Acta Kinesiologica

ACTA KINESIOLOGICA

Vol.10, Issue 2, December 2016 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY Print ISSN 1840-2976 Web ISSN 1840-3700 Catalogued in: COBISS BH UDK: 796

Editor-in-Chief: ŽARKO BILIĆ (Ljubuški, B&H) Executive Editor: DOBROMIR BONACIN (Kaštela, Croatia)

Scientific Adviser: SLAVKO TRNINIĆ (Split, Croatia) Consultant: GAETANO RAIOLA (Naples, Italy)

Assistant Editor & PR: DANIJELA BONACIN (Kaštela, Croatia) Young Editor & Lector: NORINA BONACIN (Kaštela, Croatia)

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International Editorial Board: Marko Aleksandrović (Niš, Serbia), Lenče Aleksovska (Skopje, Macedonia), Ricardo Barros (Campinas, Brasil), Stipe Blažević (Rijeka, Croatia), Jonathan Bloomfield (Ulster, Nothern Ireland), Tudor Bompa (Toronto, Canada), Milovan Bratić (Niš, Serbia), Lisette Burrows (Otago, New Zeland), Michael Chia (Nanyang, Singapore), Milan Čoh (Ljubljana, Slovenia), Gudrun Doll-Tepper (Berlin, Germany), Jean Firica (Craiova, Romania), Ken Hardman (Worcester, UK), Ivan Hmjelovjec (Sarajevo, B&H), Ankica Hošek-Momirović (Leposavić, Kosovo/Serbia), Gonca Ince (Adana, Turkey), Damir Jurko (Split, Croatia), Monia Lachheb (Tunis, Tunis), Bojan Matković (Zagreb, Croatia), Mihajlo Mijanović (Nikšić, Montenegro), Mirjana Milić (Split, Croatia), Aleksandar Naumovski (Skopje, Macedonia), Lenče Nikolovska (Štip, Macedonia), Ratko Pavlović (East Sarajevo, B&H), Stephane Perrey (Montpellier, France), Vladimir Platonov (Kyiv, Ukraine), Franjo Prot (Zagreb, Croatia), Victor Shiyan (Moscow, Russia), Anatolij Shirjaev (S.Petersburg, Russia), Maurizio Sibilio (Salerno, Italy), Marijan Spehnjak (Zagreb, Croatia), Ljerka Srhoj (Split, Croatia), Wlodzimierz Starosta (Warsaw, Poland), Lejla Šebić (Sarajevo, B&H), Hana Valkova (Olomouc, Czech), Marta Zalewska (Warsaw, Poland), Vladimir Zatsiorsky (Pennsylvania, USA), Tsvetan Zhelyazkov (Sofia, Bulgary).

International Section Editors:

Quality of life – Anthropology: Mirna Andrijašević (Zagreb, Croatia), Fadilj Eminović (Belgrade, Serbia)

Biomechanics – Fitness: Saša Bubanj (Niš, Serbia), Milan Čoh (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Methodology: Gustav Bala (Novi Sad, Serbia), Julijan Malacko (Novi Sad, Serbia)

Quantitative methods: Dobromir Bonacin (Kaštela, Croatia), Georgi Georgiev (Skopje, Macedonia)

Methodics – Didactics: Vladimir Findak (Zagreb, Croatia), Biljana Trajkovski (Rijeka, Croatia)

Training Theory: Vinko Lozovina (Split, Croatia), Slavko Trninić (Split, Hrvatska)

Management: Danijela Bonacin (Kaštela, Croatia), Almir Mašala (Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina)

Sport – New Technologies: Nenad Rogulj (Split, Croatia), Branko Škof (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Print & Web: ’Fojnica doo 71270 Fojnica, Gornjevakufska 13, B&H DTP & Web preparation: Dobromir Bonacin and Norina Bonacin – Kaštela, Croatia Webhosting: Agencija Genesis – Cazin, B&H Lector (English): Norina Bonacin – Kaštela, Croatia Lector (Croatian): Luciana Bilić (Mostar, B&H), Norina Bonacin (Kaštela, Croatia) Ilustrations: Žaklina Bonacin – Kaštela, Croatia Printed: 300 copies

Communication: Acta Kinesiologica - International Scientific Journal of Kinesiology 88320 Ljubuški, Teskera Put za crveni grm, Bosnia & Herzegovina or 21212 K.Sućurac, F.Tuđmana 97, Croatia Tel.: +387 63 325 690, +385 98 955 7186, +385 99 993 7597, +385 21 224 623, Fax: +387 39 838 171, +385 21 224 623 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Acta Kinesiologica publishes twice a year in English with Croatian abstracts. Cost: 15 €, overseas 30 €, + postal costs Full journal text available on http://www.actakin.com ISSN 1840-2976

ACTA KINESIOLOGICA

International scientific journal of kinesiology

Vol. 10 (2016), Issue 2 (1-109)

Contents:

Dear reader ...... 5

Damir Crnjac, Dražan Dizdar and Dario Bašić (Original scientific paper) Importance of penalty kicks in football considering final outcome of the match and league system of competition ...... 7

Toshe Krstev, Lenche Nikolovska, Gordana Panova and Svetlana Jovevska (Original scientific paper) Soft tissue mobilization of the cervical spine ...... 10

Ratko Pavlović, Dobromir Bonacin and Nikola Radulović (Original scientific paper) Structure of the athletic all-around competition of students . . . . . 13

Sanja Bajgorić, Nenad Rogulj and Ines Gudelj Ceković (Original scientific paper) Differences in attack situational activity indicators between successful and less successful teams in elite women`s handball . . . . 21

Artan Kryeziu and Isa Asllani (Original scientific paper) Differences in some motor skills of basketball positions according to to 16 year olds ...... 26

Gordana Ivković, Nevia Mavra and Gordana Furjan Mandić (Original scientific paper) Personality traits among Croatian women basketball players that play on different positions in the team ...... 31

Aleksandra Ljuština, Đuica Amanović, Milija Ljubisavljević and Milan Jovanov (Original scientific paper) Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting events . . . . 35

Gaetano Raiola and Pio Alfredo Di Tore (Original scientific paper) The use of video analysis in futsal as a tool in physical education and sport teaching method ...... 41

Pio Alfredo Di Tore and Gaetano Raiola (Review paper) The body and the space: age and gender differences in space representation ...... 46

Dario Bašić, Dražan Dizdar and Romeo Jozak (Original scientific paper) Analysis of crosses in the Croatian first football league ...... 52

Dražan Dizdar, Romeo Jozak and Dario Bašić (Original scientific paper) The importance of offense corner kicks in football with regard to final outcome of the match and league system of competition . . . . . 56

Journal text is available on http://www.actakin.com/

ISSN 1840-2976

ACTA KINESIOLOGICA

International scientific journal of kinesiology

Vol. 10 (2016), Issue 2 (1-109)

Contents (continuing):

Dejan Stojiljković and Danica Piršl (Original scientific paper) Impacts of specific exercising on motor abilities development in junior elementary schoolchildren ...... 60

Dejan Stojiljković and Danica Piršl (Original scientific paper) Influence of plyometric training on explosive strength development in school settings ...... 65

Viktorija Trninić, Marko Trninić and Zvjezdan Penezić (Original scientific paper) Personality differences between the players regarding the type of sport and age ...... 69

Abdulla Elezi, Shqipe Rexhepi, Georgie Georgiev, Gresa Elezi and Nazim Myrtaj (Original scientific paper) Sports and level of depression in young sportsmen ...... Kvesić Ivan, Dražan Dizdar and Dario Bašić ...... 75 (Original scientific paper) Importance of red cards in football considering final outcome of the match and league system of competition ...... 79

Diellza Kelmendi, Nazim Myrtaj and Georgi Georgiev (Original scientific paper) Relations between basic motoric abilities with young handball players tested through ball handling test ...... 82

Danijela Bonacin, Dobromir Bonacin and Žarko Bilić (Review paper) Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized educational legal system ...... 85

Velibor Srdić, Milan Nešić and Lazar Radoš (Original scientific paper) Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local community based on users’ perception ...... 93

Deniz Öztürk and Mehmet Ertuğrul Öztürk (Original scientific paper) The evaluation of physiological effects of exercise on man . . . . 101

Guidelines for authors ...... 108

Journal text is available on http://www.actakin.com/

ISSN 1840-2976

ACTA KINESIOLOGICA

Međunarodni znanstveni časopis iz kineziologije

Vol. 10 (2016), Issue 2 (1-109)

Sadržaj:

Dragi čitatelju...... 5

Damir Crnjac, Dražan Dizdar i Dario Bašić (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Važnost jedanaesteraca u nogometu obzirom na krajnji ishod utakmice i sustava lige natjecanja ...... 7

Toshe Krstev, Lenche Nikolovska, Gordana Panova i Svetlana Jovevska (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Mobilizacija mekog tkiva vratne kralježnice ...... 10

Ratko Pavlović, Dobromir Bonacin i Nikola Radulović (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Struktura atletskog all-around natjecanja studenata ...... 13

Sanja Bajgorić, Nenad Rogulj i Ines Gudelj Ceković (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Razlike u indikatorima situacijske aktivnosti u napadu između uspješnih i manje uspješnih ekipa u vrhunskom ženskom rukometu . . . . . 21

Artan Kryeziu i Isa Asllani (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Razlike u nekim motoričkim sposobnostima košarkaških položaja prema košarkašima od 16 godina ...... 26

Gordana Ivković, Nevia Mavra i Gordana Furjan Mandić (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Osobine ličnosti hrvatskih košarkašica obzirom na poziciju u igri ...... 31

Aleksandra Ljuština, Đuica Amanović, Milija Ljubisavljević i Milan Jovanov (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Suvremeni oblici ugrožavanja sigurnosti na sportskim priredbama . . . . 35

Gaetano Raiola i Pio Alfredo Di Tore (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Korištenje video analize u futsalu kao alat u tjelesnom odgoju i metodi nastave sporta ...... 41

Pio Alfredo Di Tore i Gaetano Raiola (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Tijelo i prostor: dobne i rodne razlike u zastupljenosti prostora . . . . . 46

Dario Bašić, Dražan Dizdar i Romeo Jozak (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Analiza centaršuteva u Prvoj hrvatskoj nogometnoj ligi ...... 52

Dražan Dizdar, Romeo Jozak i Dario Bašić (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Važnost prekršajnih kutnih udaraca u nogometu obzirom na krajnji ishod utakmice i sustava lige natjecanja ...... 56

Tekst časopisa je dostupan na http://www.actakin.com/

ISSN 1840-2976

ACTA KINESIOLOGICA

Međunarodni znanstveni časopis iz kineziologije

Vol. 10 (2016), Supplement 1 (1-109)

Sadržaj (nastavak):

Dejan Stojiljković i Danica Piršl (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Utjecaj specifičnog vježbanja na razvoj motoričkih sposobnosti djece osnovnoškolskog uzrasta ...... 60

Dejan Stojiljković i Danica Piršl (Izvorni znanstveni rad ) Utjecaj pliometrijskog treninga na razvoj eksplozivne snage u školskom okruženju ...... 65

Viktorija Trninić, Marko Trninić i Zvjezdan Penezić (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Razlike u ličnosti između igrača obzirom na vrstu sporta i dob ...... 69

Abdulla Elezi, Shqipe Rexhepi, Georgie Georgiev, Gresa Elezi and Nazim Myrtaj (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Sport i stupanj depresije kod mladih sportaša ...... 75

Ivan Kvesić, Dražan Dizdar and Dario Bašić (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Važnost crvenih kartona u nogometu obzirom na krajnji ishod utakmice i sustav lige natjecanja ...... 79

Diellza Kelmendi, Nazim Myrtaj and Georgi Georgiev (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Odnosi između osnovnih motoričkih sposobnosti s mladim rukometašima testiranim kroz test rukovanja loptom ...... 82

Danijela Bonacin, Dobromir Bonacin and Žarko Bilić (Pregledni rad) Stupanj autonomije moderne škole u dobro uređenom pravnom sustavu edukacije ...... 85

Velibor Srdić, Milan Nešić and Lazar Radoš (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Procjena kvaliteta sportsko-rekreativnih usluga u lokalnoj zajednici zasnovana na percepciji korisnika ...... 93

Deniz Öztürk and Mehmet Ertuğrul Öztürk (Izvorni znanstveni rad) Procjena fizioloških efekata na tjelovježbu kod čovjeka . . . . . 101

Upute za autore ...... 109

Tekst časopisa je dostupan na http://www.actakin.com/

You don't understand anything until you learn it more than one way. (Marvin Minsky)

Dear reader, To "highlight" something, from more than one aspect has always meant to greatly increase the ability to understand phenomena in the world around us and of which we are an integral part. In this way is enriched the body of knowledge about any phenomenon, but also taught others, especially young people, not to be slaves of any kind of single-mindedness, but to always observe all situations in a multivariate, multidisciplinary way and with an open heart for different approaches and ideas. Maybe it's too harsh to say that we will not understand anything if we do not we look at it from several aspects, as Minsky proposed, but truly, is there not a huge risk of large errors if we decide on a single, rigid, unchangeable and pervasive aspect!? Precisely on such multivariate and, in terms of development, multidynamic, but also multi- processual foundations we tried to build the value of our journal and will remain so still. We hope that it all shows in this issue as well, which offers, also, a wide range of content such as football, some properties of the spine, handball, basketball, security, sports, futsal, children in space, football in Croatia, motor skills of children, plyometrics, conative dimensions, depression in athletes, red cards in football, handball motor skills, autonomy in education, recreation and physiological knowledge. We believe you will find interesting titles, but also original approaches, and we will continue, as in this issue, trying to make a choice of high- quality articles, but always with a touch of strangeness to provide you exactly with the outlooks from different points of view. Do not worry, be brave, because Minsky was right

Editor-in-Chief Assoc.Prof.Žarko Bilić, PhD

Design Assistant Žaklina Bonacin

Ne razumiješ ništa dok to ne naučiš na više

načina.

(Marvin Minsky)

Dragi čitatelju, “Osvijetliti” nešto, s više od jednog aspekta oduvijek je značilo uvelike povećati mogućnost razumijevanja pojava u svijetu koji nas okružuje I kojega smo integralni dio. Na taj način obogaćuje se skup spoznaja o bilo kojem fenomenu, ali jednako tako uči se druge, posebno mlade, da ne budu robovi bilo kakvog jednoumlja, već da sve situacije uvijek promatraju multivarijantno, multidisciplinarno I otvorena srca za različite pristupe I ideje. Možda je prestrogo reći da baš ništa nećemo razumjeti ako to ne promotrimo sa više aspekata, kao što je to predložio Minsky, ali uistinu, zar ne postoji ogroman rizik prema velikim pogreškama ukoliko se odlučimo na jedan jedini, rigidni, nepromjenjivi I općeprisutni aspekt!? Upravo na takvim multivarijantnim I u razvojnom smislu multidinamičkim, pa I multiprocesnim temeljima pokušavali smo graditi vrijednosti naših časopisa I tako će ostati I dalje. Nadamo se da se sve to osjeća I u ovom broju, koji nudi, također, I široku lepezu sadržaja poput nogometa, nekih svojstava kralježnice, rukometa, košarke, sigurnosti sportskih događaja, futsala, djece u prostoru, nogometa u Hrvatskoj, motorike djece, pliometrije, konativnih dimenzija, depresivnosti sportaša, crvenih kartona u nogometu, motorike rukometaša, autonomije u edukaciji, rekreacije I fizioloških spoznaja. Vjerujemo da ćete pronaći zanimljive naslove, ali jednako I originalne pristupe, a mi ćemo se I dalje, kao I u ovom broju, truditi izvršiti izbor kvalitetnih članaka, ali uvijek s nijansom neobičnosti kako bi vam ponudili upravo poglede s različitih stajališta. Ne brinite, samo hrabro, jer Minsky je bio u pravu.

Glavni urednik Izv.Prof.Dr.Žarko Bilić

Design Assistant Žaklina Bonacin

Crnjac, D. et al.: Importance of penalty kicks in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 7‐9

IMPORTANCE OF PENALTY KICKS IN FOOTBALL CONSIDERING FINAL OUTCOME OF THE MATCH AND LEAGUE SYSTEM OF COMPETITION

Damir Crnjac1, Dražan Dizdar2 and Dario Bašić2

1University of Mostar, Faculty of sciences, Bosnia & Herzegovina, 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatia

Original scientific paper

Abstract Based on 88 matches of 2014/2015 First Croatian football league we established the importance of penalty kicks considering the final outcome of the match and the competition. Using Mann-Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficient we concluded that penalty kicks as situational efficacy indicators pose a statistically significant difference between the winning and the defeated team (p=0,04), and there is a moderate negative relation to final placement in league system of competition (r=-0,54). These results show that penalty kicks influence the outcome of the match, and if they are repeated, they have a negative effect on final placement.

Key words: penalty kicks, notational analysis, situational efficacy, football, warnings

Introduction

Matches, team or individual sports or martial arts Due to certain technical difficulties, one match was competitions can be observed as complex dynamic not recorded, and one ended in 3:0 due to rule- systems in which two opposing entities fight for a breaking. win (two teams, two pairs, or two individuals). The performance of these entities and its success are Sample determined by level of abilities, skill, and Entities in this research are teams. First Croatian knowledge of players participating in the result of football league consists of 10 clubs. the competition- victory as the final goal. Variable sample In football, this happens in a match. Systemic Matches were described using notated performance observation of the football match shows many indicators (variables) – penalty kicks (Bašić et al., characteristic events in the play which repeat 2015) themselves, are recognizable, and can be noted down. These events and their outcomes show a Data collection degree of situational efficacy of players and the Matches were filmed on HDD/DVD in form of video. team, and the level of their performance. Using a special computer tool named Courteye the matches were analyzed and prepared for data Analyzing these events can show why a certain analysis. Five notators worked on match analysis. team won, or how the final result of the match was achieved. A penalty kick is an event following rule- Statistical analysis breaking by a player inside his own penalty are. To determine reliability of gathered data we used the intra-observer variability for differences Penalty kick can be described in two ways – if a between different data gathered by the same player breaks a rule inside his own penalty (noted notator (Hughes et al., 2002, 2003, 2004). For to the player breaking the rules), and if a defense penalty kicks we determined a reliability of 100%. player extorts the penalty kick inside his own For determining differences between winning and penalty are (noted to the player affected by it – defeated teams, we used Mann-Whitney test and opposing offense player) (Bašić et al., 2015). Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the connection between performance indicators and Analyzing the penalty kick parameter we can final outcome of the competition. determine if the mentioned situational efficacy indicator is relevant and related to final outcome of Results the match and league system of competition. Based on analyzed matches we can see the relation Methods between penalty kicks as situational efficacy indicators and final placement in league system of Analysis material competition, and establish if there are any Research was done on 88 matches of Max tv First statistically significant differences between winning Croatian football league. We analyzed one half- and defeated teams considering the said season consisting of 90 matches. parameter.

7 Crnjac, D. et al.: Importance of penalty kicks in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 7‐9

Table 1. Final placement of teams after the half-season (TEAM), total number of matches played (NM), number of wins (WIN), draws (DRAW) and defeats (LOS), as well as the number of points (PTS), number of points per match (PTS/M) and total number of penalty kicks (N-PK), arithmetic mean of penalty kicks (AM- PK) and correlation coefficient of penalty kicks and final placement (r).

TEAM NM WIN DRA WIN LOS PTS/M N-PK AM-PK Dinamo 17 13 4 0 43 2,53 1 0,06 Rijeka 18 12 3 3 39 2,17 2 0,11 Hajduk 17 8 5 4 29 1,71 0 0,00 Lokomotiv 18 7 4 7 25 1,39 2 0,11 Zagreb 18 6 6 6 24 1,33 6 0,33 Slaven 17 5 5 7 20 1,18 2 0,12 Split 17 3 8 6 17 1,00 1 0,06 Istra 1961 18 3 7 8 16 0,89 2 0,11 Osijek 18 4 3 11 15 0,83 6 0,33 Zadar 18 3 3 12 12 0,67 7 0,39 r=-0,54

Table 2. Arithmetic mean (AM) and standard deviation (SD) of penalty kicks of winning (WIN) and defeated (LOS) teams, and z-value (z) for determining significance differences and errors (p).

AM SD z p WIN 0,06 0,24 -1,99 0,04 LOS 0,28 0,48

Discussion and conclusion requires a high level of technical and tactical knowledge and skill, and good time and space Based on results (Table 1 and 2) of correlation orientation skills. On the other hand, team having coefficient (r= -0,54) and difference in arithmetic the penalty kick shows a lower level of technical mean between winning (AS=0,06) and defeated and tactical action in defense phase because certain teams (AS=0,28), which is statistically significant players (and the team in general) did not react in (p=0,04), we can conclude that penalty kicks, as a time using allowed moves (taking over possession situational efficacy indicator, pose a statistically of the ball) but instead broke the rules of the significant difference between winning and defeated football game. Also, due to rule of „last man“ in teams and show a negative relation to final football, a penalty kick is often followed by another placement in league system of competition. A disciplinary measure (yellow or red card) which can penalty kick is defined by football rules and be another difficulty for the team having the represents a significant scoring opportunity. The penalty kick. A penalty kick also has a negative efficiency of penalty kicks in this research is 87%, psychlogical influence to the player causing it, which means that almost every penalty kick which can lead to further imbalance in the field. resulted in a goal score. So even though a penalty Based on results for variable penalty kicks we can kick is a rare event, it has a significant influence to conclude that it poses a significant difference final outcome of the match and placement in league between winning and defeated teams. Even though system of competition. It represents a scoring a penalty kick is a rare event in the game, teams opportunity and it also shows the quality level of who cause more penalty kicks will have a lower opposing team which, in order to claim penalty score in a certain match and a lower placement in kick, had to transfer ball possession through the the state championship ranking system at the end field and into opponent's penalty area, which of the season.

Literature

Bašić, D., Barišić, V., Jozak, R. & Dizdar, D. (2015). Notacijska analiza nogometnih utakmica. [Notational analysis of football matches. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Leonard Media. Hughes, M. (2004). Notational analysis – A mathematical perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(2), 97-139. Hughes, M. (2004a). Performance analysis – a 2004 perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 103-109. Hughes, M. & Franks, I.M. (2004). Notational analysis of sport: Systems for better coaching and performance in sport. London: Routledge. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M. & Nevill, A. (2002). Analysis procedures for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2(1), 6-20. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M., Nevill, A. & Brown, S. (2003). An example of reliability testing and establishing performance profiles for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 2(1), 34-56.

8 Crnjac, D. et al.: Importance of penalty kicks in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 7‐9

VAŽNOST JEDANAESTERACA U NOGOMETU OBZIROM NA KRAJNJI ISHOD UTAKMICE I SUSTAVA LIGE NATJECANJA

Sažetak Na temelju 88 utakmica prve Hrvatske nogometne lige sezona 2014/2015 utvrđivana je važnost učinjenih kaznenih udaraca s obzirom na konačan ishod utakmice i natjecanja. Primjenom Mann-Whitneyjevog testa i Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije dobiveni su podaci da učinjeni kazneni udarci kao situacijski pokazatelj efikasnosti statistički značajno razlikuje pobjedničke od poraženih ekipa (p=0,04), te je umjereno negativno povezan s kranjim plasmanom u ligaškom sustavu natjecanja (r=-0,54). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da učinjeni kazneni udarci utječu na tijek igre, odnosno krajnji ishod, te ukoliko se ponavljaju navedeni događaji imaju i negativnu povezanost s krajnjim plasmanom.

Ključne riječi: kazneni udarci, notacijska analiza, situacijska efikasnost, nogomet, opomene

Received: June 21, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspodence to: Damir Crnjac, senior assistant University of Mostar Faculty of Sciences Bosnia & Herzegovina Mostar 88000, Matice hrvatske b.b. [email protected]

9 Krstev, T. et al.: Soft tissue mobilization of the cervical spine Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 10‐12

SOFT TISSUE MOBILIZATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE

Toshe Krstev, Lenche Nikolovska, Gordana Panova and Svetlana Jovevska

University “Goce Delcev”, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Štip, Macedonia

Original scientific paper

Key words: penalty kicks, notational analysis, situational efficacy, football, warnings

Introduction

Cervical spine is subjected to considerable dynamic f) Assessment of posture (K. Levitt, 1981). and static loads due to its great mobility. It is often g) In 23 patients we established blockages on traumatized and trauma is a significant etiologic level C0 - C1, in 9 - level C1 - C2 in 6-level factor for vertebral disorders (K. Levitt, 1981). C2 - C3. After consulting with a specialist to Improper posture of forward head, prolonged static exclude contraindicated pathologies for load, muscle hypertonia and functional blockages massage and mobilization, patients are causing reduced mobility in this part of the underwent a treatment for 30 days (2-3 spine, headache radiates to the temple, dizziness, procedures per week). feeling of numbness and heaviness in the shoulder h) Therapy program included 8-10 min infrared girdle. heat in combination with TENS and 15-20 min soft tissue mobilization of the cervical Aim vertebra, manually applied axial traction and passive manual mobilization ventricle with The aim of this study was to approbate methodology dorsal inclination / reclination rotation by W. for mobilization of the cervical region in functional Schneider et al. (1989) repeated 15-20 blockages and improve muscle balance by manual times to achieve the unblocking effect of soft tissue techniques. manipulation (K. Levitt, 1981). The procedure ends with post isometric Material and methods relaxation (PIR)for the hypertonic muscles and exercises for auto relaxation For the period December 2015 - March 2016, we recommended exercise at home. treated 36 active athletes (16 men and 20 women) with cervical pain syndrome and a mean age 24.8 Results and discussion years. The treatment was conducted on an outpatient basis, on the premises of the Recreational The results were processed statistically by analysis center of “Goce Delcev” University in StipAt the of variance (with a limit of credible significance at p beginning and end of the treatment course we <0,5).Table. 1 presents the results from the manual assessed: diagnosis before and after the treatment.

a) Manual diagnosis of joint mobility in the Direct treatment of muscle hypertonia and vertebral cervical segment from cranial to caudal (J. blockages leads to a rapid normalization of muscle Dvorak et al., 1997); balance and correct "joint play" in the cervical spine. b) Assessment of muscle tone in static muscles J. Dvorak et al. (1997); Lasting effect of the unblocking was observed in c) Goniometry of flexion with rotation - the 81.31% of joints in the cervico - cranial transition, limited motor function of the cervical spine where the most frequently blockages were - (T. Todorov, 2005); 60.53%. At the lower levels blockages are less d) Self-assessment of pain and subjective common, but also the percentage of patients complaints visual analog scale;(VAS) successfully unblocked decreases respectively of e) Hautant test for latent dizziness (K. Levitt, 88,89% of C1 - C2 and 83,33% of C2 - C3.The 1981); results of the muscle tone are presented in Table 2.

10 Krstev, T. et al.: Soft tissue mobilization of the cervical spine Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 10‐12

Table 1. Registered blockages

Level

С 0 - С1 С1 - С2 С2 - С3 Assessment no. % no. % no. % Before 23 100 9 100 6 100 After 2 8,69 1 11,11 1 16,67

Table 2. Registered hypertonic muscles

Hypertonic muscles Assessment m.sternocleido- m. trapezius m.levatorscapulae mm. scaleni mastoideus no. % no. % no. % no. % Before 33 100 29 100 15 100 17 100 After 3 9,09 3 10,34 3 15 4 23,52

86,28% of the increased muscle tone, responded cervical spine significantly improves agility, anterior well to the applied manual mobilization methods. flexion and rotation increased by 8,3 °, reaching an We registered decrease in muscle tone in all tested average 87,8 °. With improved coordination muscles, but most pronounced in m. trapezius and between the muscles, the movements are m. levator scapulae. Lesser relaxation was performed smoothly, harmoniously and painlessly. registered in m. Sternocleidomastoideus - 85% and mm. scaleni - 76,49% respectively. Static and As an organ for balance, the spine reacts to dynamic pain in the head, neck and shoulder girdle intervertebral blockages, muscle imbalance and is the main symptom due to which patients seek pain by shifting the center of gravity, changes the medical advice. It is influenced by both the posture and unevenly loads the legs. Any deviation intensity of the mechanical irritation of the cervical from the physiological curvature is accompanied by area (the degree and direction of blockages), and greater muscular effort to maintain equilibrium. The the reflective changes induced by muscle tone. test for static burden on lower limbs at the end of Complaints have paroxysmal character. Pain is the treatment course shows normalization in asymmetric, occurs most frequently after sleep, 91.67% of the patient (difference of 0 to 2 kg). prolonged maintenance of awkward posture or a Only in three patients the difference between the movement. Mobilization of intervertebral joints two weights exceeded 5 kg, that can be considered reduces the nociceptivestimulus,at the end of the (K. Levitt, 1981). In the initial study sample treatment, pain was reduced by 6.3 percentage Hautanttest (showing latent dizziness) was positive points (p <.05). We registered residual pain of 1.8 in 80.56% of the patients (11 cases - left and 18 - points with cervical-occipital localization without right), after the treatment 5.55% (2 patients - frontal or temporal irradiation. With lower intensity, right). The conducted manual treatment leads to it manifests itself in fatigue and causes less disappearance of subjective complaints of subjective complaints in patients. Normalization of numbness in the cervical spine and dizziness at muscle tone and improvement of motion in the 94.45% of the observed patients.

References

Dvorak, J., Dvorak, V., Schneider, W., Spring, H. & Tritschler, T. (1997). Manuelle Medizin - Diagnostik. 5 Aufl., Stuttgart, Thime Verl. Klein-Vogelbach, S. (1990). Funktionelle Bewegungslehre. [Functional motion gauges. In German.]. Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Springer Verl. Levit, K., (1981). Muskelfazilitationsundinhibitionstechnikeninder. [Muscle facilitation and inhibition techniques. In German.]. Manuellen Medizin. Schneider, W., Dvorak, J., Dvorak, V. & Tritschler, T. (1989). Manuelle Medizin - Therarie. 2 Aufl.,Sttutgart- New Jork, ThiemeVerl. Terrier, J. C. (1991). Technik der Manipulativmassage. [Technique of manipulative massage. In German.]. Baden. Travell, J.G., & Simons, D.G. (1999). Myofascial pain and dysfunction, in: The Trigger Point Manual, 2nd edn, (pp. 9–228). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

11 Krstev, T. et al.: Soft tissue mobilization of the cervical spine Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 10‐12

MOBILIZACIJA MEKOG TKIVA VRATNE KRALJEŽNICE

Sažetak Cilj ove studije bio je procijeniti učinke neke tehnike masaže i mobilizacije na funkcionalne blokade u vratne kralježnice. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 27 aktivnih sportaša sa sindromom boli i blokadama u gornjem dijelu vrata. Pacijenti su tretirani s ručnim tehnikama - trakcija, mobilizacija, masaža i post izometričke opuštanje. Prije i nakon tretmana ispitali smo mobilnost i zglobnu igru u vratu, mišićni tonus, stupanj boli, statička nosivost donjih ekstremiteta, Hautant test za procjenu latentnih vrtoglavica i subjektivne pritužbe pacijenata. Analizirajući rezultate, možemo zaključiti da je najčešći blokade nalazi u lubanjo-cervikalni prijelaz brzo podleći deblokadi i obnovu "zajedničkog igranja" uklanja bol u mišićima hipertonije, poboljšava pokretljivost, normalizira statičko opterećenje na donjim ekstremitetima učitava cijeli kinetički lanac kralježnice i poboljšava držanje tijela.

Ključne riječi: bol, vratna kralježnica, meko tkivo, mobilizacija

Received: April 19, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Toshe Krstev University “Goce Delcev” 2000 Štip, Faculty of medical sciences Department of Physical medicine and rehabilitation KrsteMisirkov 10, Macedonia Tel.: +389 32 550 093 E-mail: [email protected]

12 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20

STRUCTURE OF THE ATHLETIC ALL-AROUND COMPETITION OF STUDENTS

Ratko Pavlović¹, Dobromir Bonacin2 and Nikola Radulović3

¹Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2Faculty of Social Sciences, Herzegovina University, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University Novi Sad, Serbia

Original scientific paper

Abstract All-around competition is the only competition in which it does not matter whether the athlete is the first, the second or the last in a discipline. What matters is the total number of points, and a rounder competes against his/her personal capabilities and standards. Athletic all-around competitions are a series of consecutive athletic competitions divided in two days. Success is calculated by the sum score of all disciplines that are pointed due to the international athletic tables. The research included a group of 20 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in East Sarajevo, male, age 20±0,5 years. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of athletic all-around competition, respectively all-around competition type of students and dominance of individual disciplines. In athletic all-around competition were represented a total of 8 (eight) disciplines. Using factor analysis in a defined area were gained two factors (all-round type) with a total of explained 76% of variance of the set. The first factor (type) has exhausted 58% of the common variance of the set and is defined as all-round type of runner-jumper (latent dimensions speeds and explosive strength). Another factor has exhausted about 18% of the analyzed set and is defined as throwing type of students (latent dimension of strength). The obtained results of the research are partially in contrast with similar research on a sample of top athletes.

Key words: athletic, all-around competition, structure, students, dominance.

Introduction

Athletic all-around competitions are a series of 1913). In the women's pentathlon (long jump, high consecutive athletic competitions which include jump, shot put, javelin throwing and running in the precisely defined disciplines in which all the ability 100m) appeared on the Olympic Games in 1964 in of the competitors come to the fore. Success is Tokyo and the Olympic Games of 1980 in Moscow, calculated by the sum score of all disciplines that and since 1981 and the Olympic Games 1984 in LA are pointed due to the international athletic tables. heptathlon was introduced which is still the official The desire of man to somehow express his skills Olympic competition featuring seven disciplines (I the old Greeks expressed by the fact that on the day: 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m; II XVIII Olympic Games in 708 BC they introduced day: long jump, javelin throwing and 800m). Pentathlons (combination of running on a of stage- (Stanković, & Raković, 2010; Idrizović, 2010; 192,27m, long jump, discus throw, javelin and Pavlović, 2013). Precisely modeled on the Ancient wrestling). Due to their magnificence and the role pentathlon were formed modern athletic all-around of physical fitness Aristotle believes that '' athletes competitions, primarily from the need to give in pentathlon are the most beautiful people, certain athletes the opportunity to express because they are equally qualified both in speed themselves in multiple disciplines and thus find an and in power ''. American athletes in 1885 set up a appropriate place in the athletic sports. Today, the kind of all-round competition (All Around men and women all-around competitions are Championship), where within five hours the psychologically and physically demanding and the competition in 100 yards running, shot put, high toughest competition that shows the maximum of jump, running the 880 yards, walking, throwing human capabilities and abilities in a short period of weights, long jump and running a mile should be two days. For rounder (male and female) is usually ended. In the program of the modern Olympic said to be the fittest and most versatile athletes Games all-around competitions first appeared at because they have to be good runners (100m, the Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis when on the 400m, 110m hurdles, 1500m), jumpers (long jump, program for the first and only time there was a high jump, pole vault) and throwers (shot balls, combination of three athletic disciplines (long jump, discus throw, javelin), which was much earlier shot put and running in the 100m) and decathlon claimed by Aristotle. Training process of rounders is (100 yards, shot pot, high jump, running the 880 very demanding and through the XX century it yards, walking, hammer throwing, pole vault, 120 underwent a major change. This primarily relates to yards crotch, long jump and running 1 mile) the entire methodology of athletes’ training, where (Pavlović, 2013). In this 1912 in the athletic in addition to the narrow preferences of each program was the pentathlon, which was also held in participant are also developed those skills which are 1920 and 1924 with the events: long jump, javelin of encompassing character. Today the most widely throwing, 200m, discus throwing, 1500m (Bervall, is used the combined system that includes training

13 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20 of individual disciplines one after another, specialties can be expected. Speaking of simultaneous training of all disciplines with an specialties one often talks about the ‘runner types’ emphasis on training disciplines that are most or ‘jumper types’, or also about ‘the combined suitable for the rounder. However, it is depending runner-jumper type’ or ‘the combined sprinting- on the mental and physical quality of the athletes, throwing type’. Although such terms are frequently the health status of individuals, the period of sports used in regard to training or competition, there is career, the period of the annual cycle. All no exact method to identify decathlon ability types; competitors are necessary to have a consistently therefore, up-to-date every possible combination of developed morphological-motoric-functional space exceptional performances in events might be called that is highly integrated into the cognitive-conative a type. To avoid such arbitrariness it is of most potentials and will also ensure the achievement of importance to develop a scientifically based high results of competitors. What is very important definition of types of performances to differentiate in the training process of rounders is their process them from artificial pseudo-types (Stemmler, & of transition from one discipline to the other which Bäumler, 2005). In research Bilić, (2015) came to is a very complex task. During this process, at the the conclusion that discovering the best decathlete beginning there is a quenching of already formed profile in relation to the level of world-class dynamic stereotypes that were created by the performance enable the assessment of matching training and training of the prior discipline. New the most promising structures for achieving the training of a new discipline involves the formation maximum potential in the decathlon. of new functional-motor structures that will enable the best possible way in achieving the success. Featured typical taxonomic structure indicated that Rounders always strive to improve their personal the area decathlon characterized by a very wide results in those disciplines in which they lag behind range of disciplines structure the relationship either by personal or general criteria. A large between the presences of versatile types of highly number of specific movements that allow the active talented decathlon. Not noticed coincidence of connection of constituent elements of all-around result achievements in relation to the branches of competition and converting into a single structure is disciplines as well as expressed greater coincidence one of the main characteristics of the training according manifestations motor dimensions that are process of rounders (Pavlović 2013). Key factors in synergistically manifested in certain disciplines. No selection of decathletes: Body shape, age, Physical apparent domination of sprint quality is not possible quality, Training team management, Large load to achieve a significant breakthrough 'score training, An emphasis on strength and technique in achievements at the level of decathlon recorder. the late stage (Wang, & Lu, 2007) . The Identifying relevant classification decathlete based on kinship interrelationship between The aim of the decathlon is the detection of disciplines get more precise information about the versatile track-and-field athletes. The abilities presence and effects of various typical decathlete required by the multi-events are based on different structure in relation to the level of performance, biomechanical and physiological attributes, which facilitates the selection procedure for the therefore decathletes represent a compromise of individual development strategies and optimize the the different types of track-and field athletes. That training process. Results from the most is why decathletes who show excellent comprehensive study of this aspect of the performances in all ten events are rare. Bruce decathlon (Stemmler and Baumler, 2005), showed Jenner, Olympic winner in 1976, Daley Thompson, that in reality present a very broad typological Olympic winner in 1984 and Jürgen Hingsen, furniture. The study of conditions essential for the winner of the Olympic silver medal in 1984, or the full expression and development decathlon current record holder Ashton Eaton represented potential, Smajlovic (2000) is based on a those rarely seen ‘‘all round-athletes’’, however, all comparative analysis of kinship structures of them had-have a their own specialties. To belong decathlon disciplines pentathlon, heptathlon and into the group of the 100 top ranking athletes, it is decathlon found that with increasing number of at least necessary to perform exceptionally in disciplines of heptathlon pentathlon to not generate several out of the ten events, e.g., in the throwing significant changes in the structure of the events and in one other event. Such A decathlete, relationship between disciplines but only by A specialist In throwing having an extraordinary switching the decathlon in which significant but Body height and body mass, was Vasili Kuznyetsov inadequately expanded space for the manifestation (owner of a world record, winner of the bronze of the general and athletic decathlon versatility. medal in 1956 and 1960, three times European champion and eight times champion of the Soviet To obtain an objective notions of structure and Republic) With a Body height Of 1,85m And 84 kg typology decathlon space, an assessment of the weight and with excellent performances, for the measures and community manifestation of time being, in shot put (15,51m), discus throw decathlon potential in relation to the level of 'score (50,52m) and javelin throw (71,20m) and to achieve the most successful decathlon world. In reasonable performances in the other events (cf. consideration of efficiency of result achievements Zarnowski 1988, 91ff, 186, 189). The same the most successful decathlon world 'score of principle can be applied to other body types and different levels and ages determined the presence aptitudes, taking for instance the running and of a specific and different predictive contribution jumping events, here other body types and discipline decathlon total pointing score.

14 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20

A comparative analysis of the dominant predictor space to refine just one discipline. Therefore had found that disciplines whose outcome depends decathlon competitor must compromise, and more on the technical efficiency performance than therein lies the very nature of decathlon. This is a the level of training of basic motor abilities are the compromise in which the trade-offs must be made key determinant of the success of his score in the in the preparations in order to achieve maximum decathlon (Bilić, Smajlović, & Balić, 2015). The results (Tidow, 2000). The comparative analysis of structure of the decathlon as disciplines consists of five world records it was found that discipline three large groups of disciplines: racing, jumping, whose outcome is more dependent on technical throwing. By analyzing the results over 8000 points efficiency performance than the level of basic motor from 1966 to 2002 that are decathlonist exercised, abilities, are crucial determinants in top results in in differentiated several models compete in all events. the decathlon. At the present time, can be noted Both models decathlon to 1980 were model better results in sprint disciplines, long jump, pole throwers, jumpers and runners, followed by runner- vault, so that in the future we can expect progress jumper, jumper-thrower and runner-throwers (Cox in the decathlon but also the opportunity of & Dunn, 2002; Kenny et al.2005) while today a differentiating the new model of decathlon modern model decathlons requires uniformity in all competitors (Mandarić & Mandarić, 2016). disciplines. Woolf, Ansley, Bidgood, 2007 are based Decathlon is the only competition in which it does on the results from 1986 to 2005 defined clusters not matter if the athlete is not the first, second or in disciplines gymnasts. The first cluster are last in a discipline. What matters is the total running sprint and long jump, the second cluster of number of points, and a rounder competes against the remaining jumping discipline, the third cluster own capabilities and standards. Namely, it is a throwing disciplines, while the 1500m race stand- known fact that students of all Faculties of Physical alone cluster. In their study Bilić, 2015 states that Education and Sport in the syllabi of Athletics study the key determinants of success in the decathlon have represented some athletic disciplines that consists of technical efficiency (pole vault), and the they train and develop as part of practical training. efficiency of expressing the energy capacity and Also they have to meet certain standards and aerobic-anaerobic components (1500m). techniques of these disciplines in order to take the final exam in Athletics. Precisely on the basis of the But without the express dominance spinterskih previously presented facts about the athletic all- quality can not be achieved result at the level of around competition was realized the current study decathlons recorder. Grey correlation analysis among students of Physical Education and Sports results (Fan, 2014) show that Chinese and foreign East Sarajevo. The main objective of the research athletes each single event influence on total is to determine the structure of athletic all-around performance as well as correlation sequence as competition in order to obtain a realistic picture of 110m hurdle-100m-long jump-400m-high jump- the athletic type of students, i.e. to establish pole vault-shot-javelin-discus-1500m. While world dominance in the all-around individual disciplines. sequence is110m hurdle-long jump-100m-400m- Also on the basis of the total placements in all pole vault-high jump-javelin-shot-discus-1500m. It disciplines is received the winner of student all- is clear from that Chinese athletes still have greater around competition. gap by comparing with foreign excellent athletes on high requested special techniques pole vault and Methods javelin such two events which indicates our country athletes still have shortcomings on technical The investigation included population of male motions completion with high speed, high rhythm students of the Faculty of Physical Education and that should be taken seriously by our country all- Sport in Eastern Sarajevo, male, ages 20±0.5 round coaches. From factor analysis result ,it is years. Of the total number of students who access clear that in Chinese and foreign excellent athletes’ the measurement of all-around athletic events (23 performance structure,100m,400m,110m hurdle subjects) at the end of the measurement were these three single event have the greatest present 20 of them taken as the final sample for functions, they can call speed, explosive force further multivariate analysis. All the measurements factor, discus, javelin and shot these 3 events were made in May 2016, all the achieved results of functions are the secondary, they can call strength the students were scored according to the tables factors; High jump functions are the next that call adopted by the IAAF in 1984. The winner was the nimble factor; Minimum functions event is 1500m, one student who has achieved the most points it can call speed endurance factor. overall. From athletic all-around competitions the following disciplines were represented: These four factors all are related to speed quality, which reveals that men decathlon feature is core 1. Running 100m (M100) with speed (Fan, 2014). It is an indisputable fact 2. Running 200m (M200) that the decathlon competitor does not have to be 3. Running 400m (M400) remarkable in any part of the competition to be a 4. Running 800m (M800) champion in all ten, but he must be good in the 5. Long Jump disciplines in which he is weaker and excels in 6. High Jump disciplines that are his forte. Given that he must be 7. Shot put good in three racing, three jumping, three throwing 8. Javelin throw and one discipline in endurance, there's not much

15 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20

To obtain the necessary information defined by the end less important (Tončev, 2001). In connection aim of the research Factor analysis was applied with that the researchers who work in athletics are (Principal components method - Varimax also required to use scientific methods to allocate normalized). hypothetical factors (skills and characteristics) that define the promising athlete and participation of Results and discussion each factor in achieving high results in a particular athletic discipline (Pavlović, Idrizović, Rakovic, et Decathlon is one of the oldest events in athletics al. 2014). It is this research that represents a with high requests of human functions, is a model which should be hierarchically specified in comprehensive sports event that combines terms of athletic all-around competition and to techniques, physical ability, intellectuals into one, identify certain dominant factors (discipline). whose competitive levels reflects a country athletics levels to some extent. Modern men decathlon by Disciplines of all-around competition require an far has nearly 100 years history, human closely unprecedented level of development of focus on its changes and development since it morphological dimensions, motor and functional appeared. From world range, decathlon researches abilities (speed, strength, endurance) that are experienced events meticulous designing and routed through training to optimal values. Simply combination, athletes’ selection and training, put, male and female rounders must be complete grading method development and revision, different athletes with very high levels of basic, specific- periods’ cases summarizing and analysis and other situational and technical-tactical preparedness in all stages (Zou, 2002). In comparison to the profile disciplines individually, and in all-around and level of success of the most successful competition in general. Each rounder has his own decathlon all the time, it was observed that the characteristics i.e. group of disciplines in which he absence of the special quality of the expression of achieves better results. Some of them are more of the maximum potential of decathlons impossible to a racing type, others are more of jumpers and the achieve the highest level of success. third are more of a throwing type. Normally, their typology depends primarily on the domination of Joining the results of other authors in the analysis certain motor and functional abilities as well as the of typological sets decathlon (Etcheverry, 1995; morphological status, i.e. type of constitution Lee,2001; Van Damme et al., 2002; Stemmler and (Mihajlović, 2010; Pavlović, 2013). Baumler, 2005), it can generally be divided into two distinct areas: the versatile types with 3 of the Precisely this study was conducted in order to 4 factors (sprinting, jumping, throwing, and determine to which group the students of physical durability) with excellent performances and types of education and sport belong. For the obtained specialists with 1 or 2 factors with average and results of athletic all-around competition first were below-average performances. For versatile types calculated the basic statistical central and dominate pentathlons jumper sprint and sprint-type dispersion parameters and correlation analysis. On jumper in relation to the types of sprinter-thrower the basis of the parameters in accordance with the and jumper-thrower (Bilić,2015). Management of defined goal of the research were applied complex systems, such as a human, in the training appropriate multivariate methods. By inspecting the process is not possible without knowledge of the Table 1 it can be concluded that students on anthropological characteristics for which one can average had the highest score and thus achieved assume a high prediction in the formation of the highest score in running 200m (612,24), competitive track and field results (Tončev, Tumin, running 100m (476,54) and running 800m Solaja, et al.1996). Therefore, due to the purpose (453,75). The worst result and the minimum of the application of those methods and forms of number of points they won in the 400m discipline work which contribute to increasing the efficiency of (267,21). From jumping disciplines, they were training work according to individual peculiarities in dominant in the high jump (342,51) compared to the training practice, more and more are present the long jump (273,35) and shot put (345,89) studies of different age groups or differences within compared to the javelin (238.18) in the throwing the different generations of the same population. disciplines. Also in the maximum result there is What is important is that the factors of success in identical ranking by disciplines, the most points athletics are specified hierarchically, which means were won in the discipline of 200m (990,10) and that in the series, at the beginning, there are the the lowest number of points in running 400m most important factors or dimensions and in the (82,05).

