DOCSLIB.ORG

HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN Sweetnersg

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN Sweetnersg 318,794 A475734 79-2 CIFiANNiNi OUNbAtION of Agricultural Economics INFORMATION SERIES 79-2 Menorizi SnIt Collection pivision ol14:ct.:.-i.,..-a;aa Economics HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SWEETNERSg Economic Aspects of a Sugar Su sfifule Division of Agricultural Sciences BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 1894 PRINTED JULY 1979 University of California, Davis Department of Agricultural Economics HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SWEETENERS: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF A SUGAR SUBSTITUTE by Hoy F. Carman and Peter K. Thor ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research support for this study was provided from a gift by the United States Beet Sugar Association. This gift, to the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, was to support graduate student research on economic problems important .to the U.S. sugar industry. High fructose corn syrup, a direct substitute for sugar, has important implications for the domestic sugar industry. Several individuals contributed to the completion of this report. We especially appreciate the excellent typing and proofreading assis- tance provided by Brenda Petersen and Sharon Baumgartner. We also acknowledge the helpful and timely review provided by Professor Andrew Schmitz and Professor Ivan Lee. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • II • • • • Study Objectives.•••••••••••••••••••.• 3 II. THE PRODUCT . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Manufacturing Process . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Product Research. • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 12 III. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COSTS. • • • • . • • • • • • . • • 13 Industry Structure. • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 13 Estimated Costs . • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 16 Operating Costs . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Corn. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Overhead. • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Total Costs . • . • • 0 • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 IV. SWEETENER DEMAND AND HFCS MARKET POTENTIAL. • • • • • . • • 20 Sweetener Demand. • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 HFCS Market Potential . • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • 27 Bakery Products . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Confections . • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Processed Foods . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 31 Dairy Products. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 Beverages . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 V. PROJECTIONS OF HFCS USE . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • 34 Industry Estimates. • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 iv Page Study Projections . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 36 A.D.L. Study. • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 , Westway Study . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 38 _ Brook Study . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 38 A Trend Model Projection. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Projected Sweetener Consumption . • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Projected HFCS Market Share . • . • • • • • • • • • • . 44 HFCS Projections. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 Projected Sugar Demand. • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50 U.S. Policy Impacts . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • 52 VI. SUMMARY . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 55 REFERENCES. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 58 APPENDIX TABLES . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Typical Corn Product Mix Derived from Wet-Milling One Bushel of Corn. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 2 Estimated HFCS Processing Capacity by Firm and Plant, End of Calendar Year, 1975-1980 . • • • • • . • • • . 14 3 Estimated Operating Costs for HFCS Production . • • • • . 17 4 Corn and Corn By-Products Prices and Value of By- Products from a Bushel of Corn, 1971-1977 . • • • • • • • 19 5 Estimated Total Costs of Production for HFCS. • • • • • 21 6 Sugar Sales to Industrial Users, Total and Percentage Distribution by User Category, 1962, 1967, 1972 and 1977. • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 23 7 Estimated Retail Elasticities for Sugar and Corn Syrup . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 25 8 Estimated Retail Elasticities for Products Containing Large Amounts of Sweeteners. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 9 U.S. Sweetener Usage in 1980, 1985 and 1990 by Market Sector and Type of Sweetener Employed . • • • • • • • • 37 10 Sweetener Consumption Since 1960 and Projections to 1985. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 39 11 Forecast of Sugar and HFCS Demand in the U.S. in 1980 and 1985 . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 41 12 Projected Per Capita and Total Caloric Sweetener Consumption for Three Alternative Retail Sugar Price Levels, 1985 and 1990 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ▪ 43 13 Estimated Logistic Function Coefficients for HFCS Sales Using Four Alternative Ceiling Values, 1967 to 1977. • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 46 14 Projected Per Capita and Total HFCS Demand to 1985 and 1990 for Alternative Sugar Price Levels and HFCS Market Share Ceilings . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . 49 15 Projected Per Capita and Total Demand for Caloric Sweeteners by Category, 1985 and 1990 . • • • • • • • 51 vi Appendix Table Page 1 High Fructose Corn Sirup: U.S. Supply and Utilization Trends, 1967-1978 . • • • • • • • • • • 62 2 Caloric and Noncaloric Sweeteners: Per Capita U.S. Consumption, 1962-1978 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Estimated U.S. High Fructose Corn Syrup Production, 1966-1978 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 2 A Flow Diagram for Corn Wet Milling . • • • • • • • • • • 7 3 A Flow Diagram for Production of HFCS from Corn Starch. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 4 HFCS Sales as a Proportion of Total Caloric Sweetener Sales, Actual 1966-1977 and Projected 1978-1990 . • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • 47 HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SWEETENERS: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF A SUGAR SUBSTITUTE by Hoy F. Carman* and Peter K. Thor** I. INTRODUCTION High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a recent product innovation which has gained rapid commercial acceptance. It is a caloric sweetener, made from ordinary corn starch, which substitutes for sugar in a wide range of manufactured products. Growth of processing capacity and market acceptance of HFCS have been dramatic. HFCS was introduced commercially in 1967. Since then production has approximately doubled every two years and 1978 output was estimated at 2.40 billion pounds. The rapid industry growth is illustrated by data in Figure 1. The future use of HFCS depends on several factors including its price relative to sugar, the nature of domestic and international sugar policies, domestic and international demand and prices for feed grains, the suita- bility of HFCS in processed foods and beverages, and future HFCS product development. Growth of the HFCS industry has economic implications to beet and cane sugar growers and processors, sweetener users, consumers, corn producers and trading partners. * Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis and a member of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. ** Graduate Student in the Ph.D. program, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis. -2-- FIGURE 1 Estimated U.S. High Fructose Corn Syrup Production, 1966-1978 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1200 Pounds 1000 Million 800 600 400 200 0 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Year Source: Data in Appendix Table 1 _3_ Study Objectives Information on HFCS, while available, is scattered among trade and semitechnical publications in a variety of subject matter areas. Avail- able statistics are limited, partly due to the newness of the product and partly due to industry reluctance to release information to government 1/ agencies or others. As a result, economic analyses related to HFCS are limited. n this report we attempt to pull together information and data from diverse sources to examine economic aspects of the production and marketing of HFCS. More specifically, our objectives are to: 1. Describe the HFCS production process and industry structure in the United States. 2. Describe the uses for HFCS and assess the market potential for HFCS by user category. 3. Attempt to project the likely rate of substitution of HFCS for sucrose to 1985 and 1990. II. THE PRODUCT High fructose corn syrup is a clear, sweet, low-viscosity liquid with a "waterlike" color. It is high in the simple sugars fructose and dextrose with a composition similar to liquid invert sugar. HFCS is hygroscopic (attracts moisture) and, thus, must be sold in syrup form. 1/ The United States International Trade Commission (1977, p. A-2), for example, noted that it was delayed in filing its report on sugar because of . "the refusal of certain corn sweetener producers to supply certain relevant data and by the fact that the U.S. District Court, for reasons for which we disagree, declined to enforce, for the most part, Commission orders issued to the corn sweetener producers." -4- It can substitute for sucrose in all products that do not require a crystalline structure):!- HFCS is regarded as highly stable when compared to sucrose and sucrose derived sweeteners. With HFCS there is lower potential for crystallization, which is often a problem in products with high solids and high sucrose or dextrose content. In some baked and frozen goods, HFCS imparts a chewy or creamy texture. HFCS is subject to a browning reaction when heated which is desirable in some applications (brown crust on baked goods) but undesirable in others (vanilla pudding). It contains
