Symposium___Program and A

Special thanks to D. Scott Weaver (Department of Computer and Information Science) for his continued maintenance and development of the online Symposium Project Registration and Management system (SymPRM) used to collect and organize the information contained in this booklet. Special thanks also to Lori Zimmerman, Administrative Assistant to the Dean of the School of Science, Engineering and Health, for coordinating mailings, room reservations, catering and setup of the Symposium venues.

– John Harms, Larry Mylin & Tim Van Dyke, Symposium Coordinators

elcome to the 13th Annual Symposium of the School of Science, Engineering and Health! This event continues a strong tradition showcasing student and faculty innovation, creativity and productivityW in academic departments largely from within the School of Science, Engineering and Health.

Table of Contents

Messiah College Campus & Parking ...... 2 Using This Booklet ...... 3 Schedule at a Glance: Oral Presentations ...... 4 Schedule at a Glance: Poster Presentations ...... 6 Building Maps ...... 8 Oral Presentations (Morning) ...... 10 Engineering I (Alexander Auditorium; 8:30 – 12:00) ...... 10 Computer & Information Science (Frey 150; 8:30 – 10:00) ...... 11 Physics (Frey 343; 8:30 – 11:20) ...... 11 Mathematics (Frey 349; 8:30 – 11:40) ...... 12 Oral Presentations (Afternoon) ...... 13 Engineering II (Alexander Auditorium; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 13 Natural Sciences I (Kline 120; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 13 Natural Sciences II (Hollinger Lounge; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 14 Natural Sciences III (Jordan 159; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 15 Natural Sciences IV (Jordan 161; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 15 Poster Sessions ...... 19 Engineering (Frey 070; 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 19 Evidence-Based Nursing Care (Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 22 Natural Sciences (Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 23 Oral Presentations (Afternoon) ...... 16 Engineering III (Alexander Auditorium; 4:00 – 5:20) ...... 16 Natural Sciences V (Kline 120; 4:00 – 5:20) ...... 17 Natural Sciences VI (Hollinger Lounge; 4:00 – 5:20) ...... 17 Natural Sciences VII (Jordan 159; 4:00 – 5:00) ...... 18 Natural Sciences VIII (Jordan 161; 4:00 – 5:00) ...... 18 Sculpture Dedication ...... 27 Acknowledgments ...... 28 The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research ...... 28 Steinbrecher Summer Undergraduate Research Program ...... 29 Mentors: Collaboratory Educators, Collaborators and Partners ...... 30 Mentors: Messiah College Health & Science Faculty ...... 31 Mentors: Nursing Professionals and External Research Mentors ...... 32 Financial & Material Support ...... 34 Abstracts ...... 36 Index of Authors ...... 87

Messiah College

Welcome to Messiah College! Visitor Parking: Parking is provided in the main Visitor Parking lot (VV) accessed from College Avenue, between Old Main and the Eisenhower Campus Center. Parking tags are not required during the Symposium. While designated handicapped parking is distributed throughout campus, spots closest to Symposium venues are available in the employee parking lots behind the Jordan Science Center (WW) and in the circle at the heart of campus (YY). Dining facilities: The Lottie Nelson Dining Hall (upper level) and The Falcon (lower level; soup, paninis, salads) are located in the Eisenhower Campus Center. The Union Café (pizza, grill, wraps, salads) is located in the Larsen Student Union.

2 Using this Booklet This Program and Abstract booklet provides times, locations and titles for all presentations in the Symposium. A consolidated “Schedule at a Glance” (page 4) summarizes the schedule of all Oral Presentations and Poster Presentations (page 6). Presentation Number: Each presentation has been assigned a unique Presentation Number based on its order in the schedule. To allow for cross-referencing, this number is used throughout the booklet to identify the presentation and will be displayed with each poster to aid your navigation during the Poster Session. Authorship: All contributing co-authors and mentors are listed in the Program (page 10) and Authorship Legend: Abstract section (page 36). Bold font indicates bold indicates a presenting author the names of presenting authors. An Index at † indicates a research or project mentor ‡ indicates an off-campus contributor the end of the booklet (page 87) lists the names of all authors alphabetically with the number(s) of each presentation on which each is included. Discipline Categories: Program & Symbols: Presentations in Engineering, Computer & Information Science, Adventure Education Mathematics and Physics are organized in Biopsychology discipline-specific sessions. Presentations in the Biological Sciences, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology Nutrition & Dietetics, Exercise Science, Adventure Chemistry & Biochemistry Education, and Biopsychology are organized in integrated sessions to encourage cross-disciplinary Computer & Information Science exposure with the Natural Sciences. Posters in Engineering Evidence-Based Nursing Care will be highlighted in dedicated poster venue (page 22). Throughout the Exercise Science Program and “Schedule at a Glance” unique Mathematics symbols designate the various disciplines. Nursing Abstracts: An abstract was provided for each oral and poster presentation in the Symposium. The Nutrition & Dietetics abstracts are arranged (page 36) in alphabetic Organismal & Ecological Biology order by the last name of the first author. Physics Additional Symbols: Acknowledgments: All faculty This oral presentation is accompanied by a poster mentors, external mentors and presented in the mid-afternoon Poster Session collaborators, and nursing This poster is accompanied by an Oral Presentation professionals are recognized. This project was supported by the Steinbrecher Sources of financial and material Undergraduate Summer Research Program support are also listed (page 34) with This project was supported by the Collaboratory for corresponding presentation numbers. Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research

Alexander Auditorium F150 F343 F349

Engineering Computer & Information Physics Mathematics I Science 8:30 Welcome and instructions by Session Chairs Betteridge, Luger, 8:40 1 11 Nicolais, Seyni 15 Schrock 22 Saylor Moyer Clemente, Beam, Fischer, Wise, 9:00 2 12 16 Joy 23 Chua Ehrenzeller, Joy Murrill Singley, Richardson, 9:20 3 Clapper, Mea 13 17 Bressler 24 deNyse Leveroni, Clark Aroniss, Margosian, Ferris, Stetson, Barner, Grove, 9:40 4 14 18 25 Dix Olson Levengood Sisson, Roth, Mohler Senum, Smeiles, 10:00 5 (40 min. presentation) 26 Martin Wright Cochran, Myer, 10:20 6 19 Henry 27 Ratzlaff Serrano 10:40 7 Curtis, Listor, Scheib 20 Bridel 28 Schlogl 11:00 8 Sollenberger 21 Bressler 29 Seldomridge 11:20 9 Detweiler, Mazurek 30 Shoemaker 11:40 10 Duke, Kreider

Engineering

12:55 Welcome and instructions by Session Chairs 1:00 31 Bashore, Foley, Logan 1:20 32 Nguyen, Torres Barrett, Holderman, 1:40 33 Reinert 2:00 34 Sargent, Young 2:20 35 Pozun, Stobie 2:40 36 Kauffman, Rogerson

Poster Session Engineering: Frey 070 3:00-4:00

Engineering

III

4:00 61 Floro, Kerstetter 4:20 62 Nelson Arnold, Ngui, Sagcal, 4:40 63 Sibi Mark Ashton, Martin, 5:00 64 Talamo, Wilkinson

Sculpture Dedication Ceremony "Cleft", honoring Dr. Karl Oberholser 12:30 PM Jordan/Kline Entrance

Hollinger K120 Lounge J159 J161 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

I II III IV

12:55 Welcome and instructions by Session Chairs

1:00 37 Marburger 43 Chapman, Gerhart 49 Myers, Young 55 Yoon Georgetti, Holguin, 1:20 38 Laird 44 50 Coleman, Leiphart 56 Feather Ormond 1:40 39 Sharples 45 Egolf 51 Nevin 57 Zwart 2:00 40 Raugh 46 Tomes 52 Schlegel 58 Ritenour Meassick, Johnson, 2:20 41 Sollenberger 47 Minor 53 59 Marshall Atwell 2:40 42 Jones 48 White 54 Ross 60 Merrill

Natural Sciences: Hollinger Atrium & Hallway Poster Session 3:00-4:00 Evidence-Based Nursing Care: K108 & K113

Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

V VI VII VIII

4:00 65 King, Johnson 69 Koehler 73 Egolf 76 Nguyen, Coleman Squire, Golden, 4:20 66 Cathro 70 Love 74 77 Ritenour Mitchell 4:40 67 Ross 71 Roberson 75 Bley 78 Hook 5:00 68 Bogetti 72 Miller

Engineering Frey 070 Project Space; 3:00 – 4:00

79 Ho, Shaubach, Yeisley 91 Charney, Esch, Younger 103 Kunkle, Vivolo Breisch, Engle, McCormick, 80 Burch, Hah, Redcay 92 104 Loefstedt, Pardoe Stevens

81 Gover, Raboci, Yoder 93 Hahn, Thomas 105 Angione, Stiffler

82 Haas, Roper 94 Laub, Pasti 106 Ladeau, Moore, Schell Bordner, Brubaker, Goodwin, 83 95 Coshun, Bohn 107 Criddle, Hsu, Martin, Sloop Harro, Snozzi Collier, Dunmire, Gehman, 84 Kline, Peck 96 Conrady, Lim 108 Hannon Barr, Kratz, Moussa, Pardoe, 85 97 Nguyen, Torres 109 Eckman, Mavros, Shirk Tajiri, Zigarelli Grossnickle, McGovern, 86 Lord, Lowman 98 Heindel, Petersheim, Smith 110 Schandel, Troyer

87 Nguyen, Simpkins 99 Jacoby, Mast, Musser 111 Artuso, Burt, Quatrale

88 Padovano 100 King 112 Brenneman, Ernst, Sharkey

89 Keeports, Weaver 101 Barrett, Tomasetti 113 Chang, Morrissey

90 Goss, Warden 102 Bright, Roth

Evidence-Based Nursing Care Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00 Vande Bunte, Horst, Park, 121 Wright, Timmer, Ross, Coulson 125 129 Ahn, Kidwell, Boltz Hoke Zavala, Skotnicki, Lippert, Henry, Brincat, Abraham, 122 126 Flynn, Rashford, Stanaford 130 Harnish Schunemann Martin, Brunner, Folan, Dierkes, Harbert, Hollar, 123 Baum, Madore, Sheeler 127 131 Stikeleather Stoltzfus Carten, Ngo, Kieliszewski, Clemens, Thompson, Carter, 124 128 132 Lazio, Yoder, Brown, Heck Davis Williams

Natural Sciences Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00

37 Marburger 56 Feather 75 Bley Nguyen, Coleman, Brown, 38 Laird 57 Zwart 76 Brady

39 Sharples 58 Ritenour 78 Hook

40 Raugh 65 King, Johnson 114 Driggers

44 Georgetti, Holguin, Ormond 66 Cathro 115 Casey

45 Egolf 67 Ross 116 Reale

50 Coleman, Leiphart 68 Bogetti 117 Twaddell

Hough, Johnson, Marcotte, 51 Nevin 69 Koehler 118 Welshans Burlew, Hahn, Markey, 52 Schlegel 70 Love 119 Postma

54 Ross 72 Miller 120 Swank

55 Yoon 73 Egolf

Engineering I Alexander Auditorium (F110); 8:30 – 12:00

1 8:40 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling - Creating a More Efficient

Well Drilling System for Sub-Saharan West Africa 108 109 Luke Betteridge, Amanda Luger, Kathryn Moyer, Joseph Longenecker‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

2 9:00 Woodcrest Bridge Project

Dylan Clemente, Dexter Ehrenzeller, Andrew Joy, Scott Heisey†, 87 Brian Swartz†

3 9:20 VWOS, Village Water Ozonation System

Gabrielle Clapper, Hing Jii Mea, Ray Knepper‡†, Michelle 113 Lockwood†

4 9:40 Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) Million Gallon Filter Challenge

Melanie Aroniss, Kyle Margosian, Braden Olson, Thomas Soerens† 90

5 10:00 Mobile Medical Clinic

Kariana Senum, Stephen Smeiles, Jason Wright, Donald Pratt† 88

6 10:20 Electric Motorcycle

Will Cochran, Bryant Myer, Raul Serrano, Donald Pratt†

7 10:40 Lower Limb Prosthetic for the Developing World

Micah Curtis, Erik Listor, Chris Scheib, Emily Farrar† 79 80

8 11:00 Cycle Advancements for Rugged Terrain - Universal Hitch

Benjamin Sollenberger, Tim Van Dyke† 102

9 11:20 Mobility Tricycle Project - Rear Axle and Front End Redesign

Jared Detweiler, Rachel Mazurek, Daniel Loefstedt, Joshua Kunkle, 103 104 Joshua Pardoe, Daniel Vivolo, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke†

10 11:40 Mobility Tricycle Project - Drive Shaft and Brake Control Redesign

Samuel Duke, John Kreider, Daniel Barrett, Cordell King, Matthew 100 101 Tomasetti, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke†

Computer & Information Science Frey 150; 8:30 – 10:00

11 8:40 Digital Harrisburg

Steven Nicolais, Yacoub Seyni

12 9:00 SCORE International Non-Profit Accounting System

Recommendation Christopher Beam, Kyle Fischer, Dalton Wise, Nicholas Murrill

13 9:20 Food Pantry Application

Tiffani Singley, Benjamin Richardson, Grace Leveroni, Jeffrey Clark

14 9:40 Tally: Voting App for Impact Venture Challenge

Mark Ferris, Tom Stetson, Brett Levengood, Brian Nejmeh†

Physics Frey 343; 8:40 – 11:20

15 8:40 Low Cost, High Speed Correlation for Dynamic Light Scattering on a

Field Programmable Gate Array Katrina Schrock, Matthew Farrar†

16 9:00 Construction of a Thin Film Deposition System

Michael Joy, Niklas Hellgren†

17 9:20 Cosmic Ray Topography

Matthew Bressler, Abaz Kryemadhi†

18 9:40 A Search for Dark Matter: Prototype Development of Compact

Cosmic Ray Detectors Lindsey Barner, Andrew Grove, Caleb Sisson, Alexander Roth, Jacob Mohler, Abaz Kryemadhi†

19 10:20 Visualization of Newton's Laws

Michael Henry, Abaz Kryemadhi†

20 10:40 Cosmic Rays and Cloud Formation

Kyele Bridel, Abaz Kryemadhi†

21 11:00 Study Silicon Photomultipliers and LYSO crystals for use in Positron

Emission Tomography and Particle Calorimetery Matthew Bressler, Abaz Kryemadhi†

Mathematics Frey 349; 8:40 – 11:40

22 8:40 The Knight's Dance: A New Chessboard Problem

Dallas Saylor

23 9:00 Communication Strategies for Spontaneous Teamwork

Phoebe Chua

24 9:20 Pump It Up! : Impact Analysis Using Modern Statistical Methods

Angela deNyse

25 9:40 Curves of Pursuit: The Mathematics of Chase Scenarios

Victoria Dix

26 10:00 Deciphering Mathematical Cryptography

Jessica Martin

27 10:20 Crime Rates and Regression Analysis

Lucas Ratzlaff

28 10:40 The History and Development of Musical Cryptography

Rahel Schlogl

29 11:00 Storing Nuclear Waste in Japan

Victoria Seldomridge

30 11:20 Population Dynamics Throughout History

Rebekah Curtis Shoemaker

Engineering II Alexander Auditorium (F110); 1:00 – 3:00

31 1:00 Sustainability Efforts for Inclusive WASH

Elizabeth Bashore, Andrew Foley, Kaitlin Logan, Tony Beers†, 91 Thomas Soerens†

32 1:20 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS)

Daniel Marquez, Michael Torres, Hoang Nguyen, Harold 97 Underwood†

33 1:40 Panama Bridge Project

Katie Barrett, Benjamin Holderman, Benjamin Reinert, L. Bryan Hoover‡†, Brian Swartz†, Tim Zimmerman‡†

34 2:00 Intelligent Water

Jacob Sargent, Jacqui Young, Tony Beers†, Avery deGruchy‡†, 83 Randall Fish†

35 2:20 Affordable Sanitation: Design of Pit Latrines that are Resistant to

Soil Collapse 110 Adam Pozun, Gavin Stobie, Tony Beers†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

36 2:40 Design and Implementation of a Demonstration System for

Combined Generation of Power, Heat, and Refrigeration 99 Mitchell Kauffman, Christian Rogerson, Brian Seip‡†, David Vader†, Timothy Whitmoyer†

Natural Sciences I Kline 120; 1:00 – 3:00

37 1:00 A Novel Synthetic Pathway for Aspernigrin A † Brady Marburger, Anne Reeve

38 1:20 Determining the Insertion Site of SV40 in the Genome of B6/K0 Cells

Ryan Laird, Lawrence Mylin†

39 1:40 Diet Selectivity of Slimy Sculpin, Cottus cognatus

Allison Sharples, Jeff Erikson†

40 2:00 Characterization of CD4+ T Lymphocyte Responses to the Simian

Virus 40 Large Tumor Antigen in C57Bl/6 Mice Arielle Raugh, Lawrence Mylin†

41 2:20 Exercise as a Lifetime Commitment: Enhancing Adherence through

Effective College Wellness Programming Erin Sollenberger, Doug Miller†, Melinda Smith†

42 2:40 Assessing the Health of Cedar Run through Chemical Testing and

Macro-invertebrate Abundance and Diversity Alexander Jones, Jeff Erikson†

Natural Sciences II Hollinger Lounge; 1:00 – 3:00

43 1:00 Performance Deficits in Athletes Cleared for Return to Play

Following Surgical Repair of the ACL Daniel Chapman, Philip Gerhart, Matthew Lewis†

44 1:20 Sports Nutrition Programming is Needed at Messiah College Based

on Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Athletes Michala Georgetti, Natalia Holguin, Renee Ormond

45 1:40 Mechanism of Action of Schweinfurthins, A New Class of

Anticancer Compounds Shaun Egolf, Nancy Lill‡†, Jeffrey Neighbors‡†, Raymond Hohl‡†

46 2:00 Development of Comprehensive and Practical Pre-Participation

Screening: an Examination of Literature Colin Tomes, Matthew Lewis†

47 2:20 Engineering a Genetically-encoded Iron and Copper Indicator Using

Combinatorial Mutagenesis of a FRET-based Calcium Indicator Haleigh Minor, Jesse Kleingardner†

48 2:40 Effect of Early Sport Specialization on Functional Movement Ability

in Collegiate Baseball Players Kelsey White, Joey Twaddell, Matthew Lewis†

Natural Sciences III Jordan 159; 1:00 – 3:00

49 1:00 Evaluation of En Route Wilderness Spring Break Trip

Emilie Myers, Maggie Young

50 1:20 A Quantitative Mineral and Nutrient Analysis of M. oleifera Leaves

Lindsay Coleman, Paul Leiphart, Richard Schaeffer†

51 1:40 A Study on the Long-term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM

Filter in Bolivia and Fiji Andrew Nevin, Holly Ross, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist†

52 2:00 An Exploration of Chemical Sensor Development Using a

Functionalized Quartz Crystal Microbalance Kelsey Schlegel, Richard Schaeffer†

53 2:20 Redefine Living through Adventure

Cody Meassick, Rachel Johnson, Timothy Atwell

54 2:40 Increasing the Stability and Expression of Green Fluorescent

Protein in Pancreatic Cancer Cells for Metastasis Assays Holly Ross, John Harms†

Natural Sciences IV Jordan 161; 1:00 – 3:00

55 1:00 Investigating a Genetic Correlation between a Single Nucleotide

Polymorphism in a Splice Variant of CCK2R and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation Sung Bo Yoon, John Harms†

56 1:20 Edible Forest Permaculture: Planning, Site Selection and

Implementation David Foster†, Lyndsay Feather

57 1:40 Characterization of Carboxylate Self-Assembled Monolayers on

Zinc Selenide Sarah Zwart, Niklas Hellgren, Alison Noble†

58 2:00 A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against CCK2R Shows Promise as a

Tool for Studying Pancreatic Cancer Laura Ritenour, John Harms†

59 2:20 Propagation and Growth of Hydrastis canadensis through

Aquaponics and Tissue Culture Susannah Marshall, David Foster†

60 2:40 Zinc Selenide-Supported Self-Assembled Monolayers Functionalized

with Oligonucleotides Autumnn Merrill, Alison Noble†

Engineering III Alexander Auditorium (F110); 4:00 – 5:20

61 4:00 Solar Africa TCZ

Andrew Floro, Scott Kerstetter, Randall Fish† 84

62 4:20 Solar Panama

Elkan Nelson, Jonathan Lord, Spencer Lowman, Randall Fish† 86

63 4:40 Thermoelectric Generator Ventilation Hood

Brooks Arnold, Joel Ngui, Christian Sagcal, Joel Sibi Mark, Randall Fish†

64 5:00 Energy Monitoring and Management System

Wesley Ashton, Thomas Martin, Greg Talamo, Matthew 85 Wilkinson, Tom Austin‡†, Randall Fish†

Natural Sciences V Kline 120; 4:00 – 5:20

65 4:00 Non-operative Management of Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Rupture in a Men's Lacrosse Player Abbey King, Melanie Johnson, Wendy Cheesman†

66 4:20 An Analysis of the Diet of Pennsylvania Ring-necked Snakes

(Diadophis punctatus) Andrew Cathro, Erik Lindquist†

67 4:40 A Study on the Long-Term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM

Filter in Five Developing Nations Holly Ross, Andrew Nevin, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist†

68 5:00 Vegetables as Green Reagents in Oxidation and Reduction

Reactions Anthony Bogetti, Roseann Sachs†

Natural Sciences VI Hollinger Lounge; 4:00 – 5:20

69 4:00 Engineering HPDE Cells to Express Gastrin and Ascertain its Role in

Pancreatic Tumorigenesis Victoria Koehler, John Harms†

70 4:20 Self-Assembled Monolayers on Zinc Selenide Toward Biosensor

Applications Anna Love, Alison Noble†

71 4:40 Injury Prevention in Classical Ballet: Finding the Balance Between

Safety and Aesthetic Tessa Roberson, Matthew Lewis†

72 5:00 In a Cancer-Associated Splice Variant of the CCK2 Receptor, a

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Not Explain Intron Retention Matthew Miller, John Harms†

Natural Sciences VII Jordan 159; 4:00 – 5:00

73 4:00 A Search for New T Cell Epitopes within and the Evaluation of the

Immunogenicity of SV40 T Antigen-transformed Cells Grown without Fetal Bovine Serum Shaun Egolf, Lawrence Mylin†

74 4:20 "Let's Walk" Wilderness Trip Evaluation

Anne Squire, Jennifer Golden, Benton Mitchell

75 4:40 Novel Synthesis of Aspernigrin A: Progress towards Allylic

Bromination Ed Bley, Anne Reeve†

Natural Sciences VIII Jordan 161; 4:00 – 5:00

76 4:00 Color-Coded Menu Labeling has No Significant Impact on Calories

in Specialty Coffee Beverages Purchased on a College Campus Van Nguyen, Lindsay Coleman, Makenzie Brown, Brigitte Brady

77 4:20 Longevity or Diabetes? The Paradoxical Effects of mTOR Inhibition

Laura Ritenour, Cassie Tran‡†, Joseph Baur‡†

78 4:40 Targeting the CCK2 Pancreatic Cancer Receptor Using Epitope i4sv Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes Taylor Hook, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin†

Engineering Frey 070 Project Space; 3:00 – 4:00

79 BioSTEP: Transfemoral Prosthetic

Vy Ho, Lyndsy Shaubach, Daniel Yeisley, Emily Farrar† 7

80 Research and Design of Prosthetic Lower Limb Components

Kaleb Burch, Ashley Hah Chien Vern, Luke Redcay, Emily Farrar† 7

81 3-D Printed Hand Prosthetic

Timothy Gover, Jessica Raboci, Jason Yoder, Emily Farrar†

82 Rapid Low-Cost HIV Diagnostic Device

Daniel Haas, Brianne Roper, Lily Gaudreau, Emily Farrar†, Matthew Farrar†

83 PumpMinder

Shawn Bordner, Chad Brubaker, Lydia Goodwin, John Harro, Sandra 34 Snozzi, Tony Beers†, Randall Fish†

