OFFICIAL STATEMENT CITY of COLUMBUS, OHIO Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC Bofa Merrill Lynch

Home , Columbus Crew, Nationwide Arena

PRELIMINARY OFFICIAL STATEMENT DATED SEPTEMBER 18, 2019 Ratings: Bonds: Moody’s: “Aaa” Standard & Poor’s: “AAA” Fitch: “AAA” New Issues (Four); Refunding Issues (Two) — Book-Entry Only (See “RATINGS” herein) In the opinion of Bricker & Eckler LLP, Bond Counsel, under existing law, assuming continuing compliance with certain covenants and the accuracy of certain representations, (i) interest on the Series 2019A Bonds and Series 2019B Bonds (together, the “Tax-Exempt Bonds”) is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes and is not an item of tax preference for purposes of the alternative minimum tax, (ii) interest on the Series 2019C Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds, Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds (collectively, the “Taxable Bonds”) is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes, and (iii) interest on and any profit made on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the Tax-Exempt Bonds and Taxable Bonds (together, the “Bonds”) is exempt from certain taxes levied by the CIAL STATEMENT. Under no State of Ohio and its political subdivisions. The City has not designated the Tax-Exempt Bonds as “qualified tax-exempt obligations” within the meaning of Section 265(b)(3) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds may be subject to certain federal income taxes imposed on certain corporations, and certain taxpayers may have certain other adverse federal income tax consequences as a result of owning the Tax-Exempt Bonds. For a more complete discussion of the tax aspects, see “TAX MATTERS.”

on in which such solicitation sale would offer, or be OFFICIAL STATEMENT RELATING TO THE ORIGINAL ISSUANCE BY CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO of $400,785,000* GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS (TAX-EXEMPT AND FEDERALLY TAXABLE) (UNLIMITED TAX AND LIMITED TAX) SIX ISSUES Dated: Date of Delivery Due: As shown on the inside cover herein $259,500,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A $17,715,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B $13,320,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) $18,875,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable)

shall there be any sale of these Bonds in any jurisdicti $57,085,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) $34,290,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable) The Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A (the “Series 2019A Bonds”), the Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019C Bonds”) and the Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-1 Bonds”), are voted general obligation debt of the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”), and the Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B (the “Series 2019B Bonds”), the Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019D Bonds”), and the Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-2 Bonds” and, together with the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds, and Series 2019-1 Bonds, the “Bonds”), are unvoted general obligation debt of the City. The faith, credit and revenue of the City are irrevocably pledged for the prompt payment of the principal of and interest on the Bonds. See “SECURITY AND SOURCES OF PAYMENT FOR THE BONDS” herein. Interest on the Bonds will be payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2020*. The Bonds are issuable as fully registered bonds and, when issued, will be initially registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for The Depository Trust Company, New York, New York (“DTC”). Purchases of beneficial interests in the Bonds will be made in book-entry only form. Purchasers of beneficial interests (“Beneficial Owners”) will not receive certificates representing their interests in the Bonds. So long as the Bonds of an issue are registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee of DTC, references herein to the owners shall mean Cede & Co. and shall not mean the Beneficial Owners of that issue of the Bonds. See “BOOK-ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM.”

an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor Payment of the principal of and interest on the Bonds will be made directly to DTC or its nominee, Cede & Co., so long as DTC or Cede & Co. is the sole registered owner. Disbursement of such payments to DTC’s Participants is the responsibility of DTC, and disbursement of such payments to the Beneficial Owners is the responsibility of DTC’s Direct Participants and the Indirect Participants, as more fully described under “BOOK-ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM” herein. The Tax-Exempt Bonds maturing after ______, 20__ and the Taxable Bonds maturing after ______, 20__ are subject to optional redemption as described herein. The Series 2019D Bonds maturing on April 1, 2040* will be subject to mandatory sinking fund redemption prior to stated maturity as set forth herein. See “THE BONDS – Redemption Provisions” herein. The Bonds are offered when, as and if issued and accepted by the Underwriters identified herein (see “UNDERWRITING” herein), subject to prior sale and to the approval of certain legal matters by Bricker & Eckler LLP, Bond Counsel, Columbus, Ohio, and certain other conditions. Certain legal matters will be passed upon for the Underwriters by their counsel, Dinsmore & Shohl LLP, Columbus, Ohio. See “LEGAL MATTERS” and “TAX MATTERS” herein. PFM Financial Advisors LLC, has acted as Municipal Advisor to the City in connection with the issuance of the Bonds (see “MUNICIPAL ADVISOR” herein). This cover page contains certain information for general reference only. It is not a summary of the provisions of the Bonds. Investors must read the entire Official Statement to obtain information essential to the making of an informed investment decision. This Official Statement has been prepared by the City in connection with the original offering for sale by it of the Bonds. It is expected that delivery of the Bonds will be made through the facilities of DTC on or about October 16, 2019*. This Official Statement is dated ______, 2019, and the information contained herein speaks only as of that date.

Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC BofA Merrill Lynch unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the laws of any such jurisdiction. circumstances shall this Preliminary Official Statement constitute THIS PRELIMINARY OFFICIAL STATEMENT AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN ARE SUBJECT TO COMPLETION OR AMENDMENT IN A FINAL OFFI FINAL A IN AMENDMENT OR COMPLETION TO SUBJECT ARE HEREIN CONTAINED INFORMATION THE AND STATEMENT OFFICIAL PRELIMINARY THIS Huntington Capital Markets PNC Capital Markets LLC Stifel Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated

* Preliminary, subject to change

$259,500,000* VARIOUS PURPOSE UNLIMITED TAX BONDS, SERIES 2019A

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2021 $13,300,000 % % 2022 13,295,000 2023 13,285,000 2024 13,285,000 2025 13,285,000 2026 12,265,000 2027 12,270,000 2028 46,495,000 2029 12,270,000 2030 12,265,000 2031 12,260,000 2032 12,260,000 2033 12,255,000 2034 12,260,000 2035 12,255,000 2036 10,845,000 2037 6,340,000 2038 6,340,000 2039 6,335,000 2040 6,335,000

* Preliminary, subject to change † Copyright © 2019 CUSIP Global Services. The City is not responsible for the use of the CUSIP numbers referenced herein nor is any representation made by the City as to their correctness; such CUSIP numbers are included solely for the convenience of the readers of the Official Statement (See “REGARDING USE OF THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT.”)

$17,715,000* VARIOUS PURPOSE LIMITED TAX BONDS, SERIES 2019B

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2021 $1,745,000 % % 2022 1,740,000 2023 1,740,000 2024 1,740,000 2025 1,740,000 2026 1,735,000 2027 1,735,000 2028 1,005,000 2029 1,005,000 2030 1,005,000 2031 505,000 2032 505,000 2033 505,000 2034 505,000 2035 505,000

iii

$13,320,000* VARIOUS PURPOSE UNLIMITED TAX BONDS, SERIES 2019C (Federally Taxable)

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2021 $875,000 % % 2022 875,000 2023 875,000 2024 875,000 2025 870,000 2026 870,000 2027 870,000 2028 870,000 2029 865,000 2030 865,000 2031 860,000 2032 860,000 2033 860,000 2034 860,000 2035 860,000 2036 310,000

$18,875,000* VARIOUS PURPOSE LIMITED TAX BONDS, SERIES 2019D (Federally Taxable)

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2021 $1,285,000 % % 2022 1,285,000 2023 1,285,000 2024 1,285,000 2025 1,280,000 2026 1,275,000 2027 1,275,000 2028 1,135,000 2029 1,135,000 2030 1,135,000 2031 650,000 2032 650,000 2033 650,000 2034 650,000 2035 650,000 2036 650,000

$2,600,000* ___% TERM BONDS MATURING APRIL 1, 2040*, PRICE _____%, CUSIP1 ______

$57,085,000 * VARIOUS PURPOSE UNLIMITED TAX REFUNDING BONDS, SERIES 2019-1 (Federally Taxable)

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2022 $ 220,000 % % 2023 225,000 2024 1,790,000 2025 1,860,000 2029 1,615,000 2030 12,975,000 2031 12,905,000 2032 12,825,000 2033 12,670,000

$34,290,000* VARIOUS PURPOSE LIMITED TAX REFUNDING BONDS, SERIES 2019-2 (Federally Taxable)