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Is Still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector
    applied sciences Review What is still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector Monica Padella *, Adrian O’Connell and Matteo Prussi European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate C-Energy, Transport and Climate, Energy Efficiency and Renewables Unit C.2-Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy; [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (M.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 September 2019; Accepted: 15 October 2019; Published: 24 October 2019 Abstract: Ethanol production from cellulosic material is considered one of the most promising options for future biofuel production contributing to both the energy diversification and decarbonization of the transport sector, especially where electricity is not a viable option (e.g., aviation). Compared to conventional (or first generation) ethanol production from food and feed crops (mainly sugar and starch based crops), cellulosic (or second generation) ethanol provides better performance in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings and low risk of direct and indirect land-use change. However, despite the policy support (in terms of targets) and significant R&D funding in the last decade (both in EU and outside the EU), cellulosic ethanol production appears to be still limited. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the status of cellulosic ethanol production in EU and outside EU, reviewing available literature and highlighting technical and non-technical barriers that still limit its production at commercial scale. The review shows that the cellulosic ethanol sector appears to be still stagnating, characterized by technical difficulties as well as high production costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Transportation Problems of the Sugar Cane Industry in Thailand
    Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific No.70, 2001 ASSESSING THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS OF THE SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY IN THAILAND Paitoon Chetthamrongchai,* Aroon Auansakul** and Decha Supawan*** ABSTRACT Transportation has a fundamental role in the economic development of all countries. It is not just a means to service commuting people, but also to collect products and materials from producers and distribute them to consumers. Transportation has become a significant factor affecting the production costs of commodities. The production of sugar cane in Thailand is no exception. The cost of transporting sugar cane from the farm gate to the mills is quite high, owing to the multiple transport facilities and time-consuming activities involved in the delivery process. The total transportation expenditure was estimated at 5,708 million baht for the crop year 1999- 2000. The average cost per transaction incurred by farmers (excluding other labour costs) was in the range of 180-220 baht per ton in 1999. A large portion of this cost comprises truck rental and driver wages. These two elements together represent a high proportion of the overall production cost. The transportation issue has been overlooked in many industrial sectors and in the agricultural sector, in particular. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a study on the transportation and other relevant costs of sugar cane production. The findings and the subsequent recommendations could be considered for the enhancement of welfare of the sugar cane farmers and the increased efficiency of the industry in general and may also be applied to other agro- based industries facing similar problems.
    [Show full text]
  • An Economic History of the United States Sugar Program
    AN ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SUGAR PROGRAM by Tyler James Wiltgen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Economics MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana August 2007 © COPYRIGHT by Tyler James Wiltgen 2007 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Tyler James Wiltgen This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Chair Vincent H. Smith Approved for the Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics Myles J. Watts Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copy is allowed for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Tyler James Wiltgen August 2007 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Dr. Vincent Smith, my thesis committee chairman, for his guidance throughout the development of this thesis; I appreciate all of his help and support. In addition, I would like to thank the other members of the committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Races of Maize in Bolivia