84 Solar Africa EBI

Jessica Kline, Josiah Peck, Randall Fish† 61

85 Energy Monitoring and Management System

Seth Barr, Austin Kratz, Karine Moussa, Nathaniel Pardoe, Paul Tajiri, 64 Michael Zigarelli, Tom Austin‡†, Randall Fish†

86 Solar Panama

Jonathan Lord, Spencer Lowman, Randall Fish† 62

87 Woodcrest Bridge Project

Thien Nguyen, Mark Simpkins, Scott Heisey† 2

88 Mobile Medical Clinic

Mickey Padovano, Donald Pratt† 5

89 Basic Utility Vehicle (BUV) Firetruck

John Keeports, Jeffrey Weaver, Donald Pratt†

90 Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) Million Gallon Filter Challenge

Nolan Goss, Frederic Warden, Tony Beers†, Thomas Soerens† 4

91 Economic Wheel Design for Water Transportation Cart - Africa Wash and

Disability Study 31 Joshua Charney, Devin Esch, Jacob Younger, Tony Beers†, Thomas Soerens†

92 Bridges to Prosperity Design Manual

Kevin Breisch, Zachary Engle, Sean McCormick, Caleb Stevens, Brian Swartz†

93 WERCware Stress Alerting Technology

Ryan Hahn, Josh Thomas, Joseph Coshun, Harold Underwood†

94 Harrisburg Energy Audit

Anders Laub, Michael Pasti, Harold Underwood†

95 WERCware Application Development and Shutoff Solution

Joseph Coshun, Matthew Bohn, Ryan Hahn, Josh Thomas, Harold Underwood†

96 FaithConnect: Connecting Churches through Technology

Joshua Conrady, Keith Wei Luen Lim, Harold Underwood†

97 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS): Communications Group

Hoang Nguyen, Michael Torres, Harold Underwood† 32

98 Breath of Life Tropical Oxygen Concentrator

Katie Heindel, Spencer Petersheim, Michael Smith, Robert Reed‡†, David Vader†

99 Design and Implementation of a Demonstration System for Combined

Generation of Power, Heat, and Refrigeration 36 Ethan Jacoby, Timothy Mast, Nathan Musser, Brian Seip‡†, David Vader†, Timothy Whitmoyer†

100 Mobility Tricycle Project - Brake/Control Box Redesign

Cordell King, John Kreider, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† 10

101 Mobility Tricycle Project - Drive Shaft Redesign

Daniel Barrett, Matthew Tomasetti, Samuel Duke, John Meyer†, Tim Van 10 Dyke†

102 Cycle Advancements for Rugged Terrain - Universal Hitch

Jonathan Bright, Alexander Roth, Tim Van Dyke† 8

103 Mobility Tricycle Project - Rear Axle Redesign

Joshua Kunkle, Daniel Vivolo, Jared Detweiler, John Meyer†, Tim Van 9 Dyke†

104 Mobility Trike Project - Front End Redesign

Daniel Loefstedt, Joshua Pardoe, Rachel Mazurek, John Meyer†, Tim Van 9 Dyke†

105 Better Briquettes

Giuliana Angione, Samuel Stiffler, Timothy Whitmoyer†

106 Biofuels: Burkina

Aaron Ladeau, Mayim Moore, Tyler Schell, Douglas Phillippy†, Timothy Whitmoyer†

107 Bio-Fuels: Seed Pressing

Tyler Criddle, Samuel Hsu, Hannah Martin, Bradley Sloop, Timothy Whitmoyer†

108 MPWD - Design of Mast Superstructure

Tyler Collier, Andrew Dunmire, Damaris Gehman, John Hannon, Joseph 1 Longenecker‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

109 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling

Dan Eckman, Althea Mavros, Greg Shirk, Joseph Longenecker‡†, 1 Tesfayohanes Yacob†

110 Affordable Sanitation

Kenton Grossnickle, Connor McGovern, Sydney Schandel, Duane Troyer, 35 Tony Beers†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

111 Cumberland Pointe Futsal Court Project

Jacob Artuso, Peter Burt, Emily Quatrale, Scott Heisey†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†, Joshua Weidler‡†

112 Aeroponics: A Sustainable Alternative to Traditional Agriculture

Matthew Brenneman, Georgia Ernst, Erin Sharkey, Michelle Lockwood†, Nicholas Noss‡†

113 VWOS, Village Water Ozonation System

Elisabeth Chang, Luke Morrissey, Hing Jii Mea, Michelle Lockwood†, Ray 3 Knepper‡†

Evidence-Based Nursing Care Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00

121 Comparison of Patient Outcomes in 8-hour vs.12-hour Nursing Shifts

Mary Wright, Elizabeth Timmer, Julie Ross, Laura Coulson

122 Non-Technical Skills in a Crisis: Improvement Through Simulation

Rosa Zavala, Rachel Skotnicki, Rachel Lippert, Autumn Harnish

123 CIWA-Ar Tool Impact on Benzodiazepine Administration in Alcohol

Withdrawal Patients Sarah Baum, Kristen Madore, Michelle Sheeler

124 The Role of Nutrition in the Healing and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers

Samantha Carten, Dola Ngo, Angie Kieliszewski, Emma Davis

125 Interdisciplinary Interventions to Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding for the

First Six Months of Life Liz Vande Bunte, Elizabeth Horst, Monica Park, Hayley Hoke

126 Benefit of Support Groups of Oncology Nurses: Don't Forget About Us: We

Grieve Too Olivia Flynn, Amanda Rashford, Miranda Stanaford

127 Aromatherapy: The Intervention to Increase Sleep Quality in Cardiac

Patients? Abby Martin, Karen Brunner, Helen Folan, Claire Stikeleather

128 Depression After a Myocardial Infarction: A Complication not to be

Overlooked Ashley Clemens, Alissa Thompson, Rebekah Carter, Johannah Williams

129 Utilizing Multimodal Pain Control in Opioid Tolerant Postoperative Patients

Ashley Ahn, Rachel Kidwell, Katelyn Boltz

130 Abstract: Improving Patient Safety Outcomes Through Alarm

Management Techniques Katherine Henry, Michelle Brincat, Joyce Abraham, Amy Schunemann

131 Evidence-Based Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the

Emergency Department Kelsey Dierkes, Megan Harbert, Rachel Hollar, Katie Stoltzfus

132 Impact of Telephone Support on Rate of Heart Failure Specific

Readmissions Hanna Lazio, Alissa Yoder, Erin Brown, Erika Heck

Natural Sciences Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00

37 A Novel Synthetic Pathway for Aspernigrin A

Brady Marburger, Anne Reeve†

38 Determining the Insertion Site of SV40 in the Genome of B6/K0 Cells

Ryan Laird, Lawrence Mylin†

39 Diet Selectivity of Slimy Sculpin, Cottus cognatus

Allison Sharples, Jeff Erikson†

40 Characterization of CD4+ T Lymphocyte Responses to the Simian Virus 40

Large Tumor Antigen in C57Bl/6 Mice Arielle Raugh, Lawrence Mylin†

44 Sports Nutrition Programming is Needed at Messiah College based on

Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Athletes Michala Georgetti, Natalia Holguin, Renee Ormond

45 Mechanism of Action of Schweinfurthins, A New Class of Anticancer

Compounds Shaun Egolf, Nancy Lill‡†, Jeffrey Neighbors‡†, Raymond Hohl‡†

50 A Quantitative Mineral and Nutrient Analysis of M. oleifera Leaves

Lindsay Coleman, Paul Leiphart, Richard Schaeffer†

51 A Study on the Long-term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM Filter in

Bolivia and Fiji Andrew Nevin, Holly Ross, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist†

52 An Exploration of Chemical Sensor Development Using a Functionalized

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Kelsey Schlegel, Richard Schaeffer†

54 Increasing the Stability and Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in

Pancreatic Cancer Cells for Metastasis Assays Holly Ross, John Harms†

55 Investigating a Genetic Correlation between a Single Nucleotide

Polymorphism in a Splice Variant of CCK2R and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation Sung Bo Yoon, John Harms†

56 Edible Forest Permaculture: Planning, Site Selection and Implementation

David Foster†, Lyndsay Feather

57 Characterization of Carboxylate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Zinc

Selenide Sarah Zwart, Niklas Hellgren, Alison Noble†

58 A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against CCK2R Shows Promise as a Tool for

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Laura Ritenour, John Harms†

65 Non-operative Management of Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Rupture

in a Men's Lacrosse Player Abbey King, Melanie Johnson, Wendy Cheesman†

66 An Analysis of the Diet of Pennsylvania Ring-necked Snakes (Diadophis

punctatus) Andrew Cathro, Erik Lindquist†

67 A Study on the Long-Term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM Filter in

Five Developing Nations Holly Ross, Andrew Nevin, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist†

68 Vegetables as Green Reagents in Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Anthony Bogetti, Roseann Sachs†

69 Engineering HPDE Cells to Express Gastrin and Ascertain its Role in

Pancreatic Tumorigenesis Victoria Koehler, John Harms†

70 Self-Assembled Monolayers on Zinc Selenide Toward Biosensor

Applications Anna Love, Alison Noble†

72 In a Cancer-Associated Splice Variant of the CCK2 Receptor, a Single

Nucleotide Polymorphism May Not Explain Intron Retention Matthew Miller, John Harms†

73 A Search for New T Cell Epitopes within and the Evaluation of the

Immunogenicity of SV40 T Antigen-transformed Cells Grown without Fetal Bovine Serum Shaun Egolf, Lawrence Mylin†

75 Novel Synthesis of Aspernigrin A: Progress towards Allylic Bromination

Ed Bley, Anne Reeve†

76 Color-Coded Menu Labeling has No Significant Impact on Calories in

Specialty Coffee Beverages Purchased on a College Campus Van Nguyen, Lindsay Coleman, Makenzie Brown, Brigitte Brady

78 Targeting the CCK2 Pancreatic Cancer Receptor Using Epitope Specific i4sv CD8+ T Lymphocytes Taylor Hook, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin†

114 Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Stream Macroinvertebrate

Communities Benjamin Driggers, Jeff Erikson†

115 Optimization of Western Blot Technique for the Detection of the CCK2 and

CCK2i4sv Receptors with New Monoclonal Antibodies Sarah Casey, John Harms†

116 Engineering Metalloproteins for Fuel Catalysis Using Site-directed

Mutagenesis of CHIP Template Emily Reale, Jesse Kleingardner†

117 Lyme Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery in a Track and Field

Athlete Joey Twaddell, Matthew Lewis†

118 Parents of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Indicate Interest in Learning about Nutrition Topics Despite Showing Confidence in Their Knowledge of the Same Nutrition Topics. Moriah Hough, Marie Johnson, Taylor Marcotte, McKenna Welshans

119 Project SHARE in Carlisle, PA Would Benefit from Offering More Foods that

Rank a One or Two on the Choose Healthy Options Program Scale in Their Monthly Distribution Box Alia Burlew, Kathleen Hahn, Claire Markey, Sarah Postma

120 Evaluating a Mini-Scale Hydroponic System for Arabidopsis thaliana

Justin Swank, Michael Shin†

“Cleft” Dedication 12:30 PM, Jordan/Kline Entrance A Sculpture Tribute to the Life and Work of Professor Emeritus, Karl Oberholser, Ph.D.

Dr. Karl Oberholser, Professor Emeritus, served on the faculty at Messiah College from 1976 to 2010, teaching courses in organic chemistry, analytical chemistry and biochemistry. He taught many students who would soon attest to the strong preparation they had received for continued study in medical or graduate school. Dr. O’s passion was for the three-dimensional representation of the structure and function of important biological molecules, especially proteins. He was a contributor to Proteopedia, a database for such structures and animations and regularly included students in the preparation of these visualization tools. “Cleft” is a commissioned work created by Messiah College alum and artist, Brian Menkis. It presents myoglobin, one of the proteins for which Professor Oberholser created interactive computerized animations. After binding oxygen in the cleft, myoglobin carries it through muscle tissue. We are grateful for Dr. Oberholser’s life and legacy.

Karl Oberholser, Ph.D. is shown beside a computer displaying an image of a three dimensional protein modeled using Proteopedia. The sculpture “Cleft” depicts a three dimensional model of the protein myoglobin which stores and transports oxygen within tissues and cells. One molecule of oxygen binds to the myoglobin within the deep pocket known as the “cleft”.

This icon indicates a project supported by, or conducted in association with…

The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research

Service today… servant-leaders tomorrow. The Collaboratory is a center for applied research and project-based learning in the School of Science, Engineering and Health at Messiah College. We add value to classroom learning by enabling participants to apply academic knowledge and live out their Christian faith through imaginative, hands-on problem solving that meets needs brought to us by Christian mission, relief and development organizations and businesses. The twofold mission of the Collaboratory is:  To foster justice, empower the poor, promote peace, and care for the earth through applications of our academic and professional disciplines.  To increase the academic and professional abilities of participants, their vocational vision for lifelong servant-leadership, and their courage to act on convictions. Areas of engagement include science, engineering, health, information technology, business, and education. Our projects enable students to engage classroom fundamentals in an authentic client-provider environment. Student leaders run the Collaboratory organization in partnership with the educators who mentor them. As God enables us to serve others today, we seek to grow as disciples of Jesus, to serve as God's stewards over the resources of our academic and professional disciplines, and to bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God. To learn more about the Messiah College Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research please visit our web site at www.messiah.edu/collaboratory.

This icon indicates a project supported by the…

Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program

The Steinbrecher Endowment for Research in the Health and Life Sciences was established at Messiah College in 2003 by Dr. Leroy and Mrs. Eunice Steinbrecher to support collaborative experimental research between students and faculty. Dr. Steinbrecher (Class of 1955) was a physician and longtime supporter of Messiah College. Eunice (Class of 1958) has served on the Board of Trustees at Messiah College continuously since 1987 and as chairperson of the board for 10 years (2000 – 2010).

The Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program provides “heads-on, hands-on” research experiences essential to our School’s efforts to offer premier undergraduate health and science programs. The research must be experimental and collaborative in nature. Awarded on a competitive basis, the Steinbrecher scholarships provide housing, meals and a stipend supporting full- time research employment – forty hours per week – for between five and ten weeks of the summer.

We graciously acknowledge the oversight and training provided by Messiah College faculty and external collaborators!

Collaboratory Educators, Collaborators & Partners

Educators External Project Partners Collaborators

Tony Beers Tom Austin Ability Prosthetic and Orthotics Inc. Gene Chase Andrew Breighner AROMA Jeff Erikson Alex Brubaker Bridges to Prosperity Emily Farrar Chris Byers Burkina Faso Outreach Matthew Farrar Robert Clancy Dala Development Randy Fish J-Lynn Conrady Design Outreach Angela Hare Avery deGruchy Devilbiss Healthcare Scott Heisey Dan Eliott Forgotten Voices/BIC Zambia Nate Kamban Kerry Gofroth Forward Edge International Abaz Kreymadhi L. Bryan Hoover Harrisburg Public Schools Erik Lindquist Randy Jackson Hiinga Microfinance Uganda Michelle Lockwood Paul Klemunes JAARS John Meyer Ray Knepper Limbs International Ray Norman Joseph Longenecker Macha Hospital (Zambia) David Owen Steve Marquiss Messiah College Dining Services Nancy Patrick Rob Miller Open Door Development Doug Phillippy Nicholas Noss Rio Missions Don Pratt Robert Reed Sawyer Products Mike Robinson Brian Seip SIM Thomas Soerens Adam Shamenek SymBionyx Brian Swartz Liam Tanis World Vision Evie Telfer William Watson Harold Underwood Josh Weaber David Vader Joshua Weidler Ariela Vader Russ Woleslagle Tim Van Dyke Tim Zimmerman Scott Weaver Timothy Whitmoyer Lamarr Widmer Tesfa Yacob

We graciously acknowledge oversight and training provided by full time and adjunct Messiah College faculty of…

The School of Science, Engineering and Health

Biological Sciences Mathematics, Physics & Statistics Jeff Erikson, MS, MEPC Matthew Farrar, Ph.D. David Foster, Ph.D. Niklas Hellgren, Ph.D. John Harms, Ph.D. Abaz Kryemadhi, Ph.D. Erik Lindquist, Ph.D. Douglas Phillippy, Ph.D. Lawrence Mylin, Ph.D. Lamarr Widmer, Ph.D. Michael Shin, Ph.D.

Nursing Chemistry & Biochemistry Tara Jankouskas, BSN, MSN, Ph.D., RNC Jesse Kleingardner, Ph.D. Mary Lou Mortimer, DNP, RNC-NIC Alison Noble, Ph.D. Louann Zinsmeister, BSN, MS, Ph.D., NLN, CNE Anne Reeve, Ph.D. Roseann Sachs, Ph.D. Nutrition & Dietetics Richard Schaeffer, Ph.D. Amy Porto, Ph.D., RD

Computer & Information Science Brian Nejmeh, MS D. Scott Weaver, DPS

Health & Human Performance Wendy Cheesman, DPT, M.S., LAT, ATC Matthew Lewis, Ph.D., LAT, ATC, CSCS Doug Miller, Ph.D., CSCS Melinda Smith, M.S. Dave Tanis, D. Ed.

We graciously acknowledge the oversight and training provided by the following Nursing Professionals

Holy Spirit Hospital Presentation Rachael Capeci, BSN, RN 131 Amber Cunningham, BSN, RN, PCCN 130 Sherri Heffner, RN-BC 122 Barbara Mummert, RN 121 Megan Reeves, RN 132 Ann Wealand, RN-BC 122 Sherry White, BSN, RN 131

PinnacleHealth Presentation Marianne Allen, DrNP(c), MN, RNC-OB 125 Aleysia Altland, BSN, RN 126 Trish Bennett, MSN, RN, CCRN 123 Teresa Biagio, MBA, BSN, RN 125 Tiffany Boyd, MSN, RN, BC, CSN 126 Sue Ann Bruce, BSN, RN, VA-BC 129 Allison Carter, BSN, RN 128 Kathy Chester, BSN, RM, CCRN 124 Tina Daniels, BSN, RNC-NIC 125 Yana Dilman, BSN, RN, PCCN 124 Kelsey Drawbaugh, BSN, RN 127 Cathy Druckenmiller, BSN, RN, CCRN 128 Melanie Duffy, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS 124 Janet Ebersole,, BSN, RN 127 Kathy Fojutowski, BSN, RN, CRN 123 Kimberly Fowler, MSN, RN, CNS-BC, CHFN 127 Robin George, RN 124 Karen Good, BSN,RN, CCRN 129 Abbygale Hackenberger, BSN, RN, CCRN 123 Barb Hammar, MSN, RN 128 Katie Henderson, BSN, RN 127 Tamara Jelk,, MSN, RN, CMSRN 129 Lydia Johnson, MSN, RN, CCRN 128

Barbara Jordan, BSN, RN, PCCN 124 Alexis Leed, BSN, RN 128 Amy Lesher, BSN, RN, CCRN 124 Christa Mathews, BSN, RN 125 MaryAlyce McCormick, MS, RN, ACNS, ONC 126 Kaitlyn Palkon, BSN, RN 125 Morgan Petrie,, BSN, RN 128 Trevor Praetsch, BSN, RN 123 Deborah Schafer, MSN, RNC-OB 123 Patty Stetler, BSN, RN, CPAN 129 Kathryn Stewart, BSN, RN 123 Sue Tyson, BSN, RN, CCRN, CEN 129 Karen Wagner, BSN, RNC-OB 123

We gratefully acknowledge the following External Research Mentors

Presentation Joseph Baur, Ph.D. 77 Assistant Professor of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism

Raymond J Hohl, M.D., Ph.D. 45 Director, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute

Nancy L. Lill, Ph.D. 45 Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute

Jeffrey D, Neighbors, Ph.D. 45 Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute

Cassie Tran, Ph.D. 77 Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Pennsylvania Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism

We gratefully acknowledge the following Financial and Material Support

Presentation AROMA of Messiah College 111 Association for Bridge and Construction Design 33 CDM Smith 33 Century Engineering, Inc. 33 Computer Science and Engineering Research Experiences for 23 Undergraduates (REU) Program, Washington University in St. Louis; Drs. Brendan Juba and Sanmay Das Conrad N. Hilton Foundation 31, 91 CS Davidson Inc 33 Dala Development 5, 88 David Miller Associates Inc 33 Dawood Engineering Inc. 33 DeVilbiss Health Care. 98 Dillsburg Brethern in Christ Church 61 Friends of TCZ (Theological College of Zimbabwe) 61 Horst Construction 2 IBM 16 Intel Corporation 16 Larson Design Group 2, 33 McMahon Associates Inc. 33 Messiah College Impact Venture Challenge 64, 85 NASA (Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium) 18 NIH Grants: R01 AG043483 and R01 DK098656 to J.B. 77 NIH Grant: T32 DK07314 to C.T. 77 NTM Engineering Inc 33 Penn State Center for Nanoscale Science NSF-MRSEC (DMR-0820404) 57, 60, 70 Penn State Hershey SURIP Program 45

We gratefully acknowledge the following Financial and Material Support

Presentation Penn State Hershey Department of Pharmacology 45 Portland Technology Development Division 16 Sawyer Products International 51, 90 Steinbrecher Endowment for Research in the Health and Life Sciences 50, 51, 57, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75 Steven Rossnagel 16 The Ray Deiner Fund 113 UGI Utilities, Inc. 36, 99 University of Pennsylvania Summer Undergraduate Internship Program 77 Woodcrest Retreat 2 World Vision 31, 35, 91, 110 World Vision Ghana 34 Zachary Sorrel 64, 85

Abstracts

Abstracts are arranged in alphabetic order by the last name of the first author. The names of presenting authors are indicated in bold. To allow for cross-referencing, the Presentation Number appears in bold within parentheses at the end of each abstract. The number is used to identify the presentation throughout the Program.

