerand Carpenter. 6.Thewild flower clubIEdnotiTurpin (-Study Readers,(1.:4 Spring(HenryTimroil)-Wheeler'sLit erary, 6.The waterlily(James Jeffry Roche) -Wheeler'sLiterary, 6.Flowers Myles Keller)-Magee, 6,Sweet Peas (John Keats(: Daffodilst William Wordsworth)-AldloA, 6.Daffodils (William Wordsworthi-Kendall, 6.Roadilde dowers (BIllaCarmel: The dandellán (Helen.GrayCone) ; Apple blossonts---Elpon, 41, F1SH Silentreading..IV. V. Ti:

- Fourth Readers 1- Tom and thelobster(Charles Kingsley);The salmon (DavidlerrJordan);The rapture of a whale (Frank T. Rullen)-Baker an.(1 Carpenter.Thebitter (Lewis Cu. roll) Chapter X;Alit** n Wonderland ;"Thewhale's story (Louise M.Akott)-Standar4 (haute.Hiawatha's fils A114-nryW. Longfellow); The fisherman (John 41 Whittler):

s 4Fifth Reader* TurtleridingJordan.Trout (David Starr Jordant-Farm Life.The mockturtles -story (Lewis farro)l)-Robbs-Merrill. 'Mutingfishto plant humour% (William Athena( IPu Pny) ; The sptletre of Tivr Creek (Archibald Rutledges-ProgmlireRoad. On tioar4 a mackerel schooner (Kirk Monroe) ;Ten thousand times under thesea- _clamsTL Iserieuz)-Msdern Readings.The magicsea shell 4Jhn Farrar)..--Fiehi.The¡Aryl of the fisherman (IL W. Lane)Baker 9nd Carpent(T.'Billy a VO .

. . Sixth Readers Hiawatha's sailing (Henry. WadsworthLongfellow); A fight with at octopus (Victor Marie Ilugo)-Literature and Living, RookII.Takingcenus of theocean;The hennas, of the seine (Kirk Monroe)Swordfiabing(WarrenElliott (5aritob); The sliverhorde (Rex Ilesels)-11od(rn Readings.Thestoryofthe salmon (David Starr Jordan)-groy Readers.A walking trip onCapeCod (Henry Thfireau(-Field.WhenTomwest fishing (Thorne* Hughes); Toads (011Ver P. Jenkins)-ProgressIve Road lo Silent Read- lug.The silly jellyfish (Lafcadio Hearn)-Magre.The white seal (RudyardKIpftn Anadventure of aWhale;Adventure In the stomach ofafishKendall.The boy wise .-likedto go tishing-Barneo.Turtle, Chapter XII; Cocoanut c.rah. Chapter. XV;aWW1 of herring, Chapters XX Ind XXI;The.greatgreenturtle, Chapter XXV; Pearl oyaiters, L. s . Chapter XXXV.SwItsFamilyRobinson. . TO

sw. GEOGR4PHY ?Wentresiding, Grades IV, V. VI:

1, , . Fourth Readers . rt72 . +.4. 5.1"13.7; '14." The Child's world;The rhPer (8. 0, Goodrieh) -New Educational.The Northernsea Mary Howitt)-11a11burton.lark to the shouting wind Meter,.Timrodl; Dear r.. , r hV . s. . r 1.9" :t I . . c -Yr tkix,:;"$.ypiplorv .1. .41.,!. .4. 1. Aft.,; s 'I.1,14';;* '.04 "1, '" N-Ver 44,4 .4.VY

'* V "MN, rrir" I... pEADINGLiti!SONS 95 More, dog for me 4Robert B. Rogers); The- frost ; The windy nightT. B. Reed' ;6The sight wind (Eugene Field'4The windmill (Henry .,Lonsrfellowl: Why the sea Is salt : Rain summer 'Henry W.LongtellOwl;Therain4pongRobert LoremaniWheeler'a Literary. Asons for flag day tWIlbur D. Neebit);Astory of the flag (VUhtor Maples); The brook songUnitesWhitcombR6yt...The rivulet (Lucy Larromel;.Raining (Robert !Amman' ; Awtdmderfolu4bover (George Cooper); The fisherman (John G. Whittfer; Rain is summer (Henry W. Longfellow s--Eh.on.Thecave brq§. ; The atbry of a rock:.41sirn. wininghole neighhoraStudyReaders.The brook (Tennyson; The song of the Chests- hood& (ShirleyLanier.; The cataractof Lodore_tRohert, Southey);My visitto 10. %gars (Nathaniel Hawthorne';(in "'Florkl"ricer- (14idney Lanier'15,1son Grammar. A song of 'thesea (Allan Conninghami : The brooktTennyaon)Bobbs-Merril. SnóW- , Mikes (Henry W.Wm/fellow§ ; Jack Frost.(Hannah L. GoeldlBakerand Carpeut.r. Theratnissol (John Tahiti-44mm and Fiehl.- lb OP Fifth.Render"

