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Ski Resort Sustainability: Evaluating Environmental Programs at Ski Resorts Partnered with the NSAA Sustainable Slopes Program

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Ski Resort Sustainability: Evaluating Environmental Programs at Ski Resorts Partnered with the NSAA Sustainable Slopes Program Ski Resort Sustainability: Evaluating environmental programs at ski resorts partnered with the NSAA Sustainable Slopes Program Thesis Erme Catino, M.S. Environmental Studies Candidate Green Mountain College, Poultney VT Table Of Contents Acknowledgments ...............................................2 Abstract.............................................................3 Introduction .......................................................6 Methods........................................................... 12 Survey Results and Discussion............................ 16 Focal Resort Analysis ......................................... 23 Conclusion ....................................................... 38 References ....................................................... 45 Appendix A – Ski Resort Sustainability Survey ...... 49 Appendix B – Focal Resorts and List of Surveyed Resorts. ........................................................... 50 Appendix C – Sustainable Slopes Program Charter 55 1 Acknowledgments In completion of this project I would like to thank my Thesis Advisor Kirk Kardashian and Thesis Coordinator Mark Jordan. Their insight, patience, and dedication in assisting me with this project was extremely helpful and much appreciated. In addition, I am grateful to our Program Director, Jim Harding, who helped me find a way to connect my passion for skiing and my graduate studies. Having the opportunity to complete an Independent Study and Practicum at two separate ski resorts was not only fun, but also provided direct hands on experience related to this project. A special thanks to Onno Wieringa of Alta Ski Area and Rob Apple of Stowe Mountain Resort, both of whom allowed me the opportunity to be an integral part of these various projects. Lastly I want to thank my wife Anna. Her encouragement and patience through multiple drafts as well as other associated papers was extremely helpful. Anna your work ethic inspired me to pursue my M.S. 2 Abstract 3 The Sustainable Slopes Program (SSP), created in 2000 and amended to its current version in 2005, forged a framework for implementing sustainability in ski resort operations (NSAA, 2000). While the document is a positive step toward environmental awareness in ski resort management, it lacks accountability, and only provides guiding principles for resorts in achieving these goals. The SSP is a voluntary program with no legal binding or third party oversight, yet participating resorts can claim to be environmental stewards simply by joining the program. Understanding environmental solutions that ski areas are actually implementing is the foundation for future evaluation of “green” initiatives. By examining environmental programs at current participating resorts through the principles of Sustainable Slopes Program, their sustainability efforts may become clearer and build a foundation for others to strive for. This project used a proprietary Ski Resort Sustainability Survey (Survey) to compare current environmental initiatives at major ski resorts in the United States that have partnered with the National Ski Area Associations (NSAA) Sustainable Slopes Charter. I examined sustainability programs at resorts through all principles highlighted in the Sustainable Slopes Program. The resorts were evaluated based on their survey results, focal resort analysis, and literature review. Based on the survey, resorts averaged a score of 30.5 out of 38 total sustainability points. The top three resorts surveyed were Stowe Mountain 4 Resort - VT (36), Aspen Skiing Company – CO (35), and Squaw Valley – CA (34.6). The two lowest ranking resorts surveyed were Okemo – VT (22.6), and Bolton Valley – VT (20.6). The survey highlighted examples of excellence in achieving sustainability, as in the case of Aspen and Stowe. Additionally, the survey found underlying discrepancies in the program, with Bolton Valley scoring the lowest score while also being the recipient of the NSAA Silver Eagle Award. 