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics

Mean Min. Max. Range Std.Dev. Skew. Kurt. M100 476,54 208,81 757,20 548,39 153,55 ,087 -,529 M200 612,74 141,24 990,10 848,86 221,00 -,010 ,275 M400 267,21 82,05 517,70 435,65 139,89 ,516 -,643 M800 453,75 100,00 680,90 580,90 148,07 -,683 ,667 Long Jump 273,35 100,00 502,30 402,30 147,63 -,020 -1,628 High Jump 342,51 250,50 504,20 253,70 107,98 ,360 -2,021 Shot Put 345,89 100,00 510,20 410,20 81,20 -1,479 6,390 Javelin Throw 238,18 135,12 486,20 351,08 92,31 1,564 2,673

16 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20

Table 2. Correlations

Long High Shot Javelin M100 M200 M400 M800 Jump Jump Put Throw M100 1,00 M200 ,92 1,00 M400 ,76 ,82 1,00 M800 ,68 ,77 ,82 1,00 Long Jump ,34 ,37 ,43 ,26 1,00 High Jump ,70 ,70 ,46 ,44 ,24 1,00 Shot Put ,32 ,41 ,25 ,13 ,48 ,20 1,00 Javelin Throw ,24 ,44 ,22 ,17 ,09 ,32 ,58 1,00

In terms of the range of results the points range Table 4. Factor Loadings (Varimax normalized), from 253,70 (high jump) to 848,86 (M200). In Extraction: Principal components, (Marked loadings terms of the distribution of the results, jumping and are >0,70) throwing disciplines had higher values of kurtosis (from -1,628 to-Long Jump 6,390-Shot Put), i.e. Factor Factor Factor Factor 1 2 higher heterogeneity of results. Overall, student Com.2 achieved lower results in technical disciplines than 1 2 Score Score Coeff. Coeff. racing disciplines which are based on natural forms M100 ,90 ,22 ,86 ,25 -,04 of movement and motor manifestation (speed, M200 ,90 ,36 ,94 ,22 ,05 endurance) and the result does not depend so M400 ,89 ,16 ,81 ,26 -,08 much on the technical performance. M800 ,88 ,01 ,77 ,29 -,17 Long ,72 ,49 ,34 ,21 ,24 In comparison between the jumping and throwing Jump High disciplines students on average made more points ,68 ,24 ,53 ,18 ,02 Jump in the jumping disciplines (615,86) than in the Shot ,10 ,91 ,85 -,15 ,56 throwing (584,07) i.e. in the disciplines in which, in Put the addition to technical performance, the motor Javelin ,12 ,79 ,64 -,12 ,47 abilities (strength, speed, coordination) have a big Throw impact and the ability of synergistic action with the Expl.Var 3,77 1,96 ,86 equipment. Prp.Totl ,47 ,24 ,94

In the correlation analysis of athletic disciplines (Table 2) were recorded 36 connections of which 15 Table 5. Correlations between factors are in the medium level, medium-high and high correlation. From racing disciplines the largest Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 1 1,00 number of correlation is achieved in M200 Factor 2 ,45 1,00 discipline, ranging from (.41 Shot Put) to (.82 M400) and the least M800 (.44 High Jump). Between jumping and throwing disciplines were Plot of Eigenvalues realized only two medium strength correlations 5,0

(.48Shot Put-Long Jump) and (.58 Shot Put-Javelin 4,5

Throw). 4,0

3,5 In factor analysis of a set athletics of disciplines 3,0 was applied GK normalization procedure, with the selected method of principal components (Varimax 2,5 Value normalization). 2,0 1,5 All the obtained latent dimensions are defined by 1,0 the principle of the phenomenological model. A set 0,5 of 8 manifest athletics disciplines-motor skills was 0,0 explained with 75,54% of cumulative variance. Two 0123456789 Number of Eigenvalues factors has been identified, defined as latent dimensions that determine the total variance of the athletic round competition of students. Figure 1. Factor stucture (Eigenvalues)

Table 3. Eigenvalues, Extraction: Principal components The first factor in the Varimax rotation is defined by running which gave the largest contribution to the Eigenval % total Cumul. Cumul. total common variance with about 58%, with a 1 4,35 58,30 4,35 58,30 significantly higher homogeneity of all-around 2 1,38 17,24 5,73 75,54 competition disciplines. Eigenval value of 4.35 is very much greater than zero, and reserves the right to extraction (Table 3). 17 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20

This strong saturation of isolated vectors provides that are used to evaluate the throwing disciplines, the basis for defining and extraction of the first it can be defined as a type of thrower (latent factor, i.e. all-around type of students. From a total dimension of strength). Based on the factor of four racing discipline, disciplines sprint M100 and analysis of all-around competition disciplines it can M200 are of extremely strong and leading vector be concluded that at the current sample of students saturation and are contributing to the extraction of dominant are two main types, the first type of the first factor. Their strength of ,90 are runner-jumper and other of a throwing type. If we significantly more> .70 and the guarantor of a look at the top all-round competition it is stated strong and independent impact of extraction. A that some of those who compete are more of a large contribution to the variance of the first factors racing type and dominate the racing disciplines, have been enabled by the disciplines M400 and they are average in jumping, while relatively M800, with extremely strong vector saturation weaker in the throwing disciplines. The others are (,88-,89). Also, somewhat smaller but significant of a jumping type, dominant in jumping, average in impact with smaller vector strengths were achieved running and weaker in throwing disciplines. The in the jumping disciplines Long Jump (,72) and the third group of competitors is of a throwing type, High Jump (,68) (Table 4). The values of the factor dominant in the throwing disciplines, and a bit determination or the value of communality of the weaker in racing and jumping disciplines first factor are of extremely high projection (Mihajlović, 2010; Pavlović, 2013). The obtained (Com.52-94). It is noted that this set is positioned results of the study support the above, since they close to the largest number of manifest variables reflect a combination of a racing (primary) and besides which passes the stack. partially jumping (secondary) type of students (dominant in the first factor) and the thrower as The values of factor coefficients of racing disciplines the second type (in the second factor). The are satisfactory in the range of ,22 (M200) to ,29 correlation coefficient is (Fac.1-Fac.2= ,45), which (M800). These disciplines are under the mechanism corresponds to the average connections. In the first control of the energy and central regulation of factor there is a logical connection between running movements and are partly genetically predisposed and jumping, especially at running with long jump, where some physiological mechanisms and muscle where is recorded the saturation of jumping fiber structure have the impacts. The disciplines discipline in the extraction of the first factor (all- that are mostly responsible for the extraction of the around competition type of students).Both at first factor are responsible for anaerobic-aerobic running and long jump the speed and explosive endurance. Thus, the first factor, from a functional strength are dominant in result success of standpoint, can be interpreted as a latent beginners, where rectilinear movement is present. dimension of anaerobic-aerobic endurance of However, the participation of discipline high jump is students. Given that this is the type of all-around less because in its structure the dominance of competition, then it matches the type of runner- technical performance is higher, especially for jumper (latent dimensions speeds and explosive beginners, as is the case in this study. Both of strength). The second factor in the Varimax these disciplines are based on the large share of rotation is defined by throwing disciplines that motor skills (speed, strength). showed a high homogeneity of the set, with the domination of throwing balls (Shot Put ,91) and a By analyzing the relation of the first and second slightly lower intensity vector in the discipline factor coefficients as of medium strength (,45), Javelin (Javelin Throw ,79), with a lower projection (Table 5), the following question arises – where which is also a smaller carrier of variability ( Table does the relation between running and throwing 3). Also in this factor, the long jump exhibited come from; logical would be the relation between lower volume saturation of the second factor. This running and jumping, as confirmed through the can be explained by the fact that in the shot put extraction of the first factor. The answer can be and javelin throw, at the stage of maximum stress, obtained by reviewing the following parameters. the explosive power has a significant impact The first parameter is the defined sample of (Pavlović, 2016). respondents (students), the second parameter is the very nature of disciplines and the third The second factor exhausted 17.24% of common parameter is the training time and improvement of variance of the system with eigenval value (eig. the same. This means that better results were 1.38) that is greater than zero and reserves the achieved in the disciplines in which is expressed right to self-extraction. The values of the factor greater participation of motor and functional determination or the value of communality are of abilities, without the complexity of performing high projection (Com. 64-85). It can be seen that techniques. It is known that running is natural form this set is also positioned close to the largest of movement for whose performance it is not number of manifest variables besides which passes needed to have a lot of technical experience, and it the stack (Table 4). Such is the position in the does not take a lot of time for their training coordinate system and the behavior of this factors (Pavlović, 2010). It is similar with the long jump, as secondary, which in relation to the first defines where beginners rely on the running start speed the measure of common variability of extracted and explosive strength at the rebound as the factors (latent dimensions). Also the value of the primary factors. The disciplines javelin and shot factor coefficients is of high value. With regard that put, in most cases, are under the influence of the in the second factor there were isolated variables morphological status (body height and body

18 Pavlović, R. et al.: Structure of the athletic all‐around competition of students Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 13‐20 weight), and already acquired motor skills at the Conclusion beginners (strength, speed), where the technique does not come to the fore due to insufficient time Current research was carried out to determine the of ''training'' process, so consequently the ball is factor structure of the student all-around usually thrown using the side and back technique competition in order to determine all-around and javelin using the Swedish variant. These results competition type of students, i.e. to establish the are in contradicts the finding of top-Rounder. dominance in the athletic disciplines of individual all-around competition. In consideration of efficiency of result achievements the most successful decathlon world 'score of The research included 20 students of the Faculty of different levels and ages determined the presence Physical Education and Sport in Eastern Sarajevo, of a specific and different predictive contribution male, ages 20±0,5 years. There was involved a discipline decathlon total pointing score. total of eight all-around competition discipline. Based on the research results, by using factor A comparative analysis of the dominant predictor analysis in a defined area, two factors were had found that disciplines whose outcome depends extracted and defined (all-around competition more on the technical efficiency performance than types) with a total of explained 76% variance of the the level of training of basic motor abilities are the set. key determinant of the success of his score in the decathlon. (Bilić, Smajlović, & Balić, 2015; The first factor (type) exhausted 58% of the Mandarić, & Mandarić, 2015). Such extraction of common variance of the set and is defined as all- factors, i.e. all-around competition types of around competition type runner-jumper. The students is expected, because the insufficient time second factor exhausted about 18% of the analyzed of training process of students could not provide set and is defined as throwing type. The research better results, especially in technical disciplines was partially inconsistent with the similar studies, (javelin, high jump, shot put). but on a sample of top athletes, in terms of discipline domination. However, this is a good indicator for the further development process of individual disciplines which In the majority of realized researches the major ultimately aims at better mastery of the performing contribution to the successful results of all-around technique of particular athletic disciplines. Athletic competition is given by the technical disciplines. disciplines, through a permanent process of training From the point of our research this is a good and development, have a direct impact on the indication of which direction training in certain development of basic motor abilities manifesting disciplines should go, in order to improve reversible process between motor ability-discipline- performing techniques. athlete (Pavlović, 2010). In another aspect, we have a situation where the results in the athletic The emphasis should be more on the technical disciplines depend on the participation and disciplines in terms of a longer duration in the influence of motor abilities, which is officially teaching process of training and the improvement confirmed in this study. of technical disciplines.

References

Bervall, E. (1913). The official report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. Bilić, M. (2015). Determination of taxonomic type structures of top decathlon athletes. Acta Kinesiologica 9(S1), 20-23. Bilić, M, Smajlović, N. & Balić, A. (2015). Contribution to discipline decathlon total score results in relation to decathlon age and result-level. Acta Kinesiologica 9(1), 66-69. Cox, T.F. & Dunn, R.T. (2002). An analysis of decathlon data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D, 51,179-187. Decathletes. New Studies in Athletics, 18(4), 7-17 van Damme, R., Wilson, R.S., Van Hooydonck, B., & Aerts, P. (2002). Performance constraints in decathletes. Nature, 415, 755-756. Etcheverry, S.G. (1995). Profile of the decathlete. New Studies in Athletics, 10(3), 51-55. Fan, Y (2014). Decathlon each interaction regression factors analysis based on GRA and FAM. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2), 261-268 Kenny, I.C., Sprevak, D., Sharp, C.N.C. & Boreham, C.A.G. (2005). Determinants of success in the Olympic decathlon: some statistical evidence. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 1(1), art. 5. 3-6. Li, T. (2001). Chinese and foreign decathlon athletes performance characteristics of the comparative analysis of. Journal of Sports Science, 3, 47-49. Mihajlović, I. (2010). Atletika [Athletics. In Serbian.]. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Mandarić, D, & Mandarić, S. (2016). Analiza svetskih rekorda u desetoboju od 1984 do 2015. godine. Godišnjak, 21(81-101). Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, Beograd. Pavlović, R. (2013). Athletics 1-textbook. Niš. Pavlović, R., Idrizović, K., Raković, A., Stanković, D., Simeonov, A. & Vrcić, M. (2014). Differences in morphological status and result success of shot-put between students of Physical Education and Sport

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from different backgrounds. ACTA KINESIOLOGICA-International Scientific Journal on Kinesiology, 8(2), 65-71. Pavlović, R. (2016). Athletics 2 - textbook. Niš. Smajlović, N. (2000). Struktura atletskih disciplina višeboja u funkciji maksimalnog ispoljavanja višebojskog potencijala najuspješnijih sedmobojki svijeta [Structure of athletics heptathlon disciplines in function of maximal potential expression of best world heptathlons. In Bosnian.]. /Doctoral dissertation/. Sarajevo: FFK. Stemmler, M. & Bäumler, G. (2005). The Detection of Types among Decathletes using Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). Psychology Science, 47(3-4), 447-466. Stanković, D., Raković, A. (2010). Atletika [Athletics. In Serbian.]. Niš: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Tončev, I., Tumin, M., Šolaja, M. & Mihajlović, I. (1996). Višegodišnja struktura trenažnog procesa mladih atletičara trkača [Insight into the structure of the process of training young athletes from runners. In Serbian.]. U Zborniku Sportske aktivnosti dece i omladine (287-290). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture Tončev, I. (2001). Atletika-tehnika i obučavanje [Athletics-technique and training. In Serbian.]. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Tidow, G. (2000). Challenge Decathlon – Barriers on the Way to becoming the “King of Athletes”. Part I. NSA, 15, Los Angeles. Zou, Y (2002). An analysis of gray coordination of elite Chinese and foreign decathlon athletes performances. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 36(4), 72-74. Woolf, A., Ansley, L., Bidgood, P. (2007). Grouping of Decathlon Disciplines. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 3(4), art. 5. pp. 1-13. Wang, Z & Lu, G (2007) . The Czech Phenomenon of Men’s Decathlon development. International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering, 1(3), 209-214.

STRUKTURA ATLETSKOG ALL-AROUND NATJECANJA STUDENATA

Sažetak All-around natjecanje jedino je natjecanje u kojem nije bitno je li sportaš prvi, drugi ili posljednji u disciplini. Ono što je bitno je ukupni broj bodova, a specijalist se natječe protiv njegovih/njezinih osobnih sposobnosti i standarda. Sportska all-around natjecanja su niz uzastopnih atletskih natjecanja podijeljen u dva dana. Uspjeh se izračunava zbrojem bodova svih disciplina koje su pokazane međunarodnim sportskim tablicama. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo grupu od 20 studenata Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu i sport u Istočnom Sarajevu, muškaraca starosti 20±0,5 godina. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi strukturu sportskih all-around natjecanja, odnosno sve vrste studenata i dominacije pojedinih disciplina natjecanja. U atletskom all-around natjecanju je bilo zastupljeno ukupno 8 (osam) disciplina. Koristeći faktorsku analizu u definiranom području stečena su dva faktora (tip all-round) s ukupno 76% objašnjene varijance seta. Prvi faktor (tip) je iscrpio 58% zajedničke varijance setu, a definira se kao all-round trkač-skakač tip (brzine latentnih dimenzija i eksplozivna snaga). Drugi faktor je iscrpio oko 18% analiziranog skupa i definira se kao bacački tip studenata (latentna dimenzija snage). Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja su djelomično u suprotnosti sa sličnim istraživanjem na uzorku vrhunskih sportaša.

Ključne riječi: atletika, all-around natjecanje, struktura, studenti, dominacija

Received: November 11, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Asocc. Prof. Ratko Pavlović, PhD Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, RS-BIH E-mail: [email protected]

20 Bajgorić, S. et al.: Differences in attack situational activity indicators... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 21‐25

DIFFERENCES IN ATTACK SITUATIONAL ACTIVITY INDICATORS BETWEEN SUCCESSFUL AND LESS SUCCESSFUL TEAMS IN ELITE WOMEN`S HANDBALL

Sanja Bajgorić, Nenad Rogulj and Ines Gudelj Ceković

University of Split, Faculty of Kinesiology, Post Doc, Croatia

Original scientific paper

Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the differences in attack situational activity indicators between successful and less successful teams in elite men`s handball. Overall, 1848 matches of Croatian women`s Premier league were analysed. The differences in attack situational activity indicators were determined using a set of 21 variables. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all examined variables of successful and less successful teams. The statistical difference significance in the attack situational activity indicators was tested using the univariate variance analysis. The results showed statistically significant difference between successful and less successful teams in the eleven variables. The successful teams based their play on the efficient attack play, efficiency of shots from wing and back positions, successful realisation of 6 meter shots, efficiency of counterattack and half-counterattack as well as successful play in the sense of assistances, what resulted in victory, that is, positive result. The results of this research show that singled out variables significantly determine the attack situational activity indicators. The singled out variables of attack situational activity should be a starting point, taken into consideration when creating technical-tactical training processes, team`s technical-tactical preparation for the match. Also it should represent more efficient managing and directing of technical-tactical activities in the situational-competitive conditions of a match.

Key words: handball, attack, situational activity, women, elite handball.

Introduction

Handball is a complex sports activity characterised Methods by technical-tactical preparedness and joined actions of the whole team, but also by the Sample of entities individual abilities of each player. Handball is one of The basic carriers of information in this work the most complex ball sports. It is a demanding, (entities) were handball matches of Croatian contact team sport whose structure consists of women`s Premier league. In total, 1848 matches of elementary movements such as running, jumping, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15 sprinting, swinging, kicking, blocking and pushing, competitive seasons were analysed. The attack with an interactive contact with the opponent situational activity indicators were analysed for during the match (Vrbik, Čižmek and Gruić, 2011). successful (better) and less successful (worse) teams in elite women`s handball. The efficiency of The most important aspect of the attack play is teams was analysed in accumulation and in shooting at the goal, used to keep track the percentage. efficiency of the whole team. It is known that the game of handball was marked by clearly defined The sample of variables goal, which is achieving as many as possible and Twenty-one variables were used in this research. conceding as few as possible goals, in relation to The variables were used to evaluate the situational the opponent (Rogulj, 2003). The situation activity during attack. The sample of variables was efficiency represents one of the major predictors of represented by: SHWA –Average number of shots successful final match result. The main task of from wing position, GOWA - Average number of attack player is to outplay the opponent, by moving goals from wing position, %_EFSHW- Percentage of with or without the goal, and to score a goal. wing shot efficiency (relation between directed and achieved goals from wing position), SHM7A - Handball match represents a collision of two Average number of shots from 7 meters, GOM7A - opponents, that is, two teams, that are determined Average number of goals from 7 meters, by ability levels, characteristics and knowledge that %_EFSHM7 - Percentage of 7 meters shot are used to achieve the best possible result, what efficiency (relation between directed and achieved means that collision of two opponents produces goals from 7 meters distance), SHM9A - Average similar, but never the same development and result number of shots from 9 meters, GOM9A - Average course of the match (Vuleta et al., 2005). The aim number of goals from 9 meters, %_EFSHM9 - of this research was to analyse the differences in Percentage of 9 meters shots efficiency (relation attack situational activity indicators between between directed and achieved goals from 9 meters successful and less successful teams in elite distance), SHM6A - Average number of shots from women`s handball. 6 meters, GOM6A - Average number of goals from

21 Bajgorić, S. et al.: Differences in attack situational activity indicators... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 21‐25

6 meters, %_EFSHM6 - Percentage of 6 meters curvature asymmetry coefficient, Kurtosis – shot efficiency (relation between directed and curvature coefficient, MaxD – maximum differences achieved goals from 6 meters distance), SHCAA - between real and theoretical cumulative Average number of shots from counter attack, frequencies. The differences between successful GOCAA - Average number of goals from counter and less successful teams were determined by attack, %_EFSHCA - percentage of counterattack univariate variance analysis (ANOVA). shot efficiency (relation between directed and achieved goals from counterattack), SHHCAA - Results Average number of shots from half-counter attack, GOHCAA - Average number of goals from half- Table 1 shows the results of descriptive statistics counter attack, %_EFSHHCA- Percentage of half- for 21 variables in situational activity indicators of counterattack shot efficiency (relation between attack for successful and less successful teams. directed and achieved goals from half- counterattack), ANOA- Average number of The analysis of distributional parameters showed no assistances, ANO2ME - Average number of significant deviances from the normal distribution in achieved 2-minute exclusions, ANOTE - Average analysed variables, meaning that the variables are number of technical errors. suitable for further statistical processing.

Data processing methods Table 2 shows the results of univariate variance Basic descriptive statistic parameters were analysis for successful and less successful teams. calculated: M – arithmetic mean, Min – minimum Out of 21 analysed variables the more successful result, Max – maximum result, SD – standard teams were better on a statistically significant level deviation, variability measure, Skewness – in 11 variables.

Table 1. Basic descriptive statistics

Variable AM Min Max SD Skew Kurt Max D SHWA 7.88 4.13 11.62 1.46 -0.00 0.36 0.05* GOWA 4.06 1.92 6.14 0.94 0.08 -0.27 0.07* %_EFSHW 0.51 0.38 0.65 0.06 -0.04 -0.40 0.06* SHM7A 4.31 2.62 7.00 0.89 0.82 0.50 0.16* GOM7A 3.21 1.88 5.41 0.71 0.70 0.47 0.13* %_EFSHM7 0.74 0.62 0.88 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.09* SHM9A 19.55 13.00 26.41 3.20 -0.10 -0.64 0.08* GOM9A 8.01 4.60 11.88 1.57 -0.07 -0.33 0.09* %_EFSHM9 0.41 0.29 0.57 0.06 0.64 0.51 0.12* SHM6A 10.43 5.32 22.48 2.58 2.18 8.91 0.15* GOM6A 7.38 3.63 14.38 1.73 1.47 4.46 0.13* %_EFSHM6 0.71 0.51 0.82 0.05 -0.86 4.32 0.10* SHCAA 2.30 0.46 5.40 1.13 0.65 -0.13 0.12* GOCAA 1.79 0.25 3.80 0.88 0.48 -0.65 0.11* %_EFSHCA 0.78 0.55 0.90 0.08 -1.08 1.34 0.14* SHHCAA 1.72 0.32 3.75 0.88 0.38 -0.74 0.11* GOHCAA 1.33 0.24 3.25 0.72 0.63 -0.11 0.10* %_EFSHHCA 0.78 0.59 0.95 0.08 0.02 -0.65 0.07* ANOA 2.73 0.41 10.80 1.97 2.13 5.92 0.19* ANO2ME 1.47 0.30 2.48 0.56 -0.09 -0.96 0.07* ANOTE 10.02 5.04 14.08 2.24 -0.32 -0.77 0.10*

Legend: AM – Arithmetic mean; Min – Minimum value; Max – Maximum value; SD –Standard deviation Skew – Asymmetry coefficient; Kurt – distribution curvature coefficient; MaxD – Maximum difference between real and theoretic cumulative frequencies; Test value of KS test for MaxD on p<0.01/0.05 = 0.17 /0.20 level

The analysis of differences of attack situational number of goals from counterattack, %_EFSHCA - activity arithmetic means shows that successful percentage of counterattack shot efficiency, teams had higher average values than less SHHCAA - average number of shots from half- successful teams in the following variables: counterattack, GOHCAA - average number of goals from half-counter attack, ANOA - average number SHWA - average number of shots from wing of assistances, ANO2ME - average number of position GOWA - average number of goals from achieved 2-minute exclusions. Less successful wing position, %_EFSHW - percentage of wing shot teams had greater values of arithmetic means in efficiency, %_EFSHM7 - Percentage of 7 meters the following variables: GOM7A – average number shot efficiency, GOM9A - average number of goals of goals from 7 meters, SHM9A - average number from 9 meters, %_EFSHM9 - percentage of 9 of shots from 9 meters, %_EFSHHCA- percentage meters shots efficiency, SHM6A - average number of half-counterattack shot efficiency, ANOTE - of shots from 6 meters, GOM6A - average number average number of technical errors. Based on the of goals from 6 meters, %_EFSHM6 - percentage of insight into the results statistically significant 6 meters shots efficiency, SHCAA - average number differences were determined in 11 out of 21 of shots from counterattack, GOCAA - average variables, in successful teams: GOWA - average 22 Bajgorić, S. et al.: Differences in attack situational activity indicators... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 21‐25 number of goals from wing position, %_EFSHW - shots efficiency, SHCAA - average number of shots percentage of wing shot efficiency, GOM9A - from counterattack, GOCAA - average number of average number of goals from 9 meters, goals from counterattack, SHHCAA - average %_EFSHM9 - percentage of 9 meters shots number of shots from half-counterattack, GOHCAA efficiency, GOM6A - average number of goals from - average number of goals from half-counter 6 meters, %_EFSHM6 - percentage of 6 meters attack, ANOA - average number of assistances.

Table 2. Results of univariate variance analysis of successful and less successful teams` attack

VARIABLE AS WEAKER AS STRONGER F p SHWA 7.85 7.91 0.02 0.89 GOWA 3.78 4.31 4.47 0.04 %_EFSHW 0.48 0.54 18.28 0.00 SHM7A 4.50 4.13 2.30 0.14 GOM7A 3.33 3.10 1.34 0.25 %_EFSHM7 0.74 0.75 0.34 0.56 SHM9A 19.71 19.40 0.13 0.72 GOM9A 7.29 8.68 12.72 0.00 %_EFSHM9 0.37 0.45 47.81 0.00 SHM6A 10.15 10.69 0.57 0.45 GOM6A 6.88 7.85 4.59 0.04 %_EFSHM6 0.69 0.73 13.34 0.00 SHCAA 1.83 2.74 10.40 0.00 GOCAA 1.42 2.14 10.72 0.00 %_EFSHCA 0.77 0.79 1.20 0.28 SHHCAA 1.16 2.24 32.11 0.00 GOHCAA 0.88 1.75 29.97 0.00 %_EFSHHCA 0.79 0.77 0.35 0.56 ANOA 2.17 3.26 4.42 0.04 ANO2ME 1.46 1.49 0.04 0.84 ANOTE 10.36 9.71 1.12 0.29

Discussion Each of three outer attack players has to play on all The research was conducted with the aim of three outer positions, that is, left, right and central determining differences in attack situational activity outer position, and each of them has to be indicators between successful and less successful dangerous for the opponents` goal (Vuleta, D., et elite women’s handball teams. Twenty-one al., 2003; Gruić et al., 2006; Vuleta D. ml. and variables were analysed in this research. The Vuleta, V, 2008). If the outer players have bad shot results showed that successful teams differed from realisation, through defence player and its actions less successful ones in 11 variables, while (Michalsik et al., 2011/a; Michalsik et al., 2011/b), statistically significant differences were determined it means that those are isolated individual actions, as well. Successful teams were more efficient on often haste and without control, that are not wing positions than the less successful teams. The welcome on this playing position since they can basic task of wing players, besides the one of result in counterattack. The more successful teams initiating the attack by deep penetrations and were better in 6 meters shots, as well as efficiency thrusting, is to maintain the attack width, and to and achieved goals from 6 meters line. Knowing the endanger the goalkeeper by entering his area, type and position of shooting – distance from the trying to score a goal. Regarding the body frame, goal and the goalkeeper, it is obvious that more they are the shortest and lightest players of successful teams had efficient individual actions positional attack (Zapartidis et al., 2009). Shooting that ended with 6 meters, followed by poor from wing position is specific due to size of the movement and playing of defeated team`s defence. angle from which the shot is performed, but also According to the average number of counterattack due to the shot performance, that depends on the shots, goals and efficiency, the winning teams were technical-tactical preparedness of the player. Also, better than the defeated teams, while worse teams this situation is connected to the frequency and were in average better in efficiency. Counterattack efficiency of the characteristic shooting style of and half-counterattack represent the easiest way of wing players, that perform the shots by run up scoring a goal. The performance of counterattack from the very angle of the field and strong jump and half-counterattack depends on the successful into the goalkeeper`s area, when there is no defence players` actions who, using their mobility defence player in front of them (Rogulj et al., and cooperation take advantage of technical- 2005). However, according to the average number tactical flaws of the attacking team, with the of goals and 9 meters shot efficiency the winning intention of stealing the ball and realising teams were better. In relation to other players, the counterattack or half-counterattack. The analysis of outer players keep the ball longer, what enables situational efficiency indicators of Croatian men`s them to shoot towards the goal more often. Besides handball team at the 20th World Championship in the technical-tactical preparedness (contact play, Germany (Perkovac et al., 2009) showed that the 1:1 play) the outer players play is mostly based on percentage of 7 meters shot efficiency was 81%, 9 meters shots. and shot efficiency from counter-attack was 77%. 23 Bajgorić, S. et al.: Differences in attack situational activity indicators... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 21‐25

The successful teams had greater number of 2003). Twenty-one variables were analysed in this assistances in relation to less successful teams. The research, and based on the obtained results it can assistances represent technical-tactical element be concluded that successful teams differed from that enables the players to fully express their less successful ones in 11 variables, while technical preparedness in outplaying the opponent. statistically significant differences were determined Assistance performance depends on many factors: as well: average number of goals from wing weak mobility of opponent`s defence, bad position, percentage of wing shot efficiency, cooperation of defence players, low quality of average number of goals from 9 meters, defence players` taking over, poor timing of attack percentage of 9 meters shots efficiency, average players˙ exit, etc., but also on the attack player`s number of goals from 6 meters, percentage of 6 ability of deciding to perform this technical-tactical meters shots efficiency, average number of shots element on time. and goals from counterattack and half- counterattack and average number of assistances. Conclusion The successful teams based their play on the efficient attack play, efficiency of shots from wing The aim of this research was to determine and back positions, successful realisation of 6 differences in attack situational activity indicators meter shots, efficiency of counterattack and half- between successful and less successful teams in counterattack as well as successful play in the elite women’s handball. Therefore, in order to sense of assistances, what resulted in victory, that analyse the situational activity indicators of one is, positive result. The results of this research show team it was necessary to define and observe that singled out variables significantly determine certain situational activity indicators, that would be the attack situational activity indicators. The analysed with the purpose of obtaining better singled out variables of attack situational activity result. Previous research on situational efficiency in should be a starting point, taken into consideration handball dealt with efficiency regarding the playing when creating technical-tactical training processes, positions (Gruić et al., 2006; Ohnjec et al., 2008), team`s technical-tactical preparation for the match. efficiency regarding zones of shooting (Pokrajac, Also it should represent more efficient managing 2008; Rogulj, 2000), and efficiency in relation to and directing of technical-tactical activities in the different shooting styles (Delija 1994; Vuleta et al., situational-competitive conditions of a match.

References

Delija, K., Šimenc, Z. (1994). Utjecaj nekih općih i situacijskih motoričkih sposobnosti i znanja na uspjeh u rukometu. [Influence of certain and situational motor abilities and knowledge on handball success. In Croatian.]. Kineziologija, 26, 51-54 Gruić I., D. Vuleta, D. Milanović (2006). Performance indicators of teams at the 2003 Men’s World Handball Championship in Portugal. Kinesiology, 38(2), 164 – 175. Michalsik, L.B., Aagaard, P., Madsen, K. (2011/a). Technical Activity Profile And Influence Of Body Anthropometry In Male Elite Team Handball Players. EHF Scientific Conference 2011. Science and Analytical Expertise in Handball. Vienna. 174-179 Michalsik, L.B., Madsen, K. & Aagaard, P. (2011b). Technical Match Characteristics And Influence Of Body Anthropometry In Female Elite Team Handball Players. EHF Scientific Conference 2011. Science and Analytical Expertise in Handball. Vienna. 180-185 Ohnjec, K., Gruić, I. & Vuleta, D. (2007). Analiza nekih pokazatelja situacijske efikasnosti hrvatske ženske rukometne reprezentacije na Europskom prvenstvu u Švedskoj 2006. godine. [Analysis of certain situational efficiency indicators in Croatian women`s handball team at the 2006 European Championship in Sweden. In Croatian.]. 2nd International Symposium of New Technologies in Sports. 128-132 Perkovac, G., Vuleta, D. & Vuleta, V. (2009). Analiza pokazatelja situacijske efikasnosti Hrvatske muške rukometne reprezentacije na 20. Svjetskom prvenstvu u Njemačkoj. [Analysis of situational efficiency indicators of Croatian men`s handball team at the 20th World Championship in Germany. In Croatian.]. Poreč 2009. Pokrajac, B. (2008): EHF Men’s Euro 2008 – Analysis, discussion, comparison, tendencies in modern handball. EHF Periodical. Rogulj, N. (2000). Differences in situation-related indicators of handball game in relation to the achieved competitive results of the teams at 1999 World Championship in Egypt. Kinesiology, 32 (2):63-74. Rogulj, N. (2003). Učinkovitost taktičkih modela u rukometu. [Effectiveness of tactical models in handball. In Croatian.] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb). Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology. Rogulj, N., Srhoj, V. & M. (2005). Učinkovitost elemenata individualne taktike napada u rukometu. [Efficiency of individual attack tactics elements in handball. In Croatian.]. Proceedings of the Faculty of Science and Education, University of Split. 67-78. Ronglan, L.T., Raastad, T. & Borgesen, A. (2006).Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female handball players. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 16, 267-273. Srhoj, V., Rogulj, N. Padovan, M., & Katić R. (2001). Influence of the attack end conduction on match result in handball. Collegium antropologicum, 25(2), 611–617.

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Vrbik, I., Čižmek, A., & Gruić I. (2011). Morfološke karakteristike između igračkih pozicija kod vrhunskih rukometaša [Morphological characteristics between playing positions in elite handball players. In Croatian.]. Hrvatski športskomedicinski vjesnik, 26(2), 94–99. Vuleta, D., Milanović, D. & Sertić, H. (2003). Utjecaj varijabli šutiranja na gol na konačan rezultat rukometnih utakmica Europskog prvenstvu 2000. Godine [Influence of shots at goal on the final results of handball matches at 2000 European Championship. In Croatian.]. Kineziologija, 35(2), 168 – 183. Vuleta, D., Milanović, D., Gruić, I., & Ohnjec, K. (2005). Influence of the goals scored on final outcomes of matches of the 2003 World Handball Championships for Men in Portugal. In D. Milanović & F. Prot (Eds.), Proceedings Book of the 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology “Science and Profession – Challenge for the Future”, Opatija, Croatia, 7-11 September, 2005 (pp. 470-473). Zagreb: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Vuleta, D. & Vuleta, V. (2008). Differences between situation efficiency models of male handball teams at the world championship in Tunisia 2005. U D.Milanovic i F. Prot (Ur.), Zbornik radova 5. međunarodne znanstvene konferencije o kineziologiji „Kinesiology reasearch trends and appliciations”, 10.–14.09. 2008., str. 996 – 999. Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology. Zapartidis, I., Kororos, P., Christodoulidis, T., Skoufas, D. & Bayios, I. (2011). Profile of young handball players by playing position and determinants of ball throwing velocity. Journal of Human Kinetics. 27(1), 17-30.

RAZLIKE U INDIKATORIMA SITUACIJSKE AKTIVNOSTI U NAPADU IZMEĐU USPJEŠNIH I MANJE USPJEŠNIH EKIPA U VRHUNSKOM ŽENSKOM RUKOMETU

Sažetak Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi razlike u indikatorima situacijske aktivnosti u napadu između uspješnih i neuspješnih ekipa u vrhunskom ženskom rukometu. Ukupno je analizirano 1848 utakmica Hrvatske ženske premijer lige. Razlike u indikatorima situacijske aktivnosti u napadu su utvrđene skupom od 21 varijable. Za sve ispitivane varijable uspješnih i neuspješnih ekipa izračunata je deskriptivna statistika. Statistička značajnost razlika u indikatorima situacione aktivnosti u napadu testirana je univarijatnom analizom varijance. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između boljih i lošijih ekipa u 11 varijabli. Uspješnije ekipe svoju su igru bazirale na efikasnoj igri u napadu, efikasnosti šutiranja sa krilnih i bekovskih pozicija, uspješnoj realizaciji šuta sa šest metara, efikasnost u realizaciji kontra napada i polukontra napada kao i uspješno razigravanje igrača u vidu asistencija što je rezultiralo pobjedi odnosno pozitivnom rezultatu. Rezultati ovog istraživanja upućuju da izdvojene varijable značajno određuju indikatore situacijske aktivnosti u napadu. Izdvojene varijable situacijske učinkovitosti u napadu bi trebale da budu polazna osnova na šta treba da se obrati pozornost u kreiranju tehničko-taktičkih trenažnih procesa, tehničko-taktičke pripreme ekipe za utakmicu. Ujedno treba da predstavlja učinkovitije upravljanje i vođenje tehničko-taktičkih aktivnosti u situacijsko-natjecateljskim uvjetima same utakmice.

Ključne riječi: rukomet, napad, situacijska aktivnost, žene, vrhunski rukomet.

Received: April 10, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Nenad Rogulj, PhD University of Split Faculty of Kinesiology Teslina 6, 21 000 Split, Croatia tel:00385 (0) 958353195 e-mail: [email protected]

25 Kryeziu, A. et al.: Differences in some motor skills of basketball positions... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 26‐30

DIFFERENCES IN SOME MOTOR SKILLS OF BASKETBALL POSITIONS ACCORDING TO TO 16 YEAR OLDS

Artan Kryeziu1 and Isa Asllani2

1University College Fama & Center for Research, Studies in Physical Education, Sport and Health (CRSPES), Pristina, R. Kosovo 2State University of Tetova, Faculty of Physical Education, Tetova, Macedonia

Original scientific paper

Abstract The paper aims at presenting some differences in motor skill positions according to basketball players aged 16 years. Samples of the paper is composed of 59 basketball players aged 16 years. They are divided into five groups according to their positions on the playing field: Organizer of the game (16), Shooting guard (13), Small forward (14), Power forward (9) and Center (7). Small forward has shown that there is greater value dominant group of players by position players test the jump from place to length with a value of 204.07 ± 20.51 cm and abdominal muscles test worth 23.42 ± 30 sec. Players of the center have shown that the jump from place to height value of 40.71 ± 8.63 and the wing bending test (pumps) worth of 23.14±6.91 for 30 sec. As the organizer of the game, shooting guard and power forward did not show the dominant values of the group of players by positions, whereas the value of good results under these positions basketball game. For differences between the positions of the players is applied univariante analysis of variance (ANOVA). Test jump from place to length has significant value of .099, while running (sprint) test of 20 meters has significant value of .023. Test abdominal muscles and bending the wings (pumps) have shown significant value between players at positions of .062 and .010, while the jumping from place to height did not show meaningful value. Based on the results concluded that the organizer of the game, shooting guard and center performers showed the dominant values and significant differences are shown to tests which are an indicator of the strength explosive, speed and strength repeating (iterative).

Keywords:positions, basketball, differences, ANOVA, motor skills

Introduction

Basketball players can be categorized according to Method their positions as is : Organizer of the game -PG, Shooting guard-SG, Small forward-SF, Power Sample (model) of subjects forward -PF and Center - C, however the game of In 59 samples are including basketball players aged basketball these are traditional positions within the 16 years and above who are divided into five team. Basketball players during their game usually groups according to their positions on the playing have specific skills for positions that are displayed field: Organizer of the game (16), Shooting guard in the field of play, because the position of a player (13), Small forward (14), Power forward (9) and focuses on specific motor skills. (Reif-Wenner M. S. Center (7).The testuari, some schools are members 2010; Kryeziu, A. 2015). of the basketball, Drita from Gjilan and Sigal Prishtina from Pristina, the youth are involved in Explosive strength, vertical jump, speed and skill the basketball training program, approximately 2 agility are those which contribute to the years, have used 3 times a week as well as 1 hour effectiveness of efficient movement with and and 15 minutes a day. without the ball, these skills affect the proper execution of the technical and tactical elements and Motor test samples game performance on position players (Dežman, B. For this paper are applied to five (5) motor tests 1990; Jakše et al., 2006; Erčulj et al., 2007; Erčulj, which are valued according to the positions of F. 2007; Abdelkrim et al.,2011;Kryeziu, A. 2015). basketball players.The jump from place to length - JPL; The jump from place to height - JPH; In this paper for the experiment is the appearance Running(sprint)20 meters - S20m; Abdominal of differences and analysis of the positions of the muscles - AM; Bending the wings (pumps) - BW. players based on motor skills, because each player Measuring instruments are applied by: (Dizdar el who covers his area of the field of play has a duty al., 1996;Klemenčič, J.2010). Data were processed to show and game shows during their motor with statistical computer program SPSS version 11 performance. Therefore research on position for Windows for basic research of statistical players the game is handling the problem space indicators on position in motor space statistical with what we have as objective motor skills to methods are applied: Arithmetic average (Mean) basketball. The purpose of this paper is to identify and Standard Deviation (Std. Dev.). To prove the possible differences in some motor skill positions differences between the positions of the players is according to basketball players aged 16 years. applied univariante analysis of variance (ANOVA).

26 Kryeziu, A. et al.: Differences in some motor skills of basketball positions... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 26‐30

Results and discussion 3.54 for 30 seconds. Players of the center have According to the results of basic statistical shown that the jump from place to height value of indicators, statistical methods are applied 40.71 ± 8.63 and the wing bending test (pumps) arithmetic mean (Mean) and standard deviation with a value of23.14± 6.91 for 30 seconds.While (Std. Dev.). Small forward has shown that there is the organizer of the game, shooting guard and greater value dominant group of players, according power forward have not shown the dominant values to the positions of players in test jump from place of the group of players by positions, but have to length with a value of 204.07 ± 20.51cm and shown good value outcomes under these positions abdominal muscles to test the value of 23.42 ± basketball game.

Table no. 1 Basic statistical indicators according to the position in motor space

Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Organizer of Shooting Small Power Center (7) the game (16) guard (14) forward(13) forward (9) JPL 188.250 28.063 199.923 17.806 204.071 20.518 181.222 26.850 203.000 16.782 JPH 35.3750 8.42120 38.8462 10.40710 40.0000 7.83483 37.2222 11.26696 40.7143 8.63548 S20m 4.0813 .62925 3.6369 .45058 3.5964 .37533 4.0678 .35372 3.7186 .45638 AM 20.1875 2.88025 20.3846 3.86304 23.4286 3.54562 18.8889 5.03598 19.7143 5.05682 BW 11.3125 6.92550 14.3846 7.03015 16.7143 7.28991 15.2222 6.81502 23.1429 6.91444

Legend: The jump from place to length - JPL; The jump from place to height - JPH; Running (sprint) 20 meters - S20m; Abdominal muscles - AM; Bending the wings(pumps) - BW

Figure 1. Figure 2.

Figure 3. Figure 4.

Figure 5.

27 Kryeziu, A. et al.: Differences in some motor skills of basketball positions... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 26‐30

ANOVA - Analysis of Variance Table 2. Results by ANOVA for differences between positions to basketball

Sum of df Mean F Sig. 95% Confidence Interval for Squares Square Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound JPL Between Groups 4348.779 4 1087.195 2.056 .099 189.2528 201.2557 Within Groups 28548.407 54 528.674 183.0325 207.4760 Total 32897.186 58 JPH Between Groups 231.201 4 57.800 .675 .612 35.7371 40.5680 Within Groups 4624.426 54 85.638 34.8075 41.4975 Total 4855.627 58 S20m Between Groups 2.851 4 .713 3.090 .023 3.6979 3.9486 Within Groups 12.458 54 .231 3.5078 4.1386 Total 15.309 58 AM Between Groups 145.926 4 36.481 2.393 .062 19.7266 21.7649 Within Groups 823.260 54 15.246 18.4997 22.9919 Total 969.186 58 BW Between Groups 723.877 4 180.969 3.671 .010 13.4387 17.1037 Within Groups 2661.784 54 49.292 10.2342 20.3082 Total 3385.661 58

Legend: The jump from place to length - JPL; The jump from place to height - JPH; Running (sprint) 20 meters - S20m; Abdominal muscles - AM; Bending the wings(pumps) - BW

Presented differences between the positions of the An adequate development of basic motor tests and players is applied univariante analysis of variance specific ones, as well as good knowledge of (ANOVA). The test of jumping from place to length technical-tactical elements is important in of .099 is worth significant, while test is running determining the position of the player in the sport (sprint) 20 of significant value.023. Test your of basketball which is intended success during abdominal muscles and bending the wings (pumps) game (Erčulj et al., 2002; Erčulj et al., 2009). The have shown significant value between players at organizer of the game(PG) in the jumping from positions of .062 and .010, while the jumping from place to test height showed a value of 35.37 cm, if place to height did not show significant value. we compare with the study authors (Cejuela et al.,2007) 6.07 cm see the highest value that the The findings in this paper, as well as in several players have to experiment marree. Sprint at at 20 other works which are used in the same sample of meters high counts of 4.08 seconds, while players young basketball players that were taken for the who have compared marree to have difference of experiment according to their positions.It is also 0.95 percent points of a second in favor of our important to note that the players who have got to basketball (Dežman et al., 2002). Test abdominal experiment necessarily see these basketball players muscles have a value of 20.18, while the players have characteristics and are well structured in their who dealt authorCheryll Didi Nellie N. Obra(2008) positions to cover the space during the game. greater value of 32.91.