    RACES OF MAIZE IN BOLIVIA Ricardo Ramírez E. David H. Timothy Efraín DÍaz B. U. J. Grant in collaboration with G. Edward Nicholson Edgar Anderson William L. Brown NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Publication 747 Funds were provided for publication by a contract between the National Academythis of Sciences -National Research Council and The Institute of Inter-American Affairs of the International Cooperation Administration. The grant was made the of the Committee on Preservation of Indigenousfor Strainswork of Maize, under the Agricultural Board, a part of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. RACES OF MAIZE IN BOLIVIA Ricardo Ramírez E., David H. Timothy, Efraín Díaz B., and U. J. Grant in collaboration with G. Edward Nicholson Calle, Edgar Anderson, and William L. Brown Publication 747 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Washington, D. C. 1960 COMMITTEE ON PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS STRAINS OF MAIZE OF THE AGRICULTURAL BOARD DIVISIONOF BIOLOGYAND AGRICULTURE NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONALRESEARCH COUNCIL Ralph E. Cleland, Chairman J. Allen Clark, Executive Secretary Edgar Anderson Claud L. Horn Paul C. Mangelsdorf William L. Brown Merle T. Jenkins G. H. Stringfield C. O. Erlanson George F. Sprague Other publications in this series: RACES OF MAIZE IN CUBA William H. Hatheway NAS -NRC Publication 453 I957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN COLOMBIA M. Roberts, U. J. Grant, Ricardo Ramírez E., L. W. H. Hatheway, and D. L. Smith in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NAS-NRC Publication 510 1957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN CENTRAL AMERICA E.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Act, 2020
    TI{E R:EPT'BI,IC OF UGAI{DA THE suGARAcr, 2020', PARLIAMENT LIBRARY I PO 8OX 7178, XAMPALA \ * 28APR?f;;3 * CALL NO TTIE REPUBLXC Otr UGAIIDA PARLIAMENT LIBRARY PO BOX 7178. KAMPALA * 7 8. APR ;i:I * CALL I sIcNIry my assent to the bill. t President Date of assent 3r^J Act Sugar Act 2020 TTM SUGAR ACT,2O2O. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section Penr I-PnsLrMrNARY 1. Commencement 2. Interpretation Panr II-UcnNoe Sucen Bonno 3. Establishment of the Uganda Sugar Board 4. Composition of the Board 5. Tenure of office of members of the Board 6. Remuneration of members of the Board PARLIAMENT LIBRARY PO BOX 7178. XAMPALA Functions of the Board * 2 t f":l l*"' * 7 . Functions of the Board ACC NO: 8. Cooperation with other agencies CALL NO:... 9. Powers of the Board 10. Powers of Minister 11. Meetings of the Board and related matters 12. Committees of the Board 13. Delegation of functions of the Board Penr Itr-STAFF oF rHp Boano t4 Executive director. 15 Functions of the executive director 16 Staff of the Board Penr IV-FTNANCES 17. Funds of the Board 18. Duty to operate in accordance with the Public Finance Management Act and sound financial principles Act Sugar Act 2020 Section Pexr V-LrcENsrNc on MrI-s 19. Licensing of mills 20. Application for a licence to operate mill 21. Processing, grant or refusal of licence 22. Modification of mill or plant Pnnr VI-Sucm INousrRY AcREEMENTS 23. Sugar industry agreements Penr VII-Sucnn CeNs PRlctNc 24. Sugar cane pricing Panr VIII-NATIoNAL Sucen Rrsrancs INsrtrure 25.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for Connecting Farms to Schools and Communities
    VERMONT FARM TO SCHOOL A Guide for Connecting Farms to Schools and Communities INSIDE: • How to market your food for use in schools • How to use your farm for education with kids • Hands-on, farm-based educational activities • How to connect your farm to the community Vermont FEED: Food Education Every Day a partnership of Food Works, Northeast Organic Farming Association of Vermont (NOFA-VT), and Shelburne Farms JANUARY 2007 The work of Vermont FEED, including this guidebook, has been made possible by the generous support of the Argosy Foundation, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Vermont, Vermont Housing and Conservation Board - Farm Viability Program, CSREES - USDA Community Food Projects Award #00-33800-9807, Northeast SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education) Vermont Food Education Every Day Grant LNE03-187, the Vermont Agency of Agriculture and the Vermont Department of Education. Any ideas or text in this manual that are similar to those in any copyrighted source were used unin- tentionally and without awareness. Table of Contents Introduction Purpose of the Guide . 1 Contact Information . 2 Thank You . 3 FEED Goals, Mission, Beliefs . 4 The Three C’s Approach to Food in Vermont Schools. 5 Why Vermont FEED? . 6 Getting Started . 7 How do I insure a safe environment for visitors on my farm? . 9 How do I protect my farm and my visitors? . 10 What are my insurance liability considerations for farm visitors?. 11 Do I charge groups to visit my farm? . 12 How will visitors know where to go on my farm?. 13 Will all visitors have adequate accessibility to my farm? .