SERIAL BONDS

Maturity Date Principal (April 1)* Amount* Interest Rate Yield CUSIP† 2021 $1,305,000 % % 2022 3,175,000 2023 4,445,000 2024 4,205,000 2025 5,740,000 2026 3,710,000 2027 3,080,000 2028 2,775,000 2029 3,710,000 2030 735,000 2031 715,000 2032 695,000

vii

REGARDING USE OF THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT

This Official Statement does not constitute an offering of any security other than the original offering of the Bonds identified on the cover hereof. No person has been authorized by the City to give any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this Official Statement, and if given or made, such other information or representation must not be relied upon as having been given or authorized by the City.

The information set forth herein has been obtained from the City and other sources that are believed to be reliable for purposes of this Official Statement. This Official Statement contains, in part, estimates and matters of opinion that are not intended as statements of fact, and no representation is made as to the correctness of such estimates and opinions or that they will be realized. The information and expressions of opinion contained herein are subject to change without notice, and neither the delivery of this Official Statement, nor any sale made hereunder, shall under any circumstances create any implication that there has been no change in the affairs of the City or in the information or opinions set forth herein, since the date of this Official Statement.

This Official Statement, which includes the cover page and the Appendices hereto, does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy, nor shall there be any sale of, the Bonds by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such offer, solicitation or sale.

Certain information located at websites referred to herein has been prepared by the respective entities responsible for maintaining such websites. The City takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of any internet address or the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of any information posted at any such address. In the absence of an express statement to the contrary, none of such information is incorporated herein by reference.

CUSIP data on the inside cover hereof has been provided by CUSIP Global Services, which is managed on behalf of the American Bankers Association (“ABA”) by S&P Global Market Intelligence, a division of S&P Global Inc. CUSIP is a registered trademark of the ABA. The CUSIP data is being provided solely for the convenience of the owners of the Bonds and only at the time of issuance of the Bonds. The City, Bond Counsel, and the Underwriters are not responsible for the selection or use of these CUSIP numbers and make no representation with respect to such data or undertake any responsibility for its accuracy now or at any time in the future. CUSIP numbers are subject to being changed after the issuance of the Bonds as a result of subsequent actions and events.

The Underwriters have reviewed the information in this Official Statement in accordance with, and as part of, their respective responsibilities to investors under the federal securities laws as applied to the facts and circumstances of this transaction, but the Underwriters do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information.

UPON ISSUANCE, THE BONDS WILL NOT BE REGISTERED BY THE CITY UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR THE SECURITIES LAW OF ANY STATE, AND WILL NOT BE LISTED ON ANY STOCK OR OTHER SECURITIES EXCHANGE. THE BONDS HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, NOR HAS ANY OTHER FEDERAL, STATE, MUNICIPAL OR OTHER GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY OR AGENCY, EXCEPT THE DIRECTOR OF FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CITY, PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT OR APPROVED THE BONDS FOR SALE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT DOES NOT

viii

CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY, AND THERE SHALL NOT BE ANY SALE OF, THE BONDS BY ANY PERSON IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION OR SALE.

IN CONNECTION WITH THIS OFFERING, THE UNDERWRITERS MAY OVER-ALLOT OR EFFECT TRANSACTIONS WHICH STABILIZE OR MAINTAIN THE MARKET PRICE OF THE BONDS AT A LEVEL ABOVE THAT WHICH MIGHT OTHERWISE PREVAIL IN THE OPEN MARKET. SUCH STABILIZING, IF COMMENCED, MAY BE DISCONTINUED AT ANY TIME. THE UNDERWRITERS MAY OFFER AND SELL THE BONDS TO CERTAIN DEALERS, DEALER BANKS AND BANKS ACTING AS AGENT AT PRICES LOWER THAN THE PUBLIC OFFERING PRICE STATED ON THE INSIDE COVER PAGE HEREOF AND SAID PUBLIC OFFERING PRICE MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME BY THE UNDERWRITERS.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

ISSUE SUMMARY

The information contained in this Issue Summary is qualified in its entirety by the entire Official Statement, which should be reviewed in its entirety by potential investors.