Table. 3 Comparison of motor skills according to Also other tests, the jumping from place to length the positions of players with some studies and bend the wings (pumps), is to compare not have any significant difference from the value of JPH S20m AM the above mentioned works of authors in the Cejuela,et PG 35.5 cm - position of organizer of the game.Shooting al,.2007 guard(SG) the jump from place height to show Cheryll, et al,. PG - - 32.91 value for 38.8462 cm, while the players from 2008 Slovenia have a value of 29.627 centimeters PF - - 28.14 (Klemenčič, J. 2010). Running(sprint) 20 meters Dežman, et PG - 3.13sec - al,.2002 has shown the value of 3.63 sec, the results SG - 3.15sec - obtained from this work are compared with the SF - 3.24sec - results of the same age basketball players from PF - 3.30sec - Slovenia and have a value of 3.24 sec (Dežman et Erčulj, F.2004 PF 41.92 cm - - al., 2002). As well shooting guard showed good C 39.30 cm - - values in tests such as the jumping from place to Klemenčič, J. SG - - 29.62 length, abdominal muscles and bending the wings 2010 (pumps) with the aim to scoring tries during the match, because the main goal of the player is Legend: The jump from place to height - JPH; successful realization of points for two and three Running (sprint) 20 meters - S20m; Abdominal points, and penetration with two open basketball. muscles - AM. Positions:Organizer of the game -PG, Small forward(SF) see the test as running(sprint) Shooting guard-SG, Small forward-SF, Power 20 meters, the difference is the amount of 0.35 sec forward -PF and Center - C in favor of basketball that we've taken for the experiment (Dežman et al., 2002). Authors suggest

28 Kryeziu, A. et al.: Differences in some motor skills of basketball positions... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 26‐30 that the different players in this position are repeating strength (iterative). Based on the important to the game of basketball because they differences between basketball players by position beg basketball game speed, explosive strength and look at test the jumping from place to length, repeating strength(interative) in order to win the running(sprint) 20m test, abdominal muscles, game. Necessarily the abilities of other skills are bending the wings (pumps) reported differences important for the players to line up the garment significant. While the jumping from place to test that 6.75 cm.Meanwhile power forward(PF) running height, did not show significant difference. (sprint) test of 20 meters, the players that we have Therefore, these differences are presented with stumbled marree to experiment to 0.76 percent to significant value to the players by position, because a second. The jump from place to height, the result the game itself is characterized basketball players for the players in position power forward from who have basic motor skills and specific skills Slovenia is 41.92 cm, while the basketball players (special) in the game of basketball. who have marree for the experiment is 37.22 cm (Erčulj, F. 2004). Players who play under the Conclusion basket (trapeze) have lodged lower values in comparison with the other teammates on the tests In conclusion, based on results obtained in tests of that we get to experiment. motor according to the positions of the players aged 16 years. Results of this study show that Skills which are the characteristics of these player motor skills have shown distinction between are those skills which have an impact on the jump basketball players such as organizer of the game, in order to reach the mark successful under car and shooting guard, small forward, power forward and block the opponent during the game.Center(C) the center.So, according to this study, which are jump from place to height has presented results of positions should necessarily have special 40.71 cm, while the players from Slovenia is 39.30 requirements and the value of specific motor skills cm (Erčulj, F. 2004), the difference between these for young basketball players in order to achieve the three measurements is emphasized with great objectives of the game of basketball realization of value to the test center in basketball the jump from points during the match.Therefore, these results place to height. Running(sprint) 20 meters is provide information and suggestions for coaches compared with the results of the basketball players who need to create training progam on position the same age and position, as we see a second with the goal to develop as many skills specific to 0.19 percent points of our basketball players have young basketball players.However in each position shown weaker value of running (Cheryll Didi Nellie of the players have specific roles who rely on motor N. Obra, 2008). Test repeating strength(iterative), skills, which also suggested for these young abdominal muscles showed 8.43 best value from basketball players can specialize in positional base the labor of the author basketball (Cheryll Didi game.Also in our region is a research published nor Nellie N. Obra, 2008). In this paper it is proved that of basketball that has the goal structuring based on there were significant differences between the position of the basketball players, so the basketball players according to positions in which remains of other authors deal with this problem to are associated test results explosive strength and the players according to the positions of the game.

References

Abdelkrim, N., Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Chtara, M., & Castagna, C. (2010). Positional role and competitive-level differences in elite-level men's basketball players. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research-USA, 24(5), 1346-1355. Cejuela, R., Pérez, J. A., Cortell, J. M., Chinchilla, J. J., Rivas, J., Villa, G. & Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A.( 2007). Correlations among anthropometric parameters, jump power, and position in professional basketball players. Comunicación presentada en el IV Congreso Ibérico de Baloncesto, Cáceres, 29(11), 1-12. Cheryll, D.N.N.O. (2008). Correlates of anthropometric and fitness measures on playing positions of ilocos norte collegiate basketball players. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Journal-Philippines. 1(1), 176-192. Dežman, B. (1990). Pregled izsledkov raziskav, ki obravnavajo modele igre in modelne razseţnosti centrov. [Overview of research findings that address the design of the game and the dimensions of model centers.In Croatian.]. Ljubljana, Šport, 38, 39-43. Dežman, B., Erčulj, F. & Vučković, G. (2002). Classifying young basketball players into playing positions with chosen anthropometric and motor variables. 3rd International scientific conference Kinesiology new perspectives, Opatija, Croatia, september 25-29, Proceedings book. Proceedings book (943-946). Zagreb: Faculty of kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Dizdar, D., Trninić, S. & Matković, B. (1996). Strukturna analiza pozicija igrača u košarkaškoj igri na temelju nekih antropoloških karakteristika. [Structural analysis of positions of players in a basketball game on the basis of some anthropological characteristics. In Croatian.]. Hrvatski športskomedicinski vjesnik, 10(3); 108-106. Erčulj, F., Dežman, B., Vučkovič, G. & Milič, M. (2002). Functional abilities of elite female basketball players in different playing positions. Acta Kinesiologia Universitatis Tartuensis, 7, 75-80. Erčulj, F. (2004). Correlation between height and duration of take-off in various jumps of young basketball players. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Kinanthropologica, 40(2), 27-37.

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Erčulj, F. & Bračič, M. (2007). Differences in the level of development of basic motor abilities between young foreign and Slovenian female basketball players. Kalokagathia, 47(3-4), 77-89. Erčulj, F. (2007). Preigravanje, odkrivanje in vtekanje centra v košarki. [Getting open, cutting towards the basket, faking and penetrating of the post player in basketball.In Slovenian.]. Šport, 55(2), 32-37. Erčulj, F. & Bračič, M. (2009). Anthropometric characteristics of elite young European female basketball players. Međunarodna naučna konferencija Teorijski, metodološki imetodički aspekti takmi čenja i pripreme sportista: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education-Belgrade, 64. Jakše, B. & Pinter, S. (2006). Agilnost v evropski klubski košarki: Od iluzije do realnosti. [Agility in European club basketball: from illusion to reality. In Slovenian.]. Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport.Sport, 54(4), 31-39 Jovanovič, P. (2011). Vloga Centra V Sodobni Košarki. [The role of the center in a modern basketball.In Slovenian.]. Master's Thesis. Faculty of Sport. Klemenčič, J. (2010). Razlike v odrivni moči različnih tipov košarkaric starih 16 in 18 let. [Differences in take off power for different types of female basketball players aged 16 and 18 years In Slovenian.]. Master's Thesis, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana. Kryeziu, A. (2015). Analiza e pozicioneve të lojtarëve në bazë të disa karakteristikave morfologjike dhe testeve lëvizore bazike e situacionale tek basketbollistët e moshës 16 - 17 vjeçare. [Position analysis of some players according to some morphological characteristics and test basic motor of situational basketball to age 16-17 years. In Albanian.]. (Master's Thesis, State University of Tetova), Faculty of Physical Education - Tetovo. Reif-Wenner, M.S. (2010). The effect of basketball warm-up on vertical jump, sprint time and shooting accuracy. (Master's Thesis, The University Of Minnesota), 13.

RAZLIKE U NEKIM MOTORIČKIM SPOSOBNOSTIMA KOŠARKAŠKIH POLOŽAJA PREMA KOŠARKAŠIMA OD 16 GODINA

Sažetak U radu se prikazuju neke razlike u motoričkim vještinama pozicije prema košarkaša u dobi od 16 godina. Uzorci papira sastoji se od 59 košarkaša u dobi od 16 godina. Oni su podijeljeni u pet skupina prema njihovim položajima na terenu za igru: Organizator igre (16), Bek šuter (13), Krilo (14), Krilni centar (9) i Centar (7). Krilo je pokazalo da veću vrijednost ima dominantna skupina igrača po položaju igrača testiranog skoka iz mjesta u dužini s vrijednošću od 204.07 ± 20. 51. cm i testiranje trbušnih mišića vrijedno 23.42 ± 30 sek. Igrači u centru su pokazali da je skok iz mjesta vrijednosti 40.71 ± 8.63 i krila testa savijanja (crpke) u vrijednosti od 23,14 ± 6,91 za 30 sekundi. Organizator igre, bekšuter i krilni centar ne pokazuju dominantne vrijednosti, dok je vrijednost iz ove pozicije u košarkaškoj utakmici dobrih rezultata. Za razlike između pozicije igrača primjenjuje se univarijantna analiza varijance (ANOVA). Test skok iz mjesta u dužini ima značajnu vrijednost .099, a trčanje (sprint test) na 20 metara ima značajnu vrijednost .023. Testiranje trbušnih mišiće i savijanje krila (crpke) pokazali su značajnu vrijednost između igrača na pozicijama .062 .010, dok skakanje iz mjesta ne pokazuje značajnu vrijednost. Na temelju rezultata zaključili smo da su organizator igre, bek šuter i centralni izvođači pokazali dominantne vrijednosti i značajne razlike prikazane su na testovima koje su pokazatelj eksplozivne snage, brzina i snaga ponavljanja (iterativni).

Ključne riječi: pozicije, košarka, razlike, ANOVA, motoričke sposobnosti.

Received: June 17, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Prof. Mr.Sc. Artan R. Kryeziu, PhD candidate University College Fama & Center for Research, Studies in Physical Education, Sport and Health (CRSPES) Pristina, R. Kosovo Str. Bajram Kelmendi nr. 45A 10000 Phone: +386 (0) 49 118 998 E-mail: [email protected]

30 Ivković, G. et al.: Personality traits among Croatian women basketball... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 31‐34

PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG CROATIAN WOMEN BASKETBALL PLAYERS THAT PLAY ON DIFFERENT POSITIONS IN THE TEAM

Gordana Ivković1, Nevia Mavra2 and Gordana Furjan Mandić2

1University of Zadar, Croatia 2Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia Original scientific paper

Abstract The concept of the development in sport games and competitive efficiency is based on coordination between players in team in order to exploit the full potential of a team in the desired operational tactics of the game. Therefore, it is necessary to connect professional and scientific approach in subjective and objective assessment of players and the entire team. The aim of this study was to determine the factors of differences in the dimensions of Big Five personality traits, measured with Croatian version of the questionnaire IPIP50 on sample of 46 basketball players, participants of the student finals in Croatian Women Championship 2016, players that play on positions: small forward, centre and guard, aged 20-26 years . Results showed that in all positions outstanding value in one single dimension (intellect) which can be explained by the fact that the subjects (basketball players) belong to the student population. Results of correlation analysis show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between dimensions: Extraversion is positively correlated with Intellect, Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability; the Openness to Experience with Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness with Intellect. Positive correlation between Conscientiousness, Intellect and Openness to Experience is preferable in team sports.

Key words: five-factor model of personality, basketball, player position in the game Introduction

Basketball is structurally (by number and players, shows that the attackers, defenders and complexity of actions) andby the complexity of the goalkeepers are not significantly different in any of movement structures and necessary motor skills - the five fundamental personality dimensions complex sports game, therefore it requires a lot of (Cameron et al., 2012). Sindik (2009) conducted a cognitive load for the individual. Basketball player study to determine the differences in individual on a relatively small area, in the dynamic specific personality traits and perceived group interaction with a number of team players and cohesion basketball senior players who play in opponents, in a very short time has to make a different positions in the game. The results showed decision and respond quickly, hitting a small target no statistically significant difference between (Horga and Sabioncello (1994). The results of the players who play in different positions in the game, previous researches showed different and nor in relation to two basic positions in the team sometimes conflicting degrees of integration of (shooting guard and small forward / centers), nor sports achievement and different personality traits, in relation to the four positions in the team (point as well as group cohesion in team, from zero to guard, shooting guard, small forward, power consistently statistically significant, for example forward / center). However, it is not unreasonably Bray and Brawley (2002) suggest the importance of to expect differences in personality between players the role of the individuals in the team to its in different playing positions considering the fact effectiveness. Allen, Greenlees and Jones (2013) that different positions often require different emphasize that only a few studies dealt with behaviors that may be more or less suitable for differences in personality based on the position or people with certain personality characteristics. "their role" in the game. Studies are usually focused on specific behavior of athletes, rather than Associated with this statement, Cox (2012) argues the characteristics of personality (Allen, Greenlees that the athletes who play in different positions can and Jones, 2013). Empirical findings on a sample of vary in severity of certain personality traits and football players showed that players on the motivational dimension. Nevertheless, at present offensive positions have better control of anxiety there is insufficient evidence to draw firm (Cox and Yoo, 1995), while results in research on conclusions about these differences (Allen, baseball players suggest that the players on the Greenlees and Jones, 2013). A large number of offensive positions are more responsible meta-analyzes and studies on large samples of non (Greenwood and Simpson, 1994) than players in sport population discussed the differences in defensive positions. Evidence show that the personality between men and women (Feingold, athletes in the attacking positions are more 1994; Costa, Terracciano and McCrae, 2001; extroverted than the athletes on the defensive Schmitt et al., 2008). The overall conclusion of positions (Schurr et al., 1984), and that they are these studies is that, compared to men, women less emotionally stable (Kirkcaldy, 1982b). A recent tend to higher levels of Neuroticism, Extraversion, study, conducted on a sample of 578 hockey Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

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Furthermore, the findings show that women in the Methods sporting population often show personality characteristics closer to men population than At the final student Croatian Championship 2016., women who are not involved in sports (Fleming, questionnaires were distributed to basketball 1934; Williams, 1980). Also, numerous studies players from University of Zagreb, Zadar, Split and compared test personality results of women and Osijek. The sample consisted of 46 student women men who participated in organized sports. basketball players (17 small forward, 12 Newcombe and Boyle (1995) researched athlete centre/power forward position and 17 guard). adolescents and found that girls are more extroverted and emotionally unstable than boys. Total 78% of subjects (36 basketball players) Some studies performed on adult athletes also played in A-1 Croatian Women Basketball League. have found that women are more emotionally In addition to general information, they were asked unstable than men, but with no significant about the position in the game. Basic variables of differences in extroversion (Kirkcaldy, 1982; and this study, along with data on the position they play Colley, Roberts and Chipps, 1985). However, more and age, included the five personality traits. recent study assessing a larger range of dimensions Personality traits that were evaluated, and of personality, showed that compared to men, according to modern conceptions they rank among women have higher levels of Neuroticism, the basic personality traits, are: Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Allen, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Greenlees and Jones, 2011). From the results of stability andOpenness to Experience. In this study the task orientation from previous studies, it is we used a questionnaire IPIP50(Goldberg, 1992) evident that women are more focused on the task, while men are more focused on the goal (Ewing, Results and discussion 1981; Duda, 1986a, 1986b, 1988; Gill, 1986). Specifically, women see sport in the context of Data for all variables are distributed normally. In all cooperation with others, while men believe that the positions there are high average values of Intellect main purpose of the sport to improve the which can be explained by the fact that this is the competitive spirit and winning at all costs (Duda, student population, especially in the position of 1989). guard, a position that requires creativity and organization of the game, as opposed to research Description of the five basic personality traits (Sindik, 2009)where similar values obtained for (Costa and McCrae, 1992): Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness.

1. Extraversion: assessing the amount and intensity of In the area of personal characteristics of subjects to interpersonal interaction IPIP50 (Table 2) Extraversion is positively 2. Agreeableness: estimated individual desire for correlated with Intellect, Conscientiousness and cooperation and social harmony Emotional Stability; Openness to Experience with 3. Conscientiousness: evaluates the organization and goal- Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and oriented behavior Conscientiousness with Intellect. Positive 4. Emotional Stability: measures the degree to which correlation between Conscientiousness, Intellect individuals are prone to emotional instability and Openness to Experience is preferable in team 5. Openness: measures the tendency of individuals to seek sports new experiences

Table 1. The basic descriptive parameters and the distribution of personality traits

Descriptive statistics– small forward position Variable Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Extraversion 17 3,18 2,60 3,70 0,29 Agreeableness 17 3,52 2,90 4,10 0,32 Conscientiousness 17 3,28 2,60 3,80 0,27 Emotional stability 17 3,01 2,40 3,60 0,36 Openness to Experience 17 3,28 2,50 3,90 043 Descriptive statistics– centre position Variable Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Extraversion 12 3,01 2,40 3,70 0,35 Agreeableness 12 3,16 2,60 3,60 0,36 Conscientiousness 12 3,24 3,00 3,50 0,13 Emotional stability 12 2,88 2,10 3,90 0,55 Openness to Experience 12 3,13 2,60 3,80 0,40 Descriptive statistics– guard position

Variable Valid N Mean Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Extraversion 17 3,05 2,30 3,50 0,29 Agreeableness 17 3,30 2,30 4,10 0,47 Conscientiousness 17 3,29 2,30 4,70 0,55 Emotional stability 17 2,98 1,90 4,20 0,59 Openness to Experience 17 3,37 2,40 4,20 0,49

32 Ivković, G. et al.: Personality traits among Croatian women basketball... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 31‐34

Table 2. Correlations between the dimensions of the IPIP50 for Croatian female basketball players

Extroversion Agreeablenes Conscientiousn Emotional Openness Extroversion 1,00 -0,09 0,15 0,00 0,36* Agreeableness -0,09 1,00 0,37* 0,30* 0,18 Conscientiousn 0,15 0,37* 1,00 0,25 0,40* Emotional 0,00 0,30* 0,25 1,00 0,23 Openness to 0,36* 0,18 0,40* 0,23 1,00 * Statistically significant differences at the level p <0.05

These results can be explained by the fact that improve the competitive spirit and emphasize the these are mostly professional players that importance of winning at all costs (Duda, 1989). interweave university and sport obligations, which These results are consistent with a study by Allen, requires organization, social skills and better Greenlees and Jones, 2011, which assessed a mutual cooperation. Specifically, women see sport greater range of personality traits, and showed in a context of cooperation with others, while men that, compared with men, women have higher believe that the main purpose of the sport is to levels of Agreeableness annd Conscientiousness.

Table 3: Analysis of variance between the dimensions IPIP50 and position in the game Croatian basketball player

Personalitty traits SS Degr. of MS F P Extroversion 0,23 2,00 0,12 1,25 0,30 Agreeableness 0,99 2,00 0,50 3,26 0,05* Conscientiousness 0,02 2,00 0,01 0,06 0,95 Emotional stability 0,14 2,00 0,07 0,27 0,76 Openness to 0,68 2,00 0,34 0,83 0,44 * Statistically significant differences at the level p <0.05

Results of Analysis of Variance (Table 3) showed a statistically significant difference in the variable Openness to Experience. The Openness to Experience indicates that an individual is nice, cooperative, tolerant, generous and warm (Costa and McCrae, 1992b; Costa and McCrae, 2011; Goldberg, 1990). This refers to one's interactions with others, and it describes what an individual thinks and feels about others. Individuals that have high scores in the Openness to Experience, have compassion for others and harder to get along well with others (Piedmont, 1998). In this case basketball players that play the small forward position (Figure 1) have higher values of Openness to Experience which can be explained by dependency on other players in the game, and thus they have less pressure on the action. Body height Figure 1. Graphical display of the variable is dominant in the position of the centre, so they Openness to Experience considering the position in have the ability to facilitate the access of balls in the game of Croatian basketball player the rebound, and therefore better scoring. Also, guard, who in average has longer ball possession, Sindik (2009) conducted a study to determine the is crucial for the outcome of the action. Ball differences in individual specific personality traits possession as well as the total contribution of the and perceived group cohesion of basketball senior small forward position, often depends on the players in different positions in the game. The decisions of the guard and the center, so their results showed no statistically significant difference cooperation and good relations in the game is very between players who play in different positions in important. According to some authors (Helson et al. the game, however, the results show that 2002), an increase in chronological age, under the Conscientiousness and Oppenness to Experience are influence of sociocultural factors increases the level most pronounced. of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, or the principle of maturation (Roberts, Walton and Conclusion Viechtbauer, 2006).Openness to Experience mostly includes harmonization of behavior and social The rules and the complexity of basketball require adjustment of the general and sport-specific certain cognitive aspects, cconative and motivational standards, as well as the ability to control impulses, characteristics and is indeed necessary to take into it is logical that the more pronounced in individuals account a number of factors related with specific adulthood, but also in professional senior players in characteristics of basketball. Results of this study basketball. showed that one dimension is statistically

33 Ivković, G. et al.: Personality traits among Croatian women basketball... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 31‐34 significantly better (Intellect) than others which can a complex structure. Results of analysis of variance be explained by the fact that this basketball players showed a small but significant difference in belong also to the student population. Positive dimension Openness to Experience. Cooperation, correlation between Conscientiousness, Intellect tolerance and interaction with other team players and Openness to Experience is preferable explains the highest level of Openness to considering that basketball is a team sport and has Experience in Small forward position.

References

Allen, M.S., Greenlees, I. & Jones, M.V. (2011). An investigation of the five-factor model of personality and coping behaviour in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(8), 841-850. Bray, Steven R.B. & Lawrence R. (2002). Role efficacy, role clarity and role performance effectiveness. Small group research. 33(2), 233-253. Costa, P.T. Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1992) Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five-factor inventory; Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Duda, J.L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Excersise Psychology, 11, 318-335. Goldberg, L.R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological assessment, 4(1). Helson, R., Kwan, V.S.Y., John, O.P. & Jones, C. (2002). The growth of evidence for personality change in adulthood. Findings from research with personality inventories. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 287-306. Michael C.A. & Lee, K. (2008). Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2(5), 1952–1962. Horga, S. & Sabioncello, N. (1994). Osnove psihologije sporta. [Basics of sport psychology. In Croatian.]. Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology. Piedmont, R.L. (1998). The revised NEO personality inventory: Clinical and research applications. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Rhodes, R.E. & Smith, N.E.I. (2006). Personality correlates of physical activity: A review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 958-965. Roberts, B.W., Walton, K.E. & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1-25. Sindik, J. (2010). Relationship between big five personality markers with situation‐related performance at top croatian basketball players. Sport Science 3(2), 34‐38.

OSOBINE LIČNOSTI HRVATSKIH KOŠARKAŠICA OBZIROM NA POZICIJU U IGRI

Sažetak Koncept razvoja sportske igre i natjecateljske učinkovitosti temelji se na usklađenom i zajedničkom djelovanju igrača/ica u grupi (momčadi/ekipi) kako bi se iskoristio cjelokupan momčadski potencijal u željenoj operativnoj taktici igre. Stoga, nužno je povezivanje stručnog i znanstvenog pristupa pri subjektivnoj i objektivnoj procjeni igrača kao i cijele momčadi. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje faktora razlika u dimenzijama Velikih Pet osobina ličnosti, mjerenih hrvatskom verzijom upitnika IPIP50 na uzorku 46 košarkašica, sudionica finala studentskog prvenstva Hrvatske 2016.g., koje igraju na pozicijama krilo, centar i branič, starosti od 20 do 26 godina. Rezultati su pokazali kod svih pozicija iznadprosječne vrijednosti samo u jednoj pojedinačnoj dimenziji (intelekt) što možemo objasniti činjenici da se radi o košarkašicama koje pripadaju i studentskoj populaciji. Dobiveni rezultati u području ispitivanja povezanosti (Pearson Inter- korelacije) između dimenzija pokazuju statistički značajne pozitivne korelacije između dimenzija: Ekstraverzija je u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa Intelektom, savjesnosti i Emocionalnom stabilnosti; Ugodnost sa Savjesnosti, Emocionalnom stabilnosti, te Savjesnost sa Intelektom. Savjesnost, Intelekt i Ugodnost u međusobnoj su pozitivnoj korelaciji što je poželjno u ekipnim sportovima.

Ključne riječi: petofaktorski model ličnosti, košarkašice, pozicije u igri

Received: March 17, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Gordana Ivković, PhD. University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia Tel: 023 200 665 E-mail: [email protected]

34 Ljuština, A. et al.: Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 35‐40

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF BREACHING OF SECURITY AT SPORTING EVENTS

Aleksandra Ljuština1, Đurica Amanović1, Milija Ljubisavljević2 and Milan Jovanov3

1The Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia 2Ministry of Interior, Belgrade, Serbia 3 Belgrade Police Department, Belgrade, Serbia

Original scientific paper

Abstract Sport is an integral part of social life. Through sports events, (which are organized in the form of competition), the desire to win and achieve high sports results is manifested by mobilizing physical, mental, and moral attributes. Generally, large numbers of people attend sporting events, which is why security at sporting events is fundamental to the success of any sporting event. Security at sporting events should be understood as a system of measures and activities for protection from hazards, as well as the capability of risk management and the ability to prevent dangerous situations. In today's globalized world there has been an increase in the number of security risks and threats of local, regional, and global character. The paper discusses the basic forms of risks and threats to the security of sporting events through terrorism, crime, violence, and misconduct. As safety of sport events represents a very complex activity, this paper attempts to point out the basic elements of safety principles at sport events.

Key words: security, sport, sports events

Introduction

Every man has a primal desire to live and work in a inception attract a large number of people, both safe human community and in a safe physical athletes and spectators. As such, sports events environment. Safety is the framework within which with a large number of different people in one place daily social life takes place. Man is a social being, carry modern security risks, threats and hazards. and sport is an integral part of social life, social Of course, all sports events have similar superstructure. The social system has a crucial characteristics, but also differences, which are influence on sport, its essence, character and characterized by different factors. None of the organizational structure. Sport, as a social activity, individual characteristics of sport events guarantee cannot be separated from the overall social context complete security. However, a combination of many and social organization. Only on the surface sport factors, such as political, economic, social, cultural seems to be on the margins of society and out of and other differences, high risk sports events, the main social trends. Sport can be a form and poorly trained and inexperienced staff increases instrument to explore the infinite field of sociability, security risks and threats. Entities security of sports a means of identifying the general social conditions, events should prevent disabled and innocuous trends and changes in society. "Sport constitutes a carriers do activities that threaten the security of universal tool in the creation and implementation of sports events. These activities are manifested values that are changing society, develop national primarily in prevention activities aimed at cohesion, promote democracy, the exercise of basic jeopardizing the security of sports events human rights and freedom, strengthening the (detection of preparing these activities and economy and fostering the protection of citizens' preventing their execution) .In intelligence and health. '' (The national strategy to combat violence policing, as well as primary and proper conduct of and misbehavior at sports events for the period the courts, it is necessary to involve other social from 2013 to 2018). actors in creating a common security culture at sporting events (Janković, 2010; Ljubisavljević, Discussion Nikač, Đukić, 2014; Otašević, 2015). Undoubtedly, the security as a social construct has elements of a Sport as an activity of public interest has an concrete socio historical period, and in today's important place in modern society. Through sports globalized society, which is increasingly exposed to events, which are organized in the form of sporting numerous security challenges, threats and risks, events (festivals, meetings, festivals, games, etc.) determining the appropriate preventive measures And sports events (čl.156 Sports Act), is and strategies that would lead to solving problems manifested in the desire to win a priori and the related to contemporary forms of endangering achievement of high sports results by mobilizing safety sports events is one of the most important physical, mental and moral qualities. Man's need to priorities. Latin term for security, securitas / demonstrate through competitions, pleasure that securus derived from sine cura coins, made from brings victory over rival dissatisfaction over the the words sine (without) and a girl / curio (trouble, defeat, is known from the earliest period of worry, vigilance, attention, suffering, pain, anxiety, development of the society. Sports events since its sadness, grief, etc.).

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Hence coins sine cura (sinecure) means no worries, interest and where there are more athletes (Article freedom from (lack of) care (free from cares) 3, point 15 sports Act). However, in modern social without trouble (untroubled) calm / peace (quiet). conditions security at sports events is noticeably Noun securitas basically means the position of the jeopardized, and there is an enhancement of social individual, with a special internal structure, his conflicts, which unfortunately find their way to the composure and tranquility of spirit. In addition to sports events. Contemporary security threats have security, safety and secure is also used in the made interest in safety much greater than ever English language. In the Russian language is used a before in history, and the nature of modern security term bezopasnost, which means the absence of threats imposed by the need to deal with issues of danger, state of protection from possible harm, the safety and security of those organizations that have ability to prevent dangerous operation, never had in its scope of work (Dragišić, 2007). preservation of stability, security achieved unity Precisely because contemporary forms of and vital interests off threats to them, as well as endangering the safety, organization of sports creating the necessary conditions for the events represents very complex security process. functioning social structures in the way of its Domestic sports events (sports organizations, host development. countries, sports clubs) through the security operators should establish a security system that Contemporary security risks at sports events will guarantee full protection of members of sports It is a fact that we live in a time of unprecedented teams, media representatives and important expansion of science - the information age, which is distinguished guests, spectators, and safety of reflected in the area of security. The development sports facilities and sports fields. Modern sport of science and technology opens up new, previously becomes the means by which they can achieve unimaginable, and able to endangering safety. broader social conflicts that lead to class-tier, Scientific advances and new technologies are used national, religious or racial intolerance as well as for increasingly sophisticated methods of the possible causes of violence at sporting events. committing crimes, and created previously In one such abuse, sport is often tarnished by the unknown forms of crime as it say cyber crime. most extreme operation - terrorist actions, different Scientific knowledge used by terrorist groups, types of crime, violence and misbehavior. religious sects and groups involved in organized crime are. On the other hand, however, the Terrorism scientific achievements of the multiple applied in In recent years, the world is faced with a growing the field related to the establishment of security, risk of terrorism. Terrorism is normally expressed in which means in the organization and functioning of the planned, systematic and organized activity in the police work. Due to the fact that security is a which he emphasized the absence of any very broad term, the question of to what extent it humanitarian considerations. Victims of terrorist is practical Security Studies at the most general acts are usually simple (innocent) people. The level (Mijalković, 2009). For this reason, today, identity of the victims of the terrorists is often most of the authors studied the safety of the more totally irrelevant. Their goal is that by causing concrete level, orienting to the values that are chaos, terror, fear and uncertainty create protected (individual, group, nation, country, conditions for the realization of their aims. Because international community) or holders who have of that, terrorists try to make their actions produce executive functions (private security services, a large propaganda effect, mainly achieved by public or national security, military or international selecting the objects of attack. Unfortunately, the peacekeepers and military organizations). Sport, as major sporting events in the past have been the a special form of human activity, in the course of targets of terrorist activities. At the Olympic Games its historical development reflects the social in Munich in 1972 there was a terrorist attack, dimension of a specific social order through when members of the Palestinian terrorist group economic, social and political dimension of society. "Black September" broke into the building where Long gone are the days when people went to the Israeli athletes were housed. In the "rescue" sporting events to support "their" sports club and the police killed five of the eight terrorists, but they sports team, create atmosphere and spread were able to kill eleven Israeli athletes. That was an positive energy together. Unfortunately with the attack on in antiquity truce during the Olympic new times and because of changes in certain social Games, and athletes have become victims of a circumstances of the actors in sport has changed. terrorist act. Bearing in mind the current social In modern times sport has taken a very important circumstances and the basic characteristics of place as a planetary phenomenon (Spike, 2007). terrorism is fully justified to raise the security of Modern sport is greatly influenced by the consumer sporting events to a higher level in order to prevent society, a sports event is offered as any other possible terrorist activities. Unfortunately, in the commodity (Tomić, 1989; Koković, 2000 Otašević, modern time of the threat of terrorist acts is one of 2015) that has its consumers. Sports industry is a the biggest threats of any contemporary big social complex, unique but harmonious compilation of event, which is accompanied by the presence a legally based and business-oriented management large number of people. In today's globalized world of sports activities, practical skills and customs with the development of international terrorism, (Kastratović, 2004). Law on sport defines a certain virtually every country can become a target of sports event, planning prepared and administered, terrorists. Because of the general security situation timed sporting event, for which there is public in the world almost every sporting event starting

36 Ljuština, A. et al.: Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 35‐40 from local competitions across the world Crime championships in all kinds of sport, to the Crime is a social phenomenon that is manifested in Olympics, unfortunately, may be a potential target the performance of socially dangerous acts; crime for terrorist activities. includes all illegal activities for which they are prescribed by a kind of social sanction. The reasons are: In a broader sense crime is a behavior that we - Almost always the presence of a large number of have violated the criminal standard, regardless of people (including women and children); whether the perpetrators identified or not, or - The major sporting events almost always present whether it was committed to them for criminal high-ranking officials and representatives of state procedures and whether or not the penalties. authorities of the highest rank; - Sports events are accompanied by the media, and In a narrow sense, crime includes all registered and would possibly any act of terrorism on them was in sanctioned crimes at a correct certain territory, or a very short period of time available to the public location in a given period of time. Crime as the and caused to resound internationally, and it is the most general form of jeopardizing security at terrorists want their actions to produce as many sporting events can be analyzed through a "crime propaganda effect. triangle" (Figure 1).

In today's conditions, compounding the security Sports events are always in the focus of criminal situation, there is a real possibility of increasing the groups and individuals from criminal circles, number of terrorist activities, and hence there is a because the influx of a large number of people in a real threat of possible terrorist acts at sports limited space provided to a large number of events, because it is necessary to take all safety potential victims of theft, robbery, fraud, extortion measures and actions aimed at preventing and kidnapping. terrorism at sporting events

Location - venue of sports events

(Characteristics of a sports facility)

Characteristics of participants in sports events (Direct participants, indirect participants) Characteristics of a sports event

Figure 1. '' Criminal triangle '' of endangering the security at sporting events (modified by: Janković, 2010)

Each sports event is specific and unique, but the conditions of anonymity in the crowd influence to general elements of sports events may affect how reduce the level of responsibility for aggression and the emergence of criminal activities, and to their destructive behavior. As with any large public prevention or suppression of the features: sports events and sports events, criminals use the events, sports facility, as well as the characteristics presence of a large number of people (enabled of participants in sports events both direct and anonymity), the specific atmosphere and a special indirect participants. Also, due to the presence of a mental state of fans and viewers for criminal large number of people or potential customers is activities, usually in the form of theft and pick created and larger mogućnostza various types of pocketing, since in such circumstances of declining illegal trade transactions with different types of security concentration personal items are usually illicit substances, products and articles. neglected.

Characteristically, the sporting events to attend a Violence and indecent behavior big number of spectators and fans who mostly Under the violence and misbehavior at sports represent the emotional aspect of the audience that events, in terms of art. 4 of the Law on the actively expressing their emotions, feelings and prevention of violence and misbehavior at sports desires. events is considered to be: - Physical assault on the participants of the sports Behavior of certain groups of spectators and fans event, or physical confrontation between the who attend these sporting events, which have a participants in the sports event; prejudice against "their" clubs and who are - Throwing objects on the sports field or in the fanatically attached to sports teams as well as the stands;

37 Ljuština, A. et al.: Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 35‐40

- The introduction of the sports facility unfavorable result of the match, the aggressive characteristics that offend national, racial, religious behavior of the security services, etc .; or other feelings or otherwise incite hate or - National differences makes more complex intolerance, which can lead to physical conflict; characterization of violence in sport. Fan groups in - Damaging the sports facility, equipment, devices North and Central Europe have very similar and installation on the sports facility where the characteristics, while in South America and in parts sports adaptation is held; of Southern and Eastern Europe, there are a group - Provoking disorder or destruction of property on of fans with a distinctive subculture. In countries arrival or departure from sports events or sports such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, southern France, facility, disruption to sports events, endangering there are ultra militant fan groups with significant the security of the participants of the sports event differences in the expression of violent impulses. or third parties; One of the main characteristics of the ultra group is - Unauthorized entry into the sports field or in the a high degree of formal organization, including the official premises and official pass into a sports campaign for joining these groups and official facility or part of the audience of a sports facility, membership. Although the official goal of militant which is designed to opposing fans; groups supporting the team, many of them are - Attempt to introduce, or enter into a sports politically active, which often leads to confrontation facility, possession or use of alcohol or other drugs; and mutual physical confrontation. Sports and - Attempt to introduce, or enter into a sports political leaders often use them for conducting facility or the use of pyrotechnic articles and other illegal activities using the means of violence and items and resources which can endanger the safety coercion (Knežević-Lukić, Ljuština, 2011). of participants in sports events or plaster its course; Some authors believe that it was a riot of fans that - Ignition of fan props or other items and have led to not playing the football match between - Wearing fan scarves, caps or other objects in Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star at Maksimir stadium order to hide the identity of persons. on 13 May 1990 triggered the war in Yugoslavia (Mihailović, 1997; Lalić, Biti, 2008; Anastasovski, Violence and indecent behavior at sports events Nanev, klimper, 2009). The analysis of cases of includes illegal activities and criminal behavior of violence at sports events of the past are seen fans before, during and after the game, the various forms: from expressing crowd violence stadiums and outside them, which have resulted in against officials during the match which were accidents (deaths, injuries, and injuries resulting in dominant of violence against supporters of the death). Violence can be spontaneous and opposing team, to forms of violence that exhibit a organized. Spontaneous violence and indecent group of fans in their mutual clashes with police behavior at the stadium or around the stadium riots and law enforcement become dominant the represents a lower level compared to the organized establishment of public order. The phenomenon of violence that is much more serious form of violence at sporting events has deep roots and it is violence, which caused serious injuries and deaths. necessary to do more to eliminate the factors that lead to violence. This implies, requires the Spontaneous violence and misbehavior is a participation of the wider community, not just the relatively isolated incident that express individual operators whose activities are directly related to viewers, while organized violence refers to violent the safety of sports events. behavior socially organized groups of fans that are mutually conflicting. Conclusion

Violence and indecent behavior at sports events has Security theory and analysis of the most common specific characteristics: forms of compromising security at sports events - Violence is not limited to mutual conflicts fans of points to Roman law experts that prevention is the opposing teams, but may also include attacks on best form of combating contemporary forms of the police (Banovic, Amanović, Vuckovic, 2012; threats to security. Preventive security activities Amanović, Nikač, 2015) and officials, the raise the safety of sports events to a higher level manifestation of racism, political affiliation etc .; thus achieving an adequate level of security, so it - Bullying does not have to be expressed only in would be desirable to implement preventive the stadium and in its immediate vicinity, but also recommendations: in other public places where there is the opportunity to meet fans in the city center, the - Organizing personnel of sporting events have to railway and bus stations, restaurants, cafes, clubs, work closely with the security services and the etc .; judicial authorities, in addition to in order to - Violence often involves a symbolic ritual increase the level of security should include the commitment and aggressiveness which can easily private security sector; blend with the real violence. For many fans, the - Major sporting events should take place in the identification of violence in sports is more '' game '' buildings and grounds which are equipped with confrontation and opposition to his efforts to put appropriate technical security in funding (the into physical frames; modern video surveillance systems with video - Often violent behavior at sports events caused by analytics algorithms, access control, security and a certain spontaneous elements such as eg. an fire alarm systems) and engineering means of

38 Ljuština, A. et al.: Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 35‐40 protection in the interior in order to prevent critical situations, are each sports team needs to vandalism (fences, restrictive barriers, grids); have a specific person in charge of safety, and in - To achieve a strict control of access to sporting some clubs, associations and unions recommended facilities and grounds of the people who wish to to establish by our own security service; attend sporting events. Special attention must be - Actively learn from the experience of the past and drawn to the possible possession of sharp objects, the events that have compromised the security or weapons, explosives, toxic substances, and other threatened to endanger the safety of sports events. potentially dangerous objects. In contemporary social circumstances experts in the field of security should regularly exchange Sporting event should not be attended in person expert experience from the field of security at visible intoxicated condition and under the influence sporting events. of psychoactive substances, as well as persons who are in a state of mental derangement, also should There is no doubt that security is one of the basic not be allowed to people who are prone to violence human needs (in addition to the physiological and hooliganism to be present at a sports event. needs), and if safety is threatened all other human Generally, any person repents can potentially needs are irrelevant, because it is to create a endanger the security, preventive security service common security culture in sports events require should be prevented attendance at sports events; involvement of a large number of institutions and - All individual athletes should be aware of the individuals, which certainly requires a harmonious safety measures and rules of conduct in safety and continuous operation of the entire community.

References

Amanović, Đ. & Nikač, Ž. (2015). Napad na policijske službenike i primena sile sa stanovišta Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja [The attack on the police officers and the use of force from the standpoint of the Special Physical Education]. Nasilje u Srbiji: Oblici, činioci, kontrola, Tematski zbornik radova, KPA, Beograd, 187-203. Anastasovski, I., Nanev, L. & Klimper, I. (2009). Prevencija i represija na nailstvoto na fudbalskite stadioni. [Prevention and repression of violence at football stadiums. In Macedonian.]. FFM, Fleksograf, Skopje. Banović, B., Amanović, Đ. & Vučković, G. (2012). Tehnike specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja u funkciji kontrolisanja otpora osumnjičenog i zaštite pripadnika policije [Techniques of Special Physical Education in the function of controlling the resistance of the suspect and the protection of the police. In Serbian.]. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, 50(1-2), 235-244, Belgrade. Dillan, M. (2003). Politics of Security: Towards a Political Philosophy of Continental Thought. Taylor & Francis e-Library. Dragišić, Z. (2007). Bezbednosni menadžment, Službeni glasnik & Fakultet bezbednosti, Beograd. Janković, B. (2010). Prevencija nasilja na sportskim priredbama. [Prevention of violence at sporting events. In Serbian.]. Glasnik prava, Faculty of Law Kragujevac. Lalić, D. & Biti, O. (2008). Četverokut sporta, nasilja, politike i društva: znanstveni uvid u Evropi i Hrvatskoj, Politička misao, 45(3-4), 247–272. Ljubisavljević, M., Nikač, Ž. & Đukić, M. (2014). Obuka redara po standardima UEFA u funkciji povećanja bezbednosti na sportskim manifestacijama. [Training policemen after UEFA standards in order to increase security at sports events. In Serbian.]. Faculty of Sport, University “Union – Nikola Tesla”, Beograd. Kastratović, E. (2004). Osnove menadžmenta sa menadžmentom u sportu. [Basics of management with management in sport. In Serbian.]. The Institute for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises, Beograd. Knežević-Lukić, N. & Ljuština, A. (2011). Contemporary approach in prevention of violence and indecent behaviour at sport manifestations, Thematic proceedings of international significance – Archibald Reiss Days, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, 2, 805-814. Koković, D. (2000). Sociologija sporta. [Sociology of Sport. In Serbian.]. Sports academy, Beograd. Mijalković, S. (2009). Nacionalna bezbednost. [National security. In Serbian.]. The Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Beograd. Mihailović, S.(1997). Rat je počeo 13. maja 1990., u: Slapšak, Svetlana i dr., Rat je počeo na Maksimiru. Govor mržnje u medijima, Beograd: Medija centar, 77-124. Otašević, B. (2015). Nasilje na sportskim priredbama. Beograd: Službeni Glasnik. Tomić, D. (1989). Teorija sporta. [Theory of Sport. In Serbian.]. Beograd: Naučna knjiga. Šiljak, V. (2007). Istorija sporta. [History of sport. In Serbian.]. Novi Sad: University ''Braća Karić''. *** Zakon o sportu [Law of Sport. In Serbian.]. ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 24/2011 i 99/2011, 10/2016). *** Zakon o sprečavanju nasilja i nedoličnog ponašanja na sportskim priredbama. [Law on Prevention of Violence and Misbehavior at Sports Events. In Serbian.]. ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 67/2003, 101/2005,90/2007, 72/2009 - dr. zakon, 111/2009 i 104/2013). *** Nacionalna strategija za borbu protiv nasilja i nedoličnog ponašanja na sportskim priredbama za period od 2013. do 2018. Godine. [The national strategy to combat violence and misbehavior at sports events for the period from 2013 to 2018 . In Serbian.]. ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 63/2013).

39 Ljuština, A. et al.: Contemporary forms of breaching of security at sporting... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 35‐40

SUVREMENI OBLICI UGROŽAVANJA SIGURNOSTI NA SPORTSKIM PRIREDBAMA

Sažetak Sport je sastavni dio društvenog života. Kroz sportske priredbe, koje se organiziraju u vidu natjecanja, manifestira se želja za pobjedom i postizanjem visokih sportskih rezultata mobilizacijom fizičkih, mentalnih i moralnih kvaliteta. Generalno sportskim priredbama prisustvuje veći broj ljudi, upravo zbog toga sigurnost na sportskim priredbama je od temeljne važnosti za uspjeh svake sportske priredbe. Sigurnost na sportskim priredbama treba shvatiti kao sustav mjera i aktivnosti za zaštitu od opasnosti, kao sposobnost upravljanja rizicima i mogućnost sprječavanja opasnih situacija. U suvremenom globaliziranom svijetu povećan je broj sigurnosnih rizika i prijetnji kako lokalnog, tako regionalnog i globalnog karaktera. U radu se razmatraju osnovni oblici rizika i prijetnji po sigurnost sportskih priredbi kroz terorizam, kriminal, nasilje i nedolično ponašanje. Kako sigurnost sportskih priredbi prestavlja vrlo kompleksnu aktivnost u radu se nastoji ukazati na osnovne elemente sigurnosti kulture na sportskim priredbama.