Ashley Ahn, Rachel Kidwell, Katelyn Boltz Utilizing Multimodal Pain Control in Opioid Tolerant Postoperative Patients Background: Opioids are commonly used medications to treat postoperative pain, but in patients with chronic pain, higher doses are required to produce the desired effect. Adjunct pharmacology is being studied in postoperative settings to reduce the use of opioids. Some of these adjuncts include dexamethasone and various antidepressants. Problem: Patients who are opioid tolerant require higher doses of opioids in order to achieve analgesic effects, but the higher the dose the more likely they are to experience negative side effects. These patients may require other methods of pain management to reduce post-surgical pain. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine how pre-existing opioid tolerance affects postoperative pain and how using smaller doses of opioids along with adjunct medications can affect postoperative pain resolution. Method: Evidence was collected from CINAHL, PubMed and Cochrane using key terms such as “opioid tolerance”, “multimodal pain management”, and “postoperative pain”. Results: Chronic pain was not found to affect severity of postoperative pain in thoracotomy patients, but patients with chronic pain using opioids have higher pain ratings directly after surgery than patients not using opioids. Dexamethasone can reduce the need for opioids and treat pain, while the usefulness of antidepressants is inconclusive. Implications for Practice: There is a need to implement adjunct pain management modalities in postoperative settings to reduce the negative side effects of high dosages of opioids. Areas of Future Research: The use of antidepressants in reducing postoperative pain and the need for opioids requires more research. Research on the timing of adjunct drug administration and specific doses would provide better evidence of their effects in decreasing pain and opioid use postoperatively. More research is also needed on the effects of multimodal therapy based on specific types of surgeries. (129)

Giuliana Angione, Samuel Stiffler, Timothy Whitmoyer† Better Briquettes Much of Africa’s natural forest resources are being harvested at alarming and unsustainable rates. This deforestation is largely due to the high demand for wood and charcoal to meet the regular energy requirements of many developing countries. Our project aims to develop and improve biofuel briquetting processes that use abundant agricultural waste products instead of wood and charcoal so that they may be implemented in developing countries. Our partner, Open Door Development (ODD), located in Burkina Faso, has been a resource for us in gathering information on the materials available and the local needs of their area. We hope to

create a briquette press, viable recipes, and briquetting instructions that can be tested and utilized by ODD. If ODD can successfully replicate our processes, we can expand our efforts to create a business plan that entrepreneurs can utilize to also begin manufacturing biofuel briquettes as a marketable alternative to wood and charcoal. We have recently completed our design of the press and have been optimizing multiple recipes made from corn starch and water with combinations of rice hulls, peanut hulls, and sawdust. We have yet to conduct quantitative studies on the exact measure of heat produced by these ingredients, but we have confirmed that each is capable of burning to produce heat and useful for the creation of structurally stable briquettes given the proper binding forces. (105)

Brooks Arnold, Joel Ngui, Christian Sagcal, Joel Sibi Mark, Randall Fish† Thermoelectric Generator Ventilation Hood A leading cause of respiratory illness in the developing world is smoke from indoor cook stoves. Passive venting of the typical open flame cooking does not sufficiently clear the smoke. Venting combined with a small electric fan is a viable solution but not for those without access to electric power. The TEG project is designing a fan/vent system powered by a Peltier device which converts the stove’s heat into usable electricity. This talk will center on efforts to optimize the heat transfer in the power source, minimize the power needed, and optimize the hood design. (63)

Melanie Aroniss, Kyle Margosian, Braden Olson, Thomas Soerens† Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) Million Gallon Filter Challenge Sawyer filters, particularly the Sawyer PointONETM Bucket Filter, have been used in over 70 countries to provide household clean water solutions and reduce water borne-illnesses by up to 75% in households who use the filters. Therefore the known life of the filter is essential. By knowing how long filters can be expected to last, a client as well as the team will know approximately when filters need to be replaced in order to prevent fatalities and sickness. The longevity of the membrane units is unknown in the field. Sawyer has promised users a life expectancy of lasting several years and the capability of filtering at least 1 million gallons of water prior to failure. Because they have not done testing to verify this, they are facing scrutiny and have asked the team to test this for them. In order to test, a testing system needed to be designed. The system will need to run for 2.5 years in order for 1 million gallons of water to be filtered through each filter given the flow rate of 1 gallon per minute. The filters will be periodically tested and the data will be submitted to Sawyer. (4)

Jacob Artuso, Peter Burt, Emily Quatrale, Scott Heisey†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†, Joshua Weidler‡† Cumberland Pointe Futsal Court Project The Cumberland Pointe Futsal Court Project hopes to bring the Light of Christ to a mainly Muslim community in the Cumberland Pointe Apartment complex in Mechanicsburg, PA through the sport of soccer. The soccer team, Walaalos United, was founded by Daniel Thompson of Aroma Missions in 2011. The soccer team has helped the young boys in the community come together and work toward a common goal of playing the best soccer possible while learning many life lessons. The boys currently have to walk a few miles to get to their current playing space, which initiated a project by Aroma Missions and the Collaboratory

to build a soccer field on the grounds of the apartment complex where the players of Walaalos United live. The futsal court will be built in a space that is currently occupied by an old volleyball court and a small basketball court. The Collaboratory project team has done surveying of the site, and developed multiple options of court size and construction materials for the client to choose from. The project team is also developing the paperwork necessary to apply for a building permit for the court. (111)

Wesley Ashton, Thomas Martin, Greg Talamo, Matthew Wilkinson, Tom Austin‡†, Randall Fish† Energy Monitoring and Management System In communities where access to electric power is limited, there is a need to educate consumers and control their use of this limited resource. The Energy Monitoring and Management System (EMMS) is an electric power meter used to measure and report power usage to the consumer and cut off power if a preset limit is exceeded. Already installed systems have proven that this reduces consumption and allows for more equitable sharing of power. This talk will discuss efforts made this year to move to a more modular meter design which will allow for the meters to be "smarter" and work together more efficiently. (64)

Lindsey Barner, Andrew Grove, Caleb Sisson, Alexander Roth, Jacob Mohler, Abaz Kryemadhi† A Search for Dark Matter: Prototype Development of Compact Cosmic Ray Detectors Dark Matter accounts for a vast majority of the universe’s mass composition. Since its nature and identity continue to mystify the scientific community, searches for Dark Matter remain an essential pursuit in physics. Balloon and space-based missions are valuable assets to this pursuit. However, detector technologies for such missions are cumbersome, making for higher flight costs. The combination of a Silicon Photomultiplier and scintillator crystal makes for an improved compact detector design that could be used in balloon or space-based particle physics applications. We have explored the performance of LYSO and Cerium Bromide detectors, used with a Silicon Photomultiplier, with space-based missions in mind. The results of this study will be shown. (18)

Seth Barr, Austin Kratz, Karine Moussa, Nathaniel Pardoe, Paul Tajiri, Michael Zigarelli, Tom Austin‡†, Randall Fish† Energy Monitoring and Management System The Energy Monitoring and Management System facilitates access to electric power in regions with limited energy by increasing energy conservation and education. Our solution consists of a meter which allocates a configurable daily energy limit per facility, and a display that provides practical information to the user reporting how much energy they have used or have left before power is automatically cut off until the next day. The current version of our system has successfully been installed in multiple facilities in Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe. We are in the process of a major update to support adding function modules which requires a new enclosure and SPI communication between boards. Work is progressing on one of the first modules for wireless communication between systems. Future modules will allow us to support both a pay-as-you-go version of the meter as well as remote administration by a small business energy provider. (85)

Daniel Barrett, Matthew Tomasetti, Samuel Duke, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Tricycle Project - Drive Shaft Redesign The Mobility Tricycle team is currently focused on a variety of improvements to the design of the electric and hand-powered tricycles in order to deliver an effective mobility device to aid persons living with disabilities in Mahadaga, Burkina Faso. One area of concern involves the drive train of the electric tricycle where two steel mating components experience rapid wear as the tricycle is used. The wear, in turn shortens the operating life of the drive system and ultimately the tricycle. To reduce wear, the Drive Shaft Redesign sub-team has developed a number of design improvements which have effectively altered the mechanical properties of the failing components. Preliminary results suggest that these improvements do slow wear, but recent test data is not precise or accurate enough to make a definitive conclusion. With regard to this, the sub-team has developed two test procedures involving both quantitative and qualitative analysis that are expected to produce data that will lead towards a definitive conclusion. (101)

Katie Barrett, Benjamin Holderman, Benjamin Reinert, L. Bryan Hoover‡†, Brian Swartz†, Tim Zimmerman‡† Panama Bridge Project The Panama Bridge Project designs and constructs bridges in partnership with local communities in Panama to increase access to essential resources and economic opportunities. The team recently completed their second bridge for a rural, isolated community in Panama. The first was a 40 ft. timber truss bridge; the second was a 220 ft. cable suspended bridge. The planned third bridge will be a 260 ft cable suspended cable bridge constructed in the Summer of 2016. (33)

Elizabeth Bashore, Andrew Foley, Kaitlin Logan, Tony Beers†, Thomas Soerens† Sustainability Efforts for Inclusive WASH The Africa WASH and Disability Study (AWDS) works in West Africa to empower persons with physical challenges to have better access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Recent work has been aimed to make assistive technologies sustainable for future local manufacturing by improving designs of a latrine chair and water transportation cart. To further assist in the area of water transportation, work has also been done to produce affordable and durable holders for jerry cans that provide handles for the user. These, among other sustainability efforts, have yielded varied results for the AWDS in the goal increasing availability of devices for persons with physical challenges. (31)

Sarah Baum, Kristen Madore, Michelle Sheeler CIWA-Ar Tool Impact on Benzodiazepine Administration in Alcohol Withdrawal Patients Background: Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance in both the US and worldwide. Alcohol-related problems cost the United States an average of $225 billion annually. In the inpatient setting, prevalence of alcohol abuse ranges from 2%-60%. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms are frequently misdiagnosed or unrecognized due to the vast amount of signs and symptoms. Alcohol withdrawal can be life threatening and needs to be properly identified and managed. Aims: The aim of this evidence-based practice project was to explore current

literature and research to help establish consistency, safety as well as nurse and patient satisfaction regarding alcohol withdrawal identification and management. Methods: Literature reviews and research articles were found on PubMed and CINAHL databases using keywords including: alcohol withdrawal, CIWA/CIWA-Ar, symptom-triggered protocol, Benzodiazepine management and symptom management. Results: Symptom-triggered alcohol withdrawal management can be used safely in the clinical setting and is as effective as fixed dosing therapy. CIWA is a valid and reliable tool to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms and can lead to decreased Benzodiazepine use, decreased hospital stay and a decrease in delirium tremens. Conclusion: Alcohol withdrawal is very prevalent in the inpatient setting and needs to be properly identified and managed to avoid adverse patient outcomes. Current practices should be evaluated by an interdisciplinary team and more research should be done to further evaluate the CIWA scale or to develop a valid symptom-triggered management guideline. Consistency, safety and patient and nurse satisfaction are priority. (123)

Christopher Beam, Kyle Fischer, Dalton Wise, Nicholas Murrill SCORE International Non-Profit Accounting System Recommendation SCORE International is a global Christian mission organization based in Chattanooga, TN. Over the past year and a half, SCORE has grown exponentially in its scope and vision. Due to the organization's large expansion, they are now in need of up-to-date technology and business processes. Our team has been tasked to recommend a new accounting system to update and upgrade SCORE's current deficient system. The result of this project will lead to a rapid increase in productivity at the SCORE office so that they can focus on spreading the Word of God. (12)

Luke Betteridge, Amanda Luger, Kathryn Moyer, Joseph Longenecker‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling - Creating a More Efficient Well Drilling System for Sub- Saharan West Africa The goal of this project is to develop and refine an efficient well-drilling system for a well drilling team in Burkina Faso, a small country in Western Africa. Our client is Matt Walsh an SIM missionary and the founder of Open Door Development in Burkina. Last year we redesigned our drilling system by adding a motor to reduce the amount of human power needed. This year we focused on several aspects of the system, including testing the current drilling rig, creating temporary well casing systems, creating and implementing bit attachments, and designing a new superstructure to replace the current tripod. (1)

Ed Bley, Anne Reeve† Novel Synthesis of Aspernigrin A: Progress towards Allylic Bromination Aspernigrin A is a compound isolated from the Mediterranean Sea sponge Axinella damicornus and the fungus Aspergillus niger. This secondary metabolite has been shown to be cytotoxic against human cancer cell lines and represents a possible oncological drug candidate. Several synthesis plans have been outlined for both aspernigrin A as well as its analogs. One scheme for the synthesis of the parent compound involves the synthesis of 3-(dimethylaminomethylene)-4- oxo-6-methyl-2-pyrone from the commercially available pyrone. The second step uses the molecule from the first step to form 6-methyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine-3-carboxylic acid. Both of these steps were previously done and were replicated with moderate yields and with good

purity. The next step proposed was the bromination of the previous molecule at the allylic position. Bromination at the allylic position would provide a good leaving group for attaching the phenyl via a cross coupling reaction. A number of bromine reactions and reagents have been tried in an effort to successfully brominate at the allylic. These reagents include hydrobromic acid, N-Bromosuccinimide, sodium bromide and molecular bromine in both biphasic and monophasic solvents, some with free radical initiators present. These have all proven unsuccessful for aqueous allylic bromination. Esterification and amidification reactions were then attempted in hopes of making the compound soluble in organic reaction conditions. Organic reaction conditions would allow for more traditional allylic bromination methods to be tried. These reactions have also proven to be unsuccessful. (75)

Anthony Bogetti, Roseann Sachs† Vegetables as Green Reagents in Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Whole vegetables are currently sought as an alternative to traditional reducing reagents in organic reactions because of their effectiveness in aqueous solvents, very low environmental impact, availability in developing countries and their impressive stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the reduction of imines, a nitrogen containing analog of ketones, while biologically important, are not well described in the literature. The present study uses the root of the carrot (Daucus carota) and other root vegetables in water as biocatalytic reducing agents for reactions of ketones to alcohols and imines to amines. Method optimization for the reduction of ketones showed that untreated, peeled carrots performed reduction reactions many times more efficiently than grated or juiced carrot procedures described in the literature. The revised procedure, when applied to the reduction of certain imines, was ineffective and suggests that vegetables possess a greater specificity for individual transformations than initially thought. (68)

Shawn Bordner, Chad Brubaker, Lydia Goodwin, John Harro, Sandra Snozzi, Tony Beers†, Randall Fish† PumpMinder To enable clean water access to be sustainable, a method of measuring water use for sales is required. The PumpMinder is a electronic device designed to accurately measure water usage in order to promote honesty between the water-drawing citizens and the designated pump manager. The PumpMinder monitors the presence of water in the nozzle of a hand pump and displays the amount of time water has been flowing. The pump manager is then able to read the displayed information and fairly determine the cost for water access. This creates the revenue needed to maintain the hand pump during its lifetime and provides clean water to the community without the need for external organizational support. (83)

Kevin Breisch, Zachary Engle, Sean McCormick, Caleb Stevens, Brian Swartz† Bridges to Prosperity Design Manual This project's main goal is to enhance the existing Bridges to Prosperity Cable-Suspended Bridge design manual. Currently, the manual takes a very prescriptive approach to designing bridges. As a result, students can work through the entire manual and not understand some of the

concepts of engineering that are used. The focus of this project is to enhance the educational value of the manual while still providing an efficient document. (92)

Matthew Brenneman, Georgia Ernst, Erin Sharkey, Michelle Lockwood†, Nicholas Noss‡† Aeroponics: A Sustainable Alternative to Traditional Agriculture We believe that all people should have affordable access to proper nutrition. The Aeroponics Project team has worked to design a sustainable growing system that allows users to grow nutrient-rich vegetables year-round in arid climates. The project is intended to use space, water, and materials efficiently to reduce waste and cost. Although the final product is inspired by existing aeroponic technology, it uses elements of other aquaponic technologies in order to meet nutrient needs of the plants. In addition to the physical system, the Aeroponics Project explores the process of growing plants in nontraditional mediums with nontraditional nutrient sources. The end product is intended for use by Open Door Development in Burkina Faso. (112)

Matthew Bressler, Abaz Kryemadhi† Cosmic Ray Topography "Field data" is more rare in physics than in disciplines such as biology and the environmental sciences, but understanding physical systems in nature is important for understanding our world. We demonstrate a fun opportunity to get outside with some equipment and a novel way to examine the topography of a mountain. We used a simple cosmic ray detector and a small laptop for collecting data, and a conveniently abandoned tunnel, to map the topography of Ray's Hill, but only after learning why physicists prefer to stay inside. (17)

Matthew Bressler, Abaz Kryemadhi† Study Silicon Photomultipliers and LYSO crystals for use in Positron Emission Tomography and Particle Calorimetery With advances in particle detection technology in recent years, a revamp of some common particle detector technologies and applications is necessary. Some of the most important applications of particle detectors are in medicine, specifically medical imaging with such devices as gamma cameras and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners. I have tested Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) by Hamamatsu1 and AdvanSiD2 along with LYSO crystal scintillators by Proteus3 and Epic Crystal4 to make recommendations about which should be used in PET, spectroscopy, and calorimetry applications. The AdvanSiD NUV SiPM with a LYSO by proteus is the most promising combination for both PET and calorimetry due to low noise, good energy resolution, and the SiPM's dedicated timing channel. The energy resolution of the NUV SiPM with Proteus LYSO decreased from 11% at 511 keV to 4% at 1274 keV. (21)

Kyele Bridel, Abaz Kryemadhi† Cosmic Rays and Cloud Formation For a century, scientists have known that charged particles from space constantly bombard Earth. These charged particles are referred to as solar radiation and can come in the form as cosmic rays. A recent theory suggests that as protons from the cosmic rays come charging through the Earth’s atmosphere, they can ionize and form aerosols. These aerosols form a medium in which water vapor can condense around to form cloud droplets. Eventually, the

cloud droplets accumulate and condense around each other enough to form clouds. In an effort to prove this, many studies are being conducted to better understand the effect cosmic rays have on Earth. The results of these studies could have implications for global warming and many other topics related to the world’s climate. (20)

Jonathan Bright, Alexander Roth, Tim Van Dyke† Cycle Advancements for Rugged Terrain - Universal Hitch The goal of the CART project is to create new uses for the small motorcycles found in developing countries. As a primary source of transportation, these motorcycles are often overloaded and safety is compromised. By developing a series of attachments for these motorcycles, we hope to increase the utility of the motorcycles while reducing the risk associated with using them to transport goods. The first step in this process was to develop a hitch that can be attached to many different types of small motorcycles. Different designs were considered and one was selected to be further developed. A prototype of our hitch has been built and is currently in the testing phase. Preliminary results indicate that this hitch design works within our desired design parameters. Testing included fitting the hitch to our motorcycle and using it to attach a small trailer. Riding tests were conducted in order to verify an acceptable range of motion and performance under loading. After testing is finished and we have arrived at a final design, we plan to distribute several prototypes to Collaboratory partners in developing countries where they will be field tested in order to provide for further improvements. In the future, we also hope to design a trailer with a braking system that is made to work with our hitch. (102)

Kaleb Burch, Ashley Hah, Luke Redcay, Emily Farrar† Research and Design of Prosthetic Lower Limb Components BioSTEP (Striding Towards Excellence in Prostheses) is a prosthetics group working within the Collaboratory to develop a low-cost prosthesis design that can be locally manufactured at a children's hospital in Kijabe, Kenya. Within BioSTEP, the "Lower Limb Components" division of the BioSTEP project includes the foot, shank (lower leg), and ankle components. Each component was designed with two goals in mind: simple manufacturing and high quality. The designs for each of these components represent compromise between simplicity and high functionality, but in the end, we believe each component -foot, shank, and ankle- will work together to provide a high quality, low-cost prosthesis to someone in need. (80)

Alia Burlew, Kathleen Hahn, Claire Markey, Sarah Postma Project SHARE in Carlisle, PA Would Benefit from Offering More Foods that Rank a One or Two on the Choose Healthy Options Program Scale in Their Monthly Distribution Box The primary mission of food banks is to alleviate hunger; however, due to connections between poverty and disease risk there is a growing responsibility for promoting healthful, nutritious foods to low-income households who access these services. The first step to providing nutritionally adequate foods is to assess the nutrient composition of food products distributed by food banks. To accomplish this, the Choosing Healthy Options Program (CHOP) algorithm was created by the Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank and is available to other nutritionally-minded food banks. This method ranks products on a scale of one (choose

frequently), two (choose moderately), three (choose sparingly), or minimal contribution (of little or no influence to the diet). Using the CHOP algorithm, this observational study determined the rankings of food products in the monthly distribution boxes at Project SHARE, a food bank located in Carlisle, PA. Foods available in the monthly distribution boxes were analyzed from November 2015 through February 2016. Each food product was entered into the algorithm and subsequently ranked according to its nutrient composition. Percentages of products in each ranking were calculated and further compiled into a joint percentage of the products that ranked a one or two monthly. An average of 65.82% of products distributed at Project SHARE during the four month period ranked a one or two on the CHOP Scale. Project SHARE can include more nutritionally adequate products in their monthly distribution box by utilizing CHOP to guide purchases and food product donations. (119)

Samantha Carten, Dola Ngo, Angie Kieliszewski, Emma Davis The Role of Nutrition in the Healing and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers Background: Nutrition plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. In an article by Posthauer, Banks, Dorner, and Schols (2015), it says “malnutrition is associated with increased risk of pressure ulcers and delayed healing; therefore, nutrition screening and assessment are essential to identify risk of malnutrition” (p. 177). Problem: In hospitals, the importance of nutrition in treating pressure ulcers is often overlooked and those who are at risk for pressure ulcers are rarely screened, which leads to undue pain and cost for patients who have, or at risk for, pressure ulcers. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to find out the extent to which nutrition plays a role in the healing and/or prevention of pressure ulcers. Methods: For this literature review, we searched CINAHL to find relevant articles using the keywords nutrition, pressure ulcers, adults, risk for pressure ulcers, and malnutrition. Results: After examining the literature further, we found that nutrition does, in fact, play an important role in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. All of the articles that we found concluded that adequate nutrition has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Implications for Practice: Going forward, the nutritional status of patients susceptible to pressure ulcers should be more thoroughly assessed and monitored. Areas for Future Research: Areas for future research include what types of nutrients play a role in the healing and prevention of pressure ulcers and what nutritional screening tools could potentially be utilized in the assessment of patients at risk for pressure ulcers. (124)

Sarah Casey, John Harms† Optimization of Western Blot Technique for the Detection of the CCK2 and CCK2i4sv Receptors with New Monoclonal Antibodies Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. The lethality of this particular cancer is largely due to the rate at which it metastasizes in conjunction with a lack of identifiable early warning signs. There are many known mutations in cell signaling pathways that have been highly correlated with increased risk of cancer development. One such pathway is the hormone gastrin and the receptors with which it interacts to promote increased cell proliferation. The gastrin receptors CCK2R and its splice variant CCK2i4svR have been correlated with increased tumor growth, making detection and quantification of these receptors a priority. Commercially-available antibodies used to detect these receptor proteins have been

questionable in their specificity. Our lab has developed two monoclonal antibodies: one for the CCK2i4svR receptor and one specific to a region shared by both CCK2R and CCK2i4svR. In immunofluorescence studies, these antibodies have been shown to successfully bind the receptor proteins in transiently transfected cells. Unfortunately, the antibodies have not been successful in detecting the receptor in stably-transfected cell lines or parental cancer cells. The current project seeks to characterize these antibodies in Western blotting. First, we will optimize the polyacrylamide gel composition to accurately resolve the receptors to their expected molecular weights. Second, we hypothesize that membrane extraction will enable enrichment and facilitate detection of the receptors when in low abundance, as in the case of wild-type cancer cells. (115)

Andrew Cathro, Erik Lindquist† An Analysis of the Diet of Pennsylvania Ring-necked Snakes (Diadophis punctatus) The Ring-necked snake, Diadophis punctatus, is a reclusive, semi-fossorial species and therefore its habits have been difficult to determine. Minimal dietary analysis has been completed on this species because it is both small and unpredictable to find. Research was conducted locally on the diet of this species using the technique of stomach-flushing soon after capture. It is presumed that this species primarily depredates Red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, but may also consume worms, ants, and other small invertebrates. Data collected in this study found that six of the 36 captured Ring-necks possessed some species of salamander in their stomachs, five Red-backed salamanders and one unidentified plethodontid species. The other 30 snakes did not yield any stomach contents. 30 specimens from the State Museum of Pennsylvania were dissected in order to determine their stomach contents. Only two of these specimens contained any contents: one contained a Red-backed salamander while the other contained an earthworm. In total, 66 D. punctatus were examined: 88% contained no stomach contents, 10% contained a plethodontid salamander, and 2% contained an earthworm. These findings partially confirm the hypothesis of a primary prey species of Ring-necked snakes is the Red-backed salamander but this is by no means a conclusive study since the majority of the specimens examined contained no food at all. (66)

Elisabeth Chang, Luke Morrissey, Hing Jii Mea, Michelle Lockwood†, Ray Knepper‡† VWOS, Village Water Ozonation System Village Water Ozonation System (VWOS) aims to use filtration and ozonation methods to provide potable water at an affordable cost. Operating as a batch system, non-potable water is filtered through a series of activated carbon filters, ranging in size from 50 microns to 0.5 microns, and then shocked with ozone to destroy any remaining bacteria in the water. The cleanliness of the water is validated using oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Tests on the system focus on optimizing the time needed to reach a designated ORP of 750 mV. The VWOS team has spent this year preparing to install a batch system in Oaxaca, Mexico. The system will serve a community center and will be paired with a co-op plan to further enhance the area's economy. (113)