Moi'thecliff waclad tlijorn*tjerneItiorwson,);The igook(Tennyoon s; The r. mite IE. K. Kaneli'rogreWveRoad.The nrils'senveloper-ColUmbia.now gently. 'meet Apt. Bonnie !boon IltoteertBurns); An iceberg(IttebaidII. Dana)---Cyr.Windy night- alomas Buchanan Reed':Loot in theswamp; John Itidd's -adventuresin itninvorth)- watts's: Among the-Icebergs tikinalGordon,' The wind Iiia frolic (William llowitts; nenug of thc river (Abram J.Ryan)Sprague.The brook(Tennyoon)---IMerside- Uterature... Sweet andlow (Tenn)son);Thewonder(likworld (Bandit; Do you fear Ow wind? Ilandin Garland); The tempest (JamsT. Fields); The leak in the dike (l'hostbe Cary; ; The sands ofDee (CharlesKitirolOys;The brook tAlfredLord Temaysonl lovocoAkm to rain Insummer (Wm. C. Bennetts ; Tbe Kttle' lazy cloud-WIN-sires Huirary.,A song of the aft (Allan Cunningham):The brook(Tennyson§;the windand themoon (Ovirge Macl)onald)-111obbe-Merrill.Wawa thd theirnamesS(0y ltrioder".. The brook song(JadesWhitcomb Itile)'VMerrill.Home thoughtsfrom euroPe(Henri VanI syk Field.The timidPerry Bysshe8helleys ; The brook (Alfred Teortmotio taker and Carpenter. -- October In Tennessee(Waiter Malone);ina Cellforeht 4411031tn aiihn r. Trowlorldge)Child'sWorld. s" 81zIft Reader* .. Typhoon (JosephConradtLiteratureand Living,Book ILLoot in thepainted drsert KirkMonroe'; Traveling in the Artieregion (Fridt.lofNan ; What MacMillan said 11the EKkinsoOP his returnModernReadings. Volcanoes (Charles' 'caption of Mount Kingf.leys; An Etna (BayardTaylor); Amongtbeshoals ¡Jame* Fennim.oreCooper) ; Tbvrescue (Elisha Kent Kane).:Bakerand Carpenter.John Muiro-helaird of aky1andt (Mar)It. PartmantStudyHeaders.The now (Emily ISIttinsont;Winter ingthe marsh (ClintonScollardo; À summerstorm (JamesRussell 11,01.111 meld. e IVIIhjalmor The North livfanst.ois); Journeys throughthe SouthtStr CharlesLYellslinogressIve OW koadto Silent Reading.Before therelit (ThomasBailey Aldrich) 'HenryW. Longfellow; ; The rainy day ; The wandering cycloneti.aure E.RichardoWheelera1.iittrary. Tbebirth of-auicelwrg (Dr. Isaac1. Hayes'; A great disaster(Arthur II -bluegrotto (John't. ItostruM'; The 8toddardiMagre.Hark to thvshouting wind(ilenry Timrodl Thesea'InarryCornwall) ; ; First exploration ofthe GrandCanyon of Colorado(aj. J. w.Powell)Kenall.Theromance of the Soo (Ralph raTt, Chanter 1).PainelBaroird.The lt XX and XXI;MateIlmqor piPeclay. ChapterXXVIII Rues. Chlter XXIX; Buffalo Ikk. Chapter XXX141Swiss : Asbestos winw Family Ragolun. .

e HISTORY 4 .

Pentreading. Grades.111, iv. V.VI: Third Remits'', Columbus.andhis son,DiegoElaon.tincolo'sfinancestoanlmalsRivmide. j "hi GeorgeWashingtondid shot becntnea sailor; Abraham Winston-Companion. Lincoln andbia dog .'angelBooneHoraceMann.Ihvorellop WhyQeorge »syNew.EttuePlion- Washisaton didnot becomeaaallor--ebild *Library'.Wben Lincoln little;WbefiWashingtonwas alittle boy; What wai /leading. Franklin didwitha kiteGood r : .re» ,"