Ključne riječi: sigurnost, sport, sportske priredbe

Received: November 25, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Aleksandra Ljuština 196 Cara Dušana Street 11080 Belgrade-Zemun The Republic of Serbia Tel: + 381 11 31 07 127 E-mail: [email protected]

40 Raiola, G. et al.: The use of video analysis in futsal as a tool in physical Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 41‐45

THE USE OF VIDEO ANALYSIS IN FUTSAL AS A TOOL IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT TEACHING METHOD

Gaetano Raiola and Pio Alfredo Di Tore

University of Salerno, Italy Original scientific paper

Abstract Futsal originated in Uruguay in 1930, als known as “Five-a-side soccer” and in South America it is known as futbol de salon, which means indoor football. The official international denomination is Futsal, derived from two words: futbol (soccer) and salon, that is the hall or covered place. In Futsal, one of the most important variables to perform an effective action, it is the time needed by the athlete to complete his own movement. Futsal is beneficial to develop unique motor skills due to the technical characteristics of the game, such as the rules and the playing field in which the time to analyze, evaluate, elaborate, and execute is limited when compared to other team sports. Futsal is particularly fashionable for children because they are going to learn the futsal skills. For this reason, the Italian Soccer Federation (F.I.G.C.) has instituted futsal schools and has mandated Soccer 5 in its own basic programs. Furthermore, sport skills may be learned if they are included in the weekly training program. The aim is to verify whether members of a sample are better at learning specific skills, as compared to a control group. The sample players watch and review videotaped actions or skills taken from the video recorded while they play futsal skills module twice a week for one year. Only 10 players view training videos before each practice. The two groups have the homogeneous skills and each group is tested at the beginning, during, and at the end of the study period on three skills of the game, selected from fundamentals of play: 1) Control of the ball: oriented ball control with the bottom foot (called "stop by sole” or “sole control"); 2) Driving the ball: moving the ball with the sole; 3) Shooting: tip shoot. Two experts and the highly skilled sample player evaluate the videotape together. Evaluation is done using multiple regression analysis of the curves of the two groups. Significant increases in the execution of the playing techniques should be found in the videotaped sample group and should lead to an in-depth study with a larger study sample. These positive findings would suggest the using of video analysis as a tool in training soccer for both educational and performance purposes.

Key words: performance analysis, teaching method, soccer skills

Introduction

The “five a side soccer” was originally invented in advent of FIFA and the creation of five-football, Uruguay, where it is traditionally known as Futbol which gradually became known as futsal, in Italy it de salon. Instead it is internationally known as was called "Calcio a 5". In recent years, in Italy it is futsal, (Portuguese pronunciation: [fut’saw]) is a spreading the habit to use the word "futsal" to refer variant of association football played on a smaller to"Calcio a 5" (FIFA). Instead, the "futbol de salon", pitch and mainly played indoors. Its name is a sport run by the AMF, is referred to as "indoor portmanteau of the Portuguese futebol de salão, soccer". In Futsal, one of the most important which can be translated as "hall football" or "indoor variables for the effectiveness of the game-play is football". It is the International Fotheotball the amount of time required byan athlete to make equivalent of the US's Arena Football. During the its move (Nicoletti and Borghi, 2007). In fact, sport's second world championships held in Madrid Futsal is particularly suited to the development of in 1985, the name Fútbol Sala was used. Since motor skills in their technical, space and rules of then, all other names have been officially and the game where the time of analysis, evaluation, internationally changed to futsal. Futsal was processing and execution is limited compared to created in 1933, when a professor from ACM other team-sports (Schmidt et al. 2000) and it may Montevideo, Juan Carlos Ceriani Gravier, needed be particularly suitable for children at age of 8-10 his students to play soccer using hockey or years (Winter, 1984) to obtain game-specific basketball courts. His goal was to invent a team techniques. Therefore, the Italian Soccer Federation sport feasible for indoor and outdoor facilities, (FIGC) has made mandatory for their “Serie A” using numerous existing basketball courts, which sport clubs basic activities of futsal by establishing could resemble the traditional soccer that was very Schools of Futsal. In addition, motor imagery popular after Uruguay national team won the World induced by playing futsal (Sanders et al., 2004, Cup in 1930 and the Olympic games in 1924 and Bandura, 1997) can enhance quality-motor learning 1928. The first Italian translation of futsal was if practiced on weekly basis. The purpose of a pilot essentially "calcetto" as suggested by some Italian study is to establish whether a sample group of teams like "Marino Calcetto", winner of the Italian players, who are asked to regularly watch video league in 1986/87 and BNL Calcetto. Later, with the recordings of their own games or motor

41 Raiola, G. et al.: The use of video analysis in futsal as a tool in physical Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 41‐45 performance patterns, can improve learning shooting the ball with the tip and run the ball with capabilities of specific techniques (Menichelli, 2010) the sole). compared to the a control-group which has not • In the second phase, which lasts the entire been subjected to view such videos. Too often now, tournament-year (nine months), the sample group the new scientific discoveries do not translate into (n = 10) is involved in watching video-recorded innovation in everyday life. This is even more true technical gestures executed by a professional futsal if you consider the motor-sport field, where rules player (Italian National Under-21). During this and game-play are not based on scientific phase, we will verify and assess the evolution of assumptions, but based on personal experiences or technical learning (ongoing). long standing practices. • In the last phase, we will evaluate the two teams to understand and describe the incisiveness This gap, that we may call "post-discovery", is the of the learning methodology object of this study. space where we are going to place our research Such assessment will be done by the same work, which consists of translating recent neuro- professional player (model), by filling out specific cognitive-learning discoveries into practice- assessment sheets during the observation of the methodology for teaching sports in the juvenile students as they perform the three predetermined context, also to provide an operational model to technical gestures. analyze and evaluate the quality of technical learning. In the world of youth football it is Executive proceedings common to use some simple technical and tactical The sample group will meet at the sports facility 30 tests to make valid and reliable determinations to minutes before the control group. The team will be be included in the overall process of programming exposed to the video projection of three technical and allow proper monitoring of individual learning gestures, chosen from the game fundamentals: paths for those undergoing the evaluation. In Futsal, likewise other sports, the athlete's technical 1. Control of the ball: oriented ball control (to left skillsare considered mostly rely on innate and to right side) with the bottom foot (called capabilities and not easily modifiable by learning, "stop by sole"); especially in experienced players. 2. Driving the ball, moving the ball with the sole; 3. Shooting: tip shoot Therefore, the work in the youth sector is very important because the play experience in children The prearranged video clips are presented by the is still limited and evolving. From reviewing existing trainer, mainly focusing on the body segments literature in this regard, there are no significant relations and the most common execution studies concerning the application of ideo-motor mistakes. The first 5 minutes will be dedicated to training in children and the assessment through the relaxation by listening to relaxing music and performance analysis of the learning process in this projected images, as the kids come to the field with age group. a very high emotional charge that could adversely affect their ability to concentrate and focus. How can we improve the learning process? How can we possibly measure the skills improvement? We The next step is based on playing the video footage will try to address these questions analyzing case- of the technical model in its entirety, inviting studies such as learning basic technical gestures in children to their highest attention while watching the sport of football-5 during the annual program the video-clips in order to catch and learn as much for a group of 20 children in the age group 9-10 information as possible. years-old, a category called "Chicks", with bi- weekly practice plan. The last 5 minutes will be dedicated to students. They will be asked to close their eyes and imagine Methods and material themselves in executing the same gestures observed in the video. At the end of this phase, the The approach method is experimental and is made sample group will begin the entire workout with the by the following steps. The participants are pre- rest of the group, namely the control group, in such teens 9-10 years-old organized by the coach in two a way as not to jeopardize the technical- homogeneous groups (sample group n = 10, educational program of the entire team. control group n = 10 – Graph 1). All the young players have practiced futsal from one or two years Hypothesis and objectives with the same team. The assumptions and objectives of this research are the following: First Step Analysis of pre-assessment of the habilitation • Describe how a child's learning process is capabilities for checking homogeneity of the groups affected by practicing basic technical movements is made by three phases: proposed with a mix of traditional training, based • In the first phase (input), we conducted a on repetition of gestures, as well as "ideo-motor" pre-assessment of the habilitation capabilities training, which is based on the observation of through some basic technical tests on fundamentals videos of technical gestures executed by a (Table1: control of the ball with oriented sole, professional player (model).

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• Identify when / how the ideomotor training Results impacts on the learning process, thus allowing to study the individual's technical skill enhancements, The expected results are the following: object of this research. 1. The use of ideoo-motor learning as a methodology is more effective in the technical • The students' capability of self-assessment development of young players in the age group will be improved by the acquisition of skills of between 9-10 years old; observation and self-observation of motor gestures, 2. A more rapid and correct acquisition of either online (immediately after an execution) and technical gestures by the kids part of the sample offline (by video recording and observing group in relation to the control group; themselves while performing the gestures). 3. Video recording and reviewing gestures is a suitable tool for evaluating motor execution. It is The tests proposed in this study are specifically also an analysis methodology that helps to identify structured to evaluate accuracy and/or correctness the most common mistakes and their correction by of gesture executions expressed by young athletes, a qualified trainer. in relation to the basic football skills such as 4. Improved ability in self-assessment and "oriented sole control" (to left and to right side), self-correction by the kids' part of sample group, driving the ball with the sole and shoot tip (typical acquiring the tendency to imagine a point of gestures of this discipline). observation outside in a dynamic form.

Table 1. First phase: Pre-assessment of the habilitation capabilities in sample group and control group.

Figure 1. Oriented sole control to left side Figure 2. Group phases

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The scientific evidence shows that this simplistic approach most of times undermines the efforts of educators, indeed it generates frustration in students, making both parties unhappy. Here, once again, the virtuous circle theory-practice-theory can prove to be a winning, making the learning process engaging and fascinating at the same time. Thhis research aims to provide a valuable tool and a starting point for coaches and scholars of learning process in the field of youth sports. The results show how this study can help the trainer with coaching the team in refining and analyzing their technical skills in a different and original way, by Figure 3. Sample group - 1st phase creating a set of methods that help improve consciously learning the technical fundamentals, Another important aspect of this research is the specific to a sport such as Futsal. The inclusion of motivations provided to young athletes, aimed to video analysis, as a methodological approach for achieve the maximum effort in terms of educational purposes, in the technical training concentration, focus, short and intense program, can also stimulate the self-assessment of commitment. the young student, to be considered the true starting point for the correct construction of the Discussion and conclusion technical-motor skills. The small size of our sample/control group does not allow us to Too often, the process of teaching and learning is generalize the results in statistical terms. However, taken for granted, inevitable and considered it certainly lays the foundation of observation for automatic when a person shows to another what he research development on a much larger scale and knows. representative.

References

Rizzolatti, G. (2006). So quel che fai. Il cervello che agisce e i neuroni specchio. [I know what you're doing. The brain acts and mirrors neurons. In Italian.]. Milano:Raffaello Cortina Editore. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-effìcacy: exercise of control, New York: Freeman. It. Tr. (2000) Autoefficacia: teoria e applicazioni, Trento: Erickson. Schmidt, R.A. & Wrisberg, C.A. (2000). Apprendimento motorio e prestazione. Dai principi alla pratica. [Motor learning and performance. From principles to practice. In Italian.]. Roma: Società Stampa Sportiva. Menichelli, R. (2010). Guida Tecnica per le Scuole Calcio a 5. [Technical Guide for Schools Soccer 5. In Italian.]. Roma: FIGC-LND. Meinel, K. & Schnabel, G. (1984). Teoria del movimento. [Motion theory. In Italian.]. Roma: Società Stampa Sportiva. Nicoletti, R. & Borghi, A.M. (2007). Il controllo motorio. [Motor control. In Italian.]. Bologna: Il Mulino. Sanders, C.W. & Sadoski, M. (2004). Comparing the effects of physical practice and mental imagery rehearsal on learning basic surgical skills by medical students, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191(5), 1811-1814. Hughes, M. & Tavares, F. (2001). Notational Analysis of Sport - IV, Porto: Faculty of Sports Hughes, M. & Bartlett, R. (2002). Special edition on performance analysis, Journal of Sport sciences, 20, 735-737.

44 Raiola, G. et al.: The use of video analysis in futsal as a tool in physical Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 41‐45

KORIŠTENJE VIDEO ANALIZE U FUTSALU KAO ALAT U TJELESNOM ODGOJU I METODI NASTAVE SPORTA

Sažetak Futsal je nastao u Urugvaju 1930. godine, poznat I kao "Pet-po-strani nogomet", te u Južnoj Americi je poznat kao futbol de salon, što znači mali nogomet. Službena međunarodna denominacija je futsal, potječe od dvije riječi: futbol (nogomet) i salon, dvorana ili prekriveno mjesto. U futsalu, jedna od najvažnijih varijabli za obavljanje učinkovite akcije je vrijeme potrebno od strane sportaša za završiti svoje kretanje. Futsal je koristan za razvoj jedinstvene motoričke sposobnosti, no zbog tehničkih karakteristika igre, kao što su pravila i igralište u kojem je vrijeme za analizu, evaluaciju, razradu, i izvršavanje je ograničen u usporedbi s drugim momčadskim sportovima. Futsal je posebno u modi za djecu, jer oni su idući u redu za naučiti futsal vještine. Iz tog razloga, talijanska nogometna federacija (F.I.G.C.) pokrenula je futsal škole te je propisala Nogomet 5 u svojim osnovnim programima. Nadalje, sportske vještine se mogu naučiti, ako su uključene u tjednom programu obuke. Cilj je provjeriti jesu li članovi u uzorku bolji u učenju specifične vještine, kao što je u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Uzorak igrača pregleda snimane akcije ili vještine preuzete iz videa, snimljene dok oni igraju futsal vještine modula dva puta tjedno za jednu godinu. Samo 10 igrača pogleda video kazete prije svake prakse. Dvije skupine imaju homogene sposobnosti i svaka grupa je testirana na početku, tijekom i na kraju promatranog razdoblja na tri vještine igre, odabranih od osnove igre: 1) kontrola nad loptom: orijentirana kontrolu lopte donjim dijelom noge (pod nazivom "stop đonom" ili "jedina kontrola"); 2) Vožnja lopte: pomicanje lopte potplatom, 3) Gađanje: bacanje. Dva stručnjaka i vrlo vješt uzorak igrač ocijene videokazetu zajedno. Ocjenjivanje se vrši pomoću multiple regresijske analize krivulja dviju skupina. Značajan porast u izvršenju tehnike sviranja treba se naći u snimanom uzorku i treba dovesti do dubinskog istraživanja s većim uzorkom studija. Ti pozitivni rezultati predlažu korištenje analiza kao alata u treniranju nogometa u obrazovne i izvedbene svrhe.

Ključne riječi: analiza performansi, metode poučavanja, nogometne vještine

Received: April 23, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Assoc.Prof.Gaetano Raiola, PhD. University of Parthenope 80133, Napoli, Via Medina 40, Italy Tel: 0039 081 547 4111 E-mail: [email protected]

45 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51

THE BODY AND THE SPACE: AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPACE REPRESENTATION

Pio Alfredo Di Tore and Gaetano Raiola

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy

Original scientific paper

Abstract The paper addresses the issue of the representation of space in the child, from Piaget to neurosciences, describing the reference systems competing in the representation of space and the Piagetian conceptual framework, and reporting the scientific debate on the "three mountains task" and the spatial theory of empathy. The experimental project intended to investigate the relationship between chronological age and perspective taking skills and mental rotation, and the relationship between gender difference and perspective taking skills and mental rotation. The hypothesis about the relationship between age and skills under investigation, gained in the study of the cited scientific literature, is that these skills are developed in an extended period, ranging from 5 to 11 years, and cover a good part the first cycle of education. In particular, if the perspective taking skills begin to appear as three years old, the mental rotation ability that allows to integrate different perspectives into a coherent functional representation of space, fully manifests itself only at the turn of the ten / eleven years, confirming the view taken by Piaget and Inhelder in 1948 (Piaget & Inhelder, 1948). Regarding the difference between the genders, the assumption is that gender is not a variable that intervenes only on the age of acquisition of skills under investigation, but that represents a structural difference that persists into adulthood.

Key words: space representation, perceptual egocentrism, empathy, perspective taking

Introduction

The age range 6-7 years and 12-13 years is the allocentric and heterocentric perspectives. Second, period in which the child learns the change of point the gender difference plays a key role in spatial of view, in the literal sense, and, in a broad sense, thinking. Berthozsummarizes: “numerous data in realizes that the world can not be seen one way, the literature provide evidence for gender that space can be manipulated, that it is possible to differences in spatial orientation. In particular, it consider the thoughts and emotions of others. It is has been suggested that spatial representations of the age in which the capacity for empathy large-scale environments are more accurate in develops, understood as the ability to see the world terms of metric information in men than in women through the eyes of others. The scientific debate on but are richer in landmark information in women the relationship between perspective taking and than in men” (Lambrey & Berthoz, 2007). spatial thinking has focused on two main factors, first, the age when the child leaves the perceptual Criticisms of Piaget by Hughes and Rochat egocentrism and acquires the ability to imagine demonstrate the difficulty in conceiving research different perspectives. The disagreement between paradigms on the topic. In this sense, the evolution positions is strong, and results in sometimes very of digital systems for the representation of space distant assessments. If Piaget suggests a "window" provides valuable tools for the construction of of time between 6 and 11 years, other scholars, on effective tools. Starting from this assumption, the the basis of different tests, have supported present project intends to investigate the different theses, moving the threshold to five, four relationship between chronological age and and even three years (Rochat). perspective taking skills and mental rotation, and the relationship between gender difference and In addition, the ability of perspective-taking, taken perspective taking skills and mental rotation. The individually, do not seem sufficient to demonstrate hypothesis about the relationship between age and the ability, in the child, to have a coherent skills under investigation, gained in the study of the representation of space, to allow handling of cited scientific literature, is that these skills are viewpoints (Frith& De Vignemont, 2005). Berthoz, developed in an extended period, ranging from 5 to in this regard, puts in relation the overcoming of 11 years, and cover a good part the first cycle of perceptual egocentrism with a more complex education. In particular, if the perspective taking perspective-taking mechanism, which consists in skills begin to appear as three years old, the the ability of performing a mental rotation on mental rotation ability that allows to integrate ourselves by maintaining a main perspective of the different perspectives into a coherent functional environment (Berthoz, 2011). In other words, representation of space, fully manifests itself only according Berthoz, the perceptual egocentrism at the turn of the ten / eleven years, confirming the abandonment lies in the ability, based on mental view taken by Piaget and Inhelder in 1948 (Piaget rotation skills, to simultaneously use egocentric, & Inhelder, 1948).

46 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51

Regarding the difference between the genders, the In the second task the user has in front of him one assumption is that gender is not a variable that man. Two windows in overlay at the top of the intervenes only on the age of acquisition of skills screen show two points of view, one of which under investigation, but that represents a structural belongs to the individual in the scene. The user, in difference that persists into adulthood. this case, must select the window that shows the point of view of the individual present in the park. Material and methods

The research project involved the ex-novo development of a non-invasive investigation tool, which could be significant for the identified target - that could make sense to the children, according to Hughes (Hughes & Donaldson, 1979) - and that could advantageously use the representation of space capabilities offered by the new media and the confidence that the current generation of primary school students shows to possess with such systems. The video game prototype realized requires the user to navigate in a three dimensional space through an avatar. User deals with three Figure 2. Task 2 - points of view different tasks, two of which are designed to measure the skills of perspective taking, while the In the third task the user is dealing with "the third task is calibrated on the ability of mental invisible man". The player cannot see the man in rotation. The default point of view is a semi- the park but he can see, in the overlay window, subjective view with the camera following the what the invisible man is seeing. The park is avatar. The player has the option to select other divided into 6 zones. By moving the mouse, the views, going through semi-subjective, subjective player can select the area of the park in which he and objective point of view. The use of terminology believes, based on what he sees in the window, he "subjective point of view", "semi-subjective point of can find the invisible man. view”, objective point of view" refers to the classification proposed by J. Mitry in The Aesthetics and Psychology of the Cinema (Mitry & King, 1997).

Figure 4. Task 3 - Position of the elements in the game space Figure 1. Position of the elements in the game space The position of the avatar is fixed (the user can change your point of view, but cannot move the avatar in space), while the position of the elements on the scene is random, according to a predetermined pattern. At each new attempt, the position of the two men in front of the avatar will be randomly assigned to the two person- placeholders and the location of objects that represent possible landmarks (tree, lamppost, bench) will be randomly assigned to the object- placeholders (Figure 2 - Position of the elements in the game space). In the first task, the avatar of the player is located in a park and has in front of him two men. A window in overlay shows the point of view of one of the two men. The player's task is to indicate which of the two men belong the views Figure 2. Task 1 - points of view shown in the overlay window.

47 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51

Results The game was tested between January and March 2015, with a group of 70 children, 35 males and 35 Table 1. Group composition by age and sex and the females, from the third, fourth and fifth primary overall scores obtained for individual task. school class and from a first secondary school class of the Istituto Comprensivo San Valentino Torio, in Age Age (years) Sex Score Score Score the province of Salerno. Each user performs 10 (months) task 1 task 2 task 3 attempts for each task. The software records the 80 6,7 f 4 4 2 83 6,9 f 4 4 3 beginning of each game, the user data (age and 84 7,0 m 5 4 3 gender), and, during the game, time for each 86 7,2 m 4 5 3 attempt and the result (success / failure) of the 87 7,3 f 5 4 5 attempt. Table 1shows group composition by age 87 7,3 m 5 5 4 and sex, and the overall scores obtained for 88 7,3 f 4 4 5 88 7,3 f 5 4 4 individual task. 88 7,3 f 5 4 4 88 7,3 m 5 5 4 The relationship between age and performance 88 7,3 m 6 6 4 Analysis of variance 88 7,3 m 6 5 5 ANOVA was conducted on the number of successes 89 7,4 f 5 4 4 90 7,5 f 5 5 3 in task 1 using as BETWEEN FACTOR age and 90 7,5 f 5 4 4 dividing the sample into three groups (6-7 years, 8- 90 7,5 f 5 5 3 9 years, 10-11 years). The results indicate a 90 7,5 f 5 4 4 significant difference in the performance of the 90 7,5 m 6 6 2 subjects relating to the factor taken into 90 7,5 m 6 5 3 90 7,5 m 6 6 3 consideration [F(2,67)= 60.67, p<0,001] (Table 2). 91 7,6 f 6 3 4 The data seem to suggest a significant difference in 91 7,6 m 8 6 4 the number of successes achieved in the first task 91 7,6 m 7 8 5 in relation to the age of the subjects. 92 7,7 m 7 7 5

99 8,3 f 7 8 4 99 8,3 f 6 5 5 Table 2. Task 1. 101 8,4 f 9 5 7 101 8,4 f 8 6 5 Task 1 101 8,4 f 9 8 4 Group (age in 10- 6-7 8-9 101 8,4 m 8 6 6 years) 11 101 8,4 m 8 7 7 Mean (score) 5,38 7,52 8,71 101 8,4 m 8 9 4 1,01 0,91 1,10 SD 102 8,5 f 7 7 5 3 1 5 103 8,6 f 7 5 4 103 8,6 m 7 6 5 103 8,6 m 9 7 4 ANOVA was conducted on the number of successes 103 8,6 m 6 8 6 in task 2 using as BETWEEN FACTOR age and 103 8,6 m 8 9 7 dividing the sample into three groups (6-7 years, 8- 105 8,8 m 6 6 5 9 years, 10-11 years), the results indicate a 105 8,8 m 7 8 5 difference significant in the performance of the 105 8,8 m 6 7 4 106 8,8 f 7 4 5 subjects relating to the factor examined [F(2,67)= 106 8,8 m 8 7 5 35.84, p<0,001] (Table 3). The data seem to 107 8,9 f 9 9 7 suggest a significant difference in the number of 107 8,9 f 7 9 4 successes achieved in the second task in relation to 107 8,9 f 7 5 3 the age of the subjects. 107 8,9 m 8 6 3 108 9,0 f 8 8 7 110 9,2 f 7 8 5 Table 3. Task 2. 110 9,2 m 8 7 5 112 9,3 m 8 7 6 Task 2 115 9,6 f 7 8 7 117 9,8 f 8 8 5 Group (age 6- 8- 10- 120 10,0 m 8 8 6 in years) 7 9 11 123 10,3 m 9 7 5 Mean 4, 7, 8,2 124 10,3 f 8 6 4 (score) 88 0 9 1, 1, 1,3 126 10,5 f 8 8 5 SD 128 10,7 m 9 7 3 15 39 1 135 11,3 m 9 8 7 137 11,4 f 9 8 5 ANOVA was conducted on the number of successes 137 11,4 f 7 8 5 in the task 3 using as BETWEEN FACTOR age and 138 11,5 f 7 6 6 138 11,5 f 8 8 6 dividing the sample into three groups (6-7 years, 8- 138 11,5 m 10 9 9 9 years, 10-11 years), the results indicate a 139 11,6 f 7 9 5 significant difference in the performance of the 140 11,7 f 9 10 7 subjects relating to the factor examined [F(2,67)= 140 11,7 m 10 10 6 18,43, p<0,001] (Table4). The data seem to 141 11,8 m 10 10 8 142 11,8 m 10 10 7 suggest a significant difference in the number of 148 12,3 m 10 9 8 successes achieved in the third task in relation to the age of the subjects.

48 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51

Table 4. Task 3. 2), age and scores at the task 2 (R= 0.73, R^2=0.54) (Graph3) age and scores at the task 3 2 Task 3 (R= 0.63, R^ =0.39) (Graph 4). Group (age 6- 8- 10- in years) 7 9 11 Mean 3, 5, 6,0 (score) 75 14 0 0, 1, 1,5 SD 90 22 4

Correlation between age and score Percentages of success in the three tasks were then calculated in relation to the age groups (Table 5).

Table 5. % Score (10 attempts).

% Score (10 attempts)

Age 6- Age 8- Age 10- 7 9 11 Task 54% 75% 87% Figure 1. 1 Task 49% 70% 83% 2 The data seem to indicate a strong correlation Task between age and the scores obtained in the first 38% 51% 60% 3 two tasks and appear to indicate the presence of a moderate correlation with respect to age and the We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients scores obtained in the third task. The analysis of and coefficients of determination between the the data seems to support the hypothesis that variables age (calculated in terms of months) and between 6 and 11 years the scores to the three scores at the task 1 (R= 0.77, R^2=0.58) (Graph tasks significantly increase.

Figure 2. Age/score task 1. Figure 3. Age/score task 2.

Figure 4. Age/score task 3.

49 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51

Relationship between gender difference and Table 6. % score for females. performance In order to assess impact of gender on the scores % Score (females) we conducted the following hypothesis tests. We Age 6-7 Age 8-9 Age 10- conducted a T-Student test on scores obtained on Task 1 48% 75% 79% at the task 1 by females and males. The results Task 2 41% 69% 79% Task 3 38% 51% 54% indicate the presence of a significant difference in the performance of the subjects relating to the factor examined (t [68]= 0.961, p = 0.048). Table 7. % score for males.

% Score (males) We conducted a T-Student test on scores obtained 6-7 8-9 10-11 on at the task 2 by females and males. The results Task 1 59% 75% 94% indicate the presence of a significant difference in Task 2 57% 71% 87% the performance of the subjects relating to the Task 3 38% 51% 66% factor examined (t [68]= 0.964, p = 0.044). We conducted a T-Student test on scores obtained on Table 8. Statistics (females). at the task 2 by females and males. The results did not highlight significant differences in the STATISTICS(females) performance of the subjects relating to the factor Age (years) 6-7 8-9 10-11 examined (t [68]= 0.705, p = 0.379). Mean 4,8 7,5 7,9 Score task 1 SD 0,6 0,9 0,8 The data seem to indicate the presence of a Mean 4,1 6,9 7,9 Score task 2 significant difference in the scores of the first two SD 0,5 1,7 1,4 Mean 3,8 5,1 5,4 tasks (p <0.05) in relation to sex, while there were Score task 3 no differences in scores obtained on the third tasks SD 0,9 1,3 0,9 (p> 0.05) in relation to sex.

Table 9. Statistics (males). We then calculated the percentage of success in the three tasks in relation to sex and age (Figure 5 and STATISTICS(males) Table 5, Figure 6 and Table 6) and the statistics for Age (years) 6-7 8-9 10-11 the percentage of success in the three tasks in Mean 5,9 7,5 9,4 Score task 1 relation to sex and age (Table 7, Table 8). SD 1,1 0,9 0,7 Mean 5,7 7,1 8,7 Score task 2 SD 1,1 1,0 1,2 Mean 3,8 5,1 6,6 Score task 3 SD 1,0 1,0 1,8 Discussion and conclusion

The tests conducted regarding the relationship between age and performance show a significant difference in tasks obtained in relation to the age group selected; the success rates for the three age groups analyzed seem to indicate a gradual improvement in performance in the three tasks in relation to the increase of age. In particular, the task 3 appears to be the one that presents a greater challenge.

The tests conducted regarding the relationship Figure 5. % score for females. between gender and age show a significant

difference obtained in the first two tasks in relation

to sex. Success rates for the three tasks and sex seem to indicate a gradual improvement in performance in the three tasks in relation to the increase in age for both sexes. The age between 6- 7 years and 12-13 years of age is defined, in common parlance, a "critical period."

It is the age when the child learns the change point of view, realizes that the world can not be seen one way, that space can be manipulated, that it is possible to consider the thoughts and emotions of others. It is the age in which the capacity for empathy develops, which is not only the emotional contagion that takes place between mother and Figure 6. % score for males. child, but it is the ability to remain yourself putting

50 Di Tore, P.A. et al.: The body and the space: age and gender differences in... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 46‐51 at the same time yourself in the place of others, to person trapped in a maze with a single output, a see the world through the others' eyes. single view of the world. To leave the path traced, the child must make a shift, move from an The ability to change point of view is extremely "egocentric perception" to an" allocentric important from the cognitive point of view: if, perception", inhibiting the usual way (A. Berthoz & during the critical period when it opens a "window" Jorland, 2004). The ability to manipulate these for this power, this is not acquired, once you close mental pathways is the basis of our ability to think, the "window", the child will remain locked in a is a fundamental mechanism for the development unique vision of the other. We can imagine the of thought and the construction of our relationship child of seven to ten years, blocked in its ability to with the world and with others. develop different cognitive strategies, such as a

References

Berthoz, A. (2011). La semplessità, Torino: Codice. Berthoz, A. (2014). La vicarianza. Il nostro cervello creatore di mondi. [The Vicariance. Our brain, creator of worlds. In Italian.]. Torino: Codice. Berthoz, A. & Jorland, G. (2004). Empathie (L'): [Empathy (The). In Italian.]. Roma: Editions Odile Jacob. Berthoz, A. & Petit, J.L. (2006). Physiologie de l'action et Phénoménologie. [Physiology of action and Phenomenology. In Italian.]. Roma: Odile Jacob. Brugger, P. (2002). Reflective mirrors: perspective-taking in autoscopic phenomena. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 7(3), 179-194. Damasio, A.R. (2000). L'errore di Cartesio. [Cartesio's error. In Italian.]. Roma: Editmabi. Frith, U. & De Vignemont, F. (2005). Egocentrism, allocentrism, and Asperger syndrome. Consciousness and cognition, 14(4), 719-738. Hughes, M. & Donaldson, M. (1979). The use of hiding games for studying the coordination of viewpoints. Educational Review, 31(2), 133-140. Lambrey, S. & Berthoz, A. (2007). Gender differences in the use of external landmarks versus spatial representations updated by self-motion. Journal of integrative neuroscience, 6(03), 379-401. Llinás, R.R. (2009). Umwelt: A Psychomotor Functional Event. In A. Berthoz (Ed.), Neurobiology of “Umwelt”, 29-37, Berlin: Springer. Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1948). La représentation de l'espace chez l'enfant. [Representation of space by the child. In Italian.]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

TIJELO I PROSTOR: DOBNE I RODNE RAZLIKE U ZASTUPLJENOSTI PROSTORA

Sažetak U radu se govori o pitanju zastupljenosti prostora kod djeteta, od Piageta do neuroznanosti, opisujući referentne sustave koji se natječu u zastupljenošću prostora i piagetovskom konceptualnom okviru, te izvješćivanju znanstvene raspravu o "zadatku tri planine" i prostorne teorije empatije. Eksperimentalni projekt namijenjen je istraživanju odnosa između kronološke dobi i vještine preuzimanja perspektive i mentalne rotacije, a odnos je između spolne razlike i vještina preuzimanja perspektive i mentalne rotacije. Hipoteza o odnosu između dobi i sposobnosti koja se ispituje, stečena u proučavanju citirane znanstvene literature, je da su te vještine razvijene tijekom duljeg vremena, u rasponu od 5 do 11 godina, a pokrivaju dobar dio prvog ciklusa školovanja, konkretno ako se vještine perspektivnog preuzimanja počinju pojavljivati oko treće godine, mentalna rotacija kao sposobnost omogućuje da se integriraju različite perspektive u koherentnu funkcionalnu zastupljenosti prostoru u potpunosti se manifestira samo na prijelazu deset / jedanaest godina, potvrđujući pogled Piageta i Inheldera u 1948. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1948). Obzirom na razlike među rodovima, pretpostavka je da rod više nije varijabla koja intervenira samo na dobi od stjecanja vještina pod istragom, ali to predstavlja strukturnu razliku koja ne prolazi u odrasloj dobi.

Ključne riječi: zastupljenost prostora, perceptivni egocentrizam, empatija, preuzimanje perspektive.

51 Bašić, D. et al.: Analysis of crosses in the Croatian First Football League Acta Kinesioloogica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 52‐55

ANALYSIS OF CROSSES IN THE CROATIAN FIRST FOOTBALL LEAGUE

Dario Bašić, Dražan Dizdar and Romeo Jozak

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatia Original scientific paper

Abstract Based on 88 matches of 2014/2015 first Croatian football league we determined the importance of crosses with regard to final outcome of the match and competition. Using Mann-Whitney test and Pearson coefficient we gathered data that crosses do not pose a significant difference between winning and defeated team (p=0,38), and they show a medium positive relation to the final placement in league system of competition (r=0,63). This data points to the necessity of a more quality training of crosses from the position on the field it's kicked from, the direction of the ball going towards the co-player, and the position of co-players who are supposed to make the cross happen.

Key words: crosses, notational analysis, situational efficacy,y football

Introduction

Team and individual sports or martial arts combats Variable sample can be observed as complex dynamic systems Matches were described using notated performance where two opponents clash (two teams or two indicators (variables) of the crosses (Bašić et al., individuals) and their performance is determined by 2015). the level of abilities, skills, and knowledge which players and competitors use in order to eventually Data collection win. In football, this clash occurs during a match. Matches were filmed to HDD/DVD in the form of Observing the football match you can notice many video. Using a special computer tool called characteristic events which can be recognized and Courteye, matches were analyzed and prepared for noted, and which show the degree of situational data study. Five notators worked on analyzing the efficacy of player and team, and the level of their matches. performance. The cross is one of the most recognizable events happening during the match. Statistical analysis For determining the reliabbility of gathered data, we It happens in the offense phase when the ball is used the intra-observer variability for differences directed (via ground, above it, or via air) from the between data gathered by the same notator on two different wing zones of the field into a central space different occasions (Hughes et al., 2002, 2003, of offense at a distance greater than 15 meters (in 2004). For crosses we gathered a 92% reliability. relation to the co-player to whom the ball is For determining the differences between winning directed to), and all in order to create a good and defeated teams, we used t-test and Pearson opportunity for scoring a goal (Bašić et al., 2015.) correlation coefficient to establish the connection between performance indicators and final outcome Depending on spatial relations of wing places and of the competition. opponent goal, the direction of the cross can be a forward diagonal cross, backward diagonal cross, Results and parallel cross. Crosses need to be noted as indicators of situational efficacy so that we can see the possible differences between winning and defeated teams and relation to final placement.

Method

Material for analysis Research was conducted on 88 matches of Max TV first Croatian football league. For the needs of this study we analyzed a half-season consisting of 90 matches. Due to certain technical issues, one match was not filmed, and one ended in 3:0 score because the rules were not upheld.

Sample Image 1. The percentage of successful and Entities of this research are teams. First Croatian unsuccessful crosses and crosses which led to a football league has 10 clubs. goal score.

52 Bašić, D. et al.: Analysis of crosses in the Croatian First Football League Acta Kinesioloogica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 52‐55

Table 1. Final placement of teams after a half- Discussion and conclusion season (TEAM), total number of matches played (NM), number of wins (POB), draws (DRAW) and Based on results (Table 1 and 2) of corelation losses (LOS), as well as number of points (PTS), coefficient (r=0,63) and the difference between the number of points per match (P/M) and a total arithmetic mean of winning (AM=19,70) and number of crosses (N-CS), arithmetic mean of defeated teams (AS=18,14), which is not center shots (AM-CS) and correlation coefficient of statistically significant (p=0,38), we can conclude crosses and final placement (r). that crosses, as situational efficacy indicator, does not differentiate the winning and the defeated TEAM NM WI D LOS PT P/M N-CS AM- teams, but there is a medium positive relation to Dinamo 17 13 4 0 43S 2,53 524 30,82CS final placement in league system of competition. Rijeka 18 12 3 3 39 2,17 411 22,83 These results are in accordance with some others Hajduk 17 8 5 4 29 1,71 352 20,71 (Lago-Penas and assoc., 2010; Lago-Penas and Lokomotiva 18 7 4 7 25 1,39 265 14,72 Lago-Ballesteros, 2011; Redwood-Brown, Bussell Zagreb 18 6 6 6 24 1,33 242 13,44 Sl. Belupo 17 5 5 7 20 1,18 314 18,47 and Bharaj, 2012) where there is either the same Split 17 3 8 6 17 1,00 386 22,71 number of crosses no matter the placement, or the Istra 1961 18 3 7 8 16 0,89 288 16,00 number of crosses of the winning team is not Osijek 18 4 3 11 15 0,83 416 23,11 significantly greater. Sometimes there are more Zadar 18 3 3 12 12 0,67 265 14,72 crosses in a defeated team's play. A very small r=0,63 number of studies noted a greater number of crosses in a winning team's play. According to the Table 2. Arithmetic mean (AM) and standard definition, the cross is the ball directed via ground deviation (SD) of crosses of the winning team or air from the wing/side space into a central space (WIN) and the losing team (LOS) and z-value (z) of the field, but we should also keep in mind that for determining differences and errors (p). not all crosses are the same – those in opening sup-phase or the middle of the offense or ending AM SD z p sub-phase, when the ball is thrown from the side WIN 19,70 9,75 0,87 0,38 space into a central space in front of opponent's LOS 18,14 9,33 goal. The weaker teams, who do not have the abilities for quality combinatorics, often „skip“ the play and have many crosses as long kicks from side space in opening sub-phase or middle of the offense into a central space of ending sub-phase.

This type of crosses usually go diagonally forward. In order to do a cross in offense ending sub-phase, the team must be very good at spatial and time components of the game and transfer the ball into offense ending sub-phase through the side. Image 1 shows that crosses have a low efficiency. Only 1% of a relatively big number of crosses (AM=19,70) and total number (more than 300oreven 500 in best teeams) end up in a goal score, while 24% of crosses are successful in a way Image 2. Percentage of crosses from corner (CSC), of contact with the ball. 74% are unsuccessful. from play (CSP) and from direct and indirect kick But we must mention that the success of crosses (CSK). does not depend solely on the player performing it

but the defending player as well. So when we observe the crosses which scored a goal and which ended successfully, we can see that 25% of them created a certain advantage for the offense team. This rate of 25% coincides with the research of Shafizadeh, Taylor and Lago-Penas (2013). Based on Image 2 we can see types of crosses. The largest number of them is done from play (69%) – the defending team defends their goal, and the shortest way to opponent goal is through center space but because there are many opponent defense players in that space, they cannot directly pass through so they need to include combinatorics to find different solutions. Side spaces (wings)

generally have less players present so that space

can be won in order for the ball to pass through Image 3. Percentage of success of crosses from central space (in front of opponent's goal). Corner play, from corner, and from direct and indirect kick are defined by football rules. kicks. 53 Bašić, D. et al.: Analysis of crosses in the Croatian First Football League Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 52‐55

Corner kicks are usually done in a simplest manner research done by De Barand and Lopez-Riquelma – directing the ball into central space in front of (2012). Corner kick poses a certain offense opponent's goal – that is because the team advantage, but also – due to a large number of performing the corner kick is at risk of leaving their defense players – often offense players cannot own goal door unattended. Since there is a large utilize that advantage and claim the ball to score a number of both offense and defense players goal. Also, speaking of crosses from corner kick, present, there is a certain possibility that corner they are usually performed using the head, which is kick (cross from corner kick) will become a goal less precise than the leg, so the probability of score if the offense team has good quality crosses scoring a goal is also smaller. A somewhat greater executives and jumpers. As in a corner kick, the efficiency (1,19%) is seen in crosses from direct crosses from direct or indirect kick are performed and indirect kicks. The total number of these types when the opponent's defense players break the is smaller, so the total efficiency is greater. Based rules, leaving the possibility for the offense team to on the results for crosses variable, we can conclude go for the cross from the given situation. Data that it does not have a significant impact on the shows that 10% of crosses are done from direct match outcome, but there is a certain positive and indirect kicks. In order to perform crosses from correlation with final placement in league system of situations mentioned, we need to conform to spatial competition. Efficiency of crosses is very low (1%) component of the play – the restart of the match – only in 24% of situations offense players needs to happen closer to team's own goal door. managed to claim the ball, but we must say that there was an above average number of crosses in If the match is stopped closer to team's own goal matches(AM=19,70). The low efficiency should not door, a short playoff is usually utilized. For crosses be surprising because the most difficult thing in a from direct and indirect kicks we apply similar rules match is to score a goal. as for corner kicks – the offense team needs to have players specialized for performing and Teams that are better ranked will have slightly realization of crosses. Through a good cooperation more crosses throughout the whole competition of those players crosses can be efficiently (state championship), but there is still no performed from mentioned game stops. The significant difference between the winning and advantage of crosses from game stop (corner, defeated teams nor is there a high correlation direct, indirect kick) is the fact that the ball remains between crosses and final placement of a team in a still so the performer faces an easier task – there is league system of competition. On the other hand, a no disturbance by the opponent defense player. On greater number of crosses can have a positive the other hand, crosses from play, since it is not correlation (as mentioned earlier) with other performed dynamically, is a greater surprise factor offense actions (ball possession, goal kicks, ball for opponent defense players, since defense players passes) which are significantly related to the final have an easier time foreseeing the opponent's outcome of the match or competition. It is also offense action from game stops. In training, teams obvious that crosses represent a complex tactical should equally work on crosses from all aspects of play device, dependent on a great number of the play. Image 3 shows efficiency of different factors such as the position of the player types of crosses. Most of them are performed from performing the cross, the position of co-player to play so it can be expected they have a lower whom the cross is directed at, the number of efficiency (0,63%). Bear in mind that when the ball players who are able to receive the ball or react to is directed into central space in front of opponent's cross, and the success of technical ball elements goal door, there is often less offense players and (receiving, passing) and elements without the ball defense players outnumber them, which adds to (reveal, free space run-in). In training, attention possibility of their success. Also, as we already must be paid to perfecting crosses regardless of mentioned, the success and efficiency of crosses factors mentioned, and eventually seek other depend not only on type but the performer as well, solutions for scoring a goal (combinatorics through and other offense players. Efficiency of crosses central space), and especially for performing from corner kick is 0,95%, which is in accord with crosses from game stops.

References

Bašić, D., Barišić, V., Jozak, R. & Dizdar, D. (2015). Notacijska analiza nogometnih utakmica. [Notational analysis of football matches. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Leonard Media. De Baranda, P.S. & Lopez-Riquelme, D. (2012). Analysis of corner kicks in relation to match status in the 2006 World Cup. European Journal of Sport Science, 12 (2), 121-129. Hughes, M. (2004). Notational analysis – A mathematical perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(2), 97-139. Hughes, M. (2004a). Performance analysis – a 2004 perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 103-109. Hughes, M. & Franks, I.M. (2004). Notational analysis of sport: Systems for better coaching and performance in sport. London: Routledge. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M. & Nevill, A. (2002). Analysis procedures for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2(1), 6-20. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M., Nevill, A. & Brown, S. (2003). An example of reliability testing and establishing

54 Bašić, D. et al.: Analysis of crosses in the Croatian First Football League Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 52‐55

ANALIZA CENTARŠUTEVA U PRVOJ HRVATSKOJ NOGOMETNOJ LIGI

Sažetak Na temelju 88 utakmica prve Hrvatske nogometne lige sezona 2014/2015 utvrđivana je važnost centaršuteva s obzirom na konačan ishod utakmice i natjecanja. Primjenom Mann–Whitneyjevog testa i Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije dobiveni su podaci da centaršutevi statistički značajno ne razlikuju pobjedničke od poraženih ekipa (p=0,38), te da pokazuju srednje pozitivnu povezansot s krajnjim plasmanom u ligaškom sustavu natjecanja (r=0,63). Dobiveni podaci ukazuju na potrebu kvalitetnije metodike obuke centaršuteva sa stajališta pozicije na igralištu koje je upućen, smjera lopte koja se upućuje suigraču, te pozicioniranju suigrača koji bi tebali centaršut realizirati.

Ključne riječi: centaršutevi, notacijska analiza,situacijska efikasnost, nogomet

Received: October 12, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Dr.sc. Dario Bašić University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology Zagreb, Croatia 10000, Horvaćanski zavoj 15 E-mail: [email protected]

55 Dizdar, D. et al.: The importance of offense corner kicks in football with... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 56‐59

THE IMPORTANCE OF OFFENSE CORNER KICKS IN FOOTBALL WITH REGARD TO FINAL OUTCOME OF THE MATCH AND LEAGUE SYSTEM OF COMPETITION

Dražan Dizdar, Romeo Jozak and Dario Bašić

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatia

Original scientific paper

Abstract Based on 88 matches of 2014/2015 first Croatian football league we determined the importance of offense corner kicks with regard to final outcome of the match and the competition. Using Mann-Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficient we gathered data about how corner kicks as situational efficacy indicators do not distinguish significantly between winning and defeated teams (p=0,29), but they show a relatively high positive correlation with final placement in league system of competition (r=0,79). Gathered results point to importance of controlling the spatial and time relations inside of the match – the optimal flow of technical and tactical elements during game stops.