Daniel Chapman, Philip Gerhart, Matthew Lewis† Performance Deficits in Athletes Cleared for Return to Play Following Surgical Repair of the ACL Studies have shown that roughly 60% of athletes returning to play (RTP) following an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear have not been tested for functional strength 1. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of functional deficit present in post-operative NCAA division III female athletes that have been cleared for RTP. Ten NCAA division III female athletes who were at least six months status post-op, cleared to RTP by their surgeon, and between the ages of 18- 24 participated in this pilot study (age: 20 ± 1.25 yrs, height: 170.84 cm ± 5.67, weight: 71.86 kg ± 9.70). Graft types included patellar tendon, hamstring, and cadaveric tissue. Independent t- tests were used to compare group means (involved and uninvolved). Subjects were informed of the tests they would perform and gave verbal consent to participate in this study. Tests included were girth measurements of thigh and calf, single-leg triple hop test (SLTH) 2, single-leg squat (SLS) 3, and the modified star excursion balance test (SEBT) 4. For the girth, SLTH and SEBT a tape measure was used to determine the subject’s score for the test. The SLS was video recorded for criterion-based scoring at a later time. This represents pilot data which may lead to a larger study. Results indicate performance deficits across all measures. However, presence and degree of deficit were not uniform across all subjects. Potential limitations to be considered for future design are: history of bilateral ACL repair and/or multiple repairs, time since surgery, and graft tissue. 1. Laudner K, Evans D, Wong R, et al. Relationship Between Isokinetic Knee Strength and Jump Characteristics Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015; 10(3): 272–280. 2. Fontenay BPD, Argaud S, Blache Y, Monteil K. Contralateral limb deficit seven months after ACL-reconstruction: An analysis of single-leg hop tests. The Knee. 2015; 22(4): 309–312. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.04.012. 3. Crossley K, Zhang W, Schache A, Bryant A, Cowan S. Performance on the Single-Leg Squat Task Indicates Hip Abductor Muscle Function. Am J Sport Med. 2011; 39(4): 866-873. doi:10.1177/0363546510395456. 4. Ambegaonkar J, Mettinger L, Caswell S, Burtt A, Cortes N. Relationships between Core Endurance, Hip Strength, and Balance in Collegiate Female Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014; 9(5): 604-616. (43)

Joshua Charney, Devin Esch, Jacob Younger, Tony Beers†, Thomas Soerens† Economic Wheel Design for Water Transportation Cart - Africa Wash and Disability Study People with disabilities may have difficulty carrying and using jerrycans for water transportation. We are developing wheeled water carts to carry jerrycans. The principle drawback of our original design was the cost of the bicycle wheels and tires used for the carts, so our project sought to develop a more economic wheel design. Our new design uses more cost effective materials, namely rebar and flat bar, to produce carts that will be affordable to our target users. (91)

Phoebe Chua Communication Strategies for Spontaneous Teamwork Technological advancements have contributed to a proliferation of robotic and software agents with different operating strategies. The increasing interdependence of this world subsequently motivates the need for spontaneous teamwork in which agents cooperate to achieve a common goal without pre-coordinating any strategies. Past research on spontaneous teamwork focuses on agents who do not communicate. However, as recent studies underscore the

benefits of communication, this presentation will outline two novel communication strategies for teams in the multi-armed bandit setting. I will first introduce a new model to study this problem, and I will then describe and empirically show that the new communication strategies—Simple Communication and Value-of-Information (VOI) Communication—perform as well as the ideal centralized strategy. (23)

Gabrielle Clapper, Hing Jii Mea, Ray Knepper‡†, Michelle Lockwood† VWOS, Village Water Ozonation System VWOS is developing ozone-based water purification systems appropriate for the developing world, with a particular focus on Latin America. In May of 2016, the team will be implementing such a system in Oaxaca, Mexico. This will be their third implementation; with it, the team will present a co-op business plan for the Trigo y Miel Community Center to bring health and economic benefits to the 500 families in the surrounding community. The team will further provide access to water by installing rain water collection systems on at least 10 of the homes. (3)

Ashley Clemens, Alissa Thompson, Rebekah Carter, Johannah Williams Depression After a Myocardial Infarction: A Complication not to be Overlooked Background: Emotional stress, particularly related to myocardial infarction (MI), has a major impact on patients’ quality of life (QOL) and drive to seek follow-up medical attention after discharge from hospital stays. One study by de Jonge, Spijkerman, van den Brink, and Ormel (2005) states, “In physically healthy people, depression has an effect on functioning and QOL [and] in patients with a chronic medical illness, depression has an additive effect on functional limitations.” Given the clear relationship between depression and myocardial infarction, it is imperative to look at nursing roles related to screening and potential early recognition of post- MI depression. Aim: The purpose of this evidenced-based practice project was to identify available in-hospital screening tools for depression post-MI and to determine whether or not these tools had an impact on patients’ readmission and morbidity/mortality rates within the first year after discharge. Method: A comprehensive review of research was conducted in order to determine what hospital screening tools are being used and whether or not they are effective in promoting follow -up care. Key words searched were depression, myocardial infarction, mortality, quality of life, screening, protocols, and tools. Databases such as CINAHL and PubMed were used. Results: Through extensive appraisal of these research studies, it was found that many patients experience depression after a MI and many hospitals are using depression-screening tools as standard post-MI protocol. However, these patients are also not actively seeking follow-up for their depression and as a result are experiencing longer depressed states than necessary, readmission, and even mortality within the first year post-MI. Conclusion: It is important to look at the reasoning behind why patients are choosing not to follow up post-MI, the nurse’s role in this process, as well as how the interaction of the two might help in future care of patients’ depression after a MI. (128)

Dylan Clemente, Dexter Ehrenzeller, Andrew Joy, Scott Heisey†, Brian Swartz† Woodcrest Bridge Project The Woodcrest Bridge Project involves the design and construction of a cable-suspended pedestrian bridge at Woodcrest Retreat, a Christian campground in Ephrata, Pennsylvania. The bridge will provide a functional purpose to connect the hiking trail over a steep drainage channel. The bridge is also located at the site to create a landmark feature at the entrance roadway to the camp. It is the desire of the camp that the bridge would become a point of attraction to draw youth and families to a retreat where they can learn about the love of Jesus Christ and grow closer to God in their spiritual journey. The design is currently at the 90% review stage, and it is anticipated that final design and permitting will be completed in early summer to allow construction to begin late summer 2016. (2)

Will Cochran, Bryant Myer, Raul Serrano, Donald Pratt† Electric Motorcycle The Solar Commuter Vehicle project seeks to develop a zero-emissions electric vehicle capable of receiving power from a solar charging station. The present version of the motorcycle integrates a brushless, in-hub DC motor powered by a lithium ion battery pack. The Solar Commuter Vehicle group has been developing a foot-actuated variable gap system that will adjust the distance between the rotor and the stator in the motor, which alters the torque output, similar to shifting the transmission on a gasoline powered motorcycle. They have also been developing a battery box and mounting system to hold the thirty lithium ion cells that make up the battery pack. (6)

Lindsay Coleman, Paul Leiphart, Richard Schaeffer† A Quantitative Mineral and Nutrient Analysis of M. oleifera Leaves Moringa oleifera leaves recently have been getting a lot of attention in the nutritional world for their alleged nutritional benefits. Gram for gram, Moringa leaves are said to have nine times more protein than yogurt, twenty-five times more iron than spinach, fifteen times more potassium than bananas, seventeen times more calcium than milk, ten times more vitamin A than carrots, and as much vitamin C as oranges. The scientific literature on the nutritional content of the leaves shows that the mineral composition is highly varied (some with relative standard deviations as high as 82%). The high standard deviations of mineral composition could be a result of poor sampling, or the high variance could be due to the nature of the plant and its environment – the soil, the atmosphere, and the age of the plant. For the majority of analyses, the plants were digested with aqueous solutions of HNO3 and H2O2. Only Na and Cu fell within the 95th percent confidence interval when analyzed in a certified NIST standard, but the other metals tested can guide future analysis. (50)

Tyler Collier, Andrew Dunmire, Damaris Gehman, John Hannon, Joseph Longenecker‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† MPWD - Design of Mast Superstructure The goal of this project is currently developing and refining an efficient well-drilling system for a well drilling team in Burkina Faso, a small country in Western Africa. Our client is Matt Walsh, an SIM missionary and the founder of Open Door Development in Burkina Faso. The well drilling

system was originally manual in nature, requiring an entire team to repeatedly hoist and drop a heavy steel bit. To ease the exertion of manual drilling, last year a mechanized system was produced. Continued refining of this system includes the design of a new mast superstructure to replace the current tripod. (108)

Joshua Conrady, Keith Wei Luen Lim, Harold Underwood† FaithConnect: Connecting Churches through Technology FaithConnect is a project aimed at connecting churches to their congregations and other charitable organizations. Currently, FaithConnect has taken on the task to create mobile applications for Android and iOS. This development process is still in its early stages, so there is much room for creativity and idea-crafting. The project is currently developing a prototype application which will be released and beta-tested by our clients. Apart from the mobile development side of things, FaithConnect is also working on the last stages of developing a fully functional website which will provide churches with the ability to create events, manage congregations, start study groups, and more. All of this will be possible with the convenience and accessibility that makes technology such a blessing. The projected date for the first release of this software is late 2016. This first release will be a minimal release to select influential members of our client churches. After this, sequential releases will be scheduled in order to fulfill the project goals as well as incrementally add features desired by our clients. (96)

Joseph Coshun, Matthew Bohn, Ryan Hahn, Josh Thomas, Harold Underwood† WERCware Application Development and Shutoff Solution Wireless Enabled Remote Co-Presence (WERCware) is a system developed to allow a single life coach or personal assistant to remotely monitor and communicate with multiple participants who have cognitive or behavioral challenges. The participant receiving services of this assistive communication technology wears a lanyard-suspended smart phone interfaced with various bio-sensors while in a job setting or living environment so as to benefit from voluntary or automatic interventions when needed, as managed by the service provider. The WERCware team is developing a mobile application that will monitor human stress level by analyzing a combination of Voice Analysis (VA), brainwave monitoring (EEG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) signals. The signals from external bio-sensors interfaced with the smartphone (StressAlyrter) will be processed by the WERCware app to assess whether the human stress level of the participant has exceeded a critical threshold. The app uses algorithms such as an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze the signals in real time; if the critical threshold has been exceeded, a Skype video call is automatically initiated to the service provider. A Shutoff subsystem is also being developed that will detect when the participant enters a confidential/private area in order to automatically disable audio and video collection. Bluetooth beacons deployed in these private areas will be detected by the smartphone, so as to suspend audio/video monitoring when entering these regions. (95)

Tyler Criddle, Samuel Hsu, Hannah Martin, Bradley Sloop, Timothy Whitmoyer† Bio-Fuels: Seed Pressing The Bio-Fuels: Seed Pressing Project strives to create a process that provides clean, sustainable cooking oil to the Messiah College dining hall. Our project believes in a local, student-run

sunflower seed pressing process that also cares for the earth. Highlights of our project this semester include developing a process to filter sunflower oil, testing the performance of unrefined sunflower oil at high heat, and evaluating the economics of running a sunflower seed pressing operation. Our poster provides an overview of the history and progression of the Seed Pressing Project, and details about our current work. (107)

Micah Curtis, Erik Listor, Chris Scheib, Emily Farrar† Lower Limb Prosthetic for the Developing World The goal of BioSTEP (Striding Towards Excellence in Prostheses) is to take the concepts of expensive, first-world prosthetic devices and use them to design a lower-limb prosthetic that is inexpensive and manufacturable in the developing world. Our partners include a local prosthetist who advises our team, and CURE international, an organization that runs a prosthetics workshop in Kijabe, Kenya. These partners are helping us shape the future of our project, but this year has been a research and knowledge-building endeavor, keeping our scope of potential end-users as broad as possible. Our prosthetic has four components, listed from the top of the leg working downwards: socket, knee, shank, and foot. The socket, which connects to the patient’s residual limb, is based on the cutting-edge "Socket-less Socket" design from Martin Bionics. It has three aluminum struts and is adjustable to the user using fabric straps. The knee is based on a "single-axis" design, which limits the movement of the device to one degree of freedom. The shank, which connects the knee to the foot, is a simple aluminum post, optimized for weight-bearing and durability. The foot is composed of two curved aluminum flanges that are designed to absorb impact forces and translate the energy up through the other components. These materials are available in Kenya. We believe that walking is a basic right for all people and empowering patients to do so with these devices is showing them the love of Christ by using our engineering training as a vocational, spiritual pursuit. (7)

Rebekah Curtis Shoemaker Population Dynamics Throughout History Together we will explore mathematical modeling throughout history in regards to population dynamics. The use of differential equations to model populations and growth has been expanded throughout the last century. From a model based on exponential growth to predator prey models, population dynamics had widened the range of mathematical modeling. (30)

Angela deNyse Pump It Up! : Impact Analysis Using Modern Statistical Methods Impact Analysis is a hot topic in today’s economic development world; its usefulness has recently expanded beyond the purely scientific into the wider lens of human endeavors. This presentation seeks to look at the benefits and improvement of simple impact analysis on one specific project, using statistics as an important tool in understanding the data involved. A special thanks to the Collaboratory’s Africa WASH and Disability Study (AWDS), through which engineering students are currently working to modify pump structures to facilitate disabled individuals in collecting water. This presentation will examine recent survey data on the

progress of this initiative, providing an excellent example of how impact analysis can benefit the AWDS’s understanding of its efforts and promote more progress. (24)

Jared Detweiler, Rachel Mazurek, Daniel Loefstedt, Joshua Kunkle, Joshua Pardoe, Daniel Vivolo, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Tricycle Project - Rear Axle and Front End Redesign The Mobility Tricycle Project designs electric and hand-powered tricycles for persons with disabilities in Burkina Faso, West Africa. This year, efforts were focused on addressing a few concerns that still remain surrounding these designs. The Rear Axle Redesign team worked to incorporate the proven advantages of a new, simplified frame design, developed in 2009, with the increased durability of a rear wheel double-sided axle support configuration. In order to finalize this new design, various changes pertaining to ergonomics and functionality needed to be made. Once finalized, production and testing of the new design will ensue. The Front End Redesign team has completed an optimization of the front end of the tricycle, which has eliminated a tendency for the tricycle to veer. This tendency to veer required a significant steering force to keep the tricycle moving on a straight path. Last year, the Front End Redesign team determined one cause of this veering, an asymmetrical fork, and created a procedure to address this cause. However, further testing showed that there was another contributor to the problem: a second direction in which the fork needs to be symmetrical. The previous efforts only addressed symmetry of the fork in one direction, however the Front End Redesign team has now developed a procedure to correct this asymmetry and has determined appropriate tolerances for the fork that will ensure the upper body strength needed to handle the electric tricycle is minimized. (9)

Kelsey Dierkes, Megan Harbert, Rachel Hollar, Katie Stoltzfus Evidence-Based Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the Emergency Department Purpose: To explore the evidence to determine if starting an alcohol withdrawal assessment tool in the emergency department (ED) decreases the incidence of adverse outcomes in patients at risk for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Background: Unmanaged alcohol withdrawal can result in serious adverse effects including ICU admittance, delirium, tremors, and seizures. However, many ED do not have a protocol for assessment of withdrawal and symptom-triggered management for AWS. Therefore, patients are often inappropriately managed for AWS until they are admitted to an inpatient unit. Methods: A review of literature was conducted utilizing PubMed, MedLine, CINHAL, and Cochrane Database from 2009-2015. A total of 451 articles were identified; five were found to address the problem and were the focus of the review. The majority of the articles were Level III with an overall quality of B. Findings: Evidence suggests that protocols for early, standardized management of AWS results in more consistent prevention such as decreased length of hospital stay, time on a ventilator, and patients needing intubation (p<0.001) (Duby, 2015). Evidence also shows that EDs not using protocolized treatment vary significantly in medical treatment of AWS increasing the risk of over or under treatment (p<0.001) (Kahan, 2005). The best management of AWS includes, identification using routine screening, monitoring with a standard scale, and implementing treatment through symptom-triggered approach (Jane, 2010).Evidence does not conclusively demonstrate

standard management implemented successfully in the emergency department specifically, but does demonstrate indications that doing so is feasible and could result in better outcomes for patients (Gray, 2010). Conclusion: The current literature supports implementing a screening tool and protocolized treatment plan for patients suspected of having AWS. However, further research is needed to determine if there is a significant difference on outcomes when the tool and protocols are implemented in the ED versus an inpatient unit. (131)

Victoria Dix Curves of Pursuit: The Mathematics of Chase Scenarios When discussing chase and escape scenarios, two key “players” are involved: the pursuer and the pursued. The path in which the pursuer chases after the pursued can be modeled, solved, and interpreted using differential equations. This path is referred to as the curve of pursuit. Although the concept of a curve of pursuit has been around since the time of ancient Greek mathematicians, it was not until the 18th century that this concept was mathematically studied. The mind credited with the foundational findings behind pursuit curves is French mathematician, Pierre Bouguer. Bouguer’s Pirate Ship Analysis uses differential equations to model the scenario of a pirate ship pursuing a merchant vessel and, to solve for the “capture” point. This foundational pursuit curve problem will be investigated, in addition to an extension problem based on a naval exercise. (25)

Benjamin Driggers, Jeff Erikson† Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Stream Macroinvertebrate Communities In today’s industrialized world, there is a risk for pollution of freshwater systems, which inevitably has an impact on the aquatic ecosystem of these systems. One of the primary impacts is on the aquatic macroinvertebrate population, which includes everything from crustaceans to aquatic snails. In particular, the Ephemeropteran (mayfly) population can be affected by pollution the most, as mayflies tend to be very fragile insects. In this study, kick samples were used to take three samples each from three sites 25m, 50m, and 100m downstream from the effluent of a wastewater treatment facility, as well as from a control site 50m upstream from the effluent on the Yellow Breeches creek. All sites were controlled for variations due to depth, velocity, and substrate content and all macroinvertebrates from the samples at each of these sites were preserved and identified to the family level, with the Ephemeropterans further being identified to the genus level, to gauge biodiversity relative to distance from the effluent. It was found that on average over three collection periods, the biodiversity dropped significantly closely downstream from the effluent and then steadily increased moving farther down from the effluent. There was some variation, but this could be due to significant precipitation events between the collection periods that could have slightly altered the substrate, as well as a mayfly emergence event. It was concluded that this could have not been due solely to distance from the effluent, but also to time of year of the collections. (114)

Samuel Duke, John Kreider, Daniel Barrett, Cordell King, Matthew Tomasetti, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Tricycle Project - Drive Shaft and Brake Control Redesign The Mobility Tricycle project helps to provide mobility to handicapped people around Mahadaga, Burkina Faso. It has designed hand-powered and electric tricycles to accommodate various disabilities. Current efforts are focused on optimizing the electric tricycle. Within the drive train of the tricycle, a splined shaft fits into a socket on a planetary gear, which reduces the speed of the motor. As the tricycle is used, wear on these mating parts becomes so significant that the tricycle cannot be used. To slow wear, the Drive Shaft Redesign Team has used heat treatment to increase shaft hardness. Preliminary results suggest this slows wear, but we do not have accurate enough data to make this conclusion. We have developed two test procedures that we expect will allow us to collect data leading to a definitive conclusion. The control box is one of the most important parts of the electric tricycle, so it is no surprise that there are constant changes to the design and improvements to the system. The control box uses a joystick to control both the speed and the braking, so it must be ergonomic for handicapped people, while still preforming its task. The Brake Control Team redesigned the braking system for easier manufacturing, made changes to the orientation of the joystick for better accessibility, and made minor changes to improve the mechanics of the system. This completes the final redesign of the Control Box, so the team has finalized documentation of the fabrication and assembly of the box and braking system. (10)

Dan Eckman, Althea Mavros, Greg Shirk, Joseph Longenecker‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling The goal of this project is currently developing and refining an efficient well-drilling system for a well drilling team in Burkina Faso, a small country in Western Africa. Our client is Matt Walsh, an SIM missionary and the founder of Open Door Development in Burkina. The well drilling system was originally manual in nature, requiring a team of people to repeatedly hoist and drop a heavy steel bit. To ease the exertion of manual drilling, last year we produced a mechanized system. Continued refining of this system includes improved temp casing installation systems, implementation of bit attachments, production of a new steel superstructure, and a closer study of drilling/bailing cycles. (109)

Shaun Egolf, Lawrence Mylin† A Search for New T Cell Epitopes within and the Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of SV40 T Antigen-transformed Cells Grown without Fetal Bovine Serum A more complete description of immune targeted control responses to solid tumors is crucial to the development of tumor-specific cancer treatments. Because of its ability to induce tumor formation and serve as the target for T-cell specific responses, the viral oncoprotein Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 T-ag) is an ideal model system to study immune responses to tumors. SV40 T-ag generates a cellular immune response in H-2b (C57Bl/6) mice directed against multiple CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes. However, a complete characterization of the role(s) of these epitopes in generating or regulating T-ag specific cellular immune responses has been confounded by residual immunogenic (adjuvant) effects of fetal bovine serum (FBS) present in media used to culture cells used for immunization. To this end, SV40 T-ag

transformed B6/K-1,4,5 and B6/K-0 cell lines were adapted to grow in HL-1 serum free media. Adapted cells were then used for immunization and the resultant proinflammatory immune response detected by ELISPOT analysis for SV40 T ag-specific, IFN-g-expressing cells and MHC- tetramer staining. The results of this study reveal that SV40 T-ag expressing tumorigenic cells grown in the absence of FBS induced more robust CD4+ T cell immune responses than those grown in the presence of 5% v/v FBS. The adjuvant effects of FBS may have also limited the detection of additional (weaker?) SV40 T-ag CD4+ T-cell epitopes. To search for additional epitopes, ELISPOT analysis was conducted using a 175 member peptide library corresponding to the SV40 T-ag sequence as targets for proinflammatory (IFN-g-secreting) immune splenocytes induced by immunization with serum-free-grown B6/K-1,4,5 tumor cells. This analysis identified two potentially new epitopes corresponding to library peptides beginning at SV40 T-ag amino acids 361 and 493 that may represent additional CD4+ or immunorecessive CD8+ T cell epitopes. (73)

Shaun Egolf, Nancy Lill‡†, Jeffrey Neighbors‡†, Raymond Hohl‡† Mechanism of Action of Schweinfurthins, A New Class of Anticancer Compounds Schweinfurthins are a family of natural compounds that selectively inhibit the growth of, or possibly kill, a novel subset of NCI-60 cancer cell lines. This unusual pattern of susceptibility to treatment with the compounds suggests a unique mechanism of action. Recent reports have indicated that natural schweinfurthins act by binding to oxysterol-binding proteins to prevent cholesterol transport at the level of the trans-Golgi. However, these observations alone do not explain why some cells are susceptible and others are resistant. We proposed schweinfurthins do not block cholesterol transport solely at the trans-Golgi. Instead, we hypothesized that schweinfurthins act at multiple sites to inhibit cholesterol transport. We undertook live cell fluorescence imaging to establish whether schweinfurthins compromise cholesterol uptake. After twenty-four hours of schweinfurthin treatment, we found that in susceptible and resistant cell lines the classical endocytic pathway of cholesterol uptake was not functional and treatment induced cellular autophagy. Fixed cell immunofluorescence demonstrated the effect of schweinfurthins on membranes involved in moving cholesterol between organelles. These data suggested that treatment with compound abrogated the integrity of membranous organelles in a differential manner between susceptible and resistant cells. With evidence of disruption of membrane compartments, we tested the possibility that growth and survival signaling pathways may be compromised. We discovered that EGF Receptor activation of Akt, under conditions of normal growth and following treatment with compound, was significantly different for the two cell types. We conclude that schweinfurthins act at multiple sites to inhibit cholesterol transport. Furthermore, they induce the disintegration of cellular compartments and lead to the shutdown of growth and survival signaling pathways. Thus, schweinfurthins may represent a new class of anticancer agents that selectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells unable to tolerate the deregulation of cholesterol trafficking and oncogenic signaling. (45)