Issuer: City of Columbus, Ohio Issues: $259,500,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A (the “Series 2019A Bonds”) $17,715,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B (the “Series 2019B Bonds”) $13,320,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019C Bonds”) $18,875,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019D Bonds”) $57,085,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-1 Bonds”) $34,290,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-2 Bonds” and, together with the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds, Series 2019D and Series 2019-1 Bonds the “Bonds”) Dated Date: Date of Delivery Interest Payment Dates: Interest on the Bonds will be paid each April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2020*. Principal Payment Dates: See Inside Front Cover. Redemption: The Series 2019A Bonds and Series 2019B Bonds (together, the “Tax-Exempt Bonds”) maturing after ______, 20__ are subject to redemption at the option of the City, in whole or in part, in such order as the City shall determine, on or after ______, 20__, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus, in each case, accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. The Series 2019C Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds, Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds (collectively, the “Taxable Bonds”) maturing after ______, 20__ are subject to redemption at the option of the City, in whole or in part, in such order as the City shall determine, on or after ______, 20__, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus, in each case, accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. See “THE BONDS – Redemption Provisions – Optional Redemption” herein. The Series 2019D Bonds maturing on April 1, 2040* will be subject to mandatory sinking fund redemption prior to stated maturity as set forth herein. See “THE BONDS – Redemption Provisions – Mandatory Sinking Fund Redemption.” Purpose: See “AUTHORIZATION AND PURPOSE” herein. Security: The Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds and Series 2019-1 Bonds will be voted general obligations of the City, and the Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds will be unvoted general obligations of the City. The Bonds contain a pledge of the full faith and credit of the City for the payment of the principal of and interest on such Bonds when due. See “SECURITY AND SOURCES OF PAYMENT FOR THE BONDS” herein. Credit Rating: The City has received a rating on the Bonds from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., S&P Global Ratings, a division of S&P Global Inc., and Fitch Ratings, Inc., which have rated the Bonds “Aaa,” “AAA” and “AAA,” respectively. See “RATINGS” herein. Tax Matters: In the opinion of Bond Counsel, under existing law, assuming continuing compliance with certain covenants and the accuracy of certain representations, (i) interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes and is not an item of tax preference for purposes of the alternative minimum tax, (ii) interest on the Taxable Bonds is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes, and (iii) interest on and any profit made on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the Bonds is exempt from certain taxes levied by the State of Ohio and its political subdivisions. Interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds may be subject to certain federal income taxes imposed on certain corporations, and certain taxpayers may have certain other adverse federal income

* Preliminary, subject to change

tax consequences as a result of owning the Tax-Exempt Bonds. For a more complete discussion of the tax aspects, see “TAX MATTERS.” Bank Qualification: The City has not designated the Tax-Exempt Bonds as “qualified tax exempt obligations” within the meaning of Section 265(b)(3) of the Code. Legal Opinion: Bricker & Eckler LLP, Columbus, Ohio Underwriters’ Counsel: Dinsmore & Shohl LLP, Columbus, Ohio Bond Registrar and Paying Agent: Auditor of the City of Columbus, Ohio Municipal Advisor: PFM Financial Advisors LLC Verification Agent: Causey Demgen & Moore, P.C., Denver, Colorado Escrow Trustee: ______Book-Entry Only System: The Bonds are being issued as fully-registered securities in book-entry form only and book-entry interests in the Bonds will be available for purchase in amounts of $5,000 and integral multiples thereof, with the exception of the Series 2019B Bonds which will be available for purchase in amounts of $1,000 and integral multiples thereof. Owners of book-entry interests will not receive physical delivery of certificates. The Depository Trust Company or its nominee will receive all payments with respect to the Bonds from the Paying Agent and Bond Registrar. The Depository Trust Company is required by its rules and procedures to remit such payments to its participants for subsequent disbursement to owners of the book-entry interests. Delivery and Payment: It is expected that delivery of the Bonds in definitive form will be made through DTC on or about October 16, 2019*. The Bonds will be released to the Underwriters against payment in federal funds. City Official: Questions concerning the Official Statement should be directed to Megan N. Kilgore, City Auditor, City of Columbus, Ohio, 90 West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215. Telephone: (614) 645-7615.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