Key words: corner kick, notational analysis, situational efficacy, football

Introduction

Team and individual sports or martial arts combats scoring a goal, but no one of the co-players reaches can be observed as complex dynamic systems the ball and the ball ends at opponent’s defense where two opponents clash (two teams or two players, opponent goalie, or outside of the field); individuals) and their performance is determined by corner kick done by passing the ball to co-player the level of abilities, skills, and knowledge which from the corner (short pass)) (Bašić et al., 2015). players and competitors use in order to eventually Analyzing the parameters of offense corner kick we win. In football, this clash occurs during a match. can establish relevance of mentioned situational efficacy indicator with regard to final outcome of Observing the football match you can notice many the match and league system of competition. characteristic events which can be recognized and noted, and which show the degree of situational Methods efficacy of player and team, and the level of their performance. Analysis of these events can show Material for analysis why a certain team had a competitive advantage Research was conducted on 88 matches of Max TV and how the final score was acquired. Corner shot first Croatian football league. For the needs of this is a game event performed by kicking the ball (pass study we analyzed a half-season consisting of 90 or center shot) from the place where horizontal and matches. Due to certain technical issues, one vertical lines meet – where there are a corner flag match was not filmed, and one ended in 3:0 score and a corner angle. The referee judges the corner because the rules were not upheld. kick when the ball touched a defense player and went over the sidelines via ground or air without Sample scoring a goal. Entities of this research are teams. First Croatian football league has 10 clubs. There are four types of corner shots based on their type and outcome: corner center shot - goal scored Variable sample (offense player directs the ball from corner to co- Matches were described using notated performance players in the offense end zone with the directive of indicators (variables) of the corner shots (Bašić et creating opportunity for scoring a goal, after which al., 2015). a co-player from as much as a third contact with the ball scores a goal, or has a one-on-one with the Data collection goalie and then scores a goal regardless on ball Matches were filmed to HDD/DVD in the form of contact number); corner center shot – successful video. Using a special computer tool called (offense player directs the ball from corner to co- Courteye, matches were analyzed and prepared for players in the offense end zone with the directive of data study. Five notators worked on analyzing the creating opportunity for scoring a goal, after which matches. the co-player reaches the ball first and directs the ball to the goal door (with no goal scored) or after Statistical analysis the center shot there is some other offense For determining the reliability of gathered data, we action(receiving, passing, dribbling); corner center used the intra-observer variability for differences shot – unsuccessful (offense player directs the ball between data gathered by the same notator on two from corner to co-players in the offense end zone different occasions (Hughes et al., 2002, 2003, with the directive of creating opportunity for 2004).

56 Dizdar, D. et al.: The importance of offense corner kicks in football with... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 56‐59

For corner shots we gathered 94% reliability. For determining the differences between winning and defeated teams, we used t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient to establish the connection between performance indicators and final outcome of the competition.

Results

Based on analyzed matches we can see the relation between corner kicks as situational efficacy indicators and the final placement in league system of competition and establish whether there are statistically significant differences between winning and defeated teams in the observed parameter. Image 2. Percentage of center shots from offense corner kicks that were successful, unsuccessful, Table 1. Final ranking of teams after a half-season and that led to goal score. (TEAM), total number of matches played (NM), number of wins (WIN), draws (DRAW) and losses Discussion and conclusion (LOS), as well as the number of points (PTS), number of points per match (P/M) and total number Based on results (Table 1 and 2) of a relatively high of corner kicks (CK), arithmetic mean of corner positive correlation coefficient (r=0,79) and the kicks (AM-CK) and correlation coefficient of offense differences between aritthmetic means of the corner kicks and final placement (r) winning teams(AM=5,11) and defeated teams (AM=4,34), which is not statistically significant (p=0,29), we can conclude that the parameter offense corner kicks, as a situational efficacy indicator, does not pose a significant difference between winning and defeated teams, but has a high degree of connection to final placement in league system of competition. Even though offense corner kick is usually considered a goal-scoring opportunity, its influence on final outcome of the match is not that significant. The average number of these kicks (AM=4,82) during the match from this study is similar to results of other studies (De Table 2. Arithmetic mean (AM) and standard Baranda and Lopez-Riquelme, 2012; Shafizadeh, deviation (SD) of offense corner shots of winning Taylor and Lago Penas, 2012; Castellano, (WIN) and defeated (LOS) teams andz-value (z) for Casamichana and Lago, 2012; Siegle and Lames, determining the significance or differences and 2012; Lago-Penas et al., 2010;) where the average errors (p) of 4-6 offense corner kicks was noted, also depending on the competition (league or AM SD Z p tournament) and league quality. WIN 5,11 3,22 1,05 0,29 4,34 2,67 There is a somewhat greater number of corner LOS kicks with teams that win (est. 1 kick more), which can be explained by greater higher technical quality. There is a higher probability for more offense corner kicks for the teams that control the ball, have more ball possession during the game, and more ball passes, and also spend more time at opponent's side of the field (in offense end zone sub-phase). These results are in accordance with the study done by Castellano, Casamichana and Lago (2012) where we can see a slightly greater number of offense corner kicks by the winning team.It is also possible that the losing teams take a greater risk (because they are losing and want to beat the negative score) and play more offense, spend more time at opponent's goal door, and note a higher number of offense corner kicks, while the winning team can regress their offense in some parts of the game – slow down the game towards Image 1. Percentage of offense corner kicks done the offense end zone sub-phase, and keep the ball via center shots or ball passes. in their possession in orrder to keep the current score.

57 Dizdar, D. et al.: The importance of offense corner kicks in football with... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 56‐59

This distribution of corner kicks, slightly more on Also, sometimes offense players decide on corner the side of losing teams or those who are at a kick by pass in order to secure the ball possession draw, is possible in certain matches or in and control the remainder of the game. Performing tournament system of competition – this was certain combinations after corner kick passes, as studied by Lago-Penas et al. (2010) and De well as direct center shots, takes a high level of Baranda and Lopez-Riquelme (2012). In the league skill and synchronicity of players involved directly system of competition there is no significant impact or indirectly in those actions. Based on Image 2 of the number of offense corner kicks to final which shows the structure of center shots according outcome of the match. One must bear in mind that to the outcome, we can see that 1% of offense offense corner kicks can be a product of organized corner kicks ends in goal score, while in 33% of combinatorics which transfers the ball into offense cases the offense player makes contact with the end zone sub-phase, but also the average number ball. 66% of center shots are not successful. The of corner kicks per team (4,82) can be a product of results on los efficiency of offense corner kicks are more defense play with applied counter-offense and in accordance with results of other studies that also quality reaction time during the positive transition show a 2,6% efficiency in tournament competitions on the field. As we can see from Image 1, the (De Baranda and Lopez Riquelme, 2012), and greatest number of offense corner kicks is done as 2,47% in league system of competition (Taylor, direct center shot in front of opponent goal (87%), James and Mallalieu,2004). while only a smaller percentage is played as pass and play at smaller distance from co-players Data from older tournament competitions shows a (13%). greater efficiency of corner kicks (Jinshan et al., 1993; Pappas, 2002) – even more than 20% - These results match those achieved by De Baranda which leads to a conclusion that the quality of the and Lopez-Riquelme (2012) who analyzed offense defense game during corner kicks has significantly corner kicks and proved that almost all corner kicks changed. Research conducted by De Barranda and are done in some form of center shot (diagonally Lopez Riquelme (2012) shows that in 23,77% of forward, parallel, diagonally backward) or passes in cases corner kick leads to a goal kick – pointing to front of opponent goal door into central space. This generally low efficiency of offense corner kicks – data can be explained by offense players taking the which is in accordance with this study. risk because a greater number of players come to the opponent's goal door and are usually led by the Low efficiency of offense corner kicks shows the best jumpers who are the base of defense play. In importance of offense players being synchronized this situation, additional passes and performing with each other – the one performing the corner simple or complex combinations from corner kicks kick and those who participate in them. These without the combo being done immediately after results point to the need for more practice of the ball reached central space in front of opponent offence corner kicks or finding alternative solutions goal door, enhances the possibility for losing the when the game comes to a stop. Based on the ball and gives advantage to opponent's players to results gathered for variable offense corner kicks attack the other goal door in a positive transition we can conclude that they do not pose a significant after winning the ball (the team performing a difference between winning and defeated teams. corner kick has less players defending their own goal door). However, when they wish to disturb the The said event needs to occur many times during opponent's defense during the corner kick or the game to result in possible goal score. On the cannot directly center the ball in goal space other hand, better ranked teams have a greater because they have less quality jumpers, teams number of offense corner kicks, which points to usually decide on some type of ball pass followed better and more stable control of elements of the by a center shot or an attempt to transfer and game during a longer period of time – throughout receive the ball further. many matches.

References

Bašić, D., Barišić, V., Jozak, R. & Dizdar, D. (2015). Notacijska analiza nogometnih utakmica. [Notational analysis of football matches. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Leonard Media. Castellano, J., Casamichana, D. & Lago, C. (2012). The use of match statistics that discriminates between successful and unsuccessful soccer teams. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31, 139-147. De Baranda, P.S. & Lopez-Riquelme, D. (2012). Analysis of corner kicks in relation to match status in the 2006 World Cup. European Journal of Sport Science, 12 (2), 121-129. Hughes, M. (2004). Notational analysis – A mathematical perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(2), 97-139. Hughes, M. (2004a). Performance analysis – a 2004 perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 103-109. Hughes, M. & Franks, I.M. (2004). Notational analysis of sport: Systems for better coaching and performance in sport. London: Routledge. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M. & Nevill, A. (2002).Analysis procedures for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2(1), 6-20. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M., Nevill, A. & Brown, S. (2003). An example of reliability testing and establishing

58 Dizdar, D. et al.: The importance of offense corner kicks in football with... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 56‐59

performance profiles for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 2(1), 34-56. Hughes, M.D. & Bartlett, R.M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 739-754. Hughes, M.D., Cooper, S. & Nevill, A. (2004). Analysis of notation data: Reliability. U M.D.Hughesi I.M. Franks (ur.), Notational analysis of sport, 189-205, New York: Routledge. Jinshan, X., Xiakone, C., Yamanaka, K. & Matsumoto, M. (1993). Analysis of the goals in the 14th World Cup.U T. Reillly, J. Clarysi A. Stibbe (ed.), Science and football II, 203-205, London: E. & F. Spon. Lago-Penas, C., Lago-Ballesteros, J., Dellal, A. & Gomez, M. (2010). Game-related statistics that discriminated winning, drawing and losing teams. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(2), 288-293. Pappas, A. (2002). Efectivness of offensive tactic of dead ball situations in the World Cup 2002. (Master's thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science. Shafizadeh, M., Taylor, M. & Lago-Penas, C. (2013). Performance consistency of international soccer teams in EURO 2012: A time series analysis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 38, 213-225. Siegle, M. & Lames, M. (2012). Game interruptions in elite soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(7), 619- 624. Taylor, J., James, N., & Mellalieu, S.D. (2004). Notational analysis of corner kicks in English premier league soccer. Journal of Sport Science, 22(6), 518-519.

VAŽNOST PREKRŠAJNIH KUTNIH UDARACA U NOGOMETU OBZIROM NA KRAJNJI ISHOD UTAKMICE I SUSTAVA LIGE NATJECANJA

Sažetak Na temelju 88 utakmica prve Hrvatske nogometne lige sezona 2014/2015 utvrđivana je važnost napadačkih kutnih udaraca s obzirom na konačan ishod utakmice i natjecanja. Primjenom Mann-Whitneyjevog testa i Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije dobiveni su podaci da napadački kutni udarac kao situacijski pokazatelj efikasnosti statistički značajno ne razlikuje pobjedničke od poraženih ekipa (p=0,29), ali da je relativno visoko pozitivno povezan s krajnjim plasmanom u ligaškom sustavu natjecanja (r=0,79). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na važnost kontrole prostorno – vremenskih odnosa u igri, odnosno optimalno provođenje tehničko – taktičkih elemenata tijekom prekida igre u utakmici od strane igrača.

Ključne riječi: kutni udarac, notacijska analiza, situacijska efikasnost, nogomet

Received: June 19, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspodence to: Dr.sc. Dario Bašić University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology Zagreb, Croatia 10000, Horvaćanski zavoj 15 E-mail: [email protected]

59 Stojiljković, D. et al.: Impacts of specific exercising on motor abilities... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 60‐64

IMPACTS OF SPECIFIC EXERCISING ON MOTOR ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT IN JUNIOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLCHILDREN

Dejan Stojiljković and Danica Piršl

University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Original scientific paper

Abstract On a sample of 40 subjects, schoolboys of Nis primary schools, male subjects aged 13 years (+ - 6 months), a longitudinal study was conducted to determine the effects of a specific exercising program for the development of motor skills in subjects who, in addition to regular physical education classes, were subjected to training work in the school sports section (the experimental group of 20 subjects). The control group implemented PE curricula classes according to the program of the Ministry of Education and had no additional exercises (20 subjects). Two hypotheses were set based on the assumption that the additional work will exert significantly positive impact on the transformation processes in the experimental group subjects. Measuring instruments for the motor abilities assessment were: 1. 50m high start, 2. 20m high start, 3. 20m flying start, 4. standing long jump, 5. standing triple jump, 6. ball throwing. The experiment lasted 24 school hours or 3 months. Two measurements were carried out, initial and final one, after the completion of the experiment. The results were statistically analyzed and presented in 8 tables on the basis of which the conclusions were drawn. Both hypotheses were confirmed because the experimental program significantly influenced the improvement of motor abilities of the experimental group subjects.

Key words: specific exercising program, motor skills, school sports section, transformation processes, schoolboys

Introduction

Training process aiming at raising general physical Subject, aims and research tasks condition in elementary schoolchildren is a complex The subject of this research was to investigate the educational process at the basis of which is an effects of a specific work program on the organized physical exercising and mastering development of general motor skills in Nis technical and tactical elements, applying certain elementary schools male schoolchildren attending specific exercises and load in order to activate the both a regular physical education teaching and a elementary and complex biological and training process in the school sports section. psychological processes. As a result of these processes, a so called super - compensation occurs. In addition, the research also investigated motor skills of students who are included only in the In this way, the improvement of the highest regular physical education teaching process. The number of anthropological dimensions main problem of the research is to investigate the (psychological, intellectual, morphological, technical efficiency of a specific program for the development and tactical), is achieved, which is mainly of motor skills in the context of a school sports manifested in the increasing levels of athletic section and the efficiency of the regular physical performances. A modern way of life and numerous education teaching as compared to the initial state. sporting achievements require that physical abilities The aim of the research is to determine differences raising starts from an early childhood, by applying in the development of motor skills in children in the a modern scientific methodology and organizational control and experimental group, i.e. between the forms of work, of course, aligned with the intensity schoolchildren who have had an additional training and volume of the load. in the framework of a special school sports sections and students who have not had it. For these reasons, the role of sports school section is constantly gaining in relevance bearing in mind Hypothesis the ever increasing demands of the modern Based on the research object, problems and physical education teaching, especially aiming at research objectives there have been set up one preserving and improving the health of children. primary and one working hypothesis: H - There is a (Bala, 1981; Weineck, 2000; Visnjic et al., 2004; statistically significant impact of an additional Pržulj, 2006; Milanovic, 2007). It was necessary for specific training on the motor skills transformational these vary reasons to determine the effects of processes in the experimental group subjects. H1- working in a school sports section on developing There are statistically significant differences in the elementary and complex motor skills as a primary experimental and control groups of subjects' motor basis for further effective sports engagement. abilities in the final measuring.

60 Stojiljković, D. et al.: Impacts of specific exercising on motor abilities... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 60‐64

Methods Results

Subject sample Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of motor A sample of 40 subjects was derived from the abilities of the experimental group subjects on population of the 7th grade elementary schools in initial measurement. Nis schoolboys, chronological age of 13 years, N Std. included in the regular physical education classes, Var. Mean Min. Max. Skewn. Kurtos. Dev. with a good health status. Basic sample was divided M50 VS 20 8.63 8.32 ' 9,42 4.69 0.435 -1.319 into two subgroups: the experimental and control M20VS 20 3.58 3.29 4.25 7.47 -0.063 -0.693 group. Experimental group was made up of 20 M20LS 20 2.93 2.72 3.19 12.61 0.143 2.411 subjects who, in addition to regular PE classes MSKDM 20 172.14 154.00 205.00 2.14 0.645 -0.307 MTRSK 20 528.15 482.00 594.00 1.82 0.795 2.831 underwent a work program aiming at the motor MBLOP 20 330.10 260.00 419.00 4.71 1.126 0.849 skills development, following a special exercise program for a period of three months. The control Legend: Arithmetic Mean (Mean), minimum (Min), group also had 20 participants who had only three maximum (Max), standard deviation (Std. dev.), hours of regular physical education classes per Skewness (Skewn.), Kurtosis (Kurtos.) week. Analyzing the obtained results in Table 2 it can be Measurement instruments sample concluded that the results are within the normal Measuring instruments for motor abilities distribution because Skewness and Kurtosis mostly assessment: Sprint speed: 1. 50m high start indicate considerable sensitivity of different motor (M50VS), 2. 20m high start (M20VS) 3. 20m flying dimensions, which can be seen in ball throwing, start (M20LS); Explosive strength: 1.Standing long long jump and triple jump. jump (MSKDM), 2. Standing triple jump (MTRSK) 3. Ball throwing (MBLOP). Measuring instruments Table 3. Basic statistical parameters of motor were taken from the research of N.Kurelić et al. abilities of the experimental group subjects on final (1975). measurement.

Experimental research program Std. Var. N Mean Min. Max. Skewn. Kurtos. Research on the influence of a specific training on Dev. the motor skills development in children in school M50 VS 20 8.42 8.28 9.35 14.97 -0.420 2.506 M20VS 20 3.36 3.29 4.18 2.46 0.141 -0.237 sports section was conducted within 24 training M20LS 20 2.62 2.53 3.15 2.67 0.199 2.744 hours in a period of three months. For this purpose MSKDM 20 187.26 158.00. 210.00 4.83 0.014 -1.181 we used specially prepared program for the MTRSK 20 609.10 495.00. 630.00 2.09 -1.266 -0.967 MBLOP 20 390.85 268.00 430.00 9.28 0.012 -0.908 development of motor skills.

Legend: Arithmetic Mean (Mean), minimum (Min), Table 1. Specific exercising program structure maximum (Max), standard deviation (Std. dev.),

Skewness (Skewn.), Kurtosis (Kurtos.) PROGRAM UNITS NO. OF HOURS Initial testing of anthropological 4 Table 4. Basic statistical parameters of motor features – motor abilities abilities of the control group subjects on initial Speed development program 5 measurement. General endurance development 4 program Std. Var. N Mean Min. Max. Skewn. Kurtos. Anaerobic – aerobic endurance 4 Dev. development program M50 VS 20 8.60 8.37 9.36 2.94 0.610 0.213 Stretching program 3 M20VS 20 3.32 3.34 4.19 3.31 0.062 1.178 Final testing of anthropological 4 M20LS 20 2.89 2.74 3.24 3.23 0.178 0.898 features – motor abilities MSKDM 20 169.74 151.00 195.00 8.79 -0.057 -0.439 Total 24 MTRSK 20 533.10 488.00 585.00 2.91 -1.148 -0.771 MBLOP 20 328.53 286.00 424.00 7.72 0.437 1.796

Plan and program for the control group was Legend: Arithmetic Mean (Mean), minimum (Min), implemented on the basis of the curriculum maximum (Max), standard deviation (Std. dev.), designed and approved by the Ministry of Education Skewness (Skewn.), Kurtosis (Kurtos.) of the Republic of Serbia. The experimental program lasted three months, or 24 teaching hours. Analyzing the obtained results in Table 3 it can be

noted that there are no statistically significant Data processing methods deviant results from the normal distribution and The obtained results were statistically analyzed and nominal values indicate that there have been presented through a number of tables. For this positive shifts, as indicated by the Skewness results purpose, the program "Statistica" 8.0 for Windows not exceeding 1.00. This indicates that the tests was used. The following parameters were were not difficult but that they correspond to the calculated: descriptive statistical parameters, researched population. The only deviation is in the measuring discrimination applying Skewness triple jump (-1,266) .Homogenety of the results (SKEW) and Kurtosis (KURT), Student's T-test, (Kurtosis) indicates that tests discrimination is good multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and because the obtained values are below 2.75. univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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Essentially, the results obtained in the final the initial measurement. Based on the coefficient F- measuring in the experimental group do not differ ratios and their significance (P-Level) it can be from the results in similar studies conducted locally concluded that in the initial measurement there which allows us the application of a multivariate were no statistically significant differences in any of method of data processing. the motor tests. Differences between the experimental and control group subjects motor Analyzing Table 4 it can be concluded that there abilities on the final measurement are no statistically significant deviances of the results from the normal distribution, which is Table 7. Univariate analysis of variance of motor positive. As with the experimental group on the abilities between the experimental and control initial measurement there are no significant results group subjects on the initial measurement oscillations, which allows us the application of the more complex data processing methods. Tests Mean (E) Mean (K) F-ratio Q M50 VS 8.63 8.60 1.28 .369 Table 5. Basic statistical parameters of motor M20VS 3.58 3.32 1.42 .198 abilities of the control group subjects on final M20LS 2.93 2.89 1.08 .255 measurement. MSKDM 172.14 169.74 1.53 .162 MTRSK 528.15 533.10 1.12 .142

MBLOP 330.10 328.53 1.57 .253 Var. N Mean Min. Max. Std. Skew Kurto Dev. n. s. M50 2 8.83 8.35 9.10 2.09 0.607 0.859 Legend: arithmetic mean of the experimental group VS 0 M20V 2 3.96 3.42 4.28 1.61 0.342 - (Mean (EK), arithmetic mean of the control group S 0 1.187 (Mean (KO), value of F-test (F-ratio) and the level M20LS 2 2.77 2.71 3.19 6.95 0.910 0.896 of significance (Q) 0 MSKD 2 171.4 152.0 198.0 6.91 0.694 1.765 M 0 3 0 0 Table 8 Multivariate analysis of variance of motor MTRS 2 538.6 491.0 593.0 15.3 -0.196 0.508 abilities between the experimental and control K 0 2 0 0 2 MBLO 2 415.2 327.0 514.0 6.05 -0.106 - group subjects on the final measurement P 0 4 0 0 0.456 Wilks’ Lambda Rao’s R 0 Legend: Arithmetic Mean (Mean), minimum (Min), .225 9.28 .000 maximum (Max), standard deviation (Std. dev.), Skewness (Skewn.), Kurtosis (Kurtos.) Legend: Values of Bartlett's test (Wilks' Lambda), Rao's R-approximation (R Rao's) and the level of Inspecting the results in Table 5 it can be significance (Q) concluded that there is a normal sensitivity of the tests applied. Analyzing Table 8 which shows the tests results of the significance of differences of the arithmetic All results are within the range expected and are means on the multivariate level, for all motor tests, similar to the results reported by other researchers for the experimental and control groups on the final for the same population. Differences between the measurement, there was found a statistical experimental and control group subjects on the significance of differences at the level of Q = .000. initial measurement Consequently, in the applied system of motor Table 6. Multivariate analysis of variance of motor abilities the experimental group subjects have abilities between the experimental and control achieved statistically more significant results group subjects on the initial measurement compared to the control group subjects.

Wilks’ Lambda Rao’s R 0 Table 9. Univariate analysis of variance of motor .698 1.47 .105 abilities between the experimental and control group subjects on the final measurement Legend: Values of Bartlett's test (Wilks' Lambda), Rao's R-approximation (R Rao's) and the level of Tests Adj. Means (E) Adj. Means (K) F-ratio Q significance (Q) M50 VS 8.42 8.83 2.68 .047 M20VS 3.36 3.96 2.85 .050 Table 6 shows the test results of the significance of M20LS 2.62 2.77 2.47 .048 MSKDM 187.26 171.43 6.17 .000 differences in the overall (multivariate level) of all MTRSK 609.10 538.62 8.39 .000 motor tests in the initial measurement in the MBLOP 415.24 390.85 7.25 .000 experimental and control group; it is evident that there were no significant differences between the Table 9 shows the individual or univariate analysis tested groups because the value of Q = .105 of variance for the motor abilities tests. Based on confirms this. the F-ratios and their significance Q it can be concluded that there was determined a statistically Table 7 shows the univariate or individual analysis significant difference in the level of motor abilities of variance for the arithmetic means of motor between the experimental and control groups in all abilities in the experimental and control groups in motor abilities.

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Discussion and conclusion results, but they are not statistically significant, and are lower in comparison to the experimental group Based on the results of this research and following subjects' results. Although the obtained initial the set hypotheses can be drawn: It has been measurement results were approximately equal for confirmed that the experimental program, which the experimental and the control group as well, on lasted three months or 24 school periods, has had a the final measurement, the experimental group statistically significant impact on the transformation subjects have achieved statistically significantly processes and has indeed improved certain motor better results than the control group. This leads us skills in the experimental group subjects. The to the conclusion that the program brought forward subjects of the control group who implemented by the active physical education teachers, the consistently PE curriculum, prescribed by the applied methods and appropriate loads enhanced Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia, had better results than the regular physical education no additional classes. They have also achieved good curriculum classes implementation.

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UTJECAJ SPECIFIČNOG VJEŽBANJA NA RAZVOJ MOTORIČKIH SPOSOBNOSTI DJECE OSNOVNOŠKOLSKOG UZRASTA

Sažetak Na uzorku od 40 ispitanika, učenika niških osnovnih škola, muškog spola, kronološke dobi 13 godina (+ - 6 mjeseci), izvršeno je longitudinalno istraživanje s ciljem da se utvrdi utjecaj specifično programiranog fizičkog vježbanja na razvoj motoričkih sposobnosti kod ispitanika koji su pored redovne nastave fizičkog vaspitanja bili podvrgnuti i trenažnom radu u školskom sportskom društvu (eksperimentalna skupina 20 ispitanika). Kontrolna grupa je radila po programu Ministarstva prosvjete RS i nije imala dodatno vježbanje (20 ispitanika). Postavljene su 2 hipoteze koje su polazile od pretpostavke da će dodatni rad statistički značajno utjecati na pozitivne transformacijske procese kod ispitanika eksperimentalne skupine. Mjerni instrumenti za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti bili su: 1. 50m visoki start, 02:20 m visoki start, 3. 20m leteći start, 4. skok u dalj iz mjesta, 5. troskok iz mjesta, 6. bacanje leoptice. Eksperiment je trajao 24 školska sata ili 3 mjeseca. Izvršena su 2 mjerenja, inicijalno i finalno, nakon zavšetka eksperimenta. Dobiveni rezultati su statistički obrađeni i prikazani kroz 8 tablica na bazi kojih su izvedeni zaključci. Potvrdjene se obje hipoteze jer je eksperimentalni program statistički značajno utjecao na poboljšanje motoričkih sposobnosti ispitanika eksperimentalne skupine.

Ključne riječi: specifično programirano vježbanje, motoričke sposobnosti, školsko sportsko društvo, transformacijski procesi, učenici osnovne škole

Received: April 11, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Dejan Stojiljković University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevića 10A, Niš, Serbia Tel: +381 18 511940 E-mail: [email protected]

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INFLUENCE OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT IN SCHOOL SETTINGS

Dejan Stojiljković and Danica Piršl

University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Original scientific paper

Abstract On a sample of 20 subjects, students of two high schools in Nis, male , aged 16 years, members of the school sports associations, a longitudinal study was conducted with the aim to, among other things, determine the effects of a plyometric training method on the development of long jump, high jump, with sprinting as a criterion variable. Two hypotheses were set claiming that through the application of the plyometric training method would yield statistically positive results in the final measurement. The exercises plan with teaching units is presented, through which an experimental program lasting 2 months, or 24 school classes, was realized. The obtained results were statistically analyzed and presented in several tables. On the basis of the obtained values it was concluded that the experimental program yielded statistically significant results and had increasingly influenced the improvement of lower limbs explosive strength.

Key words: plyometric training method, longitudinal research, criterion variable, long and high jump with sprinting, experimental program, lower limbs explosive strength

Introduction

Physical education as a special form of educational 2015; Stojiljkovic, D. Živković, M. Piršl, D. 2016; work is both focused on health care and the Višnjić, D. 2006). In fact, an explosive strength is development of basic and complex motor the ability which enables an athlete to maximally dimensions, with the aim to increase functional accelerate his body, an object or partner. It is abilities and morphological characteristics of manifested in the activities such as throws, jumps, children. Numerous studies indicate that an hits and sprints. Explosive strength includes short, adequate design of teaching, and the application of ie, narrow groups of several explosive movement the cutting edge technology can significantly raise tied to a single unit. To develop explosive strength, the level of the anthropological characteristics of a plyometric method is an important component of students and their ability to endure the increased the training work in the majority of sporting efforts (Željaskov, C, 2004; Jaeger, K, and disciplines, and consequently, is a significant factor Oelschlagel 1992; Ćoh, M, 2003, Bubanj, S. et al, in the planning of sports training. In the school 2012). The application of different methods and settings, the application of this method is quite techniques of performing particular movement limited and is recommended to apply with students structures are very important for the development after the age of 14 years, thus it was the motive to of certain complex movements, both in individual point out to the teachers all the benefits of this and collective sports. Plyometric training method is method, but also certain prudence in its application. one of them and is used for the development of In general, plyometric training, or working method different forms of manifestation of the explosive uses the force of gravity for quick muscle stretching strength such as long jump and high jump, javelin when landing from a certain height (40-60 cm) in throw, shotput, a ball throwing in handball, order to create a potential elastic energy for more basketball, volleyball spike, etc. Specific training for efficient implementation of the concentric phase of explosive strength development, in the theory of the high jump in the air (Čoh, M. 2003). The strength training, uses the term plyometric primary purpose of the plyometric method is to training. The basic principle of plyometric training develop a greater reactive force, and thus a better method underlies the rate of change of the high of long jump. In order to verify this method in eccentric and concentric muscle contraction. The practice, one longitudinal research study was essence of this method is the time it takes a muscle conducted in two secondary schools in Nis, on a to change from the state of flexibility into the state sample of 20 male, second grade students. The aim of shortening. Significant role in the development of was to determine, among other things, the level of the explosive strength is attributed to the impact plyometric method of work exerts on the characteristics of muscle elasticity and a miostatic results of the long and high jump as the criterion reflex. For the quality of eccentric-concentric variables. To this purpose, two hypotheses were contraction, it is necessary to duly activate designed with the assumption that a plyometric muscles, just before the eccentric contraction, short training method in two month cycle will give duration of the eccentric contraction and a rapid statistically significant results in the final shift of stretching and shortening phases measurement, both in sprint long jump and sprint (Milenkovic, S. et al., 2011; Stojiljkovic, D. Piršl, D. high jump.

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Methods Table 1. Experimental treatment program implementation – In school settings Subject sample A sample of 20 male subjects was derived from the Exercise No. of population of the two high schools students, in Nis, classes chronological age of 16 years, included in the 1. Squat jumps in all planes 1 2. Pommel horse jump 1 regular physical education classes, and who had 3. Vertical depth tuck jump 1 met all good health status requirements. 4. Pommel horse step jump 1 5. Swift pommel horse jump and stuck landing 2 None of the subjects was actively involved in sports 6. Depth jumps from high pommel horse 2 but they were members of school sports sections in 7. Leap sideways jump 1 different sports disciplines. 8. Stairway both feet hops 1 9. Stairway sideways leaps 1 Measurement instruments sample 10. Upstairs leaps and jumps 1 11. Skips on pommel horse up to 40 cm and stuck 2 Measuring instruments for results assessment in landing jumping disciplines: (criterion variables) were 12. Leap jumps on pommel horse 40 cm 1 following: 13. Raw jumps over low hurdles (50cm) 2 14. Sideway jumps over cones 2 a) sprint long jump (SKDALJ) 15. Sideway leaps– sprint 1 b) sprint high jump (SKVIS) 16. Pommel horse jump (60cm), stuck landing, 2 (Measuring instruments and techniques description squat and long jump 17. Two-leg jump on pommel horse (60cm), both 2 was taken from the research of N. Kurelić, et al. leg landing and high jump (1975). Results Experimental research program Research on the influence of plyometric method on Basic statistical parameters of specific-motor the increase of the results efficiency in the abilities explosive strength development, i.e. in jumping Table 2. Basic statistical parameters for the events was conducted in the course of 3 classes assessment of specific-motor abilities in the initial per week, within the school sports section, for a measurement period of two months. Spec. motor. N Mean Min. Мах. Std. Skewn Kurtos. All subjects were tested at the beginning of the SKDAU 20 351 310 42 4.63 .523 .864 experimental treatment (initial measurement) and SKV1S 20 122 95 142 3.98 .381 .953 after a two-month program implementation (final measurement) tested the explosive strength of the Analyzing the obtained results in Table 2, displaying lower extremities in the long jump with a running basic statistical parameters of the specific-motor start (horizontal jump) and in the high jump with a abilities, it can be concluded that by comparing the running start (vertical jump). Structure of the results of the standard deviation (St. Dev) to the training process (class) had a four-part design with range of maximum (Max.) and minimum (Min.) an allotted time of 45 minutes, as in the regular PE results, one can notice normal sensitivity of the classes. selected tests. In the intervals of the minimum (Min.) and the maximum (Max.) results there are at Data processing methods least five standard deviation (St.Dev), indicating a The obtained results were statistically analyzed and significant dispersion, i.e. the sensitivity of the presented through a number of tables. For this specific -motor tests. Values of skewness and purpose, the program "Statistica" 8.0 for Windows kurtosis are ranging within the limits of the normal was used, with the following parameters calculated: distribution of results. - Basic statistical parameters - Measuring discrimination (SKEWNESS - Table 3. Basic statistical parameters for the SKEW), (KURTOSIS -KURT) assessment of specific-motor abilities in the final - Multivariate analysis and univariate measurement canonical discriminant analysis Spec. Std. Specific training program structure tests N Mean Min. Max. Dev. Skewn. Kurtos. All plyometric exercises for the lower extremities SKDAU 20 376 315 455 .360 .622 .831 explosive strength development were achieved SKV1S 20 128 97 151 .485 .373 .622 mainly by using the circuit working method, in several stations, whereby strict attention was paid Analyzing the obtained results in Table 2, displaying to the order of the exercises, not to contain the basic statistical parameters of the specific-motor same type of exercises, carried out by the same abilities, it can be concluded that by comparing the muscle groups. results of the standard deviation (St. Dev) to the range of maximum (Max.) and minimum (Min.) It was also taken into account the loads, number of results, one can notice normal sensitivity of the repetitions, rest between exercises and the overall selected tests. In the intervals of the minimum duration of the exercise tasks. (Min.) and the maximum (Max.) results there are at

66 Stojiljković, D. et al.: Influence of plyometric training on explosive strength... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 65‐68 least five standard deviation (St.Dev), indicating a Table 5 shows an important discriminant function of significant dispersion, i.e. the sensitivity of the high intensity (CR=58,0%), which indicates the specific -motor tests. Values of skewness and data set correlation on the basis of which a kurtosis are ranging within the limits of the normal discriminative analysis of the obtained results was distribution of results. performed. Results of the discriminative strength of the subjects specific-motor abilities in jumping Analysis of changes between the initial and final disciplines are shown through Wilks' Lambda test, measurements of subjects examined by T test that is high (.626), indicating that the differences Table 4. Significance of differences in specific- between the initial and final measurement of the motor abilities between the initial and final specific-motor abilities in the experimental group, measurement are significant (Sig.=032), because the size of the Chi-square test has a high value (Chi-Sqr=43.12). Functional Mean Mean T-Value df P The obtained results indicate that there are SKDAU 351 376 2.86 2 .004* statistically significant global differences in the SKV1S 122 128 3.45 2 .000* specific-motor abilities between the initial and final measurement of the subjects. Table 4 contains the results of T-test of the specfic- motor abilities between the initial and final Table. 6 Factor structure of the isolated measurements of subjects. Analysis of the T- discriminant function coefficient value and its significance (r) indicates that there is a statistically significant difference in Spec. Motor. Root 1 both tests of the specific- motor abilities in the final tests as compared to the initial state. 5KV15 .523

Analysis of changes between the initial and final SKDALJ .480 measurement of subjects applying canonical discriminant analysis In this study, in order to establish global Table 6 presents the structure of discrimination quantitative changes between the initial and final function of the specific-motor abilities variables measurements of the subjects, in the area of participation in jumping events in the formation of specific- motor abilities, discriminant analysis was significant discriminant functions. Presented applied to calculate the following: centroides of groups represent the arithmetic means of the initial and final measurement results. ¾ Coefficient of discrimination square, In order to test the significance of the differences displayed through Eigenvalue between the initial and final measurement in the ¾ Canonical correlation coefficient displayed experimental group subjects, two jumping through Canonical R. disciplines (long jump, high jump) were measured, ¾ Separation (discriminating power) is which are assumed to be good predictors of the displayed through Bertol test Wilks' subjects specific-motor abilities. Lambda, ¾ Statistics significance of each variable is The results indicate that the largest contribution to displayed through the Chi-square test and the discriminant function has a running high jump Chi -Sqr, (SKVIS.532), and a running long jump (SKDA. ¾ The degrees of freedom are shown through 480). The obtained results of discriminant analysis df, in the final, as compared to the initial ¾ Any error in rejecting the hypothesis where measurement, indicate that under the influence of the real value of canonical correlation is the experimental model applied to develop the zero is shown through Sig. explosive strength, there have been statistically significant changes in subjects specific-motor Canonical discriminant analysis in specific-motor abilities in jumping disciplines. area Discriminant analysis in this paper is used to On the basis of the subject, problem, aim, and set determine whether there is a statistically significant research hypotheses, following conclusions were difference between the results of the initial and drawn: final measurement of the specific-motor abilities, and then to determine the jumping disciplines that A canonical discriminant analysis: make the greatest contribution to the determined 1. The results of the canonical discriminant difference, i.e. discrimination. function indicate that in the final, as compared to the initial measurement, there have been Table 5. The significance of the isolated statistically significant changes in the level of discriminant function results in a running high jump. 2. The results of canonical discriminant

Discr. Eugen Canonical Wilks` g function indicate that in the final, as compared to Chi-- Sqr. df Si Funсt. value R Lambda the initial measurement, there have been statistically significant changes in the level of 1 .334 580 .626 43.12 2 .032* results in the long jump.

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Conclusion pace of the exercises performance. Only by proper application of aerobic activities for the accelerated When using the interval type of work for the recovery of the students' body, at intervals of rest development of the vertical jump by plyometric in physical education classes, is it possible to method in physical education classes, scope, enhance the regeneration of the body and prepare intensity and recovery of the organism should be it for the next interval operation. Due to the adapted to the individual abilities and specificity of plyometric work method in the characteristics of students. The duration and development of jumping ability, physical education content of the aerobic activities for recovery of the teachers should have the basic knowledge about organism should depend on the structure of the methods of recovery. Therefore, apart from the selected exercises for the development of the content, load and working methods, it is necessary vertical jump, volume of loads, number of series, to program and plan means on which the quality of the number of repetitions in the series, and the recovery depends.

References

Coh, М. (2003). Methods and diagnostics of vertical jump development in the conditional training of athletes. Fitness and conditioning training of athletes, Proceedings, 104- 121. Zagreb: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Jager, К. & Oelschlagel, T. (1992). Kleine Trainingslehre. [Small training gauge. In German.]. Berliп: Sportverlag. Jukic, I., Milanovic, D., Simek, S. & Basic, М. (2005). Teorijske i metodicke osnove odredivanja intervala odmora tokom kondicionog treninga. [Theoretical and methodical bases of determining the interval of rest during conditional training. In Croatian.]. Conditional training of athletes, Proceedings (43-69). Zagreb. The Zagreb Sports Association. Matkovic, G. (2003). Overtraining. Fundamentals of conditioning training, Proceedings (92-98). Zagreb: Zagreb Sports Association. Milenković, S., Živković, M., Bubanj, S., Živković, D., Stanković, R., Bubanj, R., Purenović, T., Stojiljković, D., Obradović, B., Dimić, A., Cvetković, T., & Bubanj, M. (2011). Incidence of flat foot in high school students. Pincivero, D.M., Lephart, S.M. & Karunakara, R.O. (1998). Effects of intrasession rest intervals on strength recovery and reliability during high intensity exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12, 1-52 Read, М.М. & Cisar, С. (2001). The influence of varied rest interval lengths on depth jump performance. J Strength Cond Res, 15(3), 279-283. Strojnik, V. (1997). Diagnostika тост. [Rouse diagnostics. In Slovene.]. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport. Stojiljković, D. & Piršl, D. (2015). Development of dynamic strenght in primary school students, Sport and health. 39-43, Faculty of physical education and sport. Pale. Stojiljković, D. Živković, & M. Piršl, D. (2016). The predictive value of basic motor abilities on sprinting results in the case of school students. Facta Universitatis, 14(1), 115-119. Višnjić, D. (2006). Physical education curriculum: V to VII grade of primary school: handbook for students, teachers and professors. Belgrade: Institute for textbooks and teaching appliances. Zatciorsky, V.M. (1995). Scieпce and practical of strength training. Chapmpaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Zeljaskov, С. (2004). Conditional training of top athletes. Belgrade: Sports Academy.

UTJECAJ PLIOMETRIJSKOG TRENINGA NA RAZVOJ EKSPLOZIVNE SNAGE U ŠKOLSKOM OKRUŽENJU

Sažetak Na uzorku od 20 ispitanika, studenata dviju srednjih škola u Nišu, muškaraca, u dobi od 16 godina, članova školskih sportskih udruga, longitudinalno istraživanje provedeno je s ciljem da se, između ostalog, utvrdi učinke metode pliometrijskog treninga na razvoj skoka u dalj, skoka u vis, sa sprintom kao kriterijskom varijablom. Postavljene su dvije hipoteze, tvrdeći da bi kroz primjenu pliometrijske metode trening dao statistički pozitivne rezultate u završnom mjerenju. Plan vježbe s nastavnim jedinicama je predstavljen kroz eksperimentalni program u trajanju od 2 mjeseca ili 24 školskih razreda, te ostvaren. Dobiveni rezultati su statistički analizirani i prikazani su u nekoliko tablica. Na temelju dobivenih vrijednosti zaključeno je da je eksperimentalni program dao statistički značajne rezultate i da je utjecao na poboljšanje donjih ekstremiteta eksplozivne snage.

Key words: metoda pliometrijskog treninga, longitudinalno istraživanje, kriterijska varijabla, dugi i visoki skok sa šprintom, eksperimentalni program, eksplozivna snaga donjih ekstremiteta

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PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PLAYERS REGARDING THE TYPE OF SPORT AND AGE

Viktorija Trninić1, Marko Trninić1 and Zvjezdan Penezić2

1Basketball club “Cedevita”, Zagreb, Croatia 2University of Zadar, Department of Psychology, Croatia Original scientific paper

Abstract Personality psychology focuses on the study of differences and classification of differences and the analysis of the consequences of these differences among people. Research in sport and exercise psychology includes differences in how personality traits are expressed in individual and team sports. Understanding the difference between young and senior athletes in contact ball sports in terms of their personality is important information for expert coaches, scientist- practitioners, and sport psychologists involved in management of the development of athletes and teams. In this study data on athlete’s personality was collected via self- assessments. This data provides the basis for answering to proposed research questions dealing with personality differences of athletes which might be related to type of collective ball sport and their age. Sample included 602 athletes from active in one of the three team sports, all training and playing in Croatia. Big Five Inventory - BFI self-report personality questionnaire was used as a measure of personality traits. Results of the two-way ANOVA suggest that football players, handball and water polo players differ significantly in Conscientiousness and Openness. In comparison to young players, senior players show more pronounced Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (ability to control impulses), which facilitates goal and tasks directed behavior. Also, Openness is more pronounced in senior players. These findings suggest a more stable behavior (or its correlates) in senior players during training and competition (more mature, prosocial, flexible, imaginative and creative behavior in athletic environment).

Key words: personality, age, athletes, team sports

Introduction

Research in personality includes studies of basic problems described in previous section, it will be personality tendencies or abstract psychological formulated as plausible explanation to this problem. potentials and characteristic adaptation. It is The hypothesis is based on previous findings about important to note that personality traits should be personality, and these differences were based on viewed in the context of demands of collective ball self-assessment data. According to that we try to sports, the process of preparation and competition. answer are there any personality differences Furthermore, it should be noted that personality between athletes in different collective ball sports? traits should not be understood as features directly Therefore, we formulated a null-hypothesis due to leading to athlete's peak performance. Five-factor ambiguous empirical findings, and the hypothesis model includes a hierarchical structure with five was that there are no differences in personality of continuous and bipolar personality dimensions athletes in different team sports. Recent findings (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, indicate that athletes in team sports show higher Neuroticism and Openness). There is a consensus levels of Extraversion and lower levels of among theorists of personality traits about the Conscientiousness than athletes in individual sports existence of these dimensions. Numerous studies (Eagleton, McKelvie, & de Man, 2007; Nia & have been conducted within the framework of trait Besharat, 2010; Allen, Greenlees, & Jones, 2011). approach - a dominant approach to the study of personality in contemporary research - to study Methods personality determinants of successful athletes. Results of these studies indicate the importance of Considering the possible differences in the level of Neuroticism (lower results), Extraversion (higher expression of certain fundamental personality traits scores) and Conscientiousness (higher results) in athletes in a variety of team sports, it is (Hagberg et al., 1979; Courneya & Hellsten, 1998; necessary to take into account at least the type of Ingledew, Markland, & Sheppard, 2004; Watson & sport and the athletes’ age. So, in this study, we Pulford, 2004; Eagleton, McKelvie, & de Man, 2007; have focused on team sports (football, handball and Gallucci, 2008; LeUnes, 2008). In this study data water polo) and age group (youth and senior on athlete’s personality was collected via self- athletes). assessments. This data provides the basis for answering to proposed research questions dealing Participants with personality differences of athletes which might The initial sample included 630 athletes from active be related to type of collective ball sport, their age. in one of the three team sports, all training and Since our hypothesis is derived from the scientific playing in Croatia. 69 Trninić, V. et al.: Personality differences between the players regarding the... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 69‐74

Players who did not fill in the questionnaires as Big Five Inventory - BFI (Benet-Martinez & John, instructed (gave more than one answer on some 1998) items, did not respond to a large number of items, Although other questionnaires have some gave the same answer to all items) were excluded advantages, Big Five Inventory - BFI (Benet- from the study (N=28), so final sample consisted of Martinez & John, 1998) was used to measure 602 athletes. The athletes were football, handball dimensions of the Five-factor model of personality. and water polo players from 28 clubs (in 14 BFI is a 44-items self-assessment inventory Croatian counties: Nfootball = 176, Nhandball= 247, measuring Extraversion (8 items), Nwater polo = 179). Participants were divided into two Conscientiousness (9 items), Neuroticism (8 items) groups according to their age: 316 young players and Openness (10 items). Participants use a 5- (age 15-18, Mage = 16.88, SD = .96) and 286 point Likert type scale (from 1 = strongly disagree seniors (age 19-35, Mage = 24.26, SD = 4.11). to 5 = strongly agree) to assess their agreement with each item. BFI (John et al., 1991) was In defining the sample characteristics, we have constructed to allow efficient and flexible tried to satisfy the following conditions: assessment of the five dimensions when there is no • young players are those from the highest need for a more differentiated measurement of level of national sport leagues, age 15-18 individual facets. Items were selected from Big Five • senior players are those from the first prototype definitions (John, 1990) that have been division selections of the highest level in national developed through expert ratings and subsequent sports championships (age 19-35) factor analytic verification of observer's ratings.