1", - 1:,:t i ..'a I ..i...... ' .' , - -.4'- I t 4 '. . . . I I 0 . 96 PLAXGROUNDSOF THE NATION' Fourth Readel George Washington; Abraham LincolnReading for New' York City.Old Abeand. the war eabe; AbrahamLincolnChild LibraryllA glimpse of Washitaton; *W. Some glimpses of LincolnElsón.Evangeline (Henry Longfellow);Lincolq -commoner (Edwin Markham)Elson .grtat Grammar. The Boyhoodof Lincolniakerand Carpenter. . Fifth.Readers I. k. Daniel BooneReadingfor New YorkCity.Wilslkington'sjourney (J. T. Washington crossing the Headley); DelawareProgressive Road.Daniel Boone. thefounderof . Kentucky; Plantation, George Washington; Plantattn,Thomas JefferionFormLife. Two Frenchexplorers(Frances Parkman)Gordon.EvangelineBarnes. ton (Daniel Webster)Merrill. Washing. SixthWailers w , N Lewis and-Clark; Abrnham Lincoln and Slavery; Abraham LineolnReadingin New York City.. AbrahamLincolnStandardthissie.DanielBoone(StewartEdward White);The patriarch,Daniel Boonè (Stewart InwardWhite)Modern . Readings. Early BA; of GeorgeWashington (John S.C. Abbott); Ode for Washington's'birthday . c(OliverWendell Holmes); 0 captain ! My captain !(Walt Whitnpin): Gettysburg speech (Abraham Lincoln)Bakcrand CarE)enter.Stories of Lipeoln; Washington'sspy I James Fenntmore Cooper)StudyReaders.Daniel Booneand the settlementofKentucky (Theodore Roosevelt eld Washington's farewelltohisa Noy ( .1. T.Headley); WashingtoWsponument (RobertC. WiuthroplProgressiveRoad to Silent Rtading. My, first uniform,( Ulysses S.,Grant);Iremember the Malmo(Theodore Boósevelt) Ma4Pe. Chiral Lee's letter tóhissons (Robert E. Lee); The blue and thegray (Francis M. Finde)Aldine.Washingtonand the AmericanArtify(Nathaniel Hawthorne) Elson.Washing.ton and theAmerican Army(Nathaniel Ilnwt)iorne); Daniel Boone and the 'founding of Kentucky(TheodoreRoosevelt);1Tne1e Joe's Lincoln(Edward L Steiner)Bobbs.Merrill. The doughboy;America forme1 Henry' van Dyke);The United State,'Marines at Chateau-Thierry (WilliamAnion %WW1Barnes.

. 4 ,.

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ep .. .. 40

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PUBLICATIONS,BYSTATES:RELATINGTO PARKS s' , 41,

CALIFORNIA ; . . Tbe burrowing rodents of Californians agents in soil forantion.By..11paph Grinnell. Washington, Government PrintingOffice, 1925.illus.8°. (Reprittedfrom the Smithsonian report for 1923,p. 339-50.) Califonla fish andgame.Folder issuedby the CaliforniaBoard of Fish andGame Commissioners. California's game refuges,By HaroldC. Bryant.California Fishand Game.8:1-34, January, 1922. ft A closed season needed for fisher,..martin,and wolverine inCalifornia.By Joseph Dixon. N; Reprinted from California Fish'and Nine, 11: 23-25.Diagram. !.,;* The common' hawks andowls of California fromthe standpoint ofthe rancher.By Joseph Dixon.17p.illus..8°.(University of Caiffornia.College of Agriculture. Agricultural ExtferymentStation.CIrcularno. 2:16.. April, 1922.) Life zones of Yosemite- National Park. . By Joseph Grinnelland Tracy I.Storer. p. 1:4.-32. . illus.16°.(Reprinted from IIall'sHandbook of Yosemite-NationalPark. 4i. New York, Putnam's Sons, 1921.) . . Natural history of theground squirrelsof California.By Joseph Grinnelland Joseph Dixon. Sacramento, Calif., .CaliforniaState Printing Office,1918.116p. illus. 8^. (Reprinted from Monthly bu)letinof the State Commissionof Horticulture. ol. 7,nos. 11-12, p. 597-708.) AO. Reptiles and amphibiansof Yosemite NationalPark.By Joseph Grinnelland Tracy I.Storer.p. 177-82.Illus.16°. (Reprinted from Hall'sHandbook of Yosemite, *- National Park. New York,Putnam's Sons; 1921.) Saving the redwoods.Report by Say.the Redwoods League.January 1, 1924-February 15, 1925.[Berkeley, Calif.,Save the RedwbodsLeague, 19257136p.illus.8°. State of California Fish andGame Commission.28th biennial report, 1922-24.Sacra- mento, Calif:, California StatePrinting Office, 1924.112p.illus. 80. COLORADO o . gee MitnielpalFads. publishedi;ycity and countyof Denver, Denver,Colo.,for general articlesOn Colorado. . 'e CONNECTICUT .t. . 1 Vhearthroi4trnea of ConnecticutBy B. W. Kunkel.Hartford, Conn.,Published by the State, 191R. 261p. illus. 80. (State of Connecticut.state (eoTogicaland . Natural HistorySurvey.Bulletinno. 262) 4: .. ., Drainagemodifications nnd glaciationin the Danbury regionIn Connecticut.By Ruth S. Harvey.Hartford, Conn., 'publishedby the State, 1920.59p. illus. 8°. (State of Connecticut.State Geologicaland .Natural HistorySurvey.Bulletin no. 30.) Guideto Connecticut Stateparks and forests.Hartford, Conn.,State Park andForest Commission,1924.54p.Illus.8°. . Guideto the insects of Connecticut.Prepared under thedirection of Wilton E.Britton. Part I,General introduction,. byWilton E. Britton.Part 2,The euplexopteraand orthoptera ofConnecticut by BenjaminH. Walden, Hartford,Conn., 1911.169p. . illus.8°. (State of Connecticut.State Geological andNatural HistorySurvey. Bulletinno. 16.) Thequaternary geologyof the New Havenregion, Connecticut.By Freeman Ward, -Hartford. Conn.,publishd by the State,1920.78p.illus.80. (State of Con. ; necticut.State Geological and . Natural History Survey,Bulletinno. 29.) .41 Reportof the State ."/ Park and ForestCommission to thegovernor.June 30, 1922. 1. Hartford, Conn., published by the State,1922.68p. 11hs.8°. (State. of Con-- necticut.Public documentno. 60.) Repo f the State Parkand !forest Commission,to thegovernor. June 30, 19*. ;f1 .I ford, Conn., puhlisheti . A by the State, 1924.68p. 8°. !. titus. (State of Con- necticut.Public documentno. 60.).. 11,1,11 e .1, t ot m 7. I ...scro,.,1.,-;