5 Introduction 6 Skiing and respect for the environment go hand in hand. Without the natural features of mountains we would have no slopes, and without cold temperatures and snow there would be nothing to ski on. The National Ski Area Association (NSAA), the trade association for alpine ski resorts, created the Sustainable Slopes Program (SSP) in 2000 to highlight this relationship (NSAA, 2000). The SSP, last amended in 2005, was the association’s vision to establish a framework for implementing sustainability solutions in resort operations. The programs highlighted in the Sustainable Slopes Charter include: Planning/Design/Construction, Operations – Water Use, Energy Conservation and Clean Energy, Waste Management, Fish and Wildlife, Forest and Vegetative Management, Wetlands & Riparian Areas, Air Quality, Visual Quality, Transportation, and Education & Outreach. The NSAA recognizes that it is imperative that ski areas manage their businesses in ways that demonstrates a commitment to environmental protection and stewardship in addition to catering to their clientele. Naturally, ski resorts have to think about their environmental impact specifically when considering warmer temperatures due to increases in carbon emissions. A warming climate could have direct implications to the ski industry. According to a study conducted by The University of Colorado and Stratus Consulting Inc., “business as usual,” with respect to CO2 emissions would elevate average temperatures and raise snow elevation lines. Williams and Lazar identify that with current CO2 emission rates average temperatures in Aspen, CO and Park City, UT will rise 4 degrees F by 2030, and 8.6 degrees F (Aspen) and 10.4 degrees F (Park City) by the year 7 2100 (UC Boulder, 2008). Furthermore, the rises in temperatures would raise the snow elevation line by 2,400 feet in Aspen and Park City, ultimately shortening the ski season by the year 2030 (UC Boulder, 2008). The ski industry is valued around $3 billion dollars in addition to the tens of thousand resort employees, and 11.5 million skiers and snowboarders (NSAA, 2009). Not even taking into consideration winter sports equipment, apparel companies, and local tourism dollars generated from ski towns, it is easy to see how large the ski industry is and the potential implications a warming climate may have on the winter sports industry. The Sustainable Slopes Charter aligned a common vision in developing a framework for sustainability in resort operations, though many resorts find themselves caught in a crossfire between environmental conservation and resort development. A 2006 report found that the SSP “provides no third- party oversight, no specific performance standards, and no sanctions for poor performance” (Rivera and de Leon, 2006). Rivera and de Leon further stated that participating resorts can improve their image without going beyond current environmental laws and regulations. Since the program lacks accountability, the SSP has been criticized by these researchers and the Ski Area Citizens Coalition as a “green washing” scheme (Rivera, de Leon, 2004). Given the nature of the SSP, these accusations do have some merit. The NSAA clearly states in the charter that, “these principles are voluntary and are not intended to create new legal liabilities, expand existing rights or obligations, waive legal defenses, or otherwise affect the legal position of any 8 endorsing company, and are not intended to be used against an endorser in any legal proceeding for any purpose” (NSAA-SSP, 2005). By design the SSP holds no legal binding to any participating resort. Therefore, it is clear that NSAA is not mandating change, but relying upon the will of the resorts to do the right thing. Environmental groups like the Ski Area Citizens Coalition fear that The Sustainable Slopes Program is simply a resort marketing tool. The lack of accountability may result in ski resorts not following through with their commitment, especially when torn between environmental programs and profit making. Recently, profit making has become a major concern for ski areas, especially for those with lackluster amenities or snow. Prior to the housing crisis, ski resorts had been transforming into four-season destination resorts. Using real estate sales to fund development and jumpstart their stale profits, resorts changed their focus from skiing to luxury amenities. Utilizing strategic marketing and resort development, ski areas that relied on lower yield revenues such as season passes were looking to real estate to fund operations (Palmeri, 2003). According to Hudson and Palmeri, “in recent years, over 50 percent of industry revenues have originated from these new businesses” (Hudson, 2000; Palmeri, 2003). Since resorts were relying on these new businesses, environmental groups feared that they would exaggerate their efforts with hopes of gaining public support for development. With public concern increasing over the SSP’s lack of accountability, independent conservationists have launched their own certification system: 9 the Ski Area Environmental Scorecard (Berwyn, 2005). The scorecard, developed by the Ski Areas Citizen Coalition (SACC), grades resorts in a similar way to an academic report card, applying grades from A through F based on the “the impact of resort-related developments on wetlands, forests and wildlife habitat” (Berwyn, 2005). SACC claims to be the only independent tool to asses ski resorts’ operations, and is run by staff and volunteers who are skiers/riders. The Ski Area Citizen Coalition’s mission is to
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