Measure Results A review of the literature shows that the interpretation of findings about personality traits of Between-players differences, depending on the athletes are primarily based on self-reports. type of sport and age, were analyzed by a two-way Accordingly, self-report (personality questionnaire) ANOVA and post hoc tests (Bonferroni) when was used in this study. necessary.

Table 1. Results of the two-way ANOVA for personality differences depending on the type of sport and age of the players Sport × age Sport Age groups groups Football Handball Water polo Young Senior players players players players players Personality trait (N=176) (N=247) (N=179) F (N=316) (N=286) F F M M M M M (SD) (SD) (SD) (SD) (SD) 30.13 30.00 29.82 30.22 29.73 Extraversion .18 2.68 .67 (3.44) (4.02) (3.79) (3.77) (3.80) 33.59 32.83 33.20 32.69 33.69 Agreeableness 1.95 10.16** 3.62* (4.54) (4.42) (4.47) (4.37) (4.54) 29.93 28.54 29.16 28.22 30.13 Conscientiousness 6.49** 34.76** 6.54** (4.49) (4.66) (4.36) (4.27) (4.65) 19.25 18.63 18.97 18.83 19.00 Neuroticism 1.11 .20 1.40 (4.66) (4.39) (4.51) (4.15) (4.87) 32.60 33.89 33.67 32.81 34.15 Openness 3.36* 9.21** .10 (4.87) (5.14) (5.26) (5.16) (4.99)

Legend: M - mean; SD - standard deviation; F - F-test ** p< .01; * p< .05

No significant differences were found in Table 2. Post-hoc analysis between groups for the Extraversion, regardless of the type of sport and variable Agreeableness age. Also, no significant interaction between type of 1 2 3 4 5 sport and age was found. A significant difference 1 Football young players was found in Agreeableness depending on age (F = (M=32.88) 2 Football senior players 10.16; p = .002), and no such difference was found .24 for the type of sport. A (M=34.51) 3 Handball young players 1.00 .17 (M=32.90) lso, a significant interaction of type of sport and 4 Handball senior players 1.00 .12 1.00 age of the players was found (Table 1). Seniors (M=32.76) show higher levels of Agreeableness then young 5 Water polo young players. Specifically, a difference in Agreeableness players 1.00 .01 1.00 1.00 was found in young water polo players and senior (M=32.12) football players, and between young and senior 6 Water polo senior players .72 1.00 .55 .38 .04 water polo players (Table 2). It seems that young (M=34.14) water polo players are a specific group showing lowest levels of Agreeableness.

70 Trninić, V. et al.: Personality differences between the players regarding the... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 69‐74

Also, a significant interaction of the type of sport about personality differences determined by and age (F = 3.62; p = .027) was probably due to selection, maturational changes and the impact of the difference between football and water polo environmental factors on athletes. Findings show players. Such interaction was not found in handball that football, handball and water polo players do players. A significant difference in not differ in Extraversion, and there was no Conscientiousness was found depending on the difference in Extraversion found between young type of sport and age (Table 1). Also, a significant and senior players. Athletes scoring high on interaction of the type of sport and age was found. Extraversion usually prefer interactive or team Highest level of Conscientiousness was found in sports (Newcombe & Boyle, 1995). Extraversion football players, then water polo players, and summarizes sociability, assertiveness, activity level, lowest scores were found in handball players. In energy, dominance and positive emotions. Although general, Conscientiousness was more pronounced Extraversion is „more based on genetic than in senior players, except for the handball players - environmental factors“(Pederson et al., 1998; in this group age differences were found (Table 3). according to Reeve, 2008, p. 373), it seems that multi-year participation in team sports promotes Table 3. Post-hoc analysis between groups for the facets of Extraversion, especially during the variable Conscientiousness biological development period of childhood and 1 2 3 4 5 adolescence (change hypothesis). Evidence 1 Football young players suggests that social attention is the cardinal feature

(M=28.65) of Extraversion (Aston, Lee, & Paunonen, 2002). 2 Football senior players Accordingly, extraverts tend toward group .00 (M=31.58) interaction and exhibit more influence on their 3 Handball young players 1.00 .00 social environment. (M=28.37)

4 Handball senior players 1.00 .00 1.00 (M=28.75) Findings indicate difference in Agreeableness in 5 Water polo young players young and senior collective sport players. Senior 1.00 .00 1.00 .71 (M=27.49) players show higher Agreeableness characterized 6 Water polo senior players .03 1.00 .00 .04 .00 by altruism, trust, cooperativeness, avoidance of (M=30.59) conflicts, straightforwardness, modesty and prosocial orientation toward others. This can be No significant differences in Neuroticism were relevant for athletes in collective ball sports which found, regardless of the type of sport or age. Also, demand cooperative behavior. Agreeable players no significant interaction was found (Table 1). A are ready to assist others, avoid conflicts, and tend significant difference was found in Openness, toward harmonious relations. Also, they are depending on the type of sport and age (Table 4). prosocial and empathic, and find enjoyment in However, no significant difference was found helping others (Caprara et al., 2010). Our results between the type of sport and age. Post-hoc indicate the young water polo players in the period analysis suggested that such results can mainly be of late adolescence (15-18 years) exhibit lowest attributed to the difference between young football level of Agreeableness which is characterized by players and senior handball players (Table 4). aggressive behavior, provoking of conflicts, Highest Openness was found in handball players, antagonistic behavior, uncooperativeness and and lowest in football players. Also, senior showed selfishness. Players low on Agreeableness tend to marked Openness in comparison to young players, use their group power to solve conflicts as opposed and this trend was evident in all three sports. to Agreeableness athletes whose fundamental aim is harmonious group interaction and cooperative Table 4.Post-hoc analysis between groups for the athletic behavior. Lazarević (1981) indicates that variable Openness senior players, in comparison to young ones, show 1 2 3 4 5 lower degree of aggressive reactions, while Tušak 1 Football young players (1997) argues that aggressiveness in team sport

(M=32.09) decreases as a function of age. 2 Football senior players 1.00 (M=33.25) It is presumed that athletes high on Agreeableness 3 Handball young players 1.00 1.00 (M=33.19) are most amenable to coaching (LeUnes, 2008) 4 Handball senior players especially in interactive sports where cooperative .00 .75 .28 (M=34.72) behavior is one of the prerequisites for coordinated 5 Water polo young players 1.00 1.00 1.00 .36 and joint action of players and their team in the (M=33.06) game. A significant interaction of type of sport and 6 Water polo senior players .06 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 age was found. This interaction was due to the (M=34.20) significant age difference in football and water polo

players, as opposed to handball players. More Discussion specifically, football and water polo players increase

in Agreeableness as a function of age, while there Based on the cross-sectional research design, i.e. is a tendency of a slight decrease in Agreeableness on the basis of group comparison of athletes in with the increase in age in handball players. Results different sports (football, handball and water polo) suggest that the highest level of Conscientiousness and different age groups (young and senior is seen in football players (the most professional athletes), we attempted to formulate inferences 71 Trninić, V. et al.: Personality differences between the players regarding the... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 69‐74 sport), followed by water polo players, and the type of sport. Handball players score highest, and lowest level is found in handball players. This low football players score lowest, which indicates the Conscientiousness in football and water polo necessity of taking into account the level of players is probably connected to the low task goal athletes’ intellectual interests. It is possible that, in orientation found in handball players. They comparison to water polo and football players, probably start to train later in life than football or shorter training and competition experience (they water polo players. We can assume, in accordance usually start to train later) have given young with our practical experience, that handball players handball players more free time in middle childhood in this sample have the smallest training and and early adolescence enabling them to exhibit competitive age. Therefore, the situational factors more social interests, involvement in various (coach’s leadership behavior, motivational climate, situations, free game, more curiosity, i.e. systematized process of sport preparation) have exploratory behavior. Young football and water polo less possibility of influencing facets or players have spent more time in organized athletic subcomponents of Conscientiousness. It seems that environment with a reduced space for their athletes who are high on Conscientiousness and interests. Openness is characterized by creativity, Agreeableness are characterized by ability to originality, flexibility, curiosity, independence in control impulses (Benet-Martinez & John, 1998), judgments, desire for new knowledge and reliability and will-to-achieve. Conscientiousness is reflections of own experiences, and a tendency most closely linked to will to achieve (Digman, towards variety. Results have also shown that 1989) and has often been linked to sport senior players have higher Openness/Intellect then performance indicators (Piedmont, Hill, & Blanco, young players. It seems that senior players tend to 1999). This factor is associated with sustained use their reasoning and rationality which indicates effort and goal-setting (Barrick, Mount, & Strauss, higher levels of maturity. Openness in team sport 1993; Poropat, 2009). athletes is related to fantasy and ideas. Also, Openness has been linked to experimentation and Expert knowledge and experience of professionals liking for novel experiences (Buss, 1993). Larsen and sport psychologists suggest that successful and Buss (2008) argue that individuals high in transition from young players to senior selection is Openness have a “wide open gate” for perception connected with the degree of athlete's maturity, and processing of information from a variety of and not just his abilities and skills. For example, sources. successful athletes may differ from less successful ones in terms of their organizational skills (LeUnes, Conclusion 2008). Furthermore, our findings show a significant difference in Conscientiousness between players in In sum, our findings show that football, handball different sport and of different age. A significant and water polo players show significant differences interaction is probably due to the age differences of in Conscientiousness and Openness. Among these football and water polo players, while no age group of athletes, football players express highest differences in Conscientiousness were found among Conscientiousness and lowest Openness. These handball players. Regarding Neuroticism, our results have shown that, in comparison to young findings suggest no significant differences regarding players, seniors show higher levels of the type of sport and age. Lazarević (1981) argues Agreeableness, Conscientiousness (the ability to that team sport players have more pronounced control impulses), both of which facilitate task and Emotional stability in the context of sport goal directed behavior. Also, senior players exhibit achievement, in comparison to athletes in individual higher levels of Openness. These findings about sport. He further argues that team sport athletes senior players suggest more stable and persistent have the opportunity to share the responsibility for behavior in training and competition (a more the game and its results with their teammates, and mature, prosocial, flexible, imaginative and creative this contributes to lower Neuroticism and less behavior in athletic setting). anxious responses. Individual sport athletes are highly aware of the fact that the result is mostly These basic personality traits include positive due to their actions. aspects of personality important for increasing positive affects during athlete’s career. No Another possible explanation of no significant difference was found between players with regard differences in Neuroticism, regarding the age and to type of sport and age in two basic dimensions of type of sport, is a general tendency of participants personality: Extraversion (which disposes to to give social desirable answers thus covering experiencing positive emotions and temperamental negative aspects of their personality. Although characteristics typical of approaching behaviors) research findings show no differences (with regard and Neuroticism (which disposes to experiencing to sport and age), it is important to point out that negative emotions and temperamental „higher levels of Neuroticism were related to lower characteristics typical of avoiding behaviors) (Elliot levels of coachability, athletic ability, game & Trash, 2002). It is worth mentioning that performance, and „team playerness“. Individuals Extraversion and Neuroticism explain 80% of the high on Neuroticism have poor coping mechanisms variance of general personality factor (Musek, resulting in psychological distress” (Gallucci, 2008, 2007). The analysis of personality differences has p. 285). Finally, our findings show marked shown different developmental trends in differences in Openness/Intellect, regarding the Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, regarding

72 Trninić, V. et al.: Personality differences between the players regarding the... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 69‐74 the age and type of sport. Football and water polo specific measures (e.g. sport-specific measures) players become more agreeable and conscientious predict athlete's behavior more reliably in as a function of age, while these traits do not achievement context. In this regard, psychologists change in handball players during development. and kinesiologists should be aware of the various Although self-reports (of personality traits) provide factors that cause the effective performance and useful information for personality researchers, sport sporting outcomes. Personality traits are only one psychologists, expert coaches and scientist- possible set of causes of efficient performance and practitioners, it might be possible that situation- sports achievement.

References

Allen, M.S., Greenlees, I., & Jones, M. (2013). Personality in sport: a comprehensive review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology ,6(1), 184-208. Allen, M.S., Greenlees, I., & Jones, M.V. (2011). An investigation of the five-factor model of personality and coping behaviour in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(8), 841-850. Ashton, M.C., Lee,K., & Paunonen, S.V. (2002). What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 245-252. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K., & Strauss, J.P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715-722. Benet-Martinez, V. & John, O.P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750. Buss, D.M. (1993). Strategic individual differences: The role of personality in creating and solving adaptive problems. In J.Hettemaand I.Deary (Eds.), Social and biological approaches to personality (pp.175-189). NewYork: Wiley. Caprara, G.V., Alessandri, G., De Giunta, L., Panerai, L., & Eisenberg, N. (2010). The contribution of agreeableness and self-efficacy beliefs to prosociality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 36-55. Courneya, K.S. & Hellsten, L.A.M. (1998). Personality correlates of excersise behavior, motives, barriers, and preferences: An application of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 625-633. Digman, J.M. (1989). Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility. Journal of Personality, 57, 195-214. Eagleton, J.R., McKelvie, S.J., & de Man, A. (2007). Extraversion and neuroticism in team sport participants, individual sport participants, and non-participants. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105, 265-275. Elliot, A.J., & Thrash, T.M. (2002). Approach-Avoidance Motivation in Personality: Approach and Avoidance Temperaments and Goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804-818. Gallucci, N.T. (2008). Sport Psychology: Performance Enhancement, Performance Inhibition, Individuals, and Teams .New York: Psychology Press. Hagberg, J.M., Mullin, J.P., Bahrke, M., & Limburg, J. (1979). Physiological profiles and selected psychological characteristics of national class American cyclists. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 19, 341-346. Ingledew, D.K., Markland, D., & Sheppard, K.E. (2004). Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(8), 1921-1932. John, O.P. (1990). The „BigFive“ factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L.A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp.66-100). New York: Guilford Press. Kirkcaldy, B.D. (1982a). Personality profiles at various levels of athletic participation. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 321-326. Larsen, R.J. & Buss, D.M. (2008). Psihologija ličnosti: Područja znanja o ljudskoj prirodi [Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature. In Croatian.]. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. Lazarević, Lj. (1981). Struktura motivacije kod sportista. [Motivation structure in athletes. In Serbian.]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Beograd: University of Beograd. Le Unes, A. (2008). Sport Psychology (4th ed.) New York: Psychology Press. Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the big one in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(6), 1213-1233. Newcombe, P.A. & Boyle, G. (1995). High school students’ sports personalities: Variations across participation level, gender, type of sport, and success. International Journal of Sport Psychology ,26(3), 277-294. Nia, M.E. & Besharat, M.A. (2010). Comparison of athletes’ personality characteristics in individual and team sports. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 808-812. Piedmont, R.L., Hill D.C., & Bianco, S. (1999). Predicting athletic performance using the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(4), 769-777. Poropat, A.E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322-338. Reeve, J.M. (2008). Understanding motivation and emotion (6thed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tušak, M. (1997). Razvoj motivacijskega sistema v športu [The development of motivational system in sport. In Slovene.]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana. Watson, A.E. & Pulford, B.D. (2004). Personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 83-94.

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RAZLIKE U LIČNOSTI IZMEĐU IGRAČA OBZIROM NA VRSTU SPORTA I DOB

Sažetak Psihologija ličnosti usmjerena je na istraživanje i klasifikaciju razlika te analizu posljedica tih razlika među pojedincima. Istraživanja u psihologiji sporta i vježbanja provjeravaju razlike u načinu na koji se osobine ličnosti izražavaju u individualnim i timskim sportovima. Razumijevanje razlika između mladih i seniorskih sportaša u kontaktnim kolektivnim sportskim igrama s loptom s obzirom na značajke ličnosti važna je informacija za trenere, znanstvenike-praktičare i sportske psihologe uključene u upravljanje razvojem sportaša i ekipa. U ovom istraživanju, podaci o ličnosti sportaša prikupljeni su pomoću samoprocjene. Ovi podaci pružaju osnovu za odgovor na postavljena pitanja istraživanja koja se tiču razlika o ličnosti sportaša, a koje mogu biti povezane s vrstom kolektivne sportske igre i dobi sportaša. Uzorak uključuje 602 sportaša koji treniraju i igraju u Hrvatskoj. aaktivni su u jednom od tri timska sporta. Upitnik za mjerenje „Velikih pet“ faktora ličnosti korišten je kao mjera temeljnih osobina ličnosti. Rezultati dvosmjerne analize varijance upućuju da se nogometaši, rukometaši i vaterpolisti značajno razlikuju u osobinama Savjesnost i Otvorenost. U usporedbi s mlađim, seniorski igrači pokazuju izraženiju Ugodnost i Savjesnost (sposobnost kontrole impulsa) što facilitira ponašanje usmjereno prema cilju i zadatku. Isto tako, Otvorenost je izraženija kod seniorskih igrača. Ovi nalazi upućuju na stabilnije ponašanje (ili njihove korelate) kod seniorskih igrača tijekom treninga i natjecanja (zrelije, prosocijalno, fleksibilno, maštovito i kreativno ponašanje) u sportskom okruženju.

Ključne riječi: ličnost, dob, sportaši, ekipni sportovi

Received: July 28, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Viktorija Trninić Basketball club “Cedevita” Avenija Dubrovnik 15/26 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia Tel: +385 1 34 91 144 Fax: + 385 1 34 90 937 E-mail: [email protected]

74 Elezi, A. et al.: Sports and level of depression in young sportsmen Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 75‐78

SPORTS AND LEVEL OF DEPRESSION IN YOUNG SPORTSMEN

Abdulla Elezi1, Shqipe Rexhepi2, Georgie Georgiev3, Gresa Elezi4 and Nazim Myrtaj1

1 University of Pristina, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Kosovo 2University of Kosovo, Department of Education, Viti, Kosovo 3University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Skopje, Macedonia 4American Hospital, Prishtina, Kosovo

Original scientific paper

Abstract In the beginning of the 21th century, many circumstances took place in Kosovo which were very disturbing and had terrible impacts among people here. War, social crisis, changing and at the end transition, led to a permanent tension state and the same is meant to be considered as normal until reaching a certain degree. In these situations the level of depression among adolescents can be higher. The intention of this research has been to verify the level of depression among adolescents and young sportsmen, precisely sport influence on the level of depression. In this research are included total of 130 respondents, 65 disciples and 65 young sportsmen from Kosovo. Survey was anonymous, and included disciples and sportsmen respondents, were 17-18 years of age. Descriptive statistics and procedures for determination of the importance of diversity between arithmetical average (t-test and variable analysis) are the statistical analyses that were used. The final results after statistical processing show that, young sportsmen have lower level of depression than their colleagues that do not do sports. We can conclude that, by doing sports we can contribute toward decreasing the level of depression.

Key words: adolescents, disciples, young sportsmen, depression, BDI-II

Introduction

Definition of a man as a dynamic system and 2004; Gayton & Hall, 2008) as many other authors organized integrated system is seen as such, did, by looking at physical activity from social, because this system contains certain subsystems psychological and physiologic aspects, that show which while functioning are fully depending to each the impact of physical activity on human’s general other (Malacko, 1986).In the field of anthropology health aspects. Psychometric characteristics various conative factors that are responsible for according to last assessment version, known as The modalities human’s behavior, depending on age Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) have been and gender, and have a significant influence on confirmed on numerous and various samples, normal functioning of these subsystems and also especially samples with clinical depression (Beck, influence normal development of general human et.al.1996; Steel, et.al.1997) and adolescents on health. From conative factors that are many, depression (Kumar, et.al.2002: Steer, et.al.1998). depression is a big worldwide problem which is one It has been confirmed that through BDI-II of the disease not only as the oldest disease successfully were determined adolescents with prescribed from medicine but also as one of the depression and adolescents without it. The most frequent nowadays health disorder. intention of this research is to confirm the Depression is a frequent mental disorder, lost of difference among two groups of adolescents: the interest and satisfaction, decreased energy, sense group that does sport activities and the group that of guiltiness or lack of values, sleeping disturbance doesn’t do sport activities, in level of depression or appetite and weak focusing (Novovic et.al.2009). according to BDI-II. According to World Health Organization assessments until 2020 depression will become the Methods second largest health problem in the world, but if we look at females only, it will be number one In this research participated 130 adolescents, health problem in the world (WHO, 2012). Some students of 17-18 years of age of Gjilan researchers have concluded that, people that municipality high schools, precisely 65 young permanently do physical and sport activities Can students who regularly play football, basketball, improve their general and health condition, and handball and volleyball, and 65 young students who have more internal power and amenity, which is doesn’t regularly do sport activities. For measuring positively reflected in all their life fields (Stone and the level of depression amongst both groups, a Klein, 2004 according to (Sharkey & Gaskill, 2008). testing according to Beck has been applied, It is truly obvious that people who frequently Instrument Beck Depression Inventory –second perform sport activities realize numerous benefits edition (BDI-II: Beck et.al. 1996), that is a test for which reflect in their quality of life. For physical measuring the level of depression. Assessment of activities benefits have written (Hadzikadunic, the level of depression is made for last two weeks.

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The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) also In table 2 and Chart 1, are shown differences in contains 21 questions, each answer being scored arithmetical averages between sportsmen and on a scale value of 0 to 3. Te highest possible total adolescents in level of depression according to for whole test would sixty three and the lowest Beck. The outcome results after statistical possible score for the test would be zero. The processing through variability analysis show that standardized cutoffs used differ from the original. we have an important statistical difference between The depression level is evaluated according to the young sportsmen (late adolescence) and students following alignment: 0-13 minimal depression, 14- of the same age on level of depression according to 19 mild depression, 20-28 moderate depression, Beck. This is confirmed with the height of the test’s 29-63 severe depression (Beck et.al. 1996). coefficient F=38.51 that is important on level Instrument has been translated and applied with p=0.01 (P<0.000). Coefficient of probability shows the editor’s permit. Participation in research of the that sportsmen have lower values of depression adolescents was in volunteer basis. For processing level than students who are not involved on sports of the data, basic statistical parameters were or physical activities. applied, minimum score (Min) maximum score (Max) arithmetical mean (Mean) standard deviation Table 2. Variance analysis ( Std.Dev), measure of asymmetry distribution (Skewness) degree of homogeneity of distribution ANOVA (Kurtosis). For the assessment of the difference Groups- Sum of Mean df F Sig. between two independent groups in arithmetical Variables Squares Square averages has been applied t-testing (Independent Between 38.5 480.769 1 480.769 .000 Sample Test). 1. Sportsman Groups 16 BDI-II Within 2. Schoolboy 1597.723 128 12.482 Results Groups BDI-II Total 2078.492 129 In table 1 are shown basic statistical parameters of depression level according to Beck: minimum score (Min) maximum score (Max) arithmetical mean (Mean) standard deviation ( Std.Dev), measure of asymmetry distribution (Skewness) degree of 12 10.0308 homogeneity of distribution (Kurtosis). Among 10 sportsmen minimum result is Min=2 level of depression, while maximum result Max=14 level of 8 6.1846 depression. Arithmetical average Mean=6.18 level of depression, whereas standard deviation 6 Std.Dev=3.20. 4

Measure of asymmetry distribution 2 Skewness=0.638, is positive which show that the 0 arithmetical average is higher and most of results sportsman schoolboy are with low values. Degree of homogeneity of distribution Kurtosis=-0.232, shows that height of curve is platocurtical. Amongst students non Figure 1. The difference between sportsmen and sportsmen minimal result is Min=3 level of schoolboy depression, whereas maximum result is Max= 21 level of depression. Discussion

Arithmetical average is Mean=10.03 level of This research of transversal meaning as other depression, whereas standard deviation researches shows that all problems in kinesiology Std.Dev=3.83. Measure of asymmetry distribution are m multidisciplinary. It is not possible to treat a Skewness=0.760, is positive (epicurtical) which kinesiology problem without treating all shows that arithmetical average is higher and most anthropologic factors. In framework of of other results is lower. Degree of homogeneity of anthropologic factors, pathologic conative factors distribution Kurtosis = 0.447 shows that height of are characteristics of a personality in where exists a curve is mezocurtical. tight and important connection in between them, distributed in continuative meaning. Its Table 1. Basic statistic indicators characteristic consists on that in where their increased intensity decreases the adoptive degree, Skewnes Variables N Min Max Mean Std. Dev Kurtosis precisely as higher as pathologic conative factor is s the adoptive ability is lower (Momirovic. 1971). Sportsman Having in mind that increased conative factors 65 2.00 14.00 6.1846 3.20104 .638 -.234 intensity decreases the adoptive degree, especially BDI-II in adolescence phase; our efforts in this research Schoolboy were to find out if it can be influenced by applying 65 3.00 21.00 10.0308 3.83638 .760 .447 BDI-II sports on these factors. Instrument Beck Depression Inventory-second edition (BDI-II:

76 Elezi, A. et al.: Sports and level of depression in young sportsmen Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 75‐78

Beck.et.al.1996). The outcome difference between arithmetical average is Mean=11.03 (Storch et.al., adolescents students who actively do sports and 2004) and amongst students from Kuwait in where those who don’t in level of depression, tested by the arithmetical average is Mean=15.50 (Al- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Turkait.et.al. 2010). (P<0.000)show that physical activity has significantly influenced on decreasing the level of Conclusion depression, that complies with many opinions that sport has great positive effect on curing the In the annual report of year 2002, WHO 2002, it is depression( Cascua. 2002). The review of the stated that the improper way of feeding and the potential of sports in the fight against depressive lack of sports activities are the crucial factors for disorders calls into play many sports, practiced in development of many non-transmittable appropriate places, depending on specific programs chronically diseases and are considered being as and under the supervision of specialized and cause of death up to 60% of cases in whole world. professional sports figures, which can become real Based on the actual findings that state that the tools to help depression. influence of sports activities in preventing and curing the psychic disorders are important, this is These include dance especially practiced with considered to be the basement of this research too. freedom and creativity, recovering the playful spirit The intention of this research was to confirm the that often gets lost in the development and influence of sports activities on level of depression operation of a group or team sport like volleyball or tested with instrument The Beck Depression basketball (Amorosi. 2006). The average result of Inventory (BDI-II). The research shows that we level of depression on population that are non have an important statistical difference between active in sports, in this research is average, students who belong to medium adolescence that compared to results that are taken from other do sports activities and those who don’t. The countries on population of late adolescence. The results also show that physical activity has average of points from Beck Depression Inventory influenced significantly on decreasing the level of (BDI-II) in our sample of students who belong to depression and we can conclude that it is the best medium adolescence is higher compared with some and most efficient therapy on preventing and curing other countries, Mean = 10.03, compared with the depression. Therefore physical activity and Serbia students in where the arithmetical average sport should be considered also as one of the is lower, Mean=8.02, (Novovic. Et al.2011), among important changes of the life style, which can the students from Iceland arithmetical average of influence on level of depression. To understand in a level of depression is Mean = 8.80 (Amarson better way the influence of physical activities in et.al.2008) students from Canada, arithmetical decreasing the level of depression, the researches average is Mean=9.11 (Dozois.et.al.1998), whereas should be of longitudinal character and the the highest value of the level of depression is found treatment of physical activities should be at least of amongst American students in where the 6-12 months time period.

References

Al-Turkait, F. A., & Ohaeri, J. U. (2010). Dimensional and hierarchical models of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II in an Arab college student sample. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 60. Amorosi, M. (2006). Interventions for the prevention and early detection in affective disorders and psychotic beginnings. XLVIII SIP, Congress . Arnarson, T. O., Olason, D. T., Smari, J., & Sigurethsson, J. F. (2008). The Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in Icelandic student and patient populations. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 360–365. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W (December 1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and - II in psychiatric outpatients.. Journal of Personality Assessment. 67(3): 588–97. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. and Brown, G.K. (1996) Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. Cascua S (2002). Trad. it. The sport is really good for your health? Which sport to choose: benefits and risks, Red, Milano, 2004. Compas, B.C. (1997.). Depression in Children and Adolescents. In: E.J. Mash i L.G. Terdal(Eds.). Assessment of Childhood Disorders. New York, London: The Guildford Press, 197-229. Dozois, D.J.A., Dobson, K.S., & Ahnberg, J.L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83–89. Guyton, A.C., & Hall, J.E. (2008). Buku ajar-Fisiologi kedokteran (Eds.11) (Irawati, Dian Ramadhani, Fara Indriyani, Frans Dany, Imam Nuryanto, Srie Sisca Prima Rianti, Titiek Resmisari & Y. Joko Suyono, Penerjemah). Jakarta: EGC. Hadžikadunić, M. & Mađarević, M. (2004). Methods of teaching physical education with the basics of exercise physiology. Zenica: Pedagogical Faculty in Zenica.

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Kumar, G., Steer, R. A., Teitelman, K. B., & Villacis, L. (2002). Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Assessment, 9, 164–170. Malacko, J. (1986). Osnove sportskog treninga. [Basics of sports training. In Serbian.]. Beograd: Sportska knjiga. Momirović, K. (1971). Struktura i mjerenje patoloških konativnih faktora. [Structure and measuring of pathological conative factors. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Republic Institute for Employment. Novović, Z. (2004). Anksiozni i depresivni poremećaji – jedan, dva ili tri poremećaja. [Anxiety and depressive disorders - one, two or three disorders. In Serbian.]. Psihologija, 37, 251–267. Novović, Z., Biro, M., i Nedimović, T. (2009). Procena stanja depresivnosti. [Assessment of depression. In Serbian.]. In M. Biro, S. Smederevac, & Z. Novović (Ur.), Procena psiholoških i psihopatoloških fenomena. [Assessment of psychological and psychopathological phenomenon. In Serbian.]. 19–28, Beograd: Centre for Applied Psychology. Novović, Z., Ljiljana Mihić, Lj., Snežana Tovilović, S., Jovanović, V. i Biro, M. Psihometrijske karakteristike Bekove skale depresivnosti na uzorku studenata u Srbiji. [Psychometric characteristics of the Beck depression scale on a sample of students in Serbia. In Serbian]. Psihologija, 44(3), 225–243. Sharkey, B., & Gaskill, S. (2008). Vežbanje i zdravlje. [Exercising and health. In Serbian.]. Beograd: Data status. Steer, R.A., Ball, R., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1997). Further Evidence for the construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with Psychiatric Outpatients. Psychological Reports, 80, 443–446. Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W. F., & Beck, A. T. (1998). Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent depressed outpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127–137. Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., & Roth, D. A. (2004). Factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition in a sample of college students. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 187–189. *** http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_suicide_prevention_day/en/ *** http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/strategy /eb11344/ strategy_english_web.pdf

SPORT I STUPANJ DEPRESIJE KOD MLADIH SPORTAŠA

Sažetak Na početku 21. stoljeća na Kosovu dogodile su se mnoge okolnosti koje su uznemirujuće ili potresno djelovale na ljude. Rat, društvena kriza, promjene, a najzad i tranzicija, doveli su do toga da se razvije jedno stalno stanje napetosti i da se to stanje u izvesnoj mjeri smatra normalnim. U tim situacijama stupanj depresije kod mladih ljudi može biti veći. Cilj rada je bio potvrditi stepen depresivnosti kod mladih ljudi i mladih sportista, odnosno utjecaj sporta na stupanj depresije. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 130 ispitanika, 65 učenika i 65 mladih sportaša sa područja Kosova. Ispitivanje je bilo anonimno, a raspon godina učenika i mladih sportaša obuhvaćenih uzorkom je od 17 do 18 godina. Od statističkih metoda korištene su mjere deskriptivne statistike i postupci utvrđivanja značajnosti razlika između aritmetičkih sredina (t-test i analiza varijanse). Dobiveni rezultati nakon statističke obrade pokazuju da mladi sportaši imaju niži tupanj depresivnosti od svojih vršnjaka nesportaša. Možemo zaključiti da bavljenjem sportom možemo utjecati na smanjenje razine depresije.

Ključne riječi: adolescenti, učenici, mladi sportaši, depresivnost, BDI-II

Received: October 11, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Abdulla Elezi University of Pristina, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Kosovo Tel: +37745966900, E-mail: [email protected]

78 Kvesić. I. et al.: Importance of red cards in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 79‐81

IMPORTANCE OF RED CARDS IN FOOTBALL CONSIDERING FINAL OUTCOME OF THE MATCH AND LEAGUE SYSTEM OF COMPETITION

Ivan Kvesić1, Dražan Dizdar2 and Dario Bašić2

1University of Mostar, Faculty of Sciences, Bosnia & Herzegovina, 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatia

Original scientific paper

Abstract Based on 88 matches of 2014/2015 First Croatian football league we established the importance of red cards considering the final outcome of the match and the competition. Using Mann-Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficient we concluded that red cards as situational efficacy indicators do not pose a statistically significant difference between the winning and the defeated team (p=0,44), whereas there is a moderate negative relation to final placement in league system of competition (r=-0,54). These results show that warning the player, especially in the case of a red card which disqualifies them, does not influence the match outcome itself, but there needs to be a control system throughout league system of competition.

Key words: red cards, notational analysis, situational efficacy, football, warnings

Introduction

Matches, team or individual sports or martial arts We analyzed one half-season consisting of 90 competitions can be observed as complex dynamic matches. Due to certain technical difficulties, one systems in which two opposing entities fight for a match was not recorded, and one ended in 3:0 due win (two teams, two pairs, or two individuals). The to rule-breaking. performance of these entities and its success are determined by level of abilities, skill, and Sample knowledge of players participating in the result of Entities in this research are teams. First Croatian the competition- victory as the final goal. In football league consists of 10 clubs. football, this happens in a match. Systemic observation of the football match shows many Variable sample characteristic events in the play which repeat Matches were described using notated performance themselves, are recognizable, and can be noted indicators (variables) – red cards (Bašić et al., down. These events and their outcomes show a 2015) degree of situational efficacy of players and the team, and the level of their performance. Analyzing Data collection these events can show why a certain team won, or Matches were filmed on HDD/DVD in form of video. how the final result of the match was achieved. Using a special computer tool named Courteye the matches were analyzed and prepared for data A red card is a disciplinary measure utilized by the analysis. Five notators worked on match analysis. referee according to the match rules when a player breaks rules in a significant way, or due to Statistical analysis accumulated warnings (second yellow card). This To determine reliability of gathered data we used disqualifies the player from further play. There are the intra-observer variability for differences two modalities for describing a red card based on between different data gathered by the same the role a certain player had in rule-breaking. First, notator (Hughes and assoc., 2002, 2003, 2004). the red card or the second yellow card is ascribed For red cards we determined a reliability of 100%. to the player actively breaking the rules, For determining differences between winning and disqualifying him from the play. Second, the red defeated teams, we used Mann-Whitney test and card or the second yellow card is ascribed to the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the player that was in a passive position of the rule- connection between performance indicators and breaking (Bašić et al., 2015). Analyzing the red final outcome of the competition. card parameter we can determine if the mentioned situational efficacy indicator is relevant and related Results to final outcome of the match and league system of competition. Based on analyzed matches we can see the relation between red cards as situational efficacy indicators Methods and final placement in league system of competition, and establish if there are any Analysis material statistically significant differences between winning Research was done on 88 matches of Max tv First and defeated teams considering the said Croatian football league. parameter. 79 Kvesić. I. et al.: Importance of red cards in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 79‐81

Table 1. Final placement of teams after the half-season (TEAM), total number of matches played (NM), number of wins (WIN), draws (DRAW) and defeats (LOS), as well as the number of points (PTS), number of points per match (PTS/M) and total number of red cards (N-RC), arithmetic mean of red cards (AM-RC) and correlation coefficient of red cards and final placement (r).

TEAM NM WIN DRA WIN LOS PTS/M N-RC AM-RC Dinamo 17 13 W4 0 43 2,53 1 0,06 Rijeka 18 12 3 3 39 2,17 1 0,06 Hajduk 17 8 5 4 29 1,71 0 0,00 Lokomotiva 18 7 4 7 25 1,39 1 0,06 Zagreb 18 6 6 6 24 1,33 1 0,06 Slaven Belupo 17 5 5 7 20 1,18 0 0,00 Split 17 3 8 6 17 1,00 1 0,06 Istra 1961 18 3 7 8 16 0,89 2 0,11 Osijek 18 4 3 11 15 0,83 3 0,17 Zadar 18 3 3 12 12 0,67 6 0,33 r=-0,54

Table 2. Arithmetic mean (AM) and standard are individual examples of teams with one less deviation (SD) of red cards of winning (WIN) and player due to red cards which results in imbalance defeated (LOS) teams, and z-value (z) for and negative result of this particular match. We determining significance differences and errors (p). should mention that red cards have a more significant influence in tournament system of AM SD z p competition where a single match decides on placements (Castellano, Casamichana and Lago, WIN 0,04 0,21 -0,76 0,44 2012). Also, in league system of competition there LOS 0,13 0,33 can be a team that „plays dirty“ because their players are lacking defense skills and utilize Discussion and conclusion unallowed moves (breaking the rules). In this case the number of red cards shows a lower level of Based on results (Table 1 and 2) of correlation technical and technical functioning in defense coefficient (r=-0,54) and difference in arithmetic phase. Also, because a match represents a certain mean between winning (AM=0,04) and defeated psychological pressure and demands emotion teams (AM=0,13), which is not statistically control, receiving a red card for behaviour not significant (p=0,44), we can conclude that red directly related to a defense tool but some other card, as a situational efficacy indicator, does not form of rule-breaking (arguing or physically pose a difference between winning and defeated attacking the opponent) points to errors in teams and is not related to final placement in psychological preparation and not enough league system of competition. These results match psychological qualities for functioning in extreme those of other authors (Lago-Penas and Lago- conditions of a match. Based on results for variable Ballesteros, 2011; Lago-Penas et al., 2010). Red red card we can conclude that it does not pose a card represents a high level of rule-breaking in significant difference between winning and defeated football, but it is a rare event, so there is no teams. Even though it points to a certain (not significant influence to final outcome and placement significant) negative relation to final placement, it in league system of competition, even though there is not significant as a situational efficacy indicator.

References

Bašić, D., Barišić, V., Jozak, R. & Dizdar, D. (2015). Notacijska analiza nogometnih utakmica. [Notational analysis of football matches. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Leonard Media. Castellano, J., Casamichana, D. and Lago, C. (2012). The use of match statistics that discriminates between successful and unsuccessful soccer teams. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31, 139-147. Hughes, M. (2004). Notational analysis – A mathematical perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(2), 97-139. Hughes, M. (2004a). Performance analysis – a 2004 perspective. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 103-109. Hughes, M. & Franks, I.M. (2004). Notational analysis of sport: Systems for better coaching and performance in sport. London: Routledge. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M. & Nevill, A. (2002). Analysis procedures for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2(1), 6-20. Hughes, M., Cooper, S.M., Nevill, A. & Brown, S. (2003). An example of reliability testing and establishing performance profiles for non-parametric data from performance analysis. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 2(1), 34-56. 80 Kvesić. I. et al.: Importance of red cards in football considering final... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 79‐81

Hughes, M.D. & Bartlett, R.M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 739-754. Hughes, M.D., Cooper, S. & Nevill, A. (2004). Analysis of notation data: Reliability. U M.D.Hughes i I.M. Franks (ed.), Notational analysis of sport (str. 189-205). New York: Routledge Lago-Penas, C. & Lago-Ballesteros, J. (2011). Game location and team quality effects on performance profiles in professional soccer. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10(3), 465-471. Lago-Penas, C., Lago-Ballesteros, J., Dellal, A. & Gomez, M. (2010). Game-related statistics that discriminated winning, drawing and losing teams. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(2), 288-293.

VAŽNOST CRVENIH KARTONA U NOGOMETU OBZIROM NA KRAJNJI ISHOD UTAKMICE I SUSTAV LIGE NATJECANJA

Sažetak Na temelju 88 utakmica prve Hrvatske nogometne lige sezona 2014/2015 utvrđivana je važnost crvenih kartona obzirom na konačan ishod utakmice i natjecanja. Primjenom Mann-Whitneyjevog testa i Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije dobiveni su podaci da crveni kartoni kao situacijski pokazatelj efikasnosti statistički značajno ne razlikuje pobjedničke od poraženih ekipa (p=0,44), dok je umjereno negativno povezan s kranjim plasmanom u ligaškom sustavu natjecanja (r=-0,54). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da opomena igrača, posebice kada se radi o crvenom kartonu koji je isključujuč, ne utječe na ishod same utakmice, ali postoji potreba kontrole kroz ligaški susatv natjecanja.

Ključne riječi: crveni kartoni, notacijska analiza,situacijska efikasnost, nogomet, opomene

Received: October 19, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Ivan Kvesić, senior assistant University of Mostar, Faculty of Sciences Mostar 88000, Matice hrvatske b.b., Bosnia & Herzegovina E-mail: [email protected]

81 Kelmendi, D. et al.: Relations between basic motoric abilities with young... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 82‐84

RELATIONS BETWEEN BASIC MOTORIC ABILITIES WITH YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS TESTED THROUGH BALL HANDLING TEST

Diellza Kelmendi1, Nazim Myrtaj2 and Georgi Georgiev3

1AAB University, Prishtine, Kosovo, 2University of Pristina, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Kosovo, 3University “St. Cyril and Methodius”, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Skopje, Macedonia

Original scientific paper

Abstract The research was conducted on 54 male handball players aged 16 years. The aim of the research is to establish the dependence of the applied motoric variables and the specific motoric test – Dribbling with handball ball (as a criterion variable) with handball players. Using the regressive analysis, there is determined statistically significant prediction of the motoric variables on the criteria variable.

Key words: motoric, specific motoric, tests, athletes, regressive analysis.

Introduction

Contemporary study records reveal that researches When selecting a sample of participants (players) in the field of handball are of increasingly frequent was taken take into account to have at least two occurrence. That conclusion is suggested by a years of handball experience for facilitated learning number of sources. We often come across works of of the specific motor test. The sample of variables study that treat the anthropological characteristics covered a total number of 4 variables, of which 3 of handball players. Also, there are studies related basic motoric and a specific motor variable. to motoric abilities with handball players. Such kinds of researches have been completed by the Basic motoric variables (predictors) following authors: Metikoš, et all. (1989), Đukić, 1. Throwing medicine ball (TMB), J. Kovač, and M. Kovač (1997), Čavala, and Rogulj 2. Standing long jump (SLJ) and (2004), Chelly, et all. (2011). In regard to the 3. 20 meters run (R20). problems of handball as sports discipline, the researches that are considered to be of major Specific motor variable (criterion variable) interest are those treating the specific motorics Dribbling with handball ball (DHB) - as a criterion (the specific motoric abilities), which are related to variable. In the statistical processing of the results the basic motoric abilities of handball players. were calculated the basic statistical parameters: Among the authors examining that field, it is worth the arithmetic means, standard deviation, minimum mentioning the following: Đukić, J. Kovač, and M. and maximum result, and the asymmetry of the Kovač (1997), Prahović, and Protić (2007), Bjelica, results’ distribution - skewness and roundness of Georgiev, & Muratović (2012). In a different point the results' distribution - kurtosis. As an of view, motorical abilities inevitably are affecting assessment of the impact of the motoric the results that are part of sports achievements. characteristics on the specific motor ability was According to the individual contribution of different applied regression analysis, where as predictor motorical abilities, we can conclude that they have variables were treated the variables of the motoric different levels of affect. The force as a motorical space, while as a criteria variable was treated the ability, is the most dominant and highly used specific motor test - Dribbling with handball ball component in development of the sports (DHB). performance. According to Njaradi (2008), it’s the most expressed characteristic of the sports training Results process. The effectiveness of the movements especially depends of the explosive force, that is The gained results of the basic statistics are shown shown in a different situations to develop maximal in Table 1, refer to the applied variables, and are in force in a shorter period of time. Thus we have expected and real limits regarding the respondents’ decided on conducting the following research, sample. aiming to establish the relation between the basic motoric abilities with the specific motoric test of Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of the applied ball handling with young handball players. variables

Methods Mean SD Min Max Skew Kurt TMB 8.65 .32 8.10 9.60 1.04 .77 SLJ 188.81 6.30 167 229 -.84 1.33 The sample of respondents in this study is R20 3.59 1.82 2.85 3.91 -1.56 6.21 composed of 54 male handball players of age 16 DHB 21.84 1.46 17.60 29.20 2.48 7.43 years who regularly train. 82 Kelmendi, D. et al.: Relations between basic motoric abilities with young... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 82‐84

In relation of the distribution’s asymmetry of the Particular (individual) impact on the speed test applied variables, we can observe that the performance of dribbling with handball ball (DHB) variables: 20 meters run (R20) and dribbling with have only motoric variable Throwing medicine ball handball ball (DHB), have expressed asymmetric (TMB), Sig.=.00. distribution. The other two applied variables are in the limits of normal asymmetry. According to the Table 2. Regression analysis of the criteria variable values of kurtosis, were noted expressed deviation Dribbling with handball ball (DHB) with the system only at the variables: 20 meters run (R20) and of motoric variables dribbling with handball ball (DHB). From the Std. analysis of Table 2 and the obtained results from B Beta t Sig. the regression analysis, we can conclude that the Err motoric variables as a predictor system make TMB 16.67 3.57 .65 4.56 .00 SLJ 1.30 .75 .21 1.33 .08 statistically significant influence (Sig.=.00) on the R20 1.34 .95 .20 1.24 .15 outcome of the criteria variable the dribbling with R=.60 R square=.36 df(3, 50) handball ball (DHB). The multiple correlation F=2.96 Sig=.00 coefficient (R) was .60, i.e. the correlation between Conclusion the motoric variables and specific motor variable shows a significant association. The coefficient of Based on the obtained results from this study, can determination (R square) which is .36 shows that be concluded that the applied system of 3 motoric the described variability between the system of variables (as predictors) has a statistically predictors and the criteria variable is 36% of the significant impact on the criteria variable Dribbling total variability, and the remaining 64%, probably with handball ball (DHB). belong to other factors.