    [Show full text]
  • The Truth Is Sweeter Than Fiction Sugar and the Glycemic Index
    Sugar and the Glycemic Index: The Truth is Sweeter Than Fiction Think Sugar Ranks High on the Glycemic Index? Think Again! THE BASICS: GLYCEMIC INDEX AND GLYCEMIC LOAD Comparison of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Certain Foods2 In order to unlock the energy from food and meet basic energy needs, the body must convert the starches and sugars in food Glycemic Index Glycemic Load into glucose. The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of how quickly Apple 40 6 the starches and sugars in a food or beverage are broken down Baked Potato 85 26 to glucose and released into the bloodstream after a food or Brown Rice 50 16 beverage is consumed. The glycemic load (GL) is determined Carrots 92 5 by multiplying a food’s glycemic index by the amount of Corn Flakes 92 24 carbohydrate it contains.1 Orange Juice 50 13 Plain Bagel 72 25 Potato Chips 54 11 THE WHOLE TRUTH ABOUT SUGAR Wheat Bread 53 11 Table Sugar (Sucrose) 58 6 As nature’s original sweetener, sugar has a moderate GI, similar to that of wheat bread. The table to the right provides GI and GL Ranges for glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) information for a list of common foods and shows that despite GI GL persistent myths, sugar is, in fact, not a high glycemic food. High 70 or more 20 or more Medium 56 to 6 9 11 to 19 Rather, coming in at a GI of 58, sugar is only 3 points above the Low 55 or less 10 or less low GI range (of 55 or below) and also has a low glycemic load.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Valuable Corn Quality Traits for Starch Production
    Identification of Valuable Corn Quality Traits for Starch Production By: Lawrence A. Johnson Center for Crops Utilization Research Food Science and Human Nutrition C. Phillip Baumel Economics Connie L. Hardy Center for Crops Utilization Research Pamela J. White Food Science and Human Nutrition A project of the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Traits Task Team Funded by the Iowa Corn Promotion Board 306 West Towers 1200 35th St. West Des Moines, IA 50266 October 1999 Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa Agriculture & Home Economics Experiment Station Iowa State University, Ames, IA 2 Acknowledgment This report is intended to provoke discussion and debate that will lead to a vision among researchers in public institutions, seed companies, and the starch processing and food industries for modifying corn traits for starch (and other complex carbohydrates) production to enhance utilization and profitability of growing corn. The report attempts to provide direction to farmer organizations and to the corn industry about potential targets for investing research funds. One should recognize that some of the modifications considered required speculation about functional properties and potential applications. Additional research on the relationship between the structures of starch and other complex carbohydrates and functionality in food and industrial applications may refute some of that speculation. Also, this document is a consensus report taking into account the recommendations and reviews of the consultants and advisors identified below. Dr. Jay-lin Jane, Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Dr. Morton W. Rutenberg, Emmar Consultants, North Plainfield, NJ Dr. Henry Zobel, ABCV Starch, Darien, IL Dr. Robert Friedman, Cerestar USA, Inc., Hammond, IN Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugary Drinks Bubbling
    California Adolescents Drinking More Soda STILL and Other Sugar-Sweetened Beverages BY THE NUMBERS: SUGARY DRINKS Bubbling OVER 39 … Pounds of sugar in the 45 gallons of sugar-sweetened drinks consumed annually by the average American.6 66 … Percentage of all high-fructose corn syrup in the United States that is consumed from beverages.7 22 … Number of teaspoons of added sugar 1 … Ranking of sugary drinks among all foods as the Americans consume daily (compared to the source of added sugar in the American diet.8 recommended 6-9 teaspoons).1 $850 … Amount spent by the average family each year 16 … Number of teaspoons of sugar in a 20-ounce on soft drinks.3 bottle of soda2 (240 calories3). 149 … Percent increase in volume of average size soda sold 8 … Number of teaspoons of sugar in a 20-ounce in the 1950s compared to the average size soda sold sports drink4 (120 calories3). today (from 6.5 oz to 16.2 oz).9 64 … Number of calories children need to reduce 38 … Percent decrease in energy intake from milk since their daily intake by in order to meet the 1977, the same period in which soda consumption Healthy People 2020 goals for childhood has skyrocketed.10 obesity; less than one sugary drink a day.5 35 … Percent drop in price of the average sugar-sweetened 45 … Number of gallons of soda and other sugar- beverage since the 1980s.11 sweetened beverages the average American consumes annually.6 450 … Number of different types of soft drinks produced by the big three soda companies.12 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Corn - an A-Maizing Plant