* Preliminary, subject to change

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page REGARDING USE OF THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT ...... viii ISSUE SUMMARY ...... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xii INTRODUCTION ...... 1 AUTHORIZATION AND PURPOSE ...... 1 The Series 2019A Bonds ...... 1 The Series 2019B Bonds ...... 2 The Series 2019C Bonds ...... 2 The Series 2019D Bonds ...... 3 The Series 2019-1 Bonds ...... 4 The Series 2019-2 Bonds ...... 6 The Escrow Fund ...... 8 THE BONDS ...... 9 Form; Payment of Principal and Interest ...... 9 Redemption Provisions ...... 9 ESTIMATED SOURCES AND USES OF FUNDS ...... 10 SECURITY AND SOURCES OF PAYMENT FOR THE BONDS ...... 11 General Obligation Security ...... 11 Other Sources of Payment ...... 11 Municipal Bankruptcy ...... 12 UNDERWRITING ...... 12 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ...... 13 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS ...... 14 RATINGS ...... 14 MUNICIPAL ADVISOR ...... 14 VERIFICATION OF ARITHMETICAL AND MATHEMATICAL COMPUTATIONS ...... 15 TAX MATTERS ...... 15 Series 2019A Bonds and Series 2019B Bonds ...... 15 Series 2019C, Series 2019D Bonds, Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds ...... 16 Backup Withholding ...... 16 Original Issue Discount ...... 17 Amortizable Bond Premium ...... 17 BOOK-ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM ...... 18 Revision of Book-Entry Only System - Replacement Bonds ...... 20 LEGAL MATTERS ...... 20 LITIGATION ...... 21 CONTINUING DISCLOSURE ...... 21 MISCELLANEOUS ...... 25

APPENDIX A – THE CITY OF COLUMBUS ...... A-1 OVERVIEW OF THE CITY ...... A-1 General Information ...... A-1 Organization ...... A-1 Principal Officials ...... A-2 Principal Governmental Services ...... A-2 The City of Columbus Auditor’s Office ...... A-3 Principal City Facilities...... A-3 Retirement System/Pension Plan ...... A-4

xii

Labor Relations and Workforce ...... A-5 Risk Management ...... A-6 ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHI C INFORMATION ...... A-7 Population ...... A-7 Economic Factors and the 2019 General Fund Budget ...... A-7 The City of Columbus Accountability Committee ...... A-8 Downtown Development ...... A-9 Other Economic Development Initiatives ...... A-10 Labor Force and Wage Information ...... A-12 Largest Employers ...... A-13 Business Indicators ...... A-14 DEBT SUMMARY ...... A-16 Debt Issuance ...... A-16 General Obligation Debt Serviced From City Income Tax Revenues ...... A-16 General Obligation Debt Serviced From Utility Enterprise Funds ...... A-16 Outstanding Bonds and Notes ...... A-17 Other City Obligations ...... A-17 Debt Limitations for General Obligation Debt ...... A-17 Debt Margin ...... A-19 Overlapping Subdivision Indebtedness ...... A-20 Historical Debt Information ...... A-21 Projected Additional General Obligation and Revenue Debt ...... A-22 Public Voted Bond Issues ...... A-23 Lease Obligations, Special Obligations, Revenue Bonds, and Other Non-General Obligation Commitments ...... A-24 SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION ...... A-27 City Fund Structure; Accounting Basis ...... A-27 Budget Process ...... A-28 Internal Controls ...... A-28 Cash Management and Investment Practices ...... A-28 Sources of General Fund Revenues ...... A-30 Summary of Certain Financial Statements for General Fund and Debt Service Funds ...... A-31 CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS ...... A-35 Authority to Impose ...... A-35 Income Tax Rates ...... A-35 Historical City Income Tax Revenues ...... A-36 CITY INCOME TAX REVENUES ...... A-36 GAAP Basis: ...... A-36 Budget Basis: ...... A-36 Estimated Per Capita Income ...... A-37 CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS ...... A-38 Assessed Value of Taxable Property ...... A-38 Delinquency Procedures ...... A-39 State Reimbursement of Property Tax Revenues ...... A-40 Tax Rates ...... A-41 Principal Taxpayers ...... A-42 Ad Valorem Taxes Levied