References

Bala, G. (2008). Logičke osnove metoda za analizu podataka iz istraživanja u fizičkoj kulturi. [Logical basics of data analysis methods from research in physical education. In Serbian.]. Novi Sad: Samostalno autor- sko izdanje. Bjelica, D., Georgiev, G. & Muratović, A. (2012). Basic motor abilities of young handball players from Monte- negro. Sport Science, 5(1), 71–76. Bojić, I., Petković, D., & Kocić. M. (2010). Influence of different training programmes on basic coordination of female handball players. Acta Kinesiologica, 4, 71–74. Chelly, M., S., Hermassi, S., Aouadi, R., Khalifa, R., Van den Tillaar, R., Chamari, K., & Shephard, R.J. (2011). Match Analysis Of Elite Adolescent Team Handball Players. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 25(9), 2410–2417. Čavala, M. & Rogulj, N. (2004). Razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima s obzirom na spol i situacijsku uspje- šnost kod mlađih dobnih skupina u rukometu. [Differences in motoric skills condisering sex and situational efficiency in younger age groups in handball. In Croatian.]. Školski vjesnik, 3–4, 207–213. Đukić, M., Kovač, J. & Kovač, M. (1997). Doprinos pojedinih varijabli u definisanju bazičnih i specifičnih mo- toričkih sposobnosti rukometašica. [The contribution of individual variables in the definition of basic and specific motor abilities of female handball players. In Serbian.]. Praktikum treninga rukometnog kampa „Rastimo”, Novi Sad. [Practicum of training of the handball camp ''Rastimo, Novi Sad. In Serbian.]. 211– 216. Gec, I. & Kazazović, B. (2000). Metodika rukometa u radu sa mladima. [Methodology of handball in working with youth. In Bosnian.]. Sarajevo: Rukometni savez BiH. Metikoš, D., Prot, F., Hofman, E., Pintar, Ž. & Oreb, G. (1989). Mjerenje bazičnih motoričkih sposobno- stih dimenzija sportaša. [Measuring of basic motoric skills of athletes' dimensions. In Croatian.]. Za- greb: University of Zagreb, Faculty for Physical Education. Njaradi, N. (2008). Snaga i agilnost. Kondicijska priprema sportaša. [Strength and agility. Fitness preparation of athletes. In Croatian.]., 62-70, Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Croatian Association of Fitness Trainers. Prahović, M. & Protić, J. (2007). Razlike u antropološkim obilježjima između četrnaestogodišnjih nogometaša, košarkaša, rukometaša i onih koji se ne bave sportom. [Differences in anthropologic characteristics between fourteen-year-old football, basketball and handball players and those who do not do sports. In Croatian.]. In Proceedings from the 16th Summer School of Kinesiologists in Croatia, 470–476, Poreč: Croatian Kinesiology Association.

83 Kelmendi, D. et al.: Relations between basic motoric abilities with young... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 82‐84

ODNOSI IZMEĐU OSNOVNIH MOTORIČKIH SPOSOBNOSTI S MLADIM RUKOMETAŠIMA TESTIRANIM KROZ TEST RUKOVANJA LOPTOM

Sažetak Istraživanje je provedeno na 54 muškaraca rukometaša od 16 godina. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi ovisnost primijenjenih motoričkih varijabli i specifičnog motoričke testa rukovanja loptom sa rukometnom loptom (kao kriterijskom varijablom) s rukometašima. Pomoću regresijske analize, postoje određena statistički značajna predviđanja o motoričkim varijablama vezano za varijable kriterija.

Ključne riječi: motorički, specifični motorički, testovi, sportaši, regresijske analize.

Received: July 18, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Diellza Kelmendi AAB University, Prishtine, Kosovo Tel: +37745100827 E-mail: [email protected]

84 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92

MODERN SCHOOL DEGREE OF AUTONOMY IN A WELL ORGANIZED EDUCATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

Danijela Bonacin1, Dobromir Bonacin1 and Žarko Bilić2

1Herzegovina University, Faculty of social sciences dr.M.Brkić, Mostar, Bosnia & Herzegovina 2University of Mostar, Faculty of Sciences, Bosnia & Herzegovina

Review paper

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the degree of autonomy of the modern school in a regulated legal system of education. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to analyze the basic framework of modern schools within the legislative model of modern parliamentary political system. After consulting a numerous references it was concluded that the degree of autonomy is inversely proportional to global legislative and executive authorities, which both of them define as the legal framework in which the institutional education is realized. It is evident that not only today, but especially in the future degree of autonomy of schools will be particularly expressed through the comparative advantages related to local government and self-government. Such a tendency will certainly open up possibilities for the development of specific programs and integrating school systems in utilitarian integrated models of education of young people for the labor market needs. ''Non scholae, sed vitae discimus.''

Key words: education, autonomy, self-government, legislation

Introduction

There is no legally regulated community and there education, hierarchical specificities, in particular for is the most important part and that is the law. It school legislation as one important factor of usually manifests itself through the Parliament and progress in the field of education and knowledge the parliamentary role of such a community, in transfer. While creating this work, the data was principle, the State shall adopt rules and norms for collected by researching relevant literature from the whole operation and we call them laws. Almost different areas and using different media, and were all parliamentary companies above the law have used methods of description and comparison of the only the Constitution. From executive documents collected data and graphical representation. may differ regulation, regulations, decisions, etc., but the law is the jurisdiction of when such Subject, aim and purpose decisions are issued. In the most general case, there is a second segment of this society and this is The paper focuses on the modern school within a the executive segment, commonly known as the regulated legal system of education. The aim of this Government, which is in mostly the proposer of the paper is to identify the degree of autonomy of the law. The third important segment of every modern modern school in a regulated legal system of society is justice, which in turn has a dual role and education. The purpose of this study is to obtain that is primarily to control compliance and some information regarding the current situation incorporation of any of the laws and their mutual and based on them to make suggestions for further relations, which on the other hand forms the basis improvement of education and the system in of the implementation of sanctions in the company. general. The so-called division of the government therefore involves the legislature (parliament, the king), the Basic concepts and processes executive (government) and the judiciary. Each of The school system, such as Silov (2001) states, the these segments functions in the spirit that has society subsystem and system theory stresses the carried out the impact of the educational system system as a whole and individual parts and each of them supervises the implementation of (subsystems) and their organizational and global and standard educational solutions and the meaningful connections. Just adequate organization implementation of all that in education we call and tidiness are achieved some "accepted purposes autonomy. division of functions and responsibilities" which is again a consequence of the division of labor as in Methods all things and in education. Likewise is the consequence of legal regulation. What would that For the purpose of this work was studied and mean? Would be to legally well regulated system of researched different literature, different authors education is actually the ultimate result for the from different areas including the appropriate legal result was the organization and functionality. On documents. The insight obtained such research led the other hand, it is difficult to adequately answer to thinking about the fundamental things in the question of what is this well-ordered system of

85 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92 legal education. It is obvious that there are some of some relationships that are treated as reasonably global values that are common to well- documents. Strict legal analysis would maybe in ordered legal systems. Especially nowadays, when some of these situations (of which there were many the weight of integration and unification is of such in the world) seemingly some disagreements and value as is the case in higher education such as the legal doubts, but the time of creation and social Bologna process, i.e. The Bologna Declaration relations should be taken into account as incurred. which 29 countries committed themselves to a So, throughout human history is evident presence common structure reform of higher education which of establishing such rules applying to all individuals is the key document which marks a turning point in in a social community. Law as a social activity, the development of higher education in Europe therefore, tries on the basis of current social (www1). However, in order to even be able to deal insights, goals of society, the definition of morality with such an important issue, above all, we must and knowledge, standardize certain categories of make it a cross-section of the essential concepts behavior by introducing gradually throughout through time is a crucial factor. history more or less recognizable form of sanctioning behavior that is not considered Law and its historical development adequate for the social community. Of course, this The sociological relations, social movements, is not the end. Social communities, of course, when stratification, micro etc. are not incurred in the 21st they are more or less rounded come in contact with century. Their origins can be traced to artifacts other communities. Although in most situations, from, and within the current sociological they perform war, sooner or later, wars end and community, in terms of anthropology through are replaced by diplomatic, political, trade, millions of years. Of course, later complexity of supranational and other communications, as well as these communities led to increasingly complex a pre-opening need for standardizing relations. internal relations, as well as relations with other Many of these communities often can certainly raise similar communities. Almost as a rule, relations the question of the general meaningfulness that have appeared, and this regardless of the level (Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, WTO, of development, have been characterized by IMF,) but some of them are also very meaningful disagreements and misunderstandings. Some of (UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, EU, probably USA, G8, these disagreements were settled by a certain type Sheng, OPEC ...). In the efforts of construction of of argumentation but too often resorted to the use individual systems there has been a single system of force. This force in ancient times could be a force that eventually swallowed all the others (NATO) or physical strength of an individual and the power with some questionable features, but there are of his authority within the initially established others that allow global collaboration with system of government. For example, it was minimally forced regulations (UEN, Olympic Union, certainly "more worth" coming from an experienced Greenpeace, European and world anthropological hunter or heads of tribes than the other members. associations, educational, scientific community, Of course, it could have happened that a decision etc.). As can be seen throughout the last century based on that could have been wrong but life was there were ambivalent situations that clearly show evaluating such decisions by destruction or a tendency of mutual influence of refraction development of e.g. such tribes. Strengthening resources, knowledge and ideas which are on one internal relations began to show a hint custom, hand heavy wars and destruction of the world to mores and even the rules that are all together the locals, and on the other hand, noble models of began to imagine rudimentary legal norms and association such as the UN. ethics which all other members should undergo. Legal regulation of individual social community Of course that many of these rules at the very seeks maximum strengthening of each community beginning were fluid and their interpretation was at the expense of all other models while jointly relatively complex. Even today in many tribes or expressed e.g. The UN are trying to balance the tribal alliances (i.e. Africa, South America, etc.), benefits of development to all people on Earth. In especially in smaller communities there are both cases are visible clear legal merits of all these individuals whose community dismisses disputes situations. Finally, the fact that conflicts are without any written documents. You could say that something the man at the same time causes and this is some sort of common law. Certainly, the fact tries to prevent is evident not only in politics cannot stay, because decisions in case of disputes throughout history, but, for example, in art and are often subjective or intoned interests that are literature in particular. Who has not known the not necessarily an inherent part of the dispute. conflict between Montecchi and Capulet (Romeo With the arrival of literacy even in totalitarian and Juliet) or conflict within the individual in Crime regimes that were, i.e., tribal, appears the need for and Punishment by Dostoevsky? Through such definition of rules in a form that is more or less situations are reported already mentioned steady, verifiable and clear to everyone. Some of confrontations of social groups that are refracted these examples are shown in all tribes and all through two individuals or within the individual people in accordance with the development of himself. Maybe the most evident example of the society such as Hammurabi, the Egyptian rule in possible groups that are not of political interest are hieroglyphics or at a later time the Baska Tablet, described in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo where Charter of Duke Trpimir or Law codex of Vinodol. In on one hand there is an "exemplary" criminal, on many of these documents are visible clear designs the other hand there is an exemplary police officer,

86 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92 then is completely clearly defined legal framework the rest. For example, development of the where one catches the other, but in the manner of offspring, medical care, freedom, creativity, catharsis all ends in a way in which they are both in communication, participation, codetermination and exactly the same social roles. It follows then that everything else. It could be said that even a the legal norms are inevitable sequences of general newborn child has three such fundamental rights social relations but also that there absolutely and those of the concepts that seemingly are not cannot be any but the smallest legally standardized unique to the social parameters as to keep the social relationships. "external hard drives", which are doctors, teachers, parents, pediatricians, technicians who maintain Education within the legal system warmth in the hospital and so on. Then, with the Reasonably assuming that educators, teachers, help of the appropriate authority, if necessary, he students... dispose well enough with information on takes what he needs. And he will, of course, do that education, both today and throughout history, here all his life. Those among them who are the best will be indicated only a minimum of information and educated shall conclude and make decisions based not one that has a direct connection with the law or on the information contained in them, that have norms. As in the above mentioned, law as the term become their direct and permanent repertoire. All originates directly from social relations. Of course, the rest will continue to be on the outer discs it is the same situation with education. The right (experts, books, videos, etc.). On the basis of all, it question to ask is: Which appeared sooner, law or is obvious that the transfer of knowledge from education? And of course, even though the lawyers "external drives" on an individual or society is the and educators would certainly kill one another over most important thing and that is what makes the response, the answer is quite simple. Like most education so important. School, regardless of what others inherent human phenomenon, these two is within the established parameters, represents occurred simultaneously. Sooner than ten thousand only the organizational form of knowledge transfer years ago there were no legal acts, as we have and thereby is subject to the appropriate legal seen it does not mean that there were no rights, rules, of which told Silov (2001) and Staničić just as the fact that there were no school as an (2006). institution does not mean that there was no training. It is obvious, too, that through interaction Previous research within the social system at the same time in both There are and have always existed different directions was exchanged information from research in the field of school and therefore school education to law and vice versa. The difference in legislation and administration. There are different importance, however, is not only symbolic, because tracks from which to see, including the the right to define the rights, obligations, norms, aforementioned Hammurabi (www2). Thus, for attitudes and sanctions and education defines the example, the famous school in Ancient Egypt with current status, knowledge, openness and social its rules and information on the organization of goals. Obviously, there is no possibility of existence antique spoons and gymnasium that had quite without both of them. But some of this work should clearly defined rules and hierarchy (the names of begin. In this regard, of course, avoiding the the others and more recently as a synonym for high question whether the egg was the first, or the schools in several states and even some girls' high chicken, we will assume that the education system school Croatia) (www3, www4). Interesting is the paved the way for the definition of the value of a fact that during most of the ancient Greek history, real upgrade of standardizing elements of the value education was private (except in Sparta). Only system in a strong set of moral preferences. And of wealthy families could afford a teacher. Boys are course, returning to education, cognitive effects, in taught to read, write and quote parts of literary fact, close the "magic circle" of exchanged part. They taught singing and playing and have knowledge and norms. There is the emergence of complete athletic training in athletics and martial different levels reaching legal norms but what is in skill of. And all this only to acquire full citizenship. a normal society, e.g. a mini-skirt, in another is Girls are taught to read, write and count enough for punishable or sanctioned as a similar incidence but the household. So, in the beginning, they were not equally. responsible for the education of parents. With seven years of age boys went to school Modern School as part of the educational system (gymnasium) or military barracks, if they lived in Education is an inherent part of every social Sparta. Classes consisted of arithmetic, music and system; it could be said that the social system of sports. About boys from rich families who went to micro-communities and even individuals both private schools took care of pedagogues - cannot seriously exist without speaking and paidagogos, house edges that were chosen develop without education. As Bilić and Bonacin specifically for this and were companions of those (2007) stress, a fundamental right of every boys. Classes are held in the homes of teachers individual (and in essence of social communities) is where the boys learned mentioned cases. From the the right to life, that is, existence. When he is age of twelve boys practiced wrestling, running and already alive, a right that stems directly from that discus throw and javelin throw. In Athens the older is the right to health, that is, the quality of life and boys learned and more sophisticated disciplines ultimately what of it follows is that there is no such as culture, science, music and art. Education quality of life without education. These are the ended at 18 years old, followed by military training three fundamental rights and from them come all for a period of 1-2 years.

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In Sparta education in old age almost occupational for Rome he was never brought in question. Glory focused warrior arts, under very cruel conditions. was not, as in Greece, individual. However, with Education (and fight) could choose and women. the expansion of state power and public office, However, a part of education for rich boys was parents increasingly have the opportunity to learning under the auspices of a mentor. The educate their children and acquire qualified student has acquired knowledge following the teachers. These teachers Romans gathered from all political speeches of his mentor in the agora, around the world functionally, the war of conquest, helping him in the conduct of public affairs, as slaves. Therefore, for the Romans were practicing with him in high school and attending infamous job. This and that initial teacher what the symposiums. The richest young men continued Greeks called γραμματιστής (grammatistés), and their education at the most educated Greeks, the Romans Litterator (Dictionary, which is the especially at the Academy. (Www5). Pranjić (2015) students taught letters), or mad master, was states the following: "Throughout history, different from the one later in life called constantly tries facts about the influence of Greek grammaticus. Ludus in Latin means game, free culture on Roman, while constantly talking about activity could actually fit school into a kind of free the similarities. But there are also some time which becomes the foundation for later school. differences. Thus Roman society manifests Until the 4th century Romans elementary school specificity that reflects on his understanding and called their "ludus litterarius" which is, as I said, practice of education. In Rome are in the public the first stage of the Latin school system beyond arena and in the forefront of the state, the laws and which is then followed by "grammaticus" and finally the art of warfare, and the private and family "rhetor". According to some sources already in the farming. These are the characteristics of the Latin 5th St. BC, there were schools for many children. genius but also his reflections on all human life. "Later, the system developed in accordance with Greek influences and interwoved with it well above Unlike the Greeks, in which the Μουσικὴ καὶ the indigenous." Educational systems, of course not γυμναστική (Musik Kai Gymnastika, music / music, stopped developing even if they were inside of poetry, education in general and gymnastics, them very unfavorable circumstances. In fact, since gymnastics) golden password and καλοκἀγαθία the fall of the Roman Empire until the discovery of (Kalokagathia, generosity, honesty, virtue, moral America in 1492 in the social sense locate the goodness, i.e. an exemplary synthesis of beauty Middle Ages (the beginning of the 5th century.). and good) greatest human virtue, to the Romans is This is a period of time for a long time, more than a not the case. In its beginnings, the Romans do not millennium, it is obvious that no educational system burden the Fund physical and mental abilities and at the beginning of this section and in the end they do not care much for science, book and art, but could not be the same in many ways, especially in they were so that practical, immediately useful and the legislative sphere. Supposing there was a applicable in other words materialized, always in common thread throughout that period, in fact the view, starting with the construction all the way to legislative role of the nobleman who in later stages the Code twelve plates. Of course it is this attitude becomes king, often car, with emphasized role of towards life had an impact and the only conception faith-based authority. of formation of the young generation, to his particular upbringing and his daily behavior in the For these reasons, it is easy to spot the ongoing community. On the contrary, they will password "et dilemma and two ways of presenting things in facere et pati fortia Romanum est" (do, to act, and education. The continuously occurring (and going at the same time know to suffer, suffer and wait for on to this day), so quiet, so sometimes the opportunity) to declare their principles in which bloodthirsty, struggle for dominance in education, there is a power of the Roman genius. In Rome, the on one hand secular control and on the other side slave soldiers and worthy dead ancestors, each as a religious control. One might even say, of course, guarantor state and its continuous expansion, with varying degrees of legislative framework that which is associated with well-being of all, and the throughout that period extends, on one hand other as the embodiment of specific Roman virtue. operational training for the needs of time and space While the Greeks dedicated to the ideal, Roman is and on the other hand largely defined scholastic paid to the real, are aimed at have to be in place learning. An increased level of development slowly but the state and the education was. They accepted profiled secular teachers but also institutions and physical exercise because it had a function in religious teachers (priests) and their institutions. martial purposes. And it was all in order to state This dual role of education is to understand and that unlike Athens and Sparta did not have remain in part, to this day, with an emphasis on jurisdiction over education, except in terms of law material, or transcendent. The biggest steps and rights. So education is left to the families and towards free thoughts and ideas were realized in to the seventh year of mothers - mothers familias the first centuries of the Modern Age (16th century and beyond that fathers - pater familias. For this onwards) through Romanticism, Renaissance and education was important to the formation of mostly through the Enlightenment. It is in these conscience in formation, creating the moral value timeframes (16.-17.st) appeared and giant didactic system, creating a lifestyle acceptance of sacrifice Mass Komensky with completely new ideas which and abnegation, unreserved commitment to the extremely enriched educational space. His influence community or rather the country, which is for all was very great, although he himself was not the time, is famous as the largest educational ideal so sole legislator at the time.

88 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92

His ideas have influenced and wriggled further. According to Vukasović (2003) "J.A. Komensky, the Modrić-Blivajs (2007) examines the impact of great Czech philosopher, educator, writer, legislation on the development of school education historian, etc., is one of the founders of the in Civil Croatia from 1774 to 1850. Her research pedagogical science and the driver of the school has shown that protomodernization of education in and educational reforms, the organizer of modern these areas began Teresian reforms triggered by education, humanist, patriot and teacher of the Enlightenment ideas about the development of nations". Under his influence were educated young education as a priority country. The objective of teachers, formed magazines (e.g. Progress) and introducing a single school system was subjected to carried out various reforms, such as holding the all kinds of state control of education. The church is assembly educator (first general assembly of thus losing monopoly in education, although it is Croatian Teachers in 1871). In addition to these still strongly influenced its development. Centuries situations in the literature is possible to find many disunity countries within the Monarchy and even more information regarding the development of access within individual countries was caused by education within the legislative authority shapes, as differences not only in the political, economic and well. Well, I think that this review largely describes social life, but also in the field of education. The the objectives of work in terms of the review of transition from the education authority of the social relations, the legislative branch and Church to the state was accompanied by the lack of education since pre-antique times to the present uniformity in approach, organization and operation day. What should be emphasized in recent circa of schools in almost all parts of the Habsburg 150 years are attempts towards integrative Empire. Therefore, Maria Theresa encouraged interventions in education and with the initiative solving school issues in order to harmonize and that the appreciation of educational competence raise the quality of the educational system. For the comes from the top of a social community most 1770 Education declared the subject of special often in today's more time by Parliament. Such state concern, and introducing Allgemeine attempts to influence education in depth (from Schulordnung (general school order) from the end nursery to a university degree) but also in the of 1774 gave the primary education a specific form breadth (thematic and content), now often referred of the publication of the principle of compulsory to as curricular reforms or e.g. National curricula education. The process laicization education which is in fact a well-made plan of education. proceeded in parallel with its democratization, Many of these attempts, particularly through the through inclusion of ever wider layers of the twentieth century, no matter what name treated, population through systematic education. have not always been very humanistically justified by what has often led to misunderstandings, The ruling circles had to introduce the use of the misunderstandings and serious conflict. national language in the education of their subjects. The implementation of "General school rules" has Let us recall the communist pamphlets and been met with resistance in Hungary due essentially one-way, and of random concepts that germanisation impact, therefore, on the initiative of are known to cause the so-called "Cultural Maria Theresa in 1777 adopted a new "School Revolution" so that university professors have to Order" for Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia. However, learn to dig canals to feel the "real" value of work. this ruler's command did not include living in Or, for example, something that is in fact intended schools; its implementation hampered socio- to be a preliminary guiding nationalism-socialists in economic backwardness, poor pedagogical Germany and that Hitler's "Mein Kampf" of 1925 standards and great influence of the Church. (My Struggle), i.e., a book written by Adolf Hitler, Therefore, in 1806 introduced modified and that combines elements of autobiography and supplemented Ratio Educationis, which has Hitler's political and ideological point of view, which developed all the elements of education, leading to later became the principles of Nazi ideology a better quality of education students and better (www6). In that category, in terms of legislation on teaching effects. Ratio educationis was in the wake the prostrate the 6 January dictatorship, The of the development of education attainment Vidovdan Constitution and other similar acts General school consecutive from 1774 and was certainly can be classified as laws, and although not active until 1845, when it introduced System exclusively oriented to education, undoubtedly have scholarum Elementarium. Century's political a huge impact directed to the general rules of this disunity countries monarchy and turbulent political society and all educational goals. Political and other events of the early 19th century did not support the social circumstances after World War II depict a implementation of the above legal provisions. completely different aspect in the area of education Education policy, which was implemented from the in general in the world. Visible progress towards state center, has become decisive for the ever greater humanistic settings, according to the development of Croatian education, which is their foundation of individuality as well as all the staff to national characteristic successfully completed in better education schools, particularly visible mid-19th century. "It could be said that they are significant step forward in equipping schools, as thinking of Maria Theresa (many) was ahead of its infrastructure (halls, classrooms...) as well as tools time, but even though they may have been and equipment (books, working materials, technical targeted mainly for the purpose of preserving the equipment, IT technologies...). Obviously way of value of the former empire, created a good legal "production" of high-skilled personnel for basis and was an incentive for further development. immediate school practice much improved,

89 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92 however, and in much of Europe, for the job of teachers in primary or secondary school qualifications required of at least four years of study and according to the latest processes (Bologna) even five years. Exactly Bologna process is one of the most serious attempts harmonize and standardize all the necessary conditions higher education institutions but also of learning outcomes in order to relatively easily passed from cycle to cycle and as well as from country to country. This process evens even European and American and Far Eastern standards. In this way, speaking Bologna process is primarily a political future for its implementation, supervision and quality of execution in charge of the relevant ministries, then it is definitely closely legal. It is this process that inevitably requires a precise definition of inputs (knowledge that will be offered to pupils or students) but also clear learning outcomes and Image 1. Model of a well-ordered legal system of competence in order to vertical (the levels of education education) and horizontal (the range of (source: Bonacin & Bonacin, 2012) participative countries) flow and ensuring the transparency of people, goods and services. As can be seen, this model integrates and describes the system of social values of which are generated In this context, it is evident there are differences in utilitarian (as applicable) educational segments to some areas (countries) or even parts of the be offered through the training under the country, for this topical subject of discussion and supervision of the appropriate level of competence. harmonization. Specifically, in Croatia for the last So, we have the school as a system that is two years a curricular reform that is supposed to incorporated into the educational system of the bring huge cognitive positive effects has been being country i.e. companies. It is obvious that, as the tried to carry out with such goals. In Bosnia and competence of some higher levels of government, Herzegovina, which yet does not have members of on the territory of a larger social community (state) the EU, there is a disconnection at the political level to the variations possible within the curriculum less and is thus Čuljak (2013) stated that "Bosnia and because the goal is to some facilities, but the Herzegovina has educational systems and conditions and personnel within certain uniformity legislative frameworks in the whole area, the whole is measured at the level of such a community. inefficient, uncoordinated and which are not fully Conversely, the lower the level of responsibility to enforceable. As such, do not guarantee the exercise the possibility of using the comparative advantages and protection of the right to education. "He also of local communities is higher. In doing so, the believed that" special attention should be paid to director of the link between inductive and deductive compliance regulations at all levels of education activity but also a link between higher levels of with the aim of functioning, development and government (with a lower degree of autonomy sustainability of the system. "Furthermore," this schools) and local community that tends to make in gives the right to conclusion that it is necessary to: the part where it's even legally possible to take a) regulations in education should be clearly advantage of the legislative option part of the designed and quality so that the function of the autonomy of school directed towards local organization and management of educational community. establishments without compromising its autonomy, b) practical solutions enable consistent School superior system allows certain legal forms application of regulations without submission to and forms of behavior that are directed toward daily-political influence, c ) supervise the autonomy. The key issue is the degree of autonomy application and implementation of regulations to be of the school system within the superior system. done well, and the people implementing it must be School legislation determines the degree of independent and responsible in their work d) of the autonomy of the school system. For example, there existing legal norms systematize and consolidate is no autonomy on who can work in the school as the special branch of law which can reasonably be teachers, because there must be legal grounds to given the name of the right to education. " minimal variations. Also there is no autonomy at training professors and there are no facilities in Discussion because there are minimal standards which is school must have such example. Classroom, In compressed form it is possible to identify certain physical, chemical ii art cabinet or sports hall ... rules which now harder all educational institutions Pedagogical Standard also has large variations. But regardless of whether they are marked by urban or the small number of students for one teacher - the rural, large or small, basic or secondary-school or quality work and strives modern learning society even college, public or private, etc. Such a model is under strict limit to the ministry approved funds for represented by a picture: the salary, which is related to the standard of teachers for each subject. 90 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92

Enough is strictly regulated and the relationship properly integrate the school with the local between parents and schools through consultation, community, will receive the degree of autonomy compulsory arrivals, parents council, participation which allows him to increase the quality of school in classes and so on. The school has an obligation work during the scientific field, extracurricular Reporting to financial and other institutions, for activities, extracurricular activities, sports clubs, iT example, the balance sheet, final accounts, etc..., and literary associations, local competition mat., but also broadcast reports about the condition of fiz., chess., tours ... photo sections, movie section, the building, the behavior of students, relations the music and what is very new - volunteer work. with local communities, trade preferences projects and potential investments in the following periods In the case of BiH, there are three constituent and so on. The law provides content and quantity of peoples or more groups that do not belong and libraries, toilets, hall, cabinet and even space for have their own specificity (Montenegrins, Jews, secretary, director, janitor, caretaker, etc. The law Gypsies, Germans, Albanians). And specificity as stipulates the type of behavior and how students well as all the other features that are in relation to and all others, inside and within and outside the this should be seen as richness and diversity institution (field work or behavior in a social (Varietas delctat!). It is hoped that one day all community which affects the reputation of the these specifics to be drivers of reciprocity and institution). The key sub-question is what is convergence of different nations and not any valid required by law, regulations, by-laws and worth as reason for their disagreements, conflicts and usus? Resolution of this issue often causes an alienation. BiH may soon seek qualified invitation increase in the quality of the whole institution. for membership in the EU. To this end, there will be Mores is difficult to prescribe legal but people are significant changes in legislation and even the part still holding up. Such mores are often a that relates to education. Of course, no invitations consequence of primary socialization i.e. home care part of legislation but is aimed in that direction and and not only that, but as part of preschool and in education it is the most obvious example of the school education system, action of the other Bologna Process. If and when this year is long, institutions and individuals. state law will gain greater significance in relation to the Federal, RS and future cantonal (County) law is Globally we can divide everything the following uncertain as well as the cantons themselves. way: Conclusion 1. What is systematically provided, that is, the law mandates, schools have no choice or have more Educational systems are very specific phenomenon opportunities prescribed / legislator - State / directly integrated into all social systems and especially those who are defined by some 2. Mores - that is not prescribed by law or in some parameters of social values. In the broadest sense, way sanctioned in the community; like spitting on every social system (in principle the state) tries to the sidewalk, littering, swearing and so on. So determine the educational systems in ways that respect is but technically does not have and is not represent a "lever" to play the society. For these strictly required by law. However, in case of reasons it is clear that the fundamental rules of violation of sanctions in principle on a case-by-case structure, infrastructure, type of transfer and its basis. Culturally mandatory / Society / In general, content determined precisely in accordance with the higher place, the impact of cultural customs these criteria. How could it, society i.e. the state as and mores will be more pronounced but with well as for all other sub-segments (subsystems) greater variation with respect to multiculturalism. has a specific set of rules that determines such a School in a small town will display generally a circuit that is legal. This means that determines the greater degree of autonomy and greater laws as basic rules which are subjected to all the possibilities of action in interaction with the local members of such boards and other sub-segments, communities, but it would be culturally more and hence education. uniform characteristic. Today's school taken seriously multiculturalism (and other forms of Should simplify the implementation and monitoring diversity) considering that the world is a "global social community seeks to standardize core values village", say for example, there are exchange that will be played through education. The main students and students (ERASMUS) collection of this information shows relatively less variation and seeks to unite the essence of the 3. Election of autonomy, the school itself regulates transfer in all its parts. On the other hand, there is the part and often depends on the comparative possibly greater community (in principle the state) advantages for example. The financial situation, which is in all its geographic and other features the climate and geographical location (mountain, same everywhere. It follows a clear conclusion that plains, sea), population size, urban-rural and so on. there will be some variations that must be installed This part is about the local self-government . For in a stable educational system. In this part of the example, in a formal sense, the City of castle educational system leaves certain, although not too participates in the transport of students and large degree of autonomy in implementing the informally through field trips, help with field trips, content of education, in principle, in accordance help for people with special needs and donations - with the features of local government. The point at alumni, etc. If the director and his associates which they meet Global CFO educational

91 Bonacin, D. et al.: Modern school degree of autonomy in a well organized... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 85‐92 parameters and possible values of the autonomous are personnel skills and knowledge that will be school is headed by the Director. Director in decisive for the implementation of these specific accordance with the law (superior bodies) carried local autonomous activities. In this way, schools of out possible specific local activities to the extent the future, no matter how organized (classic, on- that it is the local community can support. Most line...) will bring the long-desired model of likely in the future of education grow the total individualized teaching and learning. Competence amount of free space that directors available for will be at the same time in accordance with the application specific autonomous and locally oriented initial habits of the individual as well as the activities. What you will need to greatly improve objectives of the legislator.

References

Bilić, Ž. & Bonacin, D. (2007). Uvod u kineziološku rekreaciju. [Introduction to kinesiology recreation. In Croatian.]. Mostar: FPMOZ Bonacin, D. & Bonacin. D. (2016). Differential definition of quality school, Sport Science, 9(S2), 121-125. Bonacin, Da. & Bonacin, D. (2012). Management model of educational institution according to basic funding sources. Sport Science, 5(1), 95‐101. Čuljak, Č. (2013) Školsko zakonodavstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini. [School legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Croatian.]. Putokazi, 1(2), 199-206. Bijakovići: FDZMB Modrić-Blivajs, D. (207) Utjecaj školskog zakonodavstva na razvoj školstva u Banskoj Hrvatskoj od 1774. do 1850. godine. [Influence of the educational legislative to the development of the schooling in Banal Croatia from 1774 to 1850. In Croatian.]. Povijesni prilozi, 32, 209-221. Pranjić, M. (2015). Autohtoni starorimski odgoj. [Indigenous old Roman education. In Croatian.]. Napredak ,156(1-2), 169-203. Silov, M. (2001). Suvremeno upravljanje i rukovođenje u školskom sustavu. [Modern management and leadership in the school system. In Croatian.]. Velika Gorica: Persona. Vukasović, A. (2003) Odgojne vrijednosti i putokazi J.A. Komenskog za treće tisućljeće. [Educational value and signposts of J.A. Comenius for the third millennium. In Croatian.]. Obnovljeni život, 58(1), 87-98. *** https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamurabijeva_stela ***http://hercegovina.edu.ba/hr/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/BOLONJSKA-DEKLARACIJA-O-EUROPSKOM- PROSTORU-ZA-VISOKO-OBRAZOVANJE.pdf *** https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licej *** http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/34561/ *** https://prezi.com/9fmivpoz0e9o/skole-i-obrazovanje-u-starom-rimu/ *** https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka *** https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf

STUPANJ AUTONOMIJE MODERNE ŠKOLE U DOBRO UREĐENOM PRAVNOM SUSTAVU EDUKACIJE

Sažetak Cilj ovog rada bio je prepoznati stupanj autonomije moderne škole u uređenom pravnom sustavu edukacije. Kako bi se taj cilj postigao, bilo je potrebno analizirati temeljne okvire modernih škola unutar zakonodavnog modela modernih parlamentarnih političkih sustava. Nakon konzultacije brojne literature zaključeno je kako je stupanj autonomije obrnuto razmjeran globalnoj zakonodavnoj i izvršnoj vlasti, koje i jedna i druga definiraju kao pravni okvir u kojem se edukacija institucionalno realizira. Vidljivo je kako će ne samo danas, već posebno u budućnosti stupanj autonomije škola biti posebno izražene kroz komparativne prednosti vezane uz lokalnu upravu i samoupravu. Takva tendencija sigurno će otvoriti mogućnosti razvoja specifičnih programa i integracije školskih sustava u utilitarno integrirane modele školovanja mladih za potrebe tržišta rada. 'Non scholae, sed vitae discimus.''

Ključne riječi: edukacija, autonomija, samouprava, zakonodavstvo

Received: June 19, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: MSc.Danijela Bonacin, PhD st. Herzegovina University Faculty of Social sciences dr.M.Brkić 88266 Međugorje, Kraljice Mira 3A Bijakovići, Bosnia & Herzegovina Phone: +385 (0)98 955 7186 E-mail: [email protected]

92 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100

EVALUATION OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL SERVICES IN A LOCAL COMMUNITY BASED ON USERS’ PERCEPTION

Velibor Srdić1, Milan Nešić2 and Lazar Radoš3

1Pan-European University Apeiron, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2College for Sport and Tourism, Novi Sad, Serbia 3University RUDN, Moscow, Russian Federation

Original scientific paper

Abstract A sample of 210 participants (111 men and 99 women), regular users of sports recreational programs of JP SRC ’Tikvara’ in Bačka Palanka, were tested by a questionnaire designed as a scale for individual evaluation of quality of sports and recreational services (Scale Perception of Quality Sports and Recreational Services). The goal of the research was to evaluate some aspects of the quality of sports recreational services offered by this center, which is a complex, multi-functional, sports recreational facility for the territory of the local community (the municipality of Bačka Palanka, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia). The results of the research are based on the perception of the users of that center. Additionally, metrical characteristics of the 20-item scale used were determined. The results of the analysis show that the scale overall has a good internal consistency, which is indicated by a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.944. Furthermore, the analysis of the main components produced the single component solution which explained for the 49.86% of the total variance (KMO measure of Sampling Adequacy = .886; Sig. = .000). All of the 20 variables gave a suitable factor weight to one extracted component and this confirmed that SPQSRS has validity and that it can be used as an independent scale for evaluation of perception of sports and recreational services quality by their direct users in sports and recreational centers of local communities (municipalities and cities). The results of the SPQSRS survey showed that the chosen sports recreational center is perceived as a place where they can get sports recreational services of high quality. Given the fine metric characteristics gained in this study, it is realistic to expect that this questionnaire can be proven reliable in other local communities.

Key words: sports recreational services, quality, users, local community

Introduction

People’s different needs when it comes to sports should be adequate (Nešić, 2014). In general, and recreation bring out the issue of possibility of sports and recreational services should be available their existence and realization of their content. to the widest layers of society, because they satisfy Local communities, as places of realization of different needs and have different effects on people’s basic rights to have their different needs potential users. Thus, it can be said that they satisfied, stand as relevant places for realization of should be ‘near at hand’ to all interested people’s needs in the field of sport and physical individuals. However, current changes in the exercise. The European Charter of Local Self- modern way of life and work, in modern speed of Government (1985) defines it as a group of local communication, and the increasing number of institutions which have the right but also ability and various sorts of information coming from different obligation to enable citizens of a local community to media, can overshadow sports and recreational directly or via their representatives manage certain services. This means that a particular service can public affairs relatively independently with stay unrealized even though there are a certain responsibility and in their own interest. Local self- number of people who need it (Nešić, 2013). government represents the highest level of In the context of modern service business, special independency of local authorities in execution of attention is being increasingly dedicated to the local everyday affairs. The role of local communities issue of service quality. This primarily includes is confirmed by European Urban Charter (2008) in clients’ or user’ opinions about the quality and the section which refers to the local authorities’ role quantity of benefits/experience which they gained in sport by proclaiming that: 1) a local community while using it (Nešić & Zubanov, 2015), but it can has a vital significance in sports promotion as a also relate to the quality of mutually developed vital service to the community, 2) sport and relationships and clients' attachment to an physical recreation have an important role in organization. It has been proven that the latter moderation of bad life habits; 3) sport has an factor positively connects the quality of service and enormous significance as preventive health care; 4) quality of developed relationships with clients' each person should have possibility to engage in satisfaction (Segoro, 2013). Constant identification sport regardless of their age; 5) sports facilities and monitoring of the service quality (as internal should be available to all, and fees for their usage activity of an organization) which has a goal to 93 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100 make users attached to a certain company (the and for this reason a new scale for measuring the service provider), as well as to build their loyalty quality of service in this field has been developed toward a specific organization, is a modern known as REQUAL model (Crompton et al., 1991). business issue that all service providers have to The scale contains four dimensions of quality face. Within this framework, sports and sports (safety, reliability, responsibility and tangibility). recreational centers as places where different Kim and Kim (1995) developed a model called sports and recreational services (and other related QUESC (Quality Excellence of Sport Centers) on the services) are provided are not excluded. Especially sample of sports centers in Korea, which measures if one has in mind the fact that there is more 12 dimensions of quality: ambiance, attitude of competition within this 'market' of services which is employees, reliability of employees, friendliness, dominated by modern sports and recreational availability of information, programs offered, staff’s programs (fitness, programs for health and reputation, prices, privileges, tranquility, recovery, so called 'adrenaline' activities, etc). This stimulations and convenience. Howat et al. (1999) is why indicators of success of each sports and developed a model called CERM-CSQ (Center for recreational service (whether it would be pure Environmental and Recreation Management – and/or extended) have to be observed primarily Customer Service Quality) which measures three through the relationship that shows to what extent dimensions of quality: main services, personal and direct users’ expectations have been met by peripheral services. The authors have often used delivered services. Even though users’ expectations this model for measuring of the quality of service in can be influenced by many factors (fashion trends, recreational centers in Australia and New Zealand sports standardization, availability as characterized (Murray and Howat, 2002). Ko and Pastore (2004, by motor structure, clients’ individual goals, local 2007) developed a detailed instrument called conditions, etc.), creation of the perception of the SSQRS (Scale of Service Quality for Recreation service itself, as well as its value, is predominately Sport) for measuring of the service quality in happening on the individual level of every user recreational sports where they isolated 4 (Nešić & Zubanov, 2015). dimensions: quality of programs, quality of interaction, quality of outcome and quality of The research background physical environment. Service quality measuring is a very large and conceptually varied notion of service management, Methods so a lot of instruments are used for this purpose. As sports recreation has become a more dynamical This empirical research of transversal character was area of the service sector, the measuring of quality realized with the goal of evaluation of some aspects of different services and particular service subjects of sports and recreational quality of services has become a basis of successful business practice. provided by the sports and recreational center The identification of perception of quality by direct ‘Tikvara’ in Bačka Palanka (Autonomous Province of users is emphasized as the modus operandi of each Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia) and which are based sports recreational center. One of the most widely on their users’ perceptions. For the needs of this known models for measuring of service quality research, a special 20-item questionnaire was (SERVQUAL) was developed by Parasuraman, designed using the SERVPERF model as a template, Zeithaml and Berry (1985, 1988, 1991). It consists as well as some other elements of the previously of five quality dimensions: reliability (the ability to described instruments. Necessary modifications perform a promised service dependably and were made so that the questionnaire was adapted accurately), assurance (the knowledge and to the needs of the research and characteristics of courtesy of employees and their ability to convey the sample, that is, the local environment where trust and confidence), tangibles (the appearance of the research was realized. The way and the range physical facilities, equipment, personnel and of this research, as well as the fact that it is about communication materials), empathy (the provision a specific kind of service, where users take into of caring, individualized attention to customers) consideration expectations which made them and responsiveness (the willingness to help choose a specific sports and recreational center and customers and to provide prompt service) its services, lessen the impact of potential (Parasuraman et al, 1985, 1988, 1991). Even objections that could possibly come from the critics though SERVQUAL has been a basis for measuring of this model. At the same time, it gives specific service quality for a long time, it was necessary to explanations for relative limitations of this study modify it and adapt it for specific areas (Yu, Morais and similar studies. The sample of participants & Chick, 2005; Beckman & Veldkamp, 1995). This consisted of 210 regular users of the sports mainly relates to an alternative instrument (Cronin recreational program in this center (111 men and & Taylor, 1992) which is a modified version of the 99 women), which was differentiated for the sake original questionnaire SERVQUAL. This scale in of analysis and in accordance with specific essence doesn’t measure clients’ expectations, but individual characteristics into two subsamples: (1) their perception of quality of an already consumed related to sex and (2) related to the duration of (used) service. So it is predominately about users’ activity in the center (a – less than 6 months measuring users’ satisfaction. However, in time it of regular use; b – between 6 and 12 months of has been affirmed that SERVQUAL cannot be used regular use; c – more than 12 months of regular completely authentically for evaluation of the use). The applied instrument was constructed as a service quality in sports and recreational industry, scale for individual evaluation of elements of sports

94 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100 and recreational quality of services (Scale procedures: (1) Scale Reliability Analysis Perception of Quality Sports and Recreational (determination of Cronbach’s alpha) and (2) Factor Services) that are available to users on a daily Analysis, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), with basis. The final version of the questionnaire was the Direct Oblimin method of rotation. All statistical preceded by several test researches. The initial conclusions were based on a level of significance of questionnaire consisted of 25 claims, but after the 0.05 (Sig. < .05). The results show that overall the first metrics check, only 20 items were kept that scale has a fine internal consistency, which is encompass all 5 subscales like the basic version of indicated by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which the SERVPERF scale (Table 1). is significantly higher than the recommended theoretical value 0.7 (De Vellis, 2003). Additionally, Table 1. Reliability Statistics for SPQSRS high internal consistency is confirmed within all five questionnaire subscales (Table 2).