. 44ii1V k-,,71, ,. . : .: -i&elk.11/1PAri,...-;.-,,s''..:1./..; t.,,:.:...,44:tjet .... , 1,:rs,...,.,..t...... c I I . . 98 3 PLAYGROUN6SOF THENATIO-

Report. ofthe State Park Commissionto the generalassembly,September Hartford,Conn.,published by 30, via the State,1914.39p.illus.8.(Stateof Co. necticut.Publicdocumentno. 60.) Report of theState ParkCommission to thegovernor, for thetwo fiscal September30, 1916. years ending Hartford, Conn.,published bythe State,1916. 30 (Connecticut.Public documentno. 60.) p. 86. Report ofthe StatePark 4'onnals.4mto thegovernor. September30, 1918. Cotip., 1918.30p.Illus. Hartford,' S.(State ofConnecticut.Public(ocumentno. 60.) ILLINOIS IllinoisArbor and Bird Days(Friday, April13, andFriday. October26). II. T.Swift.Springfield, Compiledby Ill., Issuedby FrancisG. Blair,superintendentof public instruction,1923. 64p. 80. illus. (Illinois.Department of cularno. 167.) ,education. Cir. Springfield,Ill.. 1924.64p.Dias.80.(CirCularno. 183.) Springfield,Ill.. 1925.62p.illus. 80. (Circularno. 193.) k INDIANA nift FallsState Park.Its attractionsand adjacentpoints of cal. interest, scenicand histori- By GeorgeS.Cottman,Indianapolis, Ind.,1925. Department of 54p.illus.8°. (Indiana. conservation,division oflands andwnters.Publicationno. 48.) NIcCormiciesCreekCanyon.A history anddescription. illus.8°. 'Indianapolis. Ind.,f023.24p. (Indiana.Department ofconservation.) . Turkey RunState Park.A history and description.Indianapolis.Ind..1923. :14 illus.8°.(Indiana.Departmentof (onservath.n.) p.

4 ItIASSCTIVSETTS , Thecommercialforest trees of Massachusetts.Ilowyou may knowthem.A pocket manual.Boston[no date].07p.illus.(Massachusetts. , servation, division offorestrr) Department ofcon-

NEBRASKA . Arbor Lodge StatePnrk, NebraskaCity, Nebr.Guide Book.