Lyndsay Feather, David Foster† Edible Forest Permaculture: Planning, Site Selection and Implementation This research project aims to continue the implementation an Edible Forest Garden, building on the efforts of Messiah College students Ryan Witmer and Ben Davies in 2007. The forest garden

is located within the Rider-Musser development project at Oakwood Hills, adjacent to Messiah College. Current projects include depiction of site change over time using ArcGIS software, georectified historical aerial images from 1937 forward; vegetation analysis of current forest composition and structure collected by the Spring 2016 Plant Ecology class; soil data type and properties mapping; and an initial planting in the forest garden with selected fruit shrubs. A manual was prepared to provide longevity and future management options for the project. It contains the characteristics of the current plant species of the site and steps for eradication of some invasive species, as well as information about the care and maintenance of species planted during the semester and those that should be implemented in the future. (56)

Mark Ferris, Tom Stetson, Brett Levengood, Brian Nejmeh† Tally: Voting App for Impact Venture Challenge Tally is a mobile-optimized web app for presenters and audiences. Audience voting is a popular tool for presenters to get feedback and audiences to engage with the material being presented. However, the most popular free mobile audience voting providers use SMS (text messages) to submit votes, and don’t offer many other features for presenters. Tally automatically uniquely identifies voters without the voter having to provide any identifying personal information whatsoever, and allows users to cast votes from an elegantly simple mobile-optimized user interface. The application works in tandem with a dynamic web application that allows the presenter to view and analyze voting results in real time. Additionally, Tally can be configured to act as a digital pamphlet to convey additional information about the presentation to the participants. Tally will be used this April to collect votes for teams in Messiah's Impact Venture Challenge during the night of the competition. We believe that use of our voting platform will increase audience engagement and ensure fairness in the voting process by providing an intuitive, secure, web-based voting experience. (14)

Andrew Floro, Scott Kerstetter, Randall Fish† Solar Africa TCZ In Zimbabwe, the national power grid cannot support the country's power needs. Their solution is to use “load shedding” which imposes rolling blackouts for users lasting from 5 minutes to an entire day, occurring up to 40 times each week. In response to a request from the Theological College of Zimbabwe, our team designed and installed a 6.8 kilowatt (kW) Solar Power system which provides the electricity required by the college’s library, chapel and computer lab. Reports from TCZ indicate that the system has allowed them to continue their educational mission uninterrupted during load shedding and has significantly reduced their facility operating budget. (61)

Olivia Flynn, Amanda Rashford, Miranda Stanaford Benefit of Support Groups of Oncology Nurses: Don’t Forget About Us: We Grieve Too Background: End-of-life care is an experience that all nurses encounter, but is more often found in oncology units. The complexity of nurses’ work requires them to hide their emotional reactions, impeding the grieving process. This can lead to compassion fatigue, high turnover rate, and a sense of hopelessness. Aims: The aim of this EBP project was to explore the experience of oncology nurses with patient loss and to identify possible bereavement

interventions to improve future nurse satisfaction. Methods: A literature survey was conducted through databases such as CINHAL and PubMed. Key terms that were searched included “end-of-life care nursing,” “grief,” “burnout,” “oncology nurse experience,” and “grieving interventions.” Results: The results of this project focused on the experiences of nurses as well as the interventions used to combat ineffective coping processes. Some of the issues identified in the articles included work-related bereavement, lack of time for coping, and lack of formal education for end-of-life care. Another large issue was the lack of compensated work time for nurses who wanted to be involved in a grief support group, blocking the nurse from being able to thoroughly process the death of a patient. However, some positive themes that emerged were the implementations of support groups. These groups were conducted both in person and in virtual chatrooms. Nurses who participated reported that the groups offered a safe and therapeutic outlet for processing patient deaths. Additionally, by sharing their stories the nurses were able to feel a sense of universality, decreasing compassion fatigue. Conclusions: From this project, it is clear that more research must be conducted. From the preliminary studies, it is evident that a bereavement group is a beneficial intervention for oncology nurses. Nurses who are able to effectively express emotions and process their grief are less likely to burnout, increasing nurse satisfaction. (126)

Michala Georgetti, Natalia Holguin, Renee Ormond Sports Nutrition Programming is Needed at Messiah College Based on Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Athletes An athlete’s nutrition knowledge is very important for sports performance and the overall health of the athlete. Good nutrition provides the body with strength and endurance needed to fuel performance and aide in recovery from a workout. Nutrition education is needed in order for athletes to acquire this knowledge. An observational survey was conducted to determine if sports nutrition programing is needed at Messiah College based on current student athlete nutrition knowledge. Participants who completed the survey [male (n=63) and female (n=81)] included members of a varsity sports team at Messiah College and were between the ages of 18-22. The survey included three sections: nutrition knowledge, nutrition practices, and nutrition beliefs and attitudes. The nutrition beliefs and attitude section included questions about athletes’ opinions on further nutrition education and whether a sports nutrition professional on campus would be beneficial to the athletic program. The average score on the nutrition knowledge section was 77.4%. When athletes were asked if they believe they regularly consume the recommended amount of nutritions, only 16% said “yes”. A total of 80.74% (n=109) athletes responded that their team and themselves would benefit from nutrition education. Out of the students who reported their opinion regarding a sports nutrition professional on campus and further nutrition programming, 81% responded that they would find it beneficial in the future. (44)

Nolan Goss, Frederic Warden, Tony Beers†, Thomas Soerens† Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) Million Gallon Filter Challenge Sawyer filters, particularly the Sawyer PointONETM Bucket Filter, have been used in over 70 countries to provide household clean water solutions and reduce water borne-illnesses by up to 75% in households who use the filters. Therefore the known life of the filter is essential. By

knowing how long filters can be expected to last, a client as well as the team will know approximately when filters need to be replaced in order to prevent fatalities and sickness. The longevity of the membrane units is unknown in the field. Sawyer has promised users a life expectancy of lasting several years and the capability of filtering at least 1 million gallons of water prior to failure. Because they have not done testing to verify this, they are facing scrutiny and have asked the team to test this for them. In order to test, a testing system needed to be designed. The system will need to run for 2.5 years in order for 1 million gallons of water to be filtered through each filter given the flow rate of 1 gallon per minute. The filters will be periodically tested and the data will be submitted to Sawyer. (90)

Timothy Gover, Jessica Raboci, Jason Yoder, Emily Farrar† 3-D Printed Hand Prosthetic The goal of our project is to make hand prosthetics available to those who cannot afford them, especially children. Children who are born with an upper limb deformity are not usually fitted with a prosthetic until they reach their teens, due to expense, wear and tear, and the challenges of fitting on young children. Pediatric prosthetics can cost upwards of $100,000 per device. This is completely unfeasible for the average family, even here in the USA. The "Raptor Hand" project (named for the open source files that form the foundation of our design) uses the knowledge of Messiah College engineering students and the 3D printing capabilities of our department to custom design and fabricate upper limb prostheses for families with children who would not otherwise have access to a hand prosthesis. This year, our client has been a four year old girl from Philadelphia, PA. Our client's dream is to be able to ride her Big Wheels tricycle, which she cannot do because she was born with no fingers on her right hand. Our prosthetic hand is custom designed for the anatomy of our client's residual fingers and is 3D printed in pink plastic, to her specifications. (81)

Kenton Grossnickle, Connor McGovern, Sydney Schandel, Duane Troyer, Tony Beers†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† Affordable Sanitation Worldwide billions of people lack access to safe sanitation facilities leading to disease and indignity. Although pit latrines provide a low cost option for rural areas, their performance proves difficult in conditions of soil collapse. Sandy soil conditions along with other factors cause collapse of the soil supporting a pit latrine there by wasting the resources put into building the latrine and potentially harming latrine users. The Collaboratory along with World Vision International is designing pit latrine liners that could prevent the described soil collapse. Other than being technically feasible, the liners have to be cost competitive with currently available solutions such as brick and mortar or concrete based latrine liners. The current solutions being designed and tested include a removable liner made out of fiberglass, and non- removable liners such as ferrocement, burlapcrete, sand bags, and a rebar cage wrapped with fabric. In addition to on campus testing, designed liners will be tested in Northern Ghana during May 2016. (110)

Daniel Haas, Brianne Roper, Lily Gaudreau, Emily Farrar†, Matthew Farrar† Rapid Low-Cost HIV Diagnostic Device The majority of children with HIV are located in sub-Saharan Africa, yet most of the HIV research that is done is based on research priorities identified by the developed world. In contrast, we have worked with our partner, Dr. Thuma of the Macha Research Centre in Zambia to identify two primary areas of HIV-1 research that are lacking for the developing world: 1. Identifying timing of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and 2. reducing the time to diagnosis for infants born to HIV+ mothers. The goal of this project is to design a diagnostic method to produce a quantitative result for the presence of HIV-1 A/C in the blood of infants in a short time period (goal of under 30 minutes). This will allow our partner to use our method to elucidate the timing of HIV transmission from mother-to-child in order to establish better prevention measures and to correctly diagnose infants more quickly, improving their health outcomes. Thus far, our team has established foundational biomedical engineering capabilities at Messiah College that did not exist previously, including PCR and fluorescent microscopy. We have also done preliminary design and prototyping for a blood filtration system, a computational model of virus movement in the blood, and DNA vector design for engineering of a protein probe for viral capture. (82)

Ryan Hahn, Josh Thomas, Joseph Coshun, Harold Underwood† WERCware Stress Alerting Technology Wireless Enabled Remote Co-Presence (WERCware) is a system developed to allow a single life coach or personal assistant to remotely monitor and communicate with multiple participants who have cognitive or behavioral challenges. The participant receiving services of this assistive communication technology wears a lanyard-suspended smart phone interfaced with various bio-sensors while in a job setting or living environment so as to benefit from voluntary or automatic interventions when needed, as managed by the service provider. The StressAlyrter element of WERCware is designed to enable automatic intervention through a call to the service provider, triggered by detection of elevated human stress. The WERCware team has recently explored two technologies for measuring human stress: Electroencephalography (EEG) and Voice Analysis (VA). EEG senses the electrical impulses at the surface of a person's brain so as to identify corresponding emotions by algorithms designed to process the brain waves. VA monitors characteristic changes in a person's voice frequencies so as to predict stress via artificial intelligence processing with an 80-90% accuracy. The combination of EEG and VA signals along with Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) previously researched will be transmitted by bluetooth or USB to an Android smartphone for real-time processing to assess human stress level. An elevated stress status will trigger an automatic call from the participant to the service provider, so as to achieve a beneficial intervention in the situation. (93)

Katie Heindel, Spencer Petersheim, Michael Smith, Robert Reed‡†, David Vader† Breath of Life Tropical Oxygen Concentrator The Breath of Life project team has partnered with Macha Hospital in Zambia to meet the need for medical oxygen at developing world hospitals situated in tropical climates. High humidity damages the zeolite particle beds in pressure swing absorption oxygen concentrators causing premature failure. This drives up the cost of healthcare. In a developing world context,

moreover, the lack of ready access to parts and maintenance means that the failure of an oxygen concentrator can also leave patients in respiratory distress without the oxygen they need to survive. Our team is designing a dehumidifier that is attachable to the air intake of oxygen concentrators to remove moisture from the air before it enters the machine. We are currently building a prototype that uses high voltage to ionize the water droplets into hydrogen and oxygen. (98)

Katherine Henry, Michelle Brincat, Joyce Abraham, Amy Schunemann Improving Patient Safety Outcomes Through Alarm Management Techniques Purpose: To investigate innovative alarm management techniques in adult critical care units and their improvement on patient safety. Background and significance: In critical care settings, research shows that 72-99% of alarm signals are false, requiring no interventions. These “nuisance” alarms create nurse desensitization, putting patients at risk when serious alarms sound. Effective interventions to decrease nuisance alarms are essential to patient safety. Methods: A literature search was conducted for credible research articles related to our topic. The search was accomplished using the databases of CINAHL, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete from 2010-2015. A variety of MeSH terms to find articles including: Alarm management, false alarms and ICU, patient safety and alarms, alarm fatigue and decreasing alarms. A total of 450 articles were identified to fit the initial search criteria, The search was further narrowed and a total of 5 articles was critiqued. Findings: Evidence indicates that high false alarm rates are problematic and that they can be effectively reduced using a wide variety of interventions. A standardized protocol of bundled interventions is recommended. Interventions found to be effective were split into two categories: ways to decrease alarms and increase nurse response time. Interventions to Decrease Alarms: delete duplicate alarms, tailor alarm parameters to patient, change ECG electrodes daily. Interventions to Increase Response: prioritize alarms (high, medium, and low), install hallway auxiliary displays, staff education on tailoring alarm settings, develop unit based standards, simulation training, and adding short delay times to allow for self-correction. Conclusion: Successfully reducing the number of nuisance alarms will increase nurse responsiveness to alarms thus improving patient safety. This can be best implemented through standardized protocols and a variety of other interventions. Our review of the literature shows that necessary alarms are effective in reducing patient mortality and length of stay. (130)

Michael Henry, Abaz Kryemadhi† Visualization of Newton's Laws The purpose of this project was to create a tool that could be used in either an educational or informal environment to teach its users the fundamentals of Newton’s Three Laws in a way that would be accessible and visually appealing. The first phase of the project was to research different learning styles to cater to in the website. The second phase was to create a plan for the website, and make the graphics for it. The final phase was to create the website and test it. This should allow anyone to be able to understand Newton’s Laws. (19)

Vy Ho, Lyndsy Shaubach, Daniel Yeisley, Emily Farrar† BioSTEP: Transfemoral Prosthetic The need for prosthetic limbs throughout the world is inversely proportional with the availability of quality prostheses. Countries that have the highest need have the least access due to the high cost of prosthetic devices. Our team seeks to develop a highly functional, durable, and cost effective lower limb prosthetic that is manufacturable in developing countries. Our particular focus is the socket, the part of the prosthetic that attaches to the residual limb. The socket is the most important component in terms of patient comfort and likelihood of persistent use of the prosthetic. Therefore, the development of a high comfort, high functioning and cost effective, yet easily manufacturable socket is paramount. In our design, we took into consideration materials available in developing countries and the advice of our partner, Dr Shoemaker, who is a prosthetist working out of Carlisle. We chose to base our design on what is called a "socketless suspension socket", which is a socket composed of four aluminum struts that are tightened around the patient's residual limb via belts. This is the most viable design found that fits the criteria for a transfemoral prostheses' socket that we have explored thus far because, unlike thermoplastics, most developing countries have access to metalworking technologies and knowledge. Thus, the socketless socket seems to be the most comfortable and effective non-thermoplastic based socket for manufacturing in developing countries at this time. (79)

Taylor Hook, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin† Targeting the CCK2i4sv Pancreatic Cancer Receptor Using Epitope Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes Pancreatic cancer is a debilitating disease with a poor survival rate; 95% of diagnosed patients die within five years. Currently, there are no effective treatments for pancreatic cancer necessitating research to find new targets for treatment. The basis of this research is to determine whether a novel target located inside of pancreatic cancer cells can be utilized to control or eradicate pancreatic tumors by T cell-based immune control. Gastrin and Cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that regulate activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Each can signal via CCK-2R, which normally acts as an on/off switch for pancreatic cells to secrete enzymes and bicarbonate. An altered form of the CCK-2 receptor, CCK2i4sv, is expressed by pancreatic cancer cells. This unique form of the receptor contains an extra loop of amino acids in an intracellular domain; the amino acid sequences within this unique intracellular domain may represent targets for immunotherapy. The goal of this research is to determine whether immunization with synthetic peptides that correspond to amino acid sequences found within the loop may induce loop-specific CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cell immune responses. CD8+ T cells are known as killer T cells because they secrete cytotoxins which can kill target [cancer] cells directly. Two synthetic peptides corresponding to CCK2i4sv intracellular loop amino acids 272- 291 or 281-300 have been used to immunize mice in two trials, and peptide-specific cellular immunity was monitored by ELISPOT assays. Preliminary results confirm weak T cell induction by the 272 peptide, but robust induction of T cells by the 281 peptide. Future studies will be needed to determine whether the responding T cells consist of CD8+, CD4+ or a mixture of both types of T cells. (78)

Moriah Hough, Marie Johnson, Taylor Marcotte, McKenna Welshans Parents of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Indicate Interest in Learning about Nutrition Topics Despite Showing Confidence in Their Knowledge of the Same Nutrition Topics. Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) face nutritional obstacles which often result in their being underweight, overweight, obese, or malnourished. Involvement of parents is critical in changing the eating habits of children with IDD, due to their role in grocery shopping, meal preparation, and in modeling exercise and eating patterns. According to limited research, interviewed parents expressed a lack of nutritional knowledge and competency, revealing a need for data relevant to developing an educational nutrition program for parents. In order to address this, a non-experimental descriptive study was conducted with 6 parents of children and adolescents ages 21 and younger who have IDD. Subjects were recruited from Temple University’s physical activity program for children with IDD and by the staff of United Cerebral Palsy via an e-mail flyer. Data was gathered with a 10-15 minute two- section telephone survey created by researchers. Subjects rated their interest in and confidence in their nutrition knowledge of eleven nutrition topics on a 1-5 scale. Overall, parental interest in learning about nutrition topics was 76%, compared to a score of 69% for parental confidence in nutritional knowledge. While further research needs to be done due to the small sample size and lack of questionnaire validity, these results may indicate desire for nutrition educational programs geared towards parents focused on specific topics which parents felt less confident in. (118)

Ethan Jacoby, Timothy Mast, Nathan Musser, Brian Seip‡†, David Vader†, Timothy Whitmoyer† Design and Implementation of a Demonstration System for Combined Generation of Power, Heat, and Refrigeration Messiah College recently installed a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) facility in the center of campus. Electric power generation plants are typically capable of converting only 30- 50% of the thermal energy supplied, whether by combustion or other means, to electric power. The balance of available thermal energy is usually rejected as waste heat to the environment. CCHP technology serves the environment and lowers total energy costs by capturing the waste thermal energy from an electric power plant and using it to drive heating and refrigeration systems. The motivation and function of this innovative technology are not immediately intuitive, particularly the translation of waste heat into refrigeration. This project has produced a functional model of a CCHP system to demonstrate and educate the public about the concepts underlying CCHP technology. The model uses heat exchangers to capture waste heat from the combustion exhaust stream of a 1500-watt gasoline powered generator. The captured heat is used to make three products: hot air, hot water, and refrigeration. Refrigeration is accomplished by an absorption refrigeration machine that is powered by heat rather than mechanical work input. Each of the three products produced is associated with a user interface that can readily demonstrate the function and use of CCHP technology. (99)

Alexander Jones, Jeff Erikson† Assessing the Health of Cedar Run through Chemical Testing and Macro-invertebrate Abundance and Diversity Cedar Run (Camp Hill, PA) is a limestone spring creek with a history of water pollution in its middle branch. The stream consists of three branches. The upper and lower branches are in mostly residential neighborhoods while the middle branch is surrounded by commercial and industrial land use which can lead to a change in water chemistry and the biodiversity of aquatic wildlife, specifically aquatic macroinvertebrates. This study involved the collection of macroinvertebrates and water samples from nine different locations of Cedar Run which were tested for geological water chemistry. If the different locations had similar water chemistry with a significant change in community structure then it would indicate that there was a non-tested chemical polluting the waterway. The water quality was higher in the upper and lower branches than the middle branch. Previous records from past studies were compared to present results to determine if there is any improvement or degradation in Cedar Run overall. (42)

Michael Joy, Niklas Hellgren† Construction of a Thin Film Deposition System With the coming of new technologies in recent years, the need for thin films has been increasing correspondingly. While many successes have been made, obstacles have also been encountered that demand the innovation of new techniques. This research has focused on constructing a thin film deposition system from scratch. This has involved researching and testing how several different parts of our system worked in order to build an operational system. (16)

Mitchell Kauffman, Christian Rogerson, Brian Seip‡†, David Vader†, Timothy Whitmoyer† Design and Implementation of a Demonstration System for Combined Generation of Power, Heat, and Refrigeration Messiah College recently installed a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) facility in the center of campus. Electric power generation plants are typically capable of converting only 30- 50% of the thermal energy supplied, whether by combustion or other means, to electric power. The balance of available thermal energy is usually rejected as waste heat to the environment. CCHP technology serves the environment and lowers total energy costs by capturing the waste thermal energy from an electric power plant and using it to drive heating and refrigeration systems. The motivation and function of this innovative technology are not immediately intuitive, particularly the translation of waste heat into refrigeration. This project has produced a functional model of a CCHP system to demonstrate and educate the public about the concepts underlying CCHP technology. The model uses heat exchangers to capture waste heat from the combustion exhaust stream of a 1500-watt gasoline powered generator. The captured heat is used to make three products: hot air, hot water, and refrigeration. Refrigeration is accomplished by an absorption refrigeration machine that is powered by heat rather than mechanical work input. Each of the three products produced is associated with a user interface that can readily demonstrate the function and use of CCHP technology. (36)

John Keeports, Jeffrey Weaver, Donald Pratt† Basic Utility Vehicle (BUV) Firetruck Many rural areas in Africa lack sufficient firefighting equipment. In order to develop a solution for this need, the Basic Utility Vehicle Firetruck team and the Institute for Affordable Transportation are working to design and build a firefighting application for the current Basic Utility Vehicle model. Our add-on module would provide a modern firefighting pump, hoses, nozzle, water tanks, and a foam additive solution to maximize fire suppression capabilities. To make the application more versatile and cost effective, the addition of other functions, such as irrigation and water transportation, are being considered. (89)

Abbey King, Melanie Johnson, Wendy Cheesman† Non-operative Management of Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Rupture in a Men’s Lacrosse Player Background: PCL injuries are uncommon in athletics. Mechanisms require a powerful posterior shear force, or hyperextension/hyperflexion of the knee. Both surgical and non-operative treatments are available for this injury. This case report followed a 22-year-old male lacrosse player with a PCL tear to his right knee. The mechanism of injury was a posterior directed force to the proximal tibia on a flexed knee. Athlete had complaints of instability, difficulty accelerating, obvious deformity, swelling which caused pain, but no pain with weight bearing. Athlete was evaluated and exhibited positive posterior drawer, Godfrey 90/90, Jerk and active quad tests. Physician examination revealed a complete, isolated PCL tear upon MRI. Differential diagnosis: Anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, lateral collateral ligament Treatment: A non- operative approach began with acute phase rehabilitation, focusing on decreasing joint effusion, increasing range of motion, and quad activation. The athlete progressed to proprioception, balance, and strengthening of the quadriceps, hip and core. The functional phase focused on controlled plyometric and acceleration activities. Final progression included functional bracing and sports-specific exercises. The athlete received clearance to return to competition at 6 weeks post-injury. Uniqueness: PCL tears account for only 2-3% of all athletic knee injuries and most involve injuries to other structures. This case presents the conservative treatment and rehabilitation of an isolated PCL tear. Conclusion: Non-surgical treatment is an option in complete PCL ruptures allowing athletes to return to play. Treatment should focus on early quad activation, quadriceps strengthening, bracing and gradual return to functional activities. (65)

Cordell King, John Kreider, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Tricycle Project - Brake/Control Box Redesign The Mobility Tricycle Project exists to provide transportation for those living with physical disabilities in Burkina Faso by developing designs for hand-powered and electric tricycles. These tricycles are designed to be built locally within Burkina Faso. The electric tricycles design uses a hand operated lever to control both the speed and the braking. This lever is also an important part of the braking system for the tricycle. This year, the Brake Control Team redesigned the braking system including the control box which contains this lever and other components to provide for easier manufacturing, reduction of cost, improved functionality, and improved control accessibility. Additionally, we redesigned the brake bracket on the bottom of the

tricycle to help with maintenance of the battery. The document concerning the fabrication and assembly of the box and braking system were also finalized. (100)