Cronbach's Table 2. Reliability Statistics for SPQSRS Alpha if No. Question questionnaire-subscale Item Deleted SRC has modern and attractive looking Cronbach's 1 .942 equipment Subscale question Alpha if Item Cr. Alpha Deleted 2 Interior of SRC looks very attractive .942 1 .706 Hygiene of the space and equipment in 3 .943 1 Tangibility 2 .663 .809 SRC is at the expected level 3 .809 Promotional materials of SRC 4 .784 4 (brochures, fliers, boards etc.) look .943 attractive 5 .563 Announced exercise schedules are 6 .749 5 .941 2 Reliability .749 always followed 7 .635 Employees in SRC are highly committed 8 .652 6 to solving potential problems of clients in .944 a prompt and efficient way. 9 .537 Employees of SRC regularly update the 10 .555 record about their professional work 3 Responsibility .723 7 .941 11 .646 (trainings, exercising) which is also available to clients 12 .643 Employees regularly keep an attendance 13 .750 8 .941 record of their clients 14 .706 Recreational personnel/coaches in SRC 4 Trust .810 9 .940 15 .707 perform all their duties on time Recreational personnel/coaches are 16 .810 10 .942 always there to help their clients 17 .917 When I stay and exercise in SRC, I feel 11 .944 18 .911 safe and secure 5 Empathy .936 SRC has opening hours suitable for their 19 .918 12 .944 clients 20 .908 Employees’ appearance in SRC fosters 13 .941 Cronbach's Alpha .944 trust in clients New users of recreational programs in SRC are provided with all the The application of the SPQSRS questionnaire was 14 .940 professional information before they start demonstrated on the example of sports and using the service (exercising) recreational center ‘Tikvara’ in Bačka Palanka. Clients always have an option to express Based on the responses to the 20-item 15 their remarks and suggestions to the .940 management of SRC questionnaire, for each participant of the study an Recreational personnel/coaches’ average scalar value was calculated which was 16 professionalism wins the trust of the .944 used as numerical data for evaluation of the clients who they work with perception of the sports and recreational service Recreational personnel/coaches in SRC 17 .939 quality that was delivered to them. Descriptive try to motivate each client to exercise statistical parameters for different subsamples were SRC has employees who pay 18 appropriate individualized attention to .939 calculated out of these scalar averages. The each client (exerciser) significance of differences between arithmetic Clients are always able to express their means was tested by Univariate Analysis of 19 .940 opinion about the work of SRC Variance and One Way ANOVA. Management of SRC cares about their 20 .938 clients’ interests Results Cronbach's Alpha .944

In order to check the validity of the SPQSRS Participants could choose one of five positions on questionnaire, 20 items of the scale were tested the Likert type scale to express their evaluation, through the principal component analysis (PCA). where grade 1 represents the lowest, and grade 5 Before performing the PCA, suitability of data for represents the highest level of users’ satisfaction. factor analysis was evaluated. A correlational Metrics of the questionnaire was assessed via two matrix revealed many coefficients with 0.3 value

95 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100 and higher. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of the value of 4, and in some subsamples it reached Sampling Adequacy (KMO) was 0.886, which is the value of 4.5 (Tables 4 and 5). The results of the above the recommended value of 0.6 (Kaiser, discriminative analysis (average scalar grades) 1970, 1974). Bartlett's test of sphericity (Bartlett, showed that the sex of the participants didn’t 1954) also showed a high statistical significance. All influence their experience of the quality of the this indicates factorability of the correlational sports and recreational services and programs in matrix. The analysis of the principal components the chosen sports and recreational center, but the acquired after the Oblimin rotation, revealed the possible factor of evaluation turned out to be users’ existence of 4 components with Eigenvalues above duration of activity in the center (Sig. = .042). 1, which explain 49.86%, 8.81%, 6.90% and 5.82% of the variance. The resulting Scree plot Table 3. Factor Analysis for SPQSRS questionnaire showed the existence of a clear breaking point already after the first component (Picture 1). Based Hierarchy of Component Communality on the Kattel’s criterion (1966) it was decided to items Matrix keep only one component. This was supported by E20 .875 .765 the results of the parallel analysis with one E17 .835 .697 component whose characteristic values surpass the E18 .811 .658 corresponding threshold values gotten via an E19 .801 .641 equally big matrix of random numbers (20 variables PO14 .792 .627 x 210 participants). That single component solution PO15 .777 .604 explained a significant part of the total variance. OD9 .757 .573 P5 .748 .560 All 20 variables gave a certain factor weight to one PO13 .748 .559 extracted component (Table 3) which confirmed P8 .744 .554 that the SPQSRS questionnaire has validity and P7 .733 .537 that it can be used as an independent scale for OD10 .713 .508 evaluation of the perception of the quality of sports O2 .680 .463 and recreational services by their direct users in O3 .667 .445 sports and recreational centers at the level of local O1 .647 .418 communities (municipalities and cities). A hierarchical structure of component matrix shows O4 .623 .388 that the extracted factor is most intensely OD12 .549 .302 saturated with items related to the elements of PO16 .544 .296 positive experiences of sports and recreational OD11 .526 .276 services which are encompassed by the empathy P6 .419 .202 subscale (management’s care about clients’ KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy = .886 interests, coaches as motivators for exercising, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity = 3.5373 Sig.= .000 employees who pay adequate and individualized attention to each client, clients’ ability to express Table 4. Descriptive Statistics for SPQSRS their remarks and suggestions to the employees in questionnaire (sex) the center), that is trust in human resources of the center (part of the trust and responsibilities Sex N Mean Std. Deviation subscales). Men 111 4.47 .530 Women 99 4.39 .709 Σ 210 4.43 .621 One Way ANOVA: F = .793; Sig. = .374

Table 5. Descriptive Statistics for SPQSRS questionnaire (duration of activity)

Users’ duration of N Mean Std. Deviation activity Less than 6 months 37 4.43 .612 Between 6 and 12 73 4.57 .507 months More than 12 months 100 4.33 .682 Σ 210 4.43 .621 One Way ANOVA: F = 3.209; Sig. = .042

Figure 1. Scree Plot for SPQSRS questionnaire. Discussion

The results obtained by the survey that was carried Planning, building and usage of the sports and out among SRC Tikvara’s service users showed that recreational facilities in local communities should the chosen sports and recreational center provides primarily be based on previously identified needs sports and recreational services of high quality. On and interests of the citizens in this area. the scale ranging from 1 to 5, the total average Furthermore, management of these facilities (in grade of the whole sample significantly exceeded most cases these are complex sports and/or sports

96 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100 and recreational centers) as well as the way of their of management efficiency, internal organization and usage should serve sports and recreational marketability. The significance of management of programs that are sought after in local communities quality is indicated by experiences in certain (Nešić, 2006). Regarding Bačka Palanka as an organizations which are active in the field of sports administrative, business, sports and cultural center and recreation (Currie & Ipson, 2002; Murray & of the same municipality, one can notice a high Howat, 2002; Jae Ko & Pastore, 2004, 2007; Carr & demand by its citizens for facilities of this sort, that De Michele, 2010). The most commonly evaluated is, the sports and recreational services offered by elements of quality in studies carried out thus far in them. Considering that the majority of sports and sports and recreational centers are mostly related recreational centers on the territory of the Republic to physical conditions (size and interior of the of Serbia are owned by the state, political facility, space and exercising equipment, management of the local self-governments have availability, etc.), and are much less related to the direct influence on the choice of management that quality of programs and professional potential of is responsible for the quality and manner of its human resources (the sort of activity, educational functioning. However, management recruited in this concept, coaches’ relationship with clients, etc.). way has often demonstrated poor competence in Certain aspects of the perception of service quality practice so far. Furthermore, it has been observed from the basic SERVPERF model (tangibility, that the state in essence does not show sufficient reliability, trust, empathy) were used for the interest in effective functioning of sports and formation of the instrument that was used in this recreational centers in smaller places. Thus, study. Those elements are primarily focused on the evaluations of the successfulness of their work and activity of human resources in a sports and functioning are mostly performed formally, that is recreational center. Even though it was excepted by one-sided judgment of business results by the that the factor analysis would result in specific management in charge. In other words, the service components of quality that were connected to the provider is frequently the only one to evaluate its subscales’ constructs, eventually, it turned out that own performance, which often gives an incomplete the quality in a sports and recreational center of picture that later becomes a poor basis for new local significance should be observed as a unitary planning phases (Nešić, 2013). Following the space. When a single-factor structure was obtained, current world practice, one can notice that the most the appropriate parsimony was also achieved and common difficulties when it comes to the notion of thus the validity of the SPQSRS questionnaire quality in sports industry service are about the confirmed showing the fine characteristics of a dilemma what one should measure – quality of the single multi-item scale. This is a good service itself or the users’ experience (Crosby, recommendation for its future use in direct work of 1979; Cronin & Taylor, 1992, Cairns, Harris, local sports and recreational centers. The internal Hutchison & Tricker, 2004). consistency of selected items contributed to the good metrics of this instrument, which shows that it Additionally, one of the methodological problems is can be used as an independent scale for evaluation related to the suspicion about the objectivity of of users’ perception of quality of sports and evaluation of quality, where most authors think recreational services in sports and recreational that the users should be the main focus of the centers of smaller local communities. service quality (Ivanović & Antić, 2011). Creation of users’ experience about the quality of service is The hierarchical structure of the extracted factor mostly determined by internal factors of a sports- shows that in the process of evaluation of service service organization, as well as by relations with quality in a specific sports and recreational center, other stakeholders (Campbell, 2002, Ivanović, users most intensely focus on the total experience 2011). Many difficulties come from this relationship of the services that they used. Although they rate which is the reason why measuring of the delivered all the elements of quality positively, the most services represents a very sensitive issue (Cairns, influential ones are: management’s attitude toward et al., 2004), especially related to the aspect of clients, coaches who are able to motivate clients to modeling the service assortment of sports and exercise and who dedicate appropriate recreational organizations. One determinant is the individualized attention to each client, as well as adequate identification of users’ perceptions and the possibility of an open communication between specific experience of quality through a positive or users and management of the center. Thus there negative feeling after the use of a service (Evans & are elements that predominantly fall into the Lindsey, 2010). Sports-service subjects apply subscale of empathy. On the other hand, elements different concepts of management of quality and from the tangibility scale (interior, equipment, apply different models for measuring the service hygiene, marketing, etc.) are positioned much quality (Kelley & Turley, 2001; Tsitskari, Tsiotras & lower hierarchically, which clearly indicated that the Tsiotras, 2006; Lee, Duck Kim, Ko, & Sagas, 2011). perception of the quality of sports and recreational The majority of the sports and recreational centers services in this center is principally experienced in smaller local communities in the territory of through the employees’ good, professional and Vojvodina still don’t focus on the application of competent attitude toward clients, and less though management of quality and on the measuring of the physical space where these services are different aspects of quality. Measuring of users’ delivered. These data are significant for the center’s satisfaction is especially neglected, which management considering that they point out the significantly lowers the possibility for improvement activities that need to be carried out for the

97 Srdić, V. et al.: Evaluation of sports and recreational services in a local... Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 93‐100 purpose of constant improvement of the service influenced by the items that are related to the quality. Valuing certain elements of quality, users positive experience of human resources’ attitude send clear information to the management about toward clients (management’s attitude toward the areas for improvement. It would be interesting to center’s clients, coaches that know how to motivate follow these elements in further researches in other clients to exercise and who pay individualized sports and recreational centers in the area and attention to each client, as well as the possibility for check to what extent this observation can be the users to communicate openly to the confirmed. management of the center). The existence of just one factor enabled the use of a single scale for Conclusion evaluation whose final result was the average value calculated from the grades by which users rated This study had a goal to show the process of the certain aspects of the quality. In this way a specific formation of one questionnaire for evaluation of the multi-item scale was obtained which in essence quality of sports and recreational services, as well contains all five subscales of the SERVPERF model as its application on one sports and recreational that was used as a foundation of this research center in a local community. Based on several (tangibility, reliability, responsibility, trust and preliminary studies, 20 items that had the suitable empathy). The application of the SPQSRS metrics were defined. A scale reliability analysis questionnaire was demonstrated on one sports and resulted in a high value of Cronbach’s Alpha, and a recreational center in a local community. It is factor analysis proved the scale’s fine validity. A expected that further studies will test the statistically acceptable parsimony was achieved by questionnaire on other similar sports and the Principal component analysis (PCA), and a recreational facilities. Considering the fine metric single-factor structure was validated. The characteristics obtained in this study, it is realistic hierarchical structure showed that the general to expect that the questionnaire proves to be factor of quality of sports and recreational services reliable in other local communities in the Republic in a local sports and recreational center is most of Serbia.

References

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PROCJENA KVALITETA SPORTSKO-REKREATIVNIH USLUGA U LOKALNOJ ZAJEDNICI ZASNOVANA NA PERCEPCIJI KORISNIKA

Sažetak Na uzorku od 210 ispitanika (111 muškaraca i 99 žena), redovnih korisnika sportsko-rekreativnih programa JP SRC „Tikvara“ u Bačkoj Palanci, primijenjen je upitnik konstruiran kao skala za inidividualnu procjenu kvaliteta sportsko-rekreativnih usluga (Scale Perception of Quality Sports and Recreational Services). Cilj istraživanja se odnosio na procjenu nekih aspekata kvaliteta sportsko-rekreativnih usluga koje pruža ovaj Centar kao kompleksan multifunkcionalan sportsko-rekreativni objekt za područje lokalne zajednice (općina Bačka Palanka, Autonomna pokrajina Vojvodina, Republika Srbija), a koji su bazirani na percepciji njegovih korisnika, kao i utvrđivanje metrijskih karakteristika konstruirane i primijenjene skale sa 20 itema. Rezultati analize pokazuju da skala u cjelini ima dobru unutrašnju suglasnost, na što ukazuje iskazani Kronbach koeficijent alfa čija je vrijednost bila 0,944. Također je i analiza glavnih komponenti dovela do single component rješenja, čime je objašnjeno 49,86% ukupne varijanse (KMO measure of Sampling Adequeci = ,886; Sig.= ,000). Svih 20 varijabli dalo je odgovarajuću faktorsku težinu jedinoj izdvojenoj komponenti, čime je utvrđeno da SPQSRS upitnik ima korektnu validnost i da se može primjenjivati kao samostalna skala za procjenu percepcije kvaliteta sportsko-rekreativnih usluga od neposrednih korisnika u sportsko- rekreativnim centrima na razini lokalnih zajednica (općina i gradova). Rezultati prikupljeni anketiranjem korisnika primjenom SPQSRS upitnika pokazali su da izabrani Sportsko-rekreativni centar percepiraju kao mjesto na kojem mogu dobiti sportsko-rekreativne usluge visokog kvaliteta. Polazeći od dobrih metrijskih karakteristika dobivenih u ovoj studiji, realno je očekivati da se upitnik pokaže pouzdanim i u drugim lokalnim sredinama.

Ključne riječi: sportsko-rekreativne usluge, kvaliteta, korisnici, lokalna zajednica.

Received: October 25, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Assist.Prof. Velibor Srdić, PhD. Pan-European University ''Apeiron'' Faculty of Sport Sciences Pere Krece 13, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina E-mail: [email protected]

100 Öztürk, D. et al.: The evaluation of physiological effects of exercise on man Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 2: 101‐106

THE EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MAN

Deniz Öztürk and Mehmet Ertuğrul Öztürk

1Atatürk University, Health Services Vocational School, Erzurum, Turkey 2Atatürk University, Physical Education and Sports Department, Erzurum, Turkey

Original scientific paper

Abstract Vibration exercise is a new neuro-muscular training method that is applied in athletes as well as in prevention and therapy of osteoporosis. The present study prospected the physiological mechanisms of fatigue by vibration exercise in 37 young healthy subjects. Exercise and cardiovascular data were compared to progressive bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. Vibration exercise was performed in two sessions, with a 26 Hz vibration on a ground plate, in combination with squatting plus additional load (40% of body weight). After vibration exercise, subjectively perceived exertion on Borg's scale was 18, and thus as high as after bicycle ergometry. Heart rate after vibration exercise increased to 128 min-1, blood pressure to 132/52 mmHg and lactate to 3.5 mM. Oxygen uptake in VE was 48.8% of VO2max in bicycle ergometry. After vibration exercise, voluntary force in knee extension was reduced by 9.2%, jump height by 9.1%, and the decrease of EMG median frequency during maximal voluntary contraction was attenuated. The reproducibility in the two Vibration exercise sessions was quite good: for heart rate, oxygen uptake and reduction in jump height, correlation coefficients of values from session 1 and from session 2 were between 0.67 and 0.7. Thus, VE can be well controlled in terms of these parameters. Surprisingly, an itching erythema was found in about half of the individuals, and an increase in cutaneous blood flow. It follows that exhaustive whole-body vibration exercise elicits a mild cardiovascular exertion, and that neural as well as muscular mechanisms of fatigue may play a role.

Key words: energy turnover, exercise physiology, osteoporosis, sports, training

Introduction

Vibration exercise (VE) is a type of exercise that limits are reproducible in subsequent exercise has recently been developed for the prevention and sessions. As a comparison, aerobic capacity was treatment of osteoporosis. It elicits neuro-muscular determined by progressive bicycle ergometry. training reflectorily, without much effort and in Variables of interest were (i) gas exchange and short periods. In ovariectomized rats, VE has been lactate, (ii) heart rate and blood pressure, and (iii) reported as a successful countermeasure against neuromuscular function and fatigue. In addition, loss of bone mineral (Flieger et al., 1998). skin blood flow was assessed, since in previous Moreover, it is conceivable that, depending on the experiments some subjects developed an erythema frequency of vibration, VE renders specific training over the activated muscles. of type II muscle fibres possible. At present, several chronic training studies are being conducted Material and methods in various fields, including sports and training sciences, geriatrics and treatment of osteoporosis Subjects and set-up (Rubin et al., 1998; Wilhelm et al., 1998; Bosco et All subjects gave written informed consent before al., 1999).We currently work with a prototype, in inclusion to the study. They came for three visits, which a platform vibrates around a horizontal with at least 8 days in between. Forty persons rotation axis. Exercise is usually performed with decided to participate. One person was excluded for both legs, the feet posed equidistant on either side medical reasons and two subjects dropped out in of the rotation axis. Hereby, extensor and flexor the course of the study: 16 females and 21 males contractions alternate continuously in the left and were therefore included. The mean age was 23.5 the right legs. There is no direct vertical years (SD 2.7 years, no significant difference acceleration to the body's center of gravity. This between sexes). The female subjects were on reduces passive forces to the joints, but elicits average 168.9 cm tall (SD 5.0) and had a weight of reflexes to stabilize the body posture. In previous 60.6 kg (SD 6.5). The males were 181.4 cm tall experiments, we have ascertained that VE elicits (SD 5.3) and weighed 75.2 kg (SD 8.3). muscle contractions by recording an electromyogram (EMG). Moreover, oxygen uptake First visit (BIC) and hence metabolism typically increases during VE Subjects were clinically investigated. A bicycle with 26 Hz by about 5 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 body ergometry was performed, with increasing steps of weight, as compared to squatting without vibration 50 W over 3 min until exhaustion. Before (CTRL), (unpublished data). The present study was during, immediately after (POST) and after 15 min performed to explore the limits, the exertion and recovery (REC), the following parameters were fatigue effects of exhaustive VE, and how far these measured:

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1) Arterial blood pressure (Riva Rocci) in sitting For the vastus lateralis EMG during MVC, spectral position (POST: 60 s after termination), analysis (Hanning window) was conducted for 2) ECG and heart rate, periods of 200 ms with 100 ms overlapping period, 3) O2 uptake and CO2 delivery, sampled at 0.1 Hz yielding a power spectrum every 100 ms. From (Metamax, Cortex Biophysik, Leipzig), these spectra, the absolute power and the EMG 4) Subjectively perceived exertion, assessed by median frequency were extracted (Kupa et al., Borg's scale (Borg, 1976), and 1995). Torque, power and median frequency were 5) blood lactate concentration from the finger tip averaged for every 2000 ms.Statistics were (Accusport, Boehringer; CTRL & POST only). performed with SPSS software (PC version 7.5.2). The Metamax system has a resolution of 15 ml and Before the t test or the multiple t test was applied, an accuracy of 1.5% for volume measurement. The variables were tested for normal distribution with Zirkonium oxygen sensor and the infrared CO2 the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test and for homogeneity sensor have an accuracy of 0.1 vol%. of variances with Bartlett's F test. Whenever data showed normal distribution, differences between Second and third visit (VIB1 & VIB2) groups were checked by one-way ANOVA and the t On the second and third visits, exercise until test with Bonferroni's correction for multiple exhaustion was performed on a vibration platform comparisons. In all other cases, the Wilcoxon or (Novotec, Pforzheim, Germany). The subjects stood Friedman tests were applied. Significance was on this platform with their feet at 15 cm distance assumed if P<0.05. Values for VIB1 and VIB2 from the rotation axis on either side. Vibration was sessions were compared by correlation analysis and with an amplitude a0= 1.05 cm, a frequency of 26 regression analysis. Hz, and hence a peak acceleration of 147 m s-2, or 15 g. The subjects bore an additional load fixed Results around the waist (40% of body weight in males; 35% in females because of their higher total body All analyses were performed for females and males fat mass). After 30 s of simple standing, they separately. For the sake of clarity, however, we started squatting, bending their knees in a 6 s detail gender differences only where they were cycle, 3 s down and 3 s up, as smoothly as significant. The delay between squatting and the possible. When exhausted, the weight was first POST jump was on average 10.9 s in VIB1 (SD removed, and the post-exercise (POST) values 1.29) and 10.6 s in VIB2 (SD 1.26). The jump were immediately assessed. These were, in addition intervals were 4.87 s in VIB1 and 4.80 s in VIB2. to those of the BIC visit: No significant differences were found.

1) jump height in three trials with 5 s intervals, Exercise and cardiovascular data with both hands places on the hips, the knees bent Exercise and cardiovascular data are summarized in to 90° when started, and extended while in the air, Table 1. Exercise time was 325 s in VIB1 and 362 s 2) cutaneous laser Doppler flow (LDF) over the calf inVIB2. Subjectively perceived exertion was initially and over the foot during a 20 s period and higher in VIB1 than in VIB2 (12.0 versus 10.6), and 3) for a period of 10 s, maximal voluntary also higher in both VE sessions than in the BIC contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors on the visit. At the termination of exercise, however, there dominant side, torque and EMG were recorded (2 was no difference, with a Borg value of about 18 min after termination). meaning something between ‘very hard’ and ‘very, Assessment of arterial blood pressure was not very hard’ exercise. As shown in Table 1, heart rate possible during VE. increased significantly less in VE than in bicycle ergometry (127.5 and 128.6 versus 171.4 min-1). Signal and data analysis Control values were higher before VE than before The ECG and the EMG over the vastus lateralis bicycle ergometry. No difference was found in the muscle were recorded continuously during the recovery values. Similar to heart rate, the O2 whole experiment. Together with the LDF, torque uptake was significantly lower during VE than chair and jump pad signals they were sampled at during bicycle ergometry (21.9 and22.1 versus 1000 Hz after low-pass filtering (cut-off 350 Hz). 44.8 ml min-1 kg-1). Again, control values were The resolution of the Analog-digital (AD) board was higher in VE. All subjects tested had a significant 12-bit. The EMGwas picked up with two Ag/AgCl increase of lactate concentration after bicycle electrodes (0.33 mm2), positioned with 30 mm ergometry, indicating significant exertion. distance over the vastus lateralis at 66% of the distance between the knee joint cleft and the spina The correlations are significant, and indicate that iliaca anterior superior of the dominant leg.The exertion in vibration exercise has individually mean blood lactate concentration before BIC, VIB1 typical features. Hence, we identified the maximal and VIB2 visits was 1.69 mM (SD 0.50, no specific O2 uptake (VO2max): 48.8% of VO2max significant difference). Hence, a lactate was reached in VIB1, and 49.3% in VIB2 (Table 1). concentration ≥3 mM was considered as elevated. High values of up to 81.1% of VO2max were From 3 min before the exercises (VIB1, VIB2 & observed in two former male Judoka. The mean BIC) until termination, O2 uptake and CO2 delivery lactate values after VE were significantly lower than were recorded. These signals yielded the resting during bicycle ergometry, but still 20 out of 37 had and the peak values of O2 uptake, peak CO2 a lactate concentration higher than 3 mM in VIB1, delivery and the respiratory quotient. and 27 in VIB2.

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Table 1. Exercise data during bicycle ergometry (BIC), and the two sessions of vibration exercise (VIB1 & VIB2). BIC VIB1 VIB2 Exercise time (s) 743 (172) 325* (125) 362* (123) Borg's scale ExBeg 8.5* (1.5) 12.0* (1.9) 10.6* (2.1) ExEnd 18.1 (1.3) 18.0 (1.1) 18.2 (1.1) Heart rate (min)-1 CTRL 77 (12) 98* (17) 84* (17) POST 171 (16) 128* (22) 129* (23) REC 99 (14) 95 (19) 90 (17) Specific O2 uptake (ml min-1 kg-1) CTRL 5.8 (0.9) 7.3* (1.5) 7.6* (1.3) ExEnd 44.8 (7.9) 21.3* (4.0) 22.1* (4.1) Lactate (mM) POST 7.7 (2.7) 3.5* (1.6) 4.4* (2.0) Respiratory quotient CTRL 0.79 (0.04) 0.82 (0.05) 0.82 (0.05) ExEnd 0.98 (0.05) 0.90* (0.08) 0.89* (0.07) Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) CTRL 114 (11) 114 (11) 115 (9) POST 148 (18) 132* (16) 135* (16) REC 106 (13) 109 (11) 111 (7) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) CTRL 70 (11) 68 (8) 70 (10) POST 65 (15) 52* (14) 50* (20) REC 65 (14) 69 (7) 70 (10)

Values are given at the beginning (ExBeg) and in the end before termination (ExEnd) of exercise, or before exercise (CTRL), immediately after termination (POST) and after 15 min recovery (REC), respectively. SD is given in parenthese.*Significantly different from BIC; significantly different from VIB1 (two-sided t test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).

Systolic blood pressure increased significantly Neuromuscular data during bicycle ergometry and VE (Table 1). Again, Basal values of jump height differed significantly the rise in VIB1 and VIB2 was not as large as in between females and maales. In both groups, a BIC (131.6 and 134.9 versus 147.6). Interestingly, reduction was observed after VE. This was more the diastolic blood pressure was decreased after pronounced in males, where the first and second VE, but not after bicycle ergometry. Blood pressure POST jumps were reduced by 10%. In females, returned to control values after 15 min recovery. only the first POST jump in VIB2 was significantly For individual subjects, heart rate and oxygen lowered. No reduction of jump height was found in uptake values of the VIB1 and VIB2 sessions were the third jump. Reduction of jump height (∆JH) was correlated with each other (Fig. 1). The correlation computed as the mean jump height in CTRL minus coefficients of the end-exercise values of VIB1 and first jump POST. A significant correlation was found VIB2 were 0.68 for heart rate and 0.70 for VO2 between ∆JH in VIB1 and VIB2 (r = 0.67, no (Fig. 1). No obvious relation was seen between the significant offset, Fig. 2). Multiple linear regression residuals of heart rate (VIB1/VIB2) and oxygen analysis did not reveal any relation between uptake (VIB1/VIB2).The data for cutaneous LDF ∆JHVIB1 and POST blood lactate concentration, were not normally distributed. The Friedman test maximal specific O2 uptaake, duration of exercise, yielded a significant increase of the LDF signal after or CTRL mean jump height (P > 0.25 in all cases). VE over both calf and foot (Table 2). After VE, a significant reduction of knee extension torque by about 10% was observed in the males during the first 2 s, but not during the last seconds (Table 3). However, the EMG frequency in POST was increased in the first as well as in the last two seconds, if compared to CTRL and REC. In the females, the same tendency was observed without reaching the level of significance. To account for the time course of torque and EMG median frequency during MVC, the differences between the 0-2 s and 8-10 s values were computed. These differences were significantly lower in POST than in CTRL in both sexes, torque and median frequency during MVC decreased less after VE than before

(P<0.05, ANOVA).From the 0-2 s values of EMG Figure 1. Heart rate and specific oxygen uptake at median frequency and torque, the reduction (∆MF the termination of vibration exercise in two exercise and ∆torque) was calculated in the same way as for sessions (VIB1 & VIB2). reduction of jump height (∆JH).

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∆torque was weakly correlated with ∆JH, and ∆MF Table 3. Torque and EMG median frequency in with POST lactate. ∆MF showed a correlation to VIB2: before VE (CTRL), immediately after lactate, particularly at lower lactate levels. termination (POST) and after 15 min recovery (REC). Table 2. Laser Doppler flow (LDF) of the skin over the foot and over the calf, before VE (CTRL), Torque (Nm) EMG median frequency immediately after termination (POST), and after 15 Females min recovery (REC). 0-2 s CTRL 133 (30) 138 (47) POST 128 (31) 149 (53) Laser Doppler flow VIB1 VIB2 8-10 s Foot CTRL 131 (27) 124 (45) CTRL 3.66 (1.40) 3.86 (2.70) POST 129 (27) 142 (48) POST 9.01* (11.4) 7.21* (7.11) Males REC 5.84 (7.47) 4.43 (3.51) 0-2 s Calf CTRL 203 (62) 129 (19) CTRL 3.03 (1.59) 2.87 (2.02) POST 182 (59) 132* (22) POST 6.53* (6.47) 7.42* (9.02) 8-10 s REC 3.39 (1.90) 4.02 (5.11) CTRL 195 (60) 124 (22) POST 197 (47) 133* (20) LDF was increased after VE in females. Values are given in arbitrary units, unity is the calibration Depicted are the first and the last two seconds of signal of the Periflux3. SD is gicen in parentheses. maximum voluntary knee extension. In males, *Significant increase compared to CTRL. torque was decreased in the first two seconds after

VE, whereas median frequency as elevated in the Discussion and conclusion POST condition. *Significantly higher, significantly

lower than CTRL value (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon). SD is Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis by given in parentheses. O2 uptake reached only physical exercise is a new therapeutic concept about 50% of VO2max, almost uniformly in VIB1 (Calmels et al., 1995). While several studies have and VIB2. Likewise, heart rate rose to about 130 in demonstrated that it is applicable (Braith et al., females, which is about the value expected for 50% 1996; Heinonen et al., 1996; Heinonen et al., of VO2max (Rowell, 1971). This seems to rule out 1999), there definitely is potential for possible additional stimulating effects on the improvement. The present investigation was cardiovascular control system (McCloskey et al., conducted to explore a novel method, vibration 1972; Schulz et al., 1983). For technical reasons, exercise, at its extreme. Generally, the subjects CTRL heart rate and oxygen uptake in VIB1 and became acquainted very rapidly with this exercise. VIB2 were recorded while the subjects were By the second VE visit, they were standing standing, which accounts for their elevation confidently and safe on the platform. This is compared to CTRL in BIC. Systolic arterial blood mirrored in the data: exercise time was longer in pressure, which could not be measured during VE, VIB2 than in VIB1, and the Borg values at the was found to have increased after it, but less so beginning of exercise were lower in VIB1 than after bicycle ergometry. (approximately 12) than in VIB2 (approximately

10.5). At the termination of exercise, after about 5 In contrast, diastolic blood pressure had decreased min, the subjects appeared to be quite as exerted only after VE.The fatigue in VE therefore appears to by VE as after 12 min bicycle ergometry (Table 1). be caused not by insufficiency of cardiac output (as

in exhaustive bicycle ergometry), but rather occurs 19 Loss of jump height in the neuro-muscular system. Lactate never 17 increased in VE as much as in bicycle ergometry. 15 But even if the blood concentration was low, some parts of the musculature may accumulate lactate, 13 which then is signalled via muscle metaboreceptors 11 and leads to subjective exertion. In both VE visits, 9 a reduction of jump height (∆JH) was observed 10 s

VIB2 7 after termination of VE, which was basically 5 recovered from within 20 s. ∆JH was not dependent 3 on initial jump height, POST VE lactate 1 concentration, or peak specific O2 uptake, and it ‐1 was intra-individually stable in repeat visits. ‐5 ‐3‐3‐1135791113151719 Therefore, ∆JH seems to express individually typical ‐5 VIB1 information. Similar r2 values were found for VIB1 and VIB2 values of peak specific oxygen uptake and heart rate. The residuals of these regressions, Figure 2. Reduction of jump height (∆JH) after however, were not correlated with each other. This vibration exercise in sessions VIB1 and VIB2. indicates that different subjects depict different, but Again, the significant correlation indicates individual intra-individually typical response patterns, which is typical patterns of fatigue. Note that some subjects of importance for training regimes. even had an increased jump height after VE.

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MVC was performed 2 min after termination of VE. It is not clear whether the diastolic hypotension Usually, the EMG frequency and force decline emerges during VE, or only after it. In the latter during sustained maximal voluntary contraction case, vasodilation might occur in response to (Sandercock et al., 1985). This was seen in CTRL, impeded muscular circulation, which in isometric but not in POST, where EMG median frequency contraction is known to occur above 60% maximal hardly decreased during MVC, and torque even isometric force (Petrofsky & Hendershot, 1984).It is showed a tendency to increase. In other words, in another interesting question, whether the swelling POST, less force was produced at a higher median and erythema are caused by vasodilation of frequency, but with less tendency to decline during supplying arteries via an increase of perfusion sustained contraction. Taking these findings pressure. Interestingly, swelling and flare have also together, it becomes clear that in VE, at least two been observed after TVR at frequencies around 30 mechanisms of fatigue play a role: a rapid one Hz, but not higher (Homma, 1973). Quantitatively, (evidence: recovery of ∆JH within 20 s), and a slow we assessed an increase in the LDF signal after VE. one (evidence: ∆torque and ∆MF in MVC). ∆MF was LDF measures blood flow, volume × speed. correlated with lactate and could be partly Increases of LDF were also observed without explained by muscle fatigue. The facts that(i) erythema, suggesting differential effects on subjective fatigue could occur without increased cutaneous superficial and deeper arteries. Both, lactate, (ii) correlation of ∆JH with lactate and ∆MF erythema and oedema were often limited to is poor or lacking, and (iii) the recovery time of 20 stocking-like areas, always starting at the bottom s, hint at neural causes of the fast-recovering of the foot, i.e. closest to the vibrating platform. fatigue mechanism, at peripheral, spinal or higher This renders a mechanic explanation likely. levels. These findings and conclusions are in line with studies of fatiguing by the tonic vibration A well-known reaction of the skin to mechanical response (TVR). The TVR is elicited by vibrating stimulation is dermographism: friction over the devices applied either to the muscle bellies or cutis leads to reddening and swelling (Wong et al., tendons. It is transmitted by activation of Ia 1984). Because so frequently observed, the afferents (Hagbarth, 1973), which activate, via reaction in our subjects is definitely distinct from large a-motor neurones, mainly type II muscle the scarce vibratory angioedema (Lawlor et al., fibres. It has been shown(i) that sustained TVR 1989) and from acute pressure urticaria (Lawlor et decreases voluntary force until 10-20 s after the al., 1991).In brief, vibration exercise is a new end of vibration, (ii) that it is accentuated by strategy in eliciting muscular contraction by preceding muscle exercise, and (iii) that it affects reflexes. It thereforemay allow the combination of primarily the subject's ability to generate high firing voluntary and involuntary muscle work. The rates in high-threshold motor units (Bongiovanni et present investigation has shown that, even if al., 1990). A pre-synaptic inhibition or a transmitter performed to exhaustion, cardio-vascular effects of depletion of the Ia afferents have been postulated. VE are mild. In young healthy subjects, heart rate rises to 130 min-1, which corresponds to 50% of Recently, Ribot-Ciscar et al. (1998) have shown a maximal oxygen uptake. Blood lactate rose to third mechanism, namely a `fatiguing' of the Ia about 3.5 mM. Systolic blood pressure increased afferents themselves. Some important differences moderately up to 130 mmHg, but the diastolic between TVR and VE must be kept in mind: (i) in pressure dropped to almost 50 mmHg. All TVR, the usual frequencies applied are around 100 parameters returned to normal values within 15 Hz or even higher, (ii) VE in this study was applied min of recovery. In consequence, the risk expected to the whole body and not to a single muscle, and when VE is applied in the elderly is negligible. (iii) VE was combined with slow, voluntary Surprising findings of this study were the itching movements, which usually break the TVR. An erythema and oedema of the skin over the unexpected finding of interest is the reduced activated muscles, which have to be investigated diastolic blood pressure after VIB1 and VIB2. Since by further studies, as well as the mechanisms of heart rate and systolic pressure were higher than in fatigue, which seem to bear neuronal and muscular CTRL, arterial vasodilation is the cause. components.

References

Bongiovanni, L.G., Hagbarth, K.E., & Stjernberg, L. (1990). Prolonged muscle vibration reducing motor out-put in maximal voluntary contractions in man. J Physiol (Lond), 423, 15-26. Borg, G. (1976). Simple rating methods for estimation of perceived exertion. In: Physical Work and Effort (ed. Borg, G), 39-47. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Bosco, C., Colli, R., Introini, E., Cardinale, M., Tsar-Pela, O., Madella, A., Tihanyi, J., & Viru, A. (1999). Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscle to vibration exposure. Clin Physiol, 19, 183-187. Braith, R.W., Mills, R.M., Welsch, M.A., Keller, J.W., & Pollock, M.L. (1996). Resistance exercise training restores bone mineral density in heart transplant recipi-ents. J Am Coll Cardiol, 28, 1471-1477. Calmels, P., Vico, L., Alexandre, C., & Minaire, P. (1995). Cross-sectional study of muscle strength and bone mineral density in a population of 106 women between theages of 44 and 87 years: relationship with age and menopause. Eur J Appl Physiol, 70, 180-186. Flieger, J., Karachalios, T., Khaldi, L., Raptou, P., & Lyritis, G. (1998). Mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration prevents postmenopausal bone loss in ovariec-tomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int, 63, 510-514.

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Hagbarth, K.E. (1973). The effect of muscle vibration in normal man and in patients with motor disease. In: New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysi-ology (ed. Desmedt, J.E.), 428-443. Karger, Basel. Heinonen, A., Kannus, P., Sievanen, H., Oja, P., Pasanen, M., Rinne, M., Uusi-Rasi, K., & Vuori, I. (1996). Randomised controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet, 348, 1343-1347. Heinonen, A., Kannus, P., Sievanen, H., Pasanen, M., Oja, P., & Vuori, I. (1999). Good maintenance of high-impact activity-induced bone gain by voluntary, unsupervised exercises: an 8-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res, 14, 125-128. Homma, S. (1973). A survey of Japanese research on muscle vibration. In: New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology (ed. Desmedt, J.E.), 463-468. Karger, Basel. Kupa, E.J., Roy, S.H., De Kandarian, S.C., & Luca, C.J. (1995). Effects of muscle ®ber type and size on EMG median frequency and conduction velocity. J Appl Physiol, 79, 23-32. Lawlor, F., Black, A.K., Breathnach, A.S., & Greavesm, W. (1989). Vibratory angioedema: lesion induction, clinical features, laboratory and ultrastructural findings and response to therapy. Br J Dermatol, 120, 93-99. Lawlor, F., Kobza, B.A., & Greaves, M. (1991). Immediate-pressure urticaria-a distinct disorder. Clin Exp Dermatol, 16, 155-157. McCloskey, D.I., Matthews, P.B., & Mitchell, J.H. (1972). Absence of appreciable cardiovascular and respir-atory responses to muscle vibration. J Appl Physiol, 33, 623-626. Petrofsky, J.S., & Hendershot, D.M. (1984). The inter-relationship between blood pressure, intramuscular pressure, and isometric endurance in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle in the cat. Eur J Appl Physiol, 53, 106-111. Ribot-Ciscar, E., Rossi-Durand, C., & Roll, J.P. (1998). Muscle spindle activity following muscle tendon vibration in man. Neurosci Lett, 258, 147-150. Rowell, L.B. (1971). Cardiovascular limitations to work capacity. In: Physiology of Work Capacity and Fatigue (ed. Simonson, E. & Keys, A.), 132. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Rubin, C., Recker, R., Cullen, D., Ryaby, J., & McLeod, K. (1998). Prevention of bone loss in a post-menopausal population by low-level biomechanical intervention. Bone, 23, 174. Sandercock, T.G., Faulkner, J.A., Albers, J.W., & Abbrecht, P.H. (1985). Single motor unit and fiber action potentials during fatigue. J Appl Physiol, 58, 1073-1079. Schulz, B., Lambertz, M., Schulz, G., & Langhorst, P. (1983) Reticular formation of the lower brainstem. A common system for cardiorespiratory and somatomotor functions: discharge patterns of neighbouring neurons influenced by somatosensory afferents. JANS, 9, 433-469. Wilhelm, G., Rittweger, J., Armbrecht, G., Bolze, X., Gowin, W., & Felsenberg, D. (1998). Evaluation of the long term effects of GALILEO 2000 in a randomized controlled study. Osteoporosis Int, 8, 121. Wong, R.C., Fairley, J.A., & Ellis, C.N. (1984). Dermog-raphism: a review. J Am cad Dermatol, 11, 643-652.

PROCJENA FIZIOLOŠKIH EFEKATA NA TJELOVJEŽBU KOD ČOVJEKA

Sažetak Tjelovježba vibracije je nova neuro-mišićna metoda treninga koja se primjenjuje kod sportaša, kao i u prevenciji i liječenju osteoporoze. Ova studija istražila je fiziološke mehanizme umora od vježbi vibracija u 37 mladih zdravih ispitanika. Vježbe i kardiovaskularnih podaci uspoređeni su progresivnim ergometrijskim biciklima do iscrpljenosti. Vježba vibracije je provedena u dva navrata, s 26 Hz vibracija na osnovnoj ploči, u kombinaciji s čučnjevima plus dodatna opterećenja (40% tjelesne težine). Nakon vježbe vibracije, subjektivno percipirani napor na Borg ljestvici bio je 18, a time i visok kao nakon ergometrijskog bicikla. Broj otkucaja srca nakon vježbe vibracije povećan je na 128 min-1, krvnog tlaka do 132/52 mmHg i laktata do 3,5 mm. Unos kisika u VE je 48,8% od VO2max na egometrijskom biciklu. Nakon vježbe vibracije, voljna sila u produžetku koljena smanjena je za 9,2%, visina skoka za 9,1%, a pad EMG središnjom frekvencijom tijekom maksimalnih dobrovoljnih kontrakcija bio je oslabljen. Ponovljivost u dvije sjednice vibracija vježbe bila je prilično dobra, jer otkucaji srca, unos kisika i smanjenje visine skoka, korelacijskih koeficijenata vrijednosti iz sesije 1 i 2 su između 0,67 i 0,7. Dakle, VE može dobro kontrolirati u smislu ovih parametara. Začudo, svrbež eritem pronađen je u oko polovice osoba, kao i porast u kožnom protoku krvi. Iz toga slijedi da iscrpna vježba vibracija cijelog tijela izaziva blagi kardiovaskularni napor i da neuronski kao i mišićni mehanizmi mogu igrati ulogu.

Ključne riječi: energetski promet, vježbe fiziologije, osteoporoza, sport, trening.

Received: February 11, 2016 Accepted: December 15, 2016 Correspondence to: Deniz Öztürk Atatürk University, Health Services Vocational School, Atatürk, 25030 Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey Tel: +90 442 231 11 11 E-mail: [email protected]

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108 Upute za autore Acta Kinesiologica 10 (2016) Issue 1: 108‐109

UPUTE AUTORIMA PRILOGA

Namjera i svrha časopisa Jezik priloga Acta Kinesiologica – međunarodni znanstveni Engleski uz sažetke na hrvatskom. časopis iz područja kineziologije, publicira se dva puta godišnje i objavljuje pregledne i Vrste članaka izvorne znanstvene članke (ponekad Članci mogu biti kako slijedi: prethodna priopćenja i stručne priloge) iz 1. Stručni članak – obično poznata tematika područja kineziologije u svim širim ali izražena na neki novi način ili u novom kineziološkim utilitetima, kao i priloge iz području primjene, drugih područja i disciplina, ako imaju visok 2. Prethodno znanstveno priopćenje – nova stupanj korespondencije s kineziologijom. ideja ali izražena bez striktnih dokaza kroz istraživanje, Opće odredbe o prilozima 3. Izvorni znanstveni članak – kompletan Svaki prilog se vrednuje u odnosu na to projekt, od zamisli, preko istraživanja do odgovara li prilog intenciji časopisa, a zatim prijedloga, se upućuje na recenzije. Autori sami snose 4. Pregledni rad – uglavnom konceptualni odgovornost za sadržaj, kao i etičnost svega pristup utemeljen na više projekata ili što je u prilogu. Od autora se može zatražiti usporedbe referenci/istraživanja. posebna izjava da članak nije objavljen u drugoj publikaciji, kao I izjava o etičnosti Navodi referenci eventualno izvršenog istraživanja. Sport Navodi literature, kao i drugi oblici Sceince, u skladu sa zakonom, ne ugrožava formatiranja teksta, bit će prihvaćeni po APA autorska prava autora objavljenih priloga, ali standardu (npr. Publication Manual of the zadržava pravo distribucije u suglasju s American Psychological Association, 5th pravnim uzusima i bez dodatne konzultacije edition, 2001). Prilog se šalje isključivo u s autorima, s čim su autori objavom elektronskom obliku (e-mail, CD, disk,...). suglasni. Autori imaju pravo na jedan besplatni primjerak tiskanog časopisa. Adrese za dostavu priloga Dodatne primjerke plaćaju sa 50 % popusta Acta Kinesiologica – Društvo Pedagoga po primjerku. Sva ostala pitanja rješavaju se Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture, Ljubuški u skladu s propisima općenito u društvu. za:

Glavni urednik Prof. Žarko Bilić, PhD, 88320 Priprema priloga Ljubuški, Put za crveni grm, Bosnia & Preporuča se da se autori pridržavaju forme Herzegovina, e-mail: [email protected], koja uključuje: Sažetak, Uvod, Problem i cilj, ili za:

Metode, Rezultati, Rasprava i zaključak, Izvršni urednik: Prof.dr.Dobromir Bonacin, Literatura, Abstract. Ova preporuka nije 21212 Kaštel Sućurac, dr.F.Tuđmana 113, kruto pravilo i nipošto ne obvezuje autore Croatia, e-mail: [email protected], priloga, ali olakšava put do publiciranja i ili za: kasnijeg lakšeg razumijevanja materije. Pomoćni urednik: Danijela Bonacin, MSc, Prilozi nisu ograničeni veličinom, ali ukoliko 21212 Kaštel Sućurac, dr.F.Tuđmana 113, prelaze 7 stranica u časopisu, od autora Croatia, e-mail: [email protected] može biti zatraženo da sami osiguraju dodatna sredstva za tisak. Očekivana veličina Napomena je 12000 znakova bez tablica i slika (iznimno Prilozi koji ne ispunjavaju uvjete ili je 14000). Sve tablice trebaju biti standardne (npr. MS Excel), a ilustracije u formatu i potrebna dodatna konzultacija, bit će žurno rezoluciji koja osigurava kvalitetan tisak (600 vraćeni autoru na korekcije. dpi). Časopis zadržava pravo radi pripreme za tisak dodatno urediti svaku ilustraciju, o Ostalo čemu se konzultira ili informira autora e- Dodatne informacije mogu se dobiti na mailom. adresi:http://www.actakin.com/. Cijena po primjerku: 15 Eura. Cijena za inozemstvo: Plaćanje 30 Eura+poštarina. Umnožavanje-distribucija Časopis ne naplaćuje svojim autorima, ali oni u skladu sa zakonom. mogu uplatiti jednu razumnu donaciju (do najviše 200 Eura po članku). Acta Kinesiologica ®: Sva prava pridržana.

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