NEW YORKSTATE -1' Adirondaekcanoe routes.By WIllInm G. Howard.[Albany, N.Y., ConservationCom- mission, Stateof NewYork.]22p. illus..map.8°. Adirondack highways. By C. R.Pettis.[Albany, N.Y.,Conservation Commisilon. State of NewYork.]34p.Illus.8°. The Allegany Field and TrailClub.By FrankW. Johnson.Hobbies, 4: 1-20, 1924. l'atskill highways.By C. R. P. Pettis.[Albany, N.Y., ConservitionCommission, State-of New York.] 14p.map.8°. Cornell rural school leaflet.Ithaca, N.Y., 1920.118p Miss'8°. versity.New York (Cornell Uni- State Collegeof Agaculture.Department ofrural education. Leafiet;vol.14,no. 1.) First annualrep6rt of theState Council . of Parks . to the Governor andLegit- lature of theState of NewWork, October,1925.72p.illus.8°. oreat fires.By WilliamG. Howard. Albany, N.Y., 1921.8". (New York.COMM- .. tion Commission.Bulletin 10rev.)31 p. Fortiethannual report ofthe commissionersof the Statereservation 1922-June 30, 1923. nt Niagara, July 1. Albany, N. Y.,J. B. LyonCo., printers,1924.17 p.86.. (New York.Legislativedocumentno. 28, 1924.) Forty-first annualreport of thecommissioners of theState reservation 1923-June 80,1024. at Niagara, July 1, Albnny, N. Y.,J. B. LyonCo., printers,.1925._ 19p.illus. 8°. (Legislativedocument nó.37, 1925.) Map and guide id the New YorkState reservationat Niagara.Issued bythe commis- PiOners, 1917.N, . . . Public parksin WeitchesterCounty.By Jny Dówner"and James (Reprinted from Owen.52p. ninP. History ofWestchester County,Alvah I'. French,ed.New York. LewisHistorical PublishingCo., 1925.8°. Public'pie of the forestpreserve. 1,";. By C. It. Pettis.[Albany, N..Y.,Conservation Coo, Mission State of NMYork.)15p.plan..8a. , RepOrt of the , . WestchesterCounty (N.Y.) ParkCommission.[White Plains,N. Ti published byboard ofsupertisors ofWestchester I41. , . County.] 111p.*. illus.8°. [ , .. e A s;.J14 . . ..* 7 ":*4 - e [ 1/4e, c .\91.`% r. 4, s.'")Ai.". .t .41%-,t" "' 44,41.4.-% = *' , .;, . .41 8;h;.,!: t .4 ' ts. . . 144i- e 4jzis iv; II.= sf41-; ..; -1 r, ' Tr. PUBLICATIONS RELATINGTO PARKS 99

St. LawrenceReservption.By Arthur B. Strough.[Albany, N'tY., ContervationCom- mission, State of New York.]15 p.plan.8°. fteraiso Hobbles.Periodical issued by Buffalo Society ofNatural Sciences.Buffalo, N. T. Thirty-seventh annual report of the commissioners of the Statereservation at Niagara, for the fiscal yenr July 1, 1919,to June '30, 1920.Albany, N. Y., J. B. Lyon Co., printer.1921.44p.illus.(New York(State). Legislative documentno. 30, 1921.1 Thirty-eighth annual report of the commissioners ofthe State reservation at Niagara, July 1, 1920 June 30, 1921.Albany, N. Y., J. B. Lyon Co., printers, 1922. 10p. illus.8°.!New York.Legislative documentno. 58, 1922.) Thirty-ninth annual report of the commissionersof the State reservationat Niagara, July 1, 1921-June U. 1922.Albany, N. 1%. J. B. Lyon Co., printers,1923.17 p. illus.8°.(New York.Legislatite. documentno. 47, 1923.) o . NORTH CAROLINA Mount Mitchell and Mitchell State Park. A souvenirdedicated to the -General Federa- tion of Women's Clubs by the NorthCarolina Forestry Associationand the North "1Carolina Federation of Women'sClubs.By J. S. Holmes.Chapel Hill, N. C., May 1919.19p.illus. NORTHDAKOTA Historical scenic views and Bad Landsof NorthDakota.Bismarck, N. Dak.(Office of Commissioner of Immigration.]32 p.illus.8°. North Dakotathe best of theWest.Bismarck, N. Dak.(Office' of Commissioner of Immigration.) ;12p.illus.so. PENNSYLVANIA State forests of Pennsylvania.By R. Y. Stuart.Harrisburg. Pa., 1925.34 p. ..(PennsylvaniaDepartment of Forests andWaters.Bulletin 37.( .* ES UNITED STATES Annual Report of the Conferenceon StateParks,Union Trust Building, Washington, 1, D. C.Miss Beatrice Ward,Executive Secretary.

VIRGINIA . Norfolk, its history,geography, and civie devel9pment.A handbook for teneliers of the third grade.Norfolk, Va.[Published by .superintendent of schools.]84 p.8°. 0!

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