Jessica Kline, Josiah Peck, Randall Fish† Solar Africa EBI In Zimbabwe, the national power grid cannot support the country's power needs. Their solution is to use “load shedding” which imposes rolling blackouts for users lasting from 5 minutes to an entire day, occurring up to 40 times each week. Our current client, the Ekuphileni Bible Institute (EBI), regularly has power only during the hours of 1-4AM. We have designed a solar photovoltaic (PV) system capable of powering their classrooms, library, and computer lab. To support the on-going funding of this system, we have developed multiple design options allowing EBI to configure the best system supported by available financial resources. (84)

Victoria Koehler, John Harms† Engineering HPDE Cells to Express Gastrin and Ascertain its Role in Pancreatic Tumorigenesis Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality, leading to approximately 227,000 deaths each year worldwide. Previous research has indicated that abnormal expression of the gastrointestinal hormone, gastrin, is observed in pancreatic cancer cells following K-ras oncogenic activation. Down-regulation of gastrin in pancreatic cancer cells significantly decreases their tumor growth rate. Conversely, the up-regulation of progastrin has been shown to enable tumor formation in otherwise non-tumorigenic human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. We hypothesize that the upregulation of gastrin alone in the context of wildtype K-ras will confer tumorigenicity in immortalized, non-tumorigenic human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. To begin testing this hypothesis, a vector containing the gastrin gene was constructed. The full-length human gastrin gene was previously amplified from genomic DNA and confirmed by DNA sequencing. To permit selection of transfected clones, hygromycin resistance was inserted into the vector pCAGEN and confirmed by diagnostic digests to determine proper assembly. The pCAGEN vector backbone contains an enhanced chicken beta-actin promoter allowing for robust constitutive expression. The gastrin gene was subcloned from pCR-Blunt-II into pCAGEN.hygro as a NotI–XhoI fragment. Positive colonies were screened by colony-PCR and construction of pCAGEN.hygro-hGastrin was confirmed by diagnostic digest. Prior to transfection into HPDE cells, an optimization study was undertaken to evaluate three transfection reagents: FuGene 6, Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectamine 3000. FuGene 6 was shown to achieve greater transfection efficiency (assessed by GFP fluorescence) with significantly lower cellular toxicity. Transfection of pCAGEN.hygro-hgastrin and analysis of gastrin gene expression in HPDE cells is ongoing. (69)

Joshua Kunkle, Daniel Vivolo, Jared Detweiler, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Tricycle Project - Rear Axle Redesign The mission of the Mobility Tricycle Project is to design electric and hand-powered tricycles for persons living with disabilities in Burkina Faso, West Africa. In 2015, a frame design was developed in order to increase the life of the axles that support the rear wheels of the tricycle. While the new design reduced premature axle wear, it resulted in a wider frame that

would not fit through many of the doorways in Burkina Faso. A new frame was created which reduced the width of the tricycle significantly so that it would fit through most doorways. As a result of this modification, interference between the rear wheels and the control boxes became an issue. New positions for the control boxes had to be established to minimize interference, and to optimize control access for the user. The new positions of the control boxes required modifications and additions to the tricycle frame; these modifications are reflected in the final frame design. (103)

Aaron Ladeau, Mayim Moore, Tyler Schell, Douglas Phillippy†, Timothy Whitmoyer† Biofuels: Burkina The goal of the Biofuels: Burkina team is to implement a system in the village of Mahadaga, Burkina Faso so that our client Matt Walsh and the people living in the village can increase the amount of time they can run their seed threshers on diesel fuel. To achieve this goal, we need to determine necessary information about running a stationary diesel engine off of a mixture of straight vegetable oil and diesel. We first must research what percentage of vegetable oil mixed with diesel allows us to get the maximum power output from our engine, while not putting too much wear on the engine's inner mechanics. In order to do this we have fitted the engine with a dynamotor which is used to pick up the engines horsepower and rpm values so we can compare the engines output from blend to blend. In addition, we are using digital imaging software to examine the wear on the inner piston cylinder. With this information the team plans on building a two tank vegetable oil system where the engine will be feed a specific blend of heated vegetable oil mixed with diesel fuel in order to decrease the amount of diesel fuel needed to run the engine. (106)

Ryan Laird, Lawrence Mylin† Determining the Insertion Site of SV40 in the Genome of B6/K0 cells Active recruitment of the host immune system to control tumor growth is currently a research intensive area. Simian virus 40 (SV40) has become a model to study the efficacy of tumor- specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The major tumor-factor of SV40 is an oncoprotein referred to as the large tumor antigen (SV40 T ag). Previous studies have shown a hierarchy of cellular immune response targeting the T ag. The immortalized murine cell line B6/K-0 was established in the early 1980s that contains a single copy of the SV40 genome. B6/K0 was used extensively in immunization studies, and, to select CTL escape variants that were used to understand the nature of CD8+ T cell epitopes. Our current goal is to generated targeted replacements or deletions within the single SV40 T ag sequence expressed by B6/K-0 cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. However, we must first locate the large T ag insertion site within the B6/K0 genome so that flanking DNA sequences can be used for homologous replacement strategies. Determining T ag insertion in B6/K0 has followed these general steps: (1) isolation and purification of B6/K0 genomic DNA, (2) restriction enzyme digestion, (3) self-ligation of the resulting fragments, (4) outward nested-PCR using primers corresponding to 5' and 3' regions of the SV40 T ag gene to amplify junctional portions of desired ligation products, and (5) cloning and sequencing of the PCR products. Restriction digestion and PCR revealed promising products from B6/K0 genomic DNA digested with NheII or SpeI, and not from the genomic DNA isolated from B6/SCL7 control cells which lack SV40 DNA. The products were gel isolated, ligated into

pGEM-T Easy plasmids, were submitted for DNA sequencing. The results of the DNA sequence analysis will be discussed. (38)

Anders Laub, Michael Pasti, Harold Underwood† Harrisburg Energy Audit For the past 20 years, interior fluorescent lights in the Harrisburg Martin Luther King (MLK) City Government Center have been operating in continuous 24/7 ON mode, costing the city more than necessary. Heating and cooling in the building has also not been optimal, so that many office workers have chosen to use space heaters to control temperature in their personal area. The MLK building administrator has been preparing to improve the lighting system with automated control and more efficient bulbs. Thus, an energy audit was requested and completed by this team with the goal of comparing lighting options, so as to show the annual energy usage and monetary savings of replacing the existing fluorescent bulbs with more energy efficient LED bulbs throughout the interior of the MLK building. Our team found that significant energy savings would result from switching all the lights to energy efficient LED bulbs. We modeled the entire building with the Trace 700 Energy Analysis software. Using the software, we were able to modify the buildings lights and predict the potential for energy and monetary savings. The team also found that savings could be achieved by eliminating some space heaters and/or having them on for shorter periods of time. We presented the City Government Engineer with the Energy Audit Document describing our recommendations. Future work in progress involves the design of a daylight harvesting circuit. This circuit can be connected to any light in the building. Its purpose is to save energy by adjusting the LED brightness in response to the natural daylight illumination coming through nearby windows. (94)

Hanna Lazio, Alissa Yoder, Erin Brown, Erika Heck Impact of Telephone Support on Rate of Heart Failure Specific Readmissions Purpose: Regarding Heart Failure (HF) patients who are discharged from the hospital, what is the effect of structured telephone support (STS) in addition to standard discharge teaching compared to no STS on HF specific readmission rates? Background and Significance: One in four patients hospitalized with HF are readmitted within 30 days (Inouye, 2015). It is imperative to decrease readmission rates because if patients are readmitted within 30 days, Medicare will not reimburse the hospital for care provided. Methods: Articles from PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database published within 2010-2015 were reviewed. There were 27 articles were identified; 6 addressed the research question. Most of the articles were Level I with B quality. Findings: STS was shown to be effective in reducing HF-related readmission rates within 3-6 months (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.90) (U.S., 2014), and after 6 months (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.87, P < 0.0001) (Inglis, 2011). Evidence does not support the effectiveness of STS to reduce readmission rates within 30-days (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.24 - 1.87) (U.S., 2014). A systematic review found that STS was not effective in reducing all-cause readmissions within any time frame (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77-1.10) (U.S., 2014). However, STS did reduce all-cause readmissions in 2 of the 5 articles reviewed by Chaudhry (2011). Additionally, STS was shown to be effective in predicting patients at high-risk of readmission within 30 days (Inouye, 2015). Recommendations: STS should be implemented to reduce readmissions within 3-12 months.

Research is needed to identify effective interventions in preventing readmissions within 30 days of discharge. STS within a week of discharge predicts patients at high risk for readmission, but effective interventions are needed to prevent such readmissions. (132)

Daniel Loefstedt, Joshua Pardoe, Rachel Mazurek, John Meyer†, Tim Van Dyke† Mobility Trike Project - Front End Redesign The Mobility Tricycle Project designs electric and hand-powered tricycles for people living with physical disabilities in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Most of the tricycle design has been carefully reviewed and optimized; however, the front-end of the tricycle still needed a systematic redesign. In particular, the impact of the front-end design on the handling of the tricycle is an area that would benefit from being extensively looked at. Tricycles tested at Messiah College have had a tendency to veer to the right requiring a significant steering force to keep the tricycle moving on a straight path. Last year, the front end redesign team was able to determine that the poor handling was due, in part, to the unsymmetrical geometry of the bicycle fork used to support the front wheel of the tricycle. To remedy this problem, a fork bending tool was developed to ensure that new forks are symmetrical before being assembled onto the electric tricycle. This year, our group has done additional research and testing revolving around the symmetry of used, unsymmetrical forks instead of new forks. We discovered an additional symmetry issue involving the vertical symmetry of the fork, something we call the “paddle offset.” We were able to develop a process that enabled us to eliminate the symmetry problems for all types of bicycle forks and provide a tricycle that handles better. (104)

Jonathan Lord, Spencer Lowman, Randall Fish† Solar Panama In response to a request by Rio Missions, our team has designed a Solar PV system capable of providing power to a small church in Bajo Grande, Panama. This church is critical to the community and currently depends upon a generator to power the sound system and lights for services as well as support a cell phone charging station provided as an outreach to the local populace. A shortfall in funding has resulted in a hold on construction. However, the projected low cost of this system, $12,000, makes it a viable alternative for other clients with similar needs. (86)

Anna Love, Alison Noble† Self-Assembled Monolayers on Zinc Selenide Toward Biosensor Applications A reproducible procedure for the creation of zinc selenide (ZnSe) substrates functionalized with carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) using mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) was optimized. A pre-treatment etch and adsorbate molecule solution composition were varied as a part of the optimization process. Surface oxides detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were effectively removed by a 10 minute pre-treatment etch with a 3:1 ethanol:ammonium hydroxide solution. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and contact angle analysis were used to analyze the SAMs. Results showed that an adsorbate molecule solution composed of a 75:25 ratio of ethanol to water created the most high-quality SAMs. The functionalized surfaces were then modified with oligonucleotides and visualized using fluorescent microscopy. (70)

Brady Marburger, Anne Reeve† A Novel Synthetic Pathway for Aspernigrin A Aspernigrin A (6-benzyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide) is a natural product isolated from the fungus Aspergillus niger found in the Mediterranean sea sponge, Axinella damicornis. This secondary metabolite has proven to be cytotoxic to certain colon cancer cell lines. The synthesis of aspernigrin A is required to obtain enough material to study its bioactivity and potentially optimize it for clinical drug use. The new synthetic pathway being tested utilizes ethyl acetoacetate to create an enaminone capable of being directly converted to the pyridone required for aspernigrin A. Through reaction in a DMF-Me2SO4 adduct, ethyl acetoacetate was successfully reacted to give the enaminone product, ethyl-2-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-3- oxobutanoate, at a 71% yield. Subsequent reaction of the enaminone with n-BuLi, LiHMDS, and phenylacetyl chloride showed promise for the production of the pyridone ethyl ester. Continued optimization of this reaction scheme will allow greater production of the enaminone and subsequent reaction to the pyridone ethyl ester that could yield aspernigrin A. (37)

Daniel Marquez, Michael Torres, Hoang Nguyen, Harold Underwood† Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS) Once outside radar range, small planes flying in remote locations must be tracked by alternative means. Organizations focused on emergency relief, humanitarian development and missionary support need to follow such flights, to ensure safety and security. The Automatic Flight Following System (AFFS) owned by JAARS has been safety tested and used extensively for this purpose but is no longer being used due to the emergence of newer communications technologies. Thus, FTMS at Messiah College has been working with stakeholder Cary Cupka to redesign AFFS to include more advanced technology modes. The existing Rabbit Single Board Computer in AFFS 1.0 will be replaced with the Arduino Mega 2560, selected as the best microcontroller option for the Aircraft Control Unit. To streamline the process of understanding the AFFS system, MagicDraw UML (Unified Modeling Language), a software tool will be used to model the overall system with design changes, and facilitate the ability to share details of the system architecture with participating stakeholders. Observations made using UML diagrams have prompted research and testing to see whether direct serial communication could be achieved between the Arduino Mega 2560 and the program used by the ground station for communication with the pilot. This would allow the team to be able to simulate in-flight reports made to the ground station before testing in real life conditions. Further development has also been made with implementing the simple original pilot interface of the AFFS 1.0 system. (32)

Susannah Marshall, David Foster† Propagation and Growth of Hydrastis canadensis through Aquaponics and Tissue Culture This project focused on the growth of a Pennsylvanian native medicinal plant, Hydrastis canadensis, commonly called goldenseal. Growth rate and survival of the plants planted in potting media (n=10) and plants placed into an aquaponics system (n=10) were compared. Despite weekly fertilization, the plants in soil had a low survival rate. Plants placed in the aquaponics system proved to be very successful and have high survival rates. Thus leading to the conclusion that Hydrastis canadensis grows better in aquaponic systems. Additionally,

leaves and roots were excised from the actively growing plants in order to perform tissue culture propagation. Leaves grown on Gamborg B5 medium (6g/L), sucrose (30g/L) , and hormones were placed into agar, large amounts of callus tissue formed. The root cuttings were not successfully sterilized and all failed. Each of the leaf cuttings (n=10) successfully formed callus tissue. (59)

Abby Martin, Karen Brunner, Helen Folan, Claire Stikeleather Aromatherapy: The Intervention to Increase Sleep Quality in Cardiac Patients? Background: Sleep is an essential part in maintaining the homeostatic physiological and psychological states of the body. Sleep deprivation, a common problem for patients, can have serious detrimental effects on their recovery from illness. Cardiac ICU patients are found to have a decrease in sleep quality and increase in anxiety. Complementary medicine is highly considered because it is easy and cost efficient while providing effective results. Aim: This project’s purpose was to decipher whether the effects of aromatherapy on cardiac patients anxiety and sleep quality would be a valuable implementation based on the findings of research studies. Method: Relevant literature answering the PICO question was collected via CINAHL and PubMed using the following search terms: sleep deprivation and nursing interventions, aromatherapy and cardiovascular effects, sleep deprivation and cardiovascular effects, aromatherapy and sleep deprivation. Results: Aromatherapy lowered the anxiety levels and increased the quality of sleep in cardiac patients. Aromatherapy’s efficient because it’s safe, easy and cost effective. It does not produce side effects and is independent from doctor’s orders. The oils have various methods of application. Conclusion: Aromatherapy was a positive intervention improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety for cardiac patients. Assessing its effect on various units could render positive results and increase generalizability. Assessing the amount of exposure time necessary for the oils effects to occur can aid in implementing a specific time frame for the intervention. Looking into other types of oils or pairing aromatherapy with other non-pharma logical therapies could be beneficial. Limitations of this study included extensive exclusion criteria which hindered generalizability. The studies were in acute scenarios, assessing long term effectiveness of aromatherapy could be useful. Also considering implementation, so that the only person receiving aromatherapy has given consent, this may require private rooms. (127)

Jessica Martin Deciphering Mathematical Cryptography Cryptography is known as the process of coding and decoding messages in order to relay information in secret. Together we will explore this fascinating world of cryptography by understanding how to code and decode messages through the different mathematical and encrypting processes used today and in years past. Then, we will attack our own cipher problem, learn how it works, and see how cryptography is used in our 21st Century technology. (26)

Cody Meassick, Rachel Johnson, Timothy Atwell Redefine Living through Adventure In the 1930’s, German educator, Kurt Hahn, identified six social declines that hindered the proper development of youth; decline of fitness, initiative and enterprise, memory and imagination, skill and care, self-discipline, and compassion. In response, he developed a school called Outward Bound which is considered the foundation of modern day adventure education. Recognizing that these declines are evident in today’s college student, a weeklong wilderness backpacking experience was designed to specifically address these issues. Redefine Living was provided by the Messiah College Office of Adventure Programming, and was designed, implemented, and evaluated by three senior adventure education majors. This trip utilized adventure activities and experiential education pedagogy to foster growth and development in the participating students to address the declines of Kurt Hahn. A formal evaluation was conducted to assess the effectiveness of this experience. Qualitative data was collected using various assessment tools including physical fitness tests, interviews, a survey, and instructor notes. The data indicated gains in the 6 declines, especially around the areas related of mental toughness. Recommendations were also made to include logistical, design, evaluation, and leadership elements. (53)

Autumnn Merrill, Alison Noble† Zinc Selenide-Supported Self-Assembled Monolayers Functionalized with Oligonucleotides Thiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on zinc selenide (ZnSe) and initial work toward functionalization of the SAMs with oligonucleotides has been performed. Oligonucleotides serve as a proof-of-concept system for functionalizing ZnSe-supported SAMs with other larger molecules, such as proteins. Characterization of these monolayers was carried out using a fluorescently tagged complimentary oligonucleotide, allowing visualization of the monolayers using fluorescence microscopy. Initial results confirmed the presence of oligonucleotides on the surface, though the reproducibility and ordering of these films, as well as their connection to the SAMs has not yet been determined. To differentiate areas of ZnSe that were coated with the SAMs from clean/bare ZnSe, microcontact printing was used to generate a pattern of self-assembled monolayers on ZnSe. (60)

Matthew Miller, John Harms† In a Cancer-Associated Splice Variant of the CCK2 Receptor, a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Not Explain Intron Retention With less than 1% of all patients surviving more than 5 years beyond their diagnosis, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most aggressive forms of cancer. A major aim of our lab is to better understand one indicator of increased pancreatic cancer aggressiveness, a C->A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the fourth intron of the gene encoding CCK2R. Normally, CCK2R binds gastrin to regulate the exocrine pancreas. A splice variant, known as CCK2i4svR, has been identified in tumor cells and is generated when the fourth intron is retained and translated, altering the receptor and increasing tumor malignancy. Interestingly, the SNP C->A correlates with poorer patient prognosis. We hypothesize that this SNP causes decreased splicing efficiency of the fourth intron and increased pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. In order to test this, murine pancreatic cancer cells (PANC02) were stably

transfected with human CCK2R gene containing either the C or A SNP. Total RNA was extracted at two different passage numbers from 6 SNP(C) clones and 9 SNP(A) clones. Real-time PCR was performed to determine overall expression of CCK2R and CCK2i4svR mRNA in each cell line. End- point PCR was used to distinguish which of the two splice variants were being generated in high-expressing cell lines. As expected, the predominant transcript in SNP C and SNP A lines was the completely spliced CCK2R transcript. However, contrary to our hypothesis, both SNP(C) and SNP(A) cells showed CCK2i4svR production as well. Comparison of levels of CCK2R and CCK2i4svR in SNP C and SNP A cells is ongoing. (72)

Haleigh Minor, Jesse Kleingardner† Engineering a Genetically-encoded Iron and Copper Indicator Using Combinatorial Mutagenesis of a FRET-based Calcium Indicator Unregulated copper and iron concentrations in the brain are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, ALS, and Parkinson disease. Currently, there are no genetically encodable copper or iron probes that have the ability to detect the concentrations of these metal ions in the brain. Twitch-2B, a recently developed FRET-based genetically encoded calcium indicator has been developed by fusing a FRET pair of fluorescent proteins on either side of the calcium-binding domain of Troponin C. The goal of the study is to use combinatorial mutagenesis to generate a large library of GECI variants and screen their FRET response to metals such as iron and copper. The proposed methodology involves PCR amplification of a library of Troponin C variants that replaces the calcium-binding amino acids with common transition-metal binding amino acids such as His, Tyr, and Asp whose codons can differ by just a single nucleotide. The amplified Troponin C will be cloned into the Twitch-2B vector containing the FRET pair of fluorescent proteins using the Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract (SLiCE) cloning method involving an in vitro recombination reaction. Fluorescence screening will be used to test for binding of copper and iron ions using the newly created protein by testing for FRET in the presence of the target ion. Initial results have demonstrated Twitch-2B expression, amplification of the Troponin C gene, and the generation of the SLiCE extract from the PPY strain of E. coli cells. (47)

Emilie Myers, Maggie Young Evaluation of En Route Wilderness Spring Break Trip Wilderness trips have been shown to aid students’ transition into the college environment. A spring break trip, entitled “En Route,” was designed for first-year Messiah College students focusing on this theme of transition. A leadership team of three Adventure Education students created goals, developed a curriculum, and formulated a trip design to help students reflect and process their first year in college. Ten students participated in the week-long backpacking trip and a day of canoeing on the Chattooga River Trail located on the border of Georgia and South Carolina. Leaders created overarching participant goals revolving around reflection and interpersonal relationships. A formal summative evaluation was conducted focusing on the established goals and objectives. Qualitative data was collected utilizing a focus group, post-trip interviews, and leader observations. The data indicated that reflection was a beneficial and formative aspect of the trip and that interpersonal growth occurred amongst both new and pre-existing friends. The assessment also revealed that participants were enthusiastic about the

thematic and skills-based activities of En Route and were highly satisfied with the experience. (49)

Elkan Nelson, Jonathan Lord, Spencer Lowman, Randall Fish† Solar Panama In response to a request by Rio Missions, our team has designed a Solar PV system capable of providing power to a small church in Bajo Grande, Panama. This church is critical to the community and currently depends upon a generator to power the sound system and lights for services as well as support a cell phone charging station provided as an outreach to the local populace. A shortfall in funding has resulted in a hold on construction. However, the projected low cost of this system, $12,000, makes it a viable alternative for other clients with similar needs. (62)

Andrew Nevin, Holly Ross, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist† A Study on the Long-term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM Filter in Bolivia and Fiji Lack of sustainable access to safe water and sanitation services dramatically impacts the health and productivity of many people living in under-served nations. Infrastructure improvements needed to provide such services are costly and slow to implement. A number of NGOs have sought instead to distribute low-cost household water filtration units in community-focused programs while providing basic training in filter use and health education. The Sawyer PointONE™ filter, a hollow microfiber biological, filter has been used in both relief and development settings. Some NGOs have been reticent to adopt this product, citing uncertain field longevity, cultural factors, NGO-related training schemes and implementation challenges, and component availability for repair and replacement after breakage. In 2014, Lindquist et al. demonstrated significant reductions in diarrheal prevalence among young children related to short-term use of these filters in peri-urban Bolivia. Yet recently, Murray et al. (2015) reported on serious, negative issues regarding breakage and fouling failures of these filters in the laboratory. This study calls into question the ability of these filters to produce adequately filtered water after two years of household use. To verify issues in long-term use, we conducted a follow up study involving Sawyer PointONE™ filters that had been in continuous use for five or more years in Cochabamba, Bolivia and Nadi, Fiji. Microbial loading and turbidity in source and effluent water from unmanipulated, water-backwashed, or chlorinated water- backwashed filters were tested in the field and later under controlled laboratory conditions. Field and laboratory results from quantifying total coliforms and E. coli loads and turbidity in source are presented. While relatively few filters were located five or more years following initial distribution, a majority of those collected did reduce bacterial loads in effluent water to comply with WHO guidelines. Based on these and other results, our study will help to answer important questions about longevity for these hollow micro-fiber filters. (51)

Hoang Nguyen, Michael Torres, Harold Underwood† Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS): Communications Group Once outside radar range, small planes flying in remote locations must be tracked by alternative means. Organizations focused on emergency relief, humanitarian development and missionary support need to follow such flights, for reasons of safety and more. The Automatic Flight

Following System (AFFS) owned by JAARS has been safety tested and used extensively for this purpose but is no longer being used due to the emergence of newer communications technologies. Thus, FTMS at Messiah College has agreed to work with stakeholder and avionics expert Cary Cupka to redesign AFFS to include more advanced technology modes. This includes replacing the existing Rabbit SBC in AFFS 1.0 with a new microprocessor capable of the same functions and open to further expansion with an increased number of available programmable input/output pins. The Arduino Mega 2560 has been selected as the best microcontroller option for the ACU. To streamline the process of understanding the AFFS system as well as creating functional code, MagicDraw UML (Unified Modeling Language), a software modeling tool will be used to model the overall system with design changes, and facilitate the ability to share details of the system architecture with participating stakeholders. (97)

Thien Nguyen, Mark Simpkins, Scott Heisey† Woodcrest Bridge Project The Woodcrest Bridge Team is partnering with Larson Design Group and Horst Construction to design a cable-suspended pedestrian bridge for a Christian campground in Ephrata Pennsylvania. The bridge will connect two hiking paths at the campground and will serve as an iconic feature of the campground. From a design aspect, the bridge will span 80 feet in total length, be supported by five tensioned cables, and will be elevated on steel I-beam towers. Beneath the surface, the five tensioned cables will tie into two reinforced concrete anchors, while the I-beam towers will sit on top of reinforced concrete blocks. We plan to have a finalized and approved bridge design by the beginning of this Summer, enabling the construction of the bridge to begin as early as the Fall of 2016. (87)

Van Nguyen, Lindsay Coleman, Makenzie Brown, Brigitte Brady Color-Coded Menu Labeling has No Significant Impact on Calories in Specialty Coffee Beverages Purchased on a College Campus Foods and beverages high in calories, like those available at restaurants and specialty coffee shops, are a major contributing factor to the rise in obesity rates in America. Consumers lack knowledge about Calorie content, particularly for specialty coffee beverages. Color-coded menu labeling (CCML) is a tool that can be implemented in these venues to help improve consumer awareness of a food or beverage’s Calorie content. A quasi-experimental study without randomization was conducted to assess the effectiveness of CCML. Eligible participants were English-speaking adults who purchased a specialty coffee beverage for personal consumption. Researchers completed surveys for consumers (n=168) at the point-of-purchase via street intercept methodology to determine Calorie content of purchased beverages. Data were collected over two periods of four days each (before and during CCML intervention) and were analyzed with F-tests and unpaired t-tests using Microsoft Excel. Calories purchased from flavored syrups (p= 0.8832) and total beverages (p= 0.6243) did not differ significantly between the two periods. Contrary to the hypothesis, this intervention did not significantly decrease Calories purchased from specialty coffee beverages. However, conclusive results cannot be reached due to short-term exposure to the CCML intervention. For future research, longer exposure to CCML intervention along with further modifications of the CCML intervention are needed to optimize user-friendliness and enhance effectiveness. (76)

Steven Nicolais, Yacoub Seyni Digital Harrisburg Digital Harrisburg is an organization that is revitalizing Harrisburg through an online campaign. The current data sets the organization has are large and messy. A poor data set means Digital Harrisburg’s GIS projects will be providing inaccurate and inconsistent information. Our project aims to clean the data sets as well as provide advanced statistical analysis on the data. In order to clean the data we will be using OpenRefine (formerly GoogleRefine). This software allows us to clean the data sets through the use of rules and regular expressions. Our goal is to eradicate errors, erase duplicates, and merge all values into a consistent format. Once the data is cleansed we will be performing statistical analysis on the data. We will be using a variety of reporting and visualization tools to complete this task. By the end of the semester we will have helped Digital Harrisburg and the community by providing them with accurate and informative insights into Harrisburg in the early 1900s. (11)

Mickey Padovano, Donald Pratt† Mobile Medical Clinic The Mobile Medical Clinic (MMC) was created with the goal of increasing the rate up checkups for cervical cancer in Kenya by providing screenings for those who would otherwise have trouble seeing a doctor. In 2012, it was estimated that 4,802 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed and about 2,451 deaths occur annually. The MMC will be delivered to Dala Development, a Christian healthcare organization working in near Kisumu in Kenya, to serve those who do not have the ability to see another doctor. It is the goal of the MMC project to increase the number of women getting regular checkups by 30% by taking regular trips to new villages. (88)

Adam Pozun, Gavin Stobie, Tony Beers†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† Affordable Sanitation: Design of Pit Latrines that are Resistant to Soil Collapse Worldwide billions of people lack access to safe sanitation facilities leading to disease and indignity. Although pit latrines provide a low cost option for rural areas, their performance proves difficult in conditions of soil collapse. Sandy soil conditions along with other factors cause collapse of the soil supporting a pit latrine there by wasting the resources put into building the latrine and potentially harming latrine users. The Collaboratory along with World Vision International is designing pit latrine liners that could prevent the described soil collapse. Other than being technically feasible, the liners have to be cost competitive with currently available solutions such as brick and mortar or concrete based latrine liners. The current solutions being designed and tested include a removable liner made out of fiberglass, and non- removable liners such as ferrocement, burlapcrete, sand bags, and a rebar cage wrapped with fabric. In addition to on campus testing, designed liners will be tested in Northern Ghana during May 2016. (35)

Lucas Ratzlaff Crime Rates and Regression Analysis Predictive Analysis is a quickly growing field and is being used in a wide variety of ways, including analyzing crime trends and patterns. This presentation will explore how regression

analysis can be used to help describe crime rates in the United States. Various economic and population variables are explored in an attempt to create a model for crime rates. (27)

Arielle Raugh, Lawrence Mylin† Characterization of CD4+ T Lymphocyte Responses to the Simian Virus 40 Large Tumor Antigen in C57Bl/6 Mice The induction of CD8+ T cell responses by multiple epitopes (I, II/III, IV and V) located within the Simian Virus 40 Large Tumor Antigen (SV40 T ag) oncoprotein has been well characterized. We have now identified three CD4 epitopes within the SV40 T ag (381, 529 and 581) and have begun to characterize their role(s) in controlling cellular immune responses to the SV40 T ag. The goal of this study was to characterize the profile(s) of proinflammatory and inhibitory cytokines secreted by T cells specific for these the three CD4 epitopes. Mice were immunized with one of two cell lines: B6/K-0 cells which express the intact SV40 T ag; and B6/K-145 cells which express a T ag mutant in which the epitopes I, II/III, IV and V have been inactivated. Frequencies of epitope 381-, 529- and 581-specific T cells expressing the cytokines IFN-g (pro-inflammatory), IL-4 or IL-10 (inhibitory) were compared using ELISPOT following one (primary) or two (secondary, boosting) immunizations. Preliminary cytokine profiling has shown that the B6/K-0 cells induced higher frequencies of CD4+ T cells than the B6/K-145 cells. Additionally, stronger responses were detected following secondary immunizations for both pro-inflammatory and inhibitory cytokines. Relatively few SV40 T ag-specific T cells were found to express the inhibitory cytokine IL-4, while the frequencies of SV40 T ag-specific IFN-g- and IL- 10- expressing T cells were higher and similar. Collectively, both experiments show that the CD4 epitope 529 dominates over epitopes 381 and 581 in numbers of T cells induced. Together, these results begin to support a model in which these epitopes may work in different capacities. (40)

Emily Reale, Jesse Kleingardner† Engineering Metalloproteins for Fuel Catalysis Using Site-directed Mutagenesis of CHIP Template To support the rapid expansion of global energy needs, new catalysts are required for more efficient conversion between electrical energy from renewable sources and chemical energy in the form of fuels. Structures incorporating cobalt porphyrins have shown promise in catalyzing O2 reduction, an important fuel cell reaction. Cobalt porphyrins can be introduced into a protein environment by substituting the heme iron for cobalt, providing a more complex molecular environment for catalyst optimization principles to be discovered. The goal of this study is to engineer a novel di-heme protein with a stacked heme arrangement and explore its catalytic potential for O2-reduction upon substitution of the heme iron for cobalt. Carboxyl- terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein (CHIP), is a naturally occurring protein has been chosen as a template by computer-based structural modeling. The structure of CHIP has recently been determined, revealing a pocket where two c-type hemes are predicted to stack upon protein dimerization. A c-type heme will be inserted into the CHIP template with site-directed mutagenesis using a total of four mutations. F247C, E277C, and N278H mutations are needed for heme c binding. A mutation at K202H avoids problematic steric clashing. Finally, the histidine tag present at the beginning of the gene would also need to be replaced by a signal

sequence that directs the protein to the periplasm of the cell where heme attachment occurs. To date, primers were designed to introduce the desired mutations using PCR techniques, and DNA gel electrophoresis was used to visualize the products of the PCR reactions. (116)

Laura Ritenour, John Harms† A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against CCK2R Shows Promise as a Tool for Studying Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancer is an extremely aggressive cancer with a five-year survival rate of less than 6%, largely due to the lack of early detection and effective treatment options. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to malignant transformation is necessary to improve patient outcomes. One known contributor to tumor aggression is the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), a G-protein coupled receptor that binds the gastrointestinal hormones CCK and gastrin. A constitutively-active form of the receptor, the intron 4 splice variant (CCK2i4svR), has also been observed in cancer cells. To facilitate studies of CCK2i4svR, a monoclonal antibody specific to an insertion in its sequence was previously generated, characterized, and cited in a 2012 study. Currently, a monoclonal antibody which binds an extracellular site common to all forms of CCK2R is also being developed, as there is no such antibody commercially available. Two anti-CCK2R candidates have achieved clear immunofluorescent (IF) staining with minimal background fluorescence in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with the receptor. Each produced primarily membranous staining patterns, co-localizing with a commercial polyclonal antibody. Detection by IF and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cell lines and tumor sections expressing lower levels of receptor has been inconclusive to date; positive controls have not yet been verified. Once confirmed for IF, IHC, and Western Blotting, anti-CCK2R will be used to quantify receptor expression in pancreatic, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines and patient tumor samples. This information will be utilized in studies targeting CCK2R for diagnosis and drug delivery. (58)

Laura Ritenour, Cassie Tran‡†, Joseph Baur‡† Longevity or Diabetes? The Paradoxical Effects of mTOR Inhibition The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has been shown to increase lifespan in a range of organisms from yeast to mammals and is widely used as an antiproliferative and immunosuppressant in humans. Despite the apparent benefits of rapamycin treatment, the drug also causes dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to symptoms resembling type 2 diabetes. Recent findings suggest that these changes may result partially from rapamycin’s ability to block the ‘beiging’ of white adipose tissue (WAT). Upon cold exposure, beige fat is induced to form in WAT depots and initiates a thermogenic program similar to that characteristic of brown adipose tissue (BAT). The expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) in beige fat and BAT promotes energy balance by consuming excess glucose and lipids and dissipating the resulting energy as heat; therefore, rapamycin’s inhibition of beiging in WAT may contribute to its negative effects on metabolic homeostasis. Chronic rapamycin inhibits both mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the less well-characterized mTORC2. To test the hypothesis that the mTORC2 is required for beiging, mice with an adipocyte-specific deletion of the mTORC2 subunit Rictor were phenotyped and then exposed to a mild cold stress. At

baseline, knockout mice displayed signs of metabolic dysfunction including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance along with elevated serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Following the three-day cold challenge, abnormal beige fat morphology, decreased UCP1 expression, and decreased expression of thermogenesis- associated genes (UCP1, ELOVL3, and PGC-1α) in WAT of knockout mice indicated that mTORC2 is partially required for beiging. (77)

Tessa Roberson, Matthew Lewis† Injury Prevention in Classical Ballet: Finding the Balance Between Safety and Aesthetic Classical ballet is an art form requiring the body to be stretched to the extremes of physical ability. For professional dancers, any severe injury can terminate a career. The purpose of this presentation is to identify and discuss prevention strategies and training methods for dancers in order to preserve the joints, muscles, and ligaments that will support their bodies throughout years of performance. Correct form is necessary in ballet in order to allow the body to complete challenging movements without significant risk. Enforcing this can be difficult based on the dancers’ - and occasionally teachers’ - willingness to sacrifice perfect and safe form for the sake of being more competitive in working towards the ballet aesthetic (e.g. minimal body weight, perfect fifth, etc.). Frequently, injuries are caused by the challenges of turnout and flexibility, repetition in rehearsal, and landing jumps. Correct form is necessary to perfect the aesthetic for turnout without causing harm to the body. Tissues must be allowed to adjust slowly and properly to positions that are initially unnatural. Additionally, due to the amount of repetition required in rehearsal, movements must be practiced in safe ways that will protect the dancer from injury. Landing jumps requires care to use the whole lower limb without stressing any joints more than necessary. Classical ballet is a beautiful art form and can be performed and practiced safely. However, achieving this requires a high level of precision and attentiveness in order to balance safety and aesthetic in ballet performance. (71)

Holly Ross, John Harms† Increasing the Stability and Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in Pancreatic Cancer Cells for Metastasis Assays Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with only 11% of patients diagnosed with metastatic disease surviving the first year. Even so, few studies exist to characterize the mechanism of metastasis in this highly aggressive form of cancer. Consequently, it is imperative that techniques, such as tagging cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP), are developed to track cancerous cells over the course of their spread. Unfortunately, the existing GFP vector contains a cytomegalovirus promotor, which is readily silenced by cells and decreases the vector’s usefulness for long-term studies in vivo. It was hypothesized that the insertion of the enhanced GFP gene downstream from a beta-actin promotor with CMV enhancers would increase expression and long-term stability of GFP in pancreatic cancer cells. Using restriction digests with EcoRI and NotI, the enhanced GFP gene was removed from the pEGFP-N1 vector and then ligated into pCAGEN.puro. Murine pancreatic cancer cells were transfected with either pCAGEN.puro-EGFP or pEGFP-N1. Fluorescence intensity and stability were assessed through flow cytometry, revealing that the beta-actin promoter resulted in a greater percentage of cells fluorescing after two months of

culture than the cells with GFP expressed under a CMV promoter. Assessment of tumorigenicity of the novel clones in mouse models is currently underway. Ongoing studies are confirming the increase in intensity and stability in human pancreatic cancer lines and serial in vivo selection is being utilized to isolate increasingly metastatic lines. (54)

Holly Ross, Andrew Nevin, Daniel Yeisley, Lawrence Mylin†, Thomas Soerens†, Erik Lindquist† A Study on the Long-Term Performance of the Sawyer PointONETM Filter in Five Developing Nations Lack of sustainable access to safe water and sanitation services dramatically impacts the health and productivity of many people living in low-income countries. Infrastructure improvements needed to provide such services are costly and slow to implement. A number of NGOs have sought instead to distribute low-cost household water filtration units in community-focused programs while providing basic training in filter use and health education. The Sawyer PointONE™ Filter has been used in both relief and development settings; however, some NGOs have been reticent to adopt these filters, citing factors such as uncertain longevity in the field, culture/NGO-related challenges associated with filter use, and limits for repair or replacement of broken filters/filter components. In fact, Murray et al. (2015) reported serious, negative claims regarding breakage and fouling-related failure of these filters. Such claims would call into question the ability of these filters to produce adequately disinfected effluent water after two years of household use. Filters that had been in use for 6-27 months were collected from five nations (Columbia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Honduras, and Uganda). After undergoing a cleaning regimen, the effluent from these filters was subjected to microbiological analyses and turbidity tests. Total coliform and E. coli load was determined through membrane filtration and a most probable number technique, and the calculated logarithmic reduction was compared to WHO and EPA standards. Only 14% of filters did not comply to the minimal standard, yet a more controlled study is necessary to determine the effect of longevity of use on filtration ability. (67)

Jacob Sargent, Jacqui Young, Tony Beers†, Avery deGruchy‡†, Randall Fish† Intelligent Water Millions of Africans use handpumps such as the Afridev and India MKII to meet the daily water requirements of their households. Unfortunately in many countries hand pump failure rates exceed 30%. This problem is exacerbated by the sparse distribution of pumps and often poor road infrastructure in rural areas. Often NGOs and GOs are unaware of a pump malfunction until several days or weeks have passed hindering their ability to execute a timely response. At the same time cellphones have become ubiquitous in Africa with GSM coverage now exceeding water service delivery. The Intelligent Water Project (IWP) has developed and installed working prototypes of a system which enhances rural handpumps by combining solar powered autonomous pump sensors with cell phone connectivity to report pump health statistics to WASH professionals. This allows breakdowns to be detected in 24 hours, and early failure modes to be detected prior to the need for a costly repair. (34)

Dallas Saylor The Knight's Dance: A New Chessboard Problem In this project I consider an intersection of two classical concepts from chessboard mathematics: the knight's tour and domination. In short, I ask, given a black piece on a chessboard, can a white knight complete a tour of the undominated squares? My research involves analyzing subgraphs of the 5x6 chessboard in search of Hamiltonian cycles. (22)

Kelsey Schlegel, Richard Schaeffer† An Exploration of Chemical Sensor Development Using a Functionalized Quartz Crystal Microbalance A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was functionalized to explore its use as a chemical sensor for an insect pheromone in the gas phase. The piezoelectric properties of the quartz crystal allow QCMs to be very sensitive to changes in mass at the surface of the crystal. QCM techniques have measured mass deposition down to 0.1 ng, which should allow a QCM to quantify low concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A film of cellulose acetate spray was deposited on the surface of the crystal and used to measure 1-dodecanol. 1- dodecanol is the sex pheromone of a codling moth; a common Lepidoptera orchard pest. Cellulose acetate was chosen for its ease of availability, its environmental friendliness, and its possible affinity for the target pheromone. A change in frequency of -0.0014 ± 0.0002 ΔHz/s was observed for a concentration of 11.1 ppb 1-dodecanol. A device that reliably senses pheromones could have important agricultural and environmental applications. (52)

Rahel Schlogl The History and Development of Musical Cryptography Encrypting important messages in order to protect information is an age-long practice. A popular method of cryptography has always been disguising messages in music: musical cryptography. Historically, this method has been used since the time of Julius Caesar and has been consistently used since. As time has progressed, more interesting and complex methods of encryption and decryption have been developed. Thus, the growth and change of musical cryptography will be explored. (28)

Katrina Schrock, Matthew Farrar† Low cost, High Speed Correlation for Dynamic Light Scattering on a Field Programmable Gate Array Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is an optical technique that can be used to measure particle size in solution through the analysis of a fluctuating intensity signal generated by light diffracting off of moving particles. However, commercially available DLS systems can cost $30,000 or more. Our goal is to develop a system that is more affordable, to be used in detection of HIV or as an educational tool for learning about optics. One part of this is reducing the cost of a correlator, a device which compares a received signal either with itself or with other signals to detect a waveform that is present but surrounded by signal noise. Correlators can cost from upwards of $10,000, but we aim to reduce this to $100 through the use of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The focus was to gain familiarity with the FPGA and to develop digitally coded circuits to enable data to be recorded and sent to a computer. (15)

Victoria Seldomridge Storing Nuclear Waste in Japan Mathematical modeling is a concept that implements all different areas of mathematics, in an attempt to solve or define a real world situation. Finding the safest place to store nuclear waste in Japan can be a real problem without proper analyzation and consideration of environmental, physical, and societal factors. Through focus and simplification, we approach the problem from the perspective of population. Following the modeling process, we define a model to determine the safest location in regards to population. Unfortunately, population is not the only way of defining a location as safe. Other factors must also be considered within the modeling process. (29)

Kariana Senum, Stephen Smeiles, Jason Wright, Donald Pratt† Mobile Medical Clinic Cervical cancer is the number 1 cause of female cancer and cancer deaths in Kenya. In 2012, it was estimated that 4,802 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed and about 2,451 deaths occur annually. The purpose of our Mobile Medical Clinic is to reduce the number of these deaths by providing early detection and treatment to those in remote locations who otherwise have no way of knowing that they are at risk. The Mobile Medical Clinic will be given to Dala Development, a Christian healthcare organization working in villages around Kisumu, Kenya to provide medical care for those who do not regularly have the means to see a doctor. (5)

Allison Sharples, Jeff Erikson† Diet Selectivity of Slimy Sculpin, Cottus cognatus Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus, are camouflaged, bottom-dwelling fish that live in cool, shallow, flowing streams and typically eat small invertebrates. The study focused on diet selectivity, which is whether the slimy sculpin actively seek a certain prey type of macroinvertebrate more than another type. Sculpins were collected from two different sites of Trout Run (Grantham, PA) and one site of Cedar Run (Camp Hill, PA) using an electrofishing backpack. An average of 10 fish were collected from each site. Macroinvertebrate samples were taken from the collection areas as well to determine the sculpin’s prey options. Then the fish were measured for standard length, weight, mouth gape, and stomach volume and the stomachs were removed in order to identify and enumerate the gut content. With our data we can utilize an electivity index that will indicate if the sculpin prefer or avoid a certain type of food. It is likely that the sculpin will prefer to eat the type of insect that is most common in the water and that is easiest to catch because it would require less energy expended from the fish and they can fill their stomachs easier. (39)

Tiffani Singley, Benjamin Richardson, Grace Leveroni, Jeffrey Clark Food Pantry Application For its semester-long project in the senior computer science capstone course, the Food Pantry Application development group planned and developed a customized appointments management system for the Living Water Community Church of Harrisburg, PA. As part of its compassion ministries, the Living Water Community Church operates the Oasis Community Food Pantry, which provides free food and low cost toiletries/paper products to individuals and

families who are struggling financially and live in the 17109 and 17111 zip code areas. Visits to the food pantry are by appointment only, so the church needs to be able to maintain a record of appointments. At the same time, the church also needs to be able to maintain current records on individuals and families, so food pantry supplies can be fairly distributed to those who need them most. The Food Pantry Application is based on the Easy!Appointments application, which was created by Alex Tselegidis. The project development group customized this pre-existing application in order to meet the needs of the Living Water Community Church of Harrisburg. (13)

Benjamin Sollenberger, Tim Van Dyke† Cycle Advancements for Rugged Terrain - Universal Hitch The goal of the CART project is to create new uses for the small motorcycles found in developing countries. As a primary source of transportation, these motorcycles are often overloaded and safety is compromised. By developing a series of add-ons for these motorcycles, we hope to increase the utility of the motorcycles while reducing the risk associated with using them to transport goods. The first step in the project was to develop a hitch that can be attached to many different types of small motorcycles. Different designs were considered, and one was selected for further development. A prototype of our hitch has been built and is currently in the testing phase. Preliminary results indicate that this hitch design works within our desired design parameters. Testing included fitting the hitch to our motorcycle and using it to attach a small trailer in order to verify an acceptable range of motion and performance under loading. Additional testing involved using strain gages to determine the dynamic stresses in the parts. After testing is finished and we have arrived at a final design, we plan to distribute several prototypes to Collaboratory partners in developing countries where they will be field tested in order to provide for further improvements. In the future, we also hope to design a trailer with a braking system that is made to work with our hitch. (8)

Erin Sollenberger, Doug Miller†, Melinda Smith† Exercise as a Lifetime Commitment: Enhancing Adherence through Effective College Wellness Programming The purpose of this study was to examine why college is a critical time to address lifetime adherence to exercise, the role that harmonious passion plays in creating a positive exercise identity, and the effects of restructured wellness programming at Messiah College. Many college students do not get the recommended amounts of exercise per week, with physical activity further decreasing in the transition from college to independent young adulthood. With their access to mass numbers of young adults, colleges play an essential role in providing a foundation for healthy habits, including regular physical activity adherence. In order for students to adhere to regular exercise consistently, they need to intertwine positive meaning and identity within that commitment. Students are more likely to engage in, devote time to, and persist in exercise if it is important to them and becomes freely internalized within their identity, referred to as harmonious passion. Harmonious passion has been associated with a variety of positive psychological effects, including the presence of meaning and enjoyment, which increases adherence. The Health and Human Performance Department at Messiah College has restructured its curricular student wellness program in order to address these

concepts and improve the wellness of students during their time in college and beyond. New objectives and requirements have shown statistical improvements that support positive effects on students’ wellness and physical activity habits. In the future, student wellness programming at Messiah College will continue to implement holistic opportunities to support and impact students. (41)

Anne Squire, Jennifer Golden, Benton Mitchell "Let's Walk" Wilderness Trip Evaluation Students often overlook the value of discomfort and rest in our culture today. Comfort is highly valued today, yet “the ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy” (Martin Luther King, Jr.). There is much to be learned by stepping out of one’s comfort zone into a new journey. As for the value of rest, God reminds us repeatedly throughout the Bible, especially in the Psalms, to rest in Him. However, we tend to fill our time with our own busy schedules. Three Adventure Education students designed, implemented, and evaluated a week-long wilderness spring break trip designed around the value of rest and discomfort in order to promote growth in a communal context. A formal evaluation was conducted of the experience to assess the extent to which goals were met, and to measure the overall satisfaction of the experience. Qualitative data was collected through pre-trip recorded interviews, and post-trip written surveys. The data collected through these indicated that the trip was refreshing and challenging for most students, and offered students a new perspective on the value of rest and discomfort. (74)

Justin Swank, Michael Shin† Evaluating a Mini-Scale Hydroponic System for Arabidopsis thaliana One of the current concerns of pollution is the presence of toxic levels of heavy metals within the soil and their effect on the growth of plants as they accumulate within them. There is potential for these metals to be transferred to humans from the plants with adverse effects. A process called phytoremediation uses tolerant plants to absorb the toxic metals from soils. An understanding of the mechanism can improve the efficiency of the process. The end goal of this culminating project is to localize nickel within the cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. To begin, it was determined a mini-scale hydroponic system was needed to cultivate the plants. The current goal is to effectively grow the plants in the hydroponic system so that eventually nickel can be introduced. This experiment examined a fixed or floating plant support system within the growth chamber, the use of aeration in the chamber, and the incorporation of antibiotics within the liquid media. The plants were germinated on plates and then transferred to the chamber settings. Few plants survived the transfer and were able to grow in the chambers. From the remaining results, it was determined that the fixed support system adequately supported root emergence from the tubes in the system. Aeration showed no improvement in plant growth. Antibiotics showed to ward off contamination within the growth chambers. The results of this study suggest a focus on the viability of transferring or growing the plants within the hydroponic system from the start in future research. (120)

Colin Tomes, Matthew Lewis† Development of Comprehensive and Practical Pre-Participation Screening: an Examination of Literature Preparticipation physical examination of athletes should seek to comprehensively identify conditions that are associated with an increased risk of injury or death, including cardiovascular or respiratory conditions, chronic diseases, joint pathologies, prior medical history, mental health concerns and immune conditions. This information must then be disseminated to the sports medicine team and acted on accordingly. However, the pre-participation examinations and distribution of the resultant data are often inadequate in addressing the medical concerns relevant to participation in athletics. Reasons for these deficiencies include insufficient funding, staffing limitations, time constraints and an incomplete understanding of current best practices. The application of an evidence-based approach includes consideration of clinician experience, patient needs and the latest research evidence. Specifically, the goals of this project are identifying the current best practices for developing preparticipation examinations and coordinating an appropriate response from the entire sports medicine team. (46)

Joey Twaddell, Matthew Lewis† Lyme Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery in a Track and Field Athlete Background: This case report involves a 19-year old female Division III track and field athlete. Symptoms began in January of 2015 and included: heart palpitations, systematic joint pains, headaches and extreme fatigue. The athlete did not know of a tick bite or see a rash. Due to the symptoms, the athlete went to her family physician for medical assistance without consulting athletic training staff. Differential Diagnosis: The initial differential diagnosis from the physician was Lupus or Lyme disease. Treatment: A Holter monitor recorded an elevated heart rate and some sinus arrhythmia. A blood patch test came back positive for Lyme titer for IgG and IgM, this along with the athlete's history indicated Lyme disease in June 2015. Doxycycline was prescribed for two weeks. A beta-blocker was taken for five months for the heart arrhythmias. Oral Prednisone was administered, but athlete did not respond well, so the medical doctor discontinued it. The doctor recommended staying hydrated and adding salt to diet to maintain blood pressure. Uniqueness: Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. The highest prevalence of Lyme disease is in the northeastern states, where this athlete is from. Additionally, athlete chose to seek alternative treatments through dietary change, which is not a commonly prescribed treatment. Conclusions: Lyme disease has no diagnostic test and presents with inconsistent symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose.3 Symptoms can last three plus years. Understanding treatment options is vital for management of this disease. (117)

Liz Vande Bunte, Elizabeth Horst, Monica Park, Hayley Hoke Interdisciplinary Interventions to Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding for the First Six Months of Life Purpose: The purpose of this evidence-based practice project was to explore interdisciplinary interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. Significance: It is widely recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for women to exclusively breastfeed for the first six months of life up to two years of age. Some benefits for the mother

and infant include: adequate nutrition, protection from infections and diseases, reduction in postpartum bleeding, and increased mother-infant bonding. However, data suggests that the percentage of exclusively breastfed infants up to six months is 37%. Methods: A review of literature was performed using CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, and EBSCO databases using the key terms: barriers, breastfeeding outcomes, six months, baby friendly hospitals, baby friendly, and breastfeeding compliance. Twelve articles were narrowed down to four and then critiqued. Findings: After rigorous review, it was found that interventions such as telephone support, patient education, support from prenatal and postpartum healthcare professionals, childbirth classes, and home visits are successful in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding up to six months. Conclusions: Health care professionals should implement these interventions to new mothers in the first six months of life. However, there is insufficient evidence to support interventions after this time frame, thus further research is recommended. (125)

Kelsey White, Joey Twaddell, Matthew Lewis† Effect of Early Sport Specialization on Functional Movement Ability in Collegiate Baseball Players Objective: Early sport specialization (ESS) may influence one's functional movement capability, depending on age of specialization. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ESS on Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS) performance in collegiate baseball athletes. Design and Settings: This cohort study looked at the difference in performance on the FMS™ between early-specialized and non-early specialized players. The athletes completed a brief survey for administrator use. The athletes performed the FMS™ while being video recorded for later scoring by the administrator. Subjects: This study included 34 (n=28 specialized; n=6 ESS) male Division III baseball players (mean age= 19.5 yrs, height= 180.34cm, weight= 86.8 kg) All athletes were informed of the purpose of the study and the risks, and signed an informed consent form. Athletes seeking treatment for a musculoskeletal injury that could affect their performance were eliminated from the study. Measurements: The seven exercises were scored by the administrator according to the parameters set by the FMS™, followed by appropriate statistical measures. Results: No significant (p < 0.05) differences were identified between groups for any of the components of the FMS™ or the FMS™ composite scores Conclusions: According to our results, ESS does not affect FMS™ scores. Despite evidence suggesting negative effects of ESS, our results indicate that the FMS™ may not be the appropriate tool to uncover and quantify these differences, as the FMS™ is intended to identify limitations and asymmetries in fundamental movement patterns. 2 1. Fransen, J., Pion, J., Vandendriessche, J., Vandorpe, B., Vaeyens, R., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R. M. \(2012). Differences in physical fitness and gross motor coordination in boys aged 6–12 years specializing in one versus sampling more than one sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(4), 379-386 8p. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.642808 2. Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Voight, M. (2014). Functional movement screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 1. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(3), 396-409. (48)

Mary Wright, Elizabeth Timmer, Julie Ross, Laura Coulson Comparison of Patient Outcomes in 8-hour vs. 12-hour Nursing Shifts Purpose: The purpose was to compare patient outcomes in 8-hour vs. 12-hour nursing shifts. Background and significance: Nursing shift length may be a factor in creating a safe patient

care environment. Twelve hour shifts may be a contributing factor to adverse outcome as fatigued nurses are more likely to make errors. Adverse patient outcomes contribute to increased length of stay and costs to the hospital. Methods: A review of the literature from 2010-2015 was completed using PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database. A total of 229 articles were found and six were relevant to the research question. Most were Level III with quality ranging from A to B. Findings: The findings regarding the effect of shift length on patient outcomes were conflicting. In shifts 12-hours or more, the following increased: nurse decision regret (Scott, 2014), infection rates (Stimpfel, 2013), and patient dissatisfaction (Stimpfel, 2012). The systematic review was inconclusive, reporting improved patient outcomes (patient recovery, mortality, and length of stay) with 12-hour shifts from one study, improved patient outcomes (errors, near errors, and nursing interventions) with 8-hour shifts from two studies, and three studies with no significant findings (Estabrooks, 2009). In an observation of medication administration process errors occurred more often at the 10-12 hour period (Bellebaum, 2008). The NANN position statement claims that nurses who work shifts longer than 12 hours are three times more likely to make errors (2011). Conclusion: The evidence supports some concern about the safety of 12-hour shifts despite some inconclusive findings. Though there are some benefits to the 12-hour shift, nurse fatigue remains an issue in the delivery of safe and effective care. There is a need for more research to better understand the risks and benefits to generate recommendations. (121)

Sung Bo Yoon, John Harms† Investigating a Genetic Correlation between a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in a Splice Variant of CCK2R and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation The deadliness of pancreatic cancer has been attributed to its resistance to common chemotherapy treatments and the aggressive proliferation of tumor cells. Development of more effective treatment methods would require a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms by which pancreatic cancer cells proliferate. Previous studies have shown that the intron 4 splice variant of cholecystokinin type 2 receptor, also known as CCK2i4svR, results in increased tumor growth compared to properly-spliced CCK2R. Additionally, clinical studies have correlated lower survival of pancreatic cancer patients with a single nucleotide polymorphism – an adenine (SNP A) instead of a cytosine (SNP C) – at position c.811+32 in intron 4 of the CCK2R gene. Such findings have led us to hypothesize that the SNP A favors improper splicing during RNA processing and thus expression of CCK2i4svR, which would ultimately induce increased cell proliferation. Prior to engineering human pancreatic cells to test this hypothesis, we performed an initial transfection optimization using pCAGEN.puro-EGFP and compared the transfection efficiencies of Lipofectamine 3000 compared to that of previously utilized Lipofectamine 2000. Such analyses showed that any volume percentage of Lipofectamine 3000 higher than 0.0375% v/v exhibited plateaued or decreased transfection efficiency. Additionally, Lipofectamine 3000 improved transfection efficiency 4-fold and induced higher fluorescence intensity in transfected cells. Using these optimized transfection conditions, BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell lines were transfected with pCAGEN.neo plasmids containing the CCK2R gene: one with SNP A and another with SNP C. Selection of clones is still ongoing to establish clonal cryogenic stores for future gene splicing analyses. (55)

Rosa Zavala, Rachel Skotnicki, Rachel Lippert, Autumn Harnish Non-Technical Skills in a Crisis: Improvement Through Simulation Purpose: To determine the effects of simulation as opposed to no simulation on non-technical skills in emergency situations. Background and significance: During crisis situations there can be confusion and disorganization when clear roles and policies are not established. The absence of an efficient and effective process could potentially lead to adverse events and poor patient outcomes. A possible method to amend this issue is to implement a simulation program to improve non-technical skills. Non-technical skills involve interactions between health-care team members and include communication, teamwork, leadership, and decision- making. Proficient non-technical skills are essential to maximize team performance during emergencies. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library, and the National Guidelines Clearinghouse from 2010-2015. A total of 34 articles were identified, and 9 articles directly addressing the topic were chosen for inclusion in the review. The majority of the articles were Level III studies of B quality. Findings: Evidence supports the use of simulation training to improve non-technical skills in emergency situations. Simulation results in improved communication (Merien, 2010; Patterson, 2012; Frengley, 2011; Lewis, 2012; and Gjeraa, 2014). Simulation also results in improved teamwork (Auerbach, 2014; Frengley, 2011; and Lewis, 2012). Additional findings include that simulation training results in: improved knowledge, improved confidence, improved attitude, and the development of leadership skills. Multiple studies associate simulation training with improved team performance (Merien, 2010; Auerbach, 2014; Lewis, 2012; Gjeraa, 2014). These improvements are associated with improved patient outcomes (Merien, 2010). Conclusion: Based on the literature review, a change in practice is recommended. The recommendation of simulation training for health-care team members in emergency situations is supported by the literature. Simulation training should include team debriefing following training sessions. (122)

Sarah Zwart, Niklas Hellgren, Alison Noble† Characterization of Carboxylate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Zinc Selenide Zinc selenide (ZnSe) substrates were treated in an etch solution to promote the formation of carboxylate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by removal of native oxides found on ZnSe. Subsequent analysis of the residual etch solution was performed to determine the concentration of zinc and selenium ions that had dissolved. Analysis of the resulting SAMs indicated that the etch process was an effective preparation of the surface for adsorption of carboxylate SAMs. Analysis of the etched surface via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) indicated nearly complete removal of oxygen from the ZnSe substrate. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed that a detectable, but not reliably quantifiable, amount of zinc was removed by the etch into solution, indicating that the etch removes both the oxide layer as well as trace amounts of zinc. (57)

Alphabetical listing of authors Index of Authors and corresponding presentation number(s).

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Abraham, Joyce 130 Burt, Peter 111 Ahn, Ashley 129 Carten, Samantha 124 Angione, Giuliana 105 Carter, Rebekah 128 Arnold, Brooks 63 Casey, Sarah 115 Aroniss, Melanie 4 Cathro, Andrew 66 Artuso, Jacob 111 Chang, Elisabeth 113 Ashton, Wesley 64 Chapman, Daniel 43 Atwell, Timothy 53 Charney, Joshua 91 Austin, Tom 64, 85 Cheesman, Wendy 65 Barner, Lindsey 18 Chua, Phoebe 23 Barr, Seth 85 Clapper, Gabrielle 3 Barrett, Daniel 10, 101 Clark, Jeffrey 13 Barrett, Katie 33 Clemens, Ashley 128 Bashore, Elizabeth 31 Clemente, Dylan 2 Baum, Sarah 123 Cochran, Will 6 Baur, Joseph 77 Coleman, Lindsay 50, 76 Beam, Christopher 12 Collier, Tyler 108 Beers, Tony 31, 34, 35, 83, 90, 91, Conrady, Joshua 96 110 Coshun, Joseph 93, 95 Betteridge, Luke 1 Coulson, Laura 121 Bley, Ed 75 Criddle, Tyler 107 Bogetti, Anthony 68 Curtis, Micah 7 Bohn, Matthew 95 Davis, Emma 124 Boltz, Katelyn 129 deGruchy, Avery 34 Bordner, Shawn 83 deNyse, Angela 24 Brady, Brigitte 76 Detweiler, Jared 9, 103 Breisch, Kevin 92 Dierkes, Kelsey 131 Brenneman, Matthew 112 Dix, Victoria 25 Bressler, Matthew 17, 21 Driggers, Benjamin 114 Bridel, Kyele 20 Duke, Samuel 10, 101 Bright, Jonathan 102 Dunmire, Andrew 108 Brincat, Michelle 130 Eckman, Dan 109 Brown, Erin 132 Egolf, Shaun 45, 73 Brown, Makenzie 76 Ehrenzeller, Dexter 2 Brubaker, Chad 83 Engle, Zachary 92 Brunner, Karen 127 Erikson, Jeff 39, 42, 114 Burch, Kaleb 80 Ernst, Georgia 112 Burlew, Alia 119 Esch, Devin 91

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Farrar, Emily 7, 79, 80, 81, 82 Holguin, Natalia 44 Farrar, Matthew 15, 82 Hollar, Rachel 131 Feather, Lyndsay 56 Hook, Taylor 78 Ferris, Mark 14 Hoover, L. Bryan 33 Fischer, Kyle 12 Horst, Elizabeth 125 Fish, Randall 34, 61, 62, 63, 64, 83, Hough, Moriah 118 84, 85, 86 Hsu, Samuel 107 Floro, Andrew 61 Jacoby, Ethan 99 Flynn, Olivia 126 Johnson, Marie 118 Folan, Helen 127 Johnson, Melanie 65 Foley, Andrew 31 Johnson, Rachel 53 Foster, David 56, 59 Jones, Alexander 42 Gaudreau, Lily 82 Joy, Andrew 2 Gehman, Damaris 108 Joy, Michael 16 Georgetti, Michala 44 Kauffman, Mitchell 36 Gerhart, Philip 43 Keeports, John 89 Golden, Jennifer 74 Kerstetter, Scott 61 Goodwin, Lydia 83 Kidwell, Rachel 129 Goss, Nolan 90 Kieliszewski, Angie 124 Gover, Timothy 81 King, Abbey 65 Grossnickle, Kenton 110 King, Cordell 10, 100 Grove, Andrew 18 Kleingardner, Jesse 47, 116 Haas, Daniel 82 Kline, Jessica 84 Hah, Ashley 80 Knepper, Ray 3, 113 Hahn, Kathleen 119 Koehler, Victoria 69 Hahn, Ryan 93, 95 Kratz, Austin 85 Hannon, John 108 Kreider, John 10, 100 Harbert, Megan 131 Kryemadhi, Abaz 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Harms, John 54, 55, 58, 69, 72, 78, Kunkle, Joshua 9, 103 115 Ladeau, Aaron 106 Harnish, Autumn 122 Laird, Ryan 38 Harro, John 83 Laub, Anders 94 Heck, Erika 132 Lazio, Hanna 132 Heindel, Katie 98 Leiphart, Paul 50 Heisey, Scott 2, 87, 111 Levengood, Brett 14 Hellgren, Niklas 16, 57 Leveroni, Grace 13 Henry, Katherine 130 Lewis, Matthew 43, 46, 48, 71, 117 Henry, Michael 19 Lill, Nancy 45 Ho, Vy 79 Lim, Keith Wei Luen 96 Hohl, Raymond 45 Lindquist, Erik 51, 66, 67 Hoke, Hayley 125 Lippert, Rachel 122 Holderman, Benjamin 33 Listor, Erik 7

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Lockwood, Michelle 3, 112, 113 Mylin, Lawrence 38, 40, 51, 67, 73, 78 Loefstedt, Daniel 9, 104 Neighbors, Jeffrey 45 Logan, Kaitlin 31 Nelson, Elkan 62 Longenecker, Joseph 1, 108, 109 Nevin, Andrew 51, 67 Lord, Jonathan 62, 86 Ngo, Dola 124 Love, Anna 70 Ngui, Joel 63 Lowman, Spencer 62, 86 Nguyen, Hoang 32, 97 Luger, Amanda 1 Nguyen, Thien 87 Madore, Kristen 123 Nguyen, Van 76 Marburger, Brady 37 Nicolais, Steven 11 Marcotte, Taylor 118 Noble, Alison 57, 60, 70 Margosian, Kyle 4 Noss, Nicholas 112 Markey, Claire 119 Olson, Braden 4 Marquez, Daniel 32 Ormond, Renee 44 Marshall, Susannah 59 Padovano, Mickey 88 Martin, Abby 127 Pardoe, Joshua 9, 104 Martin, Hannah 107 Pardoe, Nathaniel 85 Martin, Jessica 26 Park, Monica 125 Martin, Thomas 64, 85 Pasti, Michael 94 Mast, Timothy 99 Peck, Josiah 84 Mavros, Althea 109 Petersheim, Spencer 98 Mazurek, Rachel 9, 104 Phillippy, Douglas 106 McCormick, Sean 92 Postma, Sarah 119 McGovern, Connor 110 Pozun, Adam 35 Mea, Hing Jii 3, 113 Pratt, Donald 5, 6, 88, 89 Meassick, Cody 53 Quatrale, Emily 111 Merrill, Autumnn 60 Raboci, Jessica 81 Meyer, John 9, 10, 100, 101, 103, Rashford, Amanda 126 104 Ratzlaff, Lucas 27 Miller, Doug 41 Raugh, Arielle 40 Miller, Matthew 72 Reale, Emily 116 Minor, Haleigh 47 Redcay, Luke 80 Mitchell, Benton 74 Reed, Robert 98 Mohler, Jacob 18 Reeve, Anne 37, 75 Moore, Mayim 106 Reinert, Benjamin 33 Morrissey, Luke 113 Richardson, Benjamin 13 Moussa, Karine 85 Ritenour, Laura 58, 77 Moyer, Kathryn 1 Roberson, Tessa 71 Murrill, Nicholas 12 Rogerson, Christian 36 Musser, Nathan 99 Roper, Brianne 82 Myer, Bryant 6 Ross, Holly 51, 54, 67 Myers, Emilie 49 Ross, Julie 121

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Roth, Alexander 18, 102 Stevens, Caleb 92 Sachs, Roseann 68 Stiffler, Samuel 105 Sagcal, Christian 63 Stikeleather, Claire 127 Sargent, Jacob 34 Stobie, Gavin 35 Saylor, Dallas 22 Stoltzfus, Katie 131 Schaeffer, Richard 50, 52 Swank, Justin 120 Schandel, Sydney 110 Swartz, Brian 2, 33, 92 Scheib, Chris 7 Tajiri, Paul 85 Schell, Tyler 106 Talamo, Greg 64 Schlegel, Kelsey 52 Thomas, Josh 93, 95 Schlogl, Rahel 28 Thompson, Alissa 128 Schrock, Katrina 15 Timmer, Elizabeth 121 Schunemann, Amy 130 Tomasetti, Matthew 10, 101 Seip, Brian 36, 99 Tomes, Colin 46 Seldomridge, Victoria 29 Torres, Michael 32, 97 Senum, Kariana 5 Tran, Cassie 77 Serrano, Raul 6 Troyer, Duane 110 Seyni, Yacoub 11 Twaddell, Joey 48, 117 Sharkey, Erin 112 Underwood, Harold 32, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 Sharples, Allison 39 Vader, David 36, 98, 99 Shaubach, Lyndsy 79 Van Dyke, Tim 8, 9, 10, 100, 101, Sheeler, Michelle 123 102, 103, 104 Shin, Michael 120 Vande Bunte, Liz 125 Shirk, Greg 109 Vivolo, Daniel 9, 103 Shoemaker, Rebekah 30 Warden, Frederic 90 Sibi Mark, Joel 63 Weaver, Jeffrey 89 Simpkins, Mark 87 Weidler, Joshua 111 Singley, Tiffani 13 Welshans, McKenna 118 Sisson, Caleb 18 White, Kelsey 48 Skotnicki, Rachel 122 Whitmoyer, Timothy 36, 99, 105, 106, 107 Sloop, Bradley 107 Wilkinson, Matthew 64 Smeiles, Stephen 5 Williams, Johannah 128 Smith, Melinda 41 Wise, Dalton 12 Smith, Michael 98 Wright, Jason 5 Snozzi, Sandra 83 Wright, Mary 121 Soerens, Thomas 4, 31, 51, 67, 90, 91 Yacob, Tesfayohanes 1, 35, 108, 109, 110, Sollenberger, Benjamin 8 111 Sollenberger, Erin 41 Yeisley, Daniel 51, 67, 79 Squire, Anne 74 Yoder, Alissa 132 Stanaford, Miranda 126 Yoder, Jason 81 Stetson, Tom 14 Yoon, Sung Bo 55

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Young, Jacqui 34 Zavala, Rosa 122 Young, Maggie 49 Zigarelli, Michael 85 Younger, Jacob 91 Zimmerman, Tim 33

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