    Corn - An A-Maizing Plant Grade Level: 4-6 Approximate Length of Activity: Two to three class periods Objectives: Teacher: 1. Guide students in a discussion on corn production. 2. Help students understand the history of corn production. Students: 1. Locate and label the states on a U.S. map that make up the "Corn Belt". 2. Become familiar with the parts of the corn kernel. 3. Recognize products made from corn used in our daily lives. 4. Be able to distinguish, through dissection, the four different parts of a corn kernel. Michigan Content Standards: (Social Studies) II.2.2; II.2.3; IV.2.3 Introduction: The Corn Belt is a group of states where most of the corn in the United States is produced. Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Minnesota produce 50 percent of all the corn grown in the US. Other major corn growing states include Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, South Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Ohio. These 12 states make up the Corn Belt. Corn is the major feed grain grown by farmers in the U.S., leading all other crops in value and volume of production. Corn is a major component in foods like cereals, peanut butter, and snack foods. An ear of corn has an average of 16 rows with 800 kernels. A pound of corn consists of approximately 1,300 kernels. An acre (about the size of a football field) of corn, yielding 100 bushels, produces approximately 7,280,000 kernels. Most of the weight of a bushel of corn is the starch, oil, protein, and fiber, with some natural moisture.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into the Genetic and Environmental Bases of Mycotoxin Contamination in Kenyan Maize
    INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASES OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN KENYAN MAIZE A Dissertation Presented To the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga January 2015 © 2015 Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga ii INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASES OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN KENYAN MAIZE Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2015 Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate an estimated 25% of foods globally. Aflatoxin and fumonisin are major mycotoxins that contaminate maize in tropical countries. Kenya’s frequent aflatoxicosis outbreaks and the associated human fatality rates have received global attention. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate the extent and the drivers for mycotoxin contamination in Kenyan maize. Between May 2009 and March 2010, surveys were conducted in three provinces (Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza) of western Kenya, the country’s grain basket and a region where mycotoxin outbreak had not been recognized. Aflatoxin contamination above the regulatory limit of 10 ppb was observed in 15% of the flour samples that had been collected from the patrons of local mills. Drought and monocropping were identified as drivers for increased aflatoxin contamination. A longitudinal survey in farmers’ storage sheds and at local mills in Western Province revealed vulnerability of the most popular varieties to mycotoxins. Surveys were conducted in 10 districts of Eastern Province during an aflatoxin outbreak in 2010. Aflatoxin contamination above 10 ppb was observed in 39% of the flour samples from patrons (n=1500) of local mills, while 37% were above the 1 ppm regulatory limit for fumonisin.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion of Corn-Kernel Fiber in Conventional Fuel-Ethanol Plants National Corn to Ethanol Research Center
    Project No. 0340-19-03 (short version) November 11, 2018 Conversion of Corn-Kernel Fiber in Conventional Fuel-Ethanol Plants National Corn to Ethanol Research Center Executive Summary Ethanol derived from corn-kernel fiber is qualified as cellulosic biofuel since its production results in a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas production relative to a 2005 baseline for petroleum fuels according to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) (U.S. EPA). A conventional fuel-ethanol plant can achieve a potential 9% increase in ethanol production (compared with the starch based ethanol), if they can successfully convert and ferment the cellulose and hemicellulose (xylose and galactose) in corn-kernel fiber; and achieve an additional 3% increase in ethanol production if they can ferment the arabinose derived from hemicellulose. Although complete conversion of all the corn-kernel fiber sugars to ethanol (total of 12% increase) is not possible because some byproducts are always produced, the economic benefits through the production of cellulosic ethanol for a conventional fuel-ethanol plant are much greater than 12%. Commercial technologies have been developed to optimize the conversion of corn-kernel fiber to ethanol, and they are currently available in three categories: (1) in situ technologies, in which fiber is converted to ethanol simultaneously with starch conversion, (2) technologies in which fiber is physically separated from other components of the corn kernel followed by processing of the fiber-rich material independently of the starch process train, and (3) technologies in which post-distillation residual solids from the conventional starch-based ethanol process provide the feedstock for conversion of the fiber fraction into ethanol.
    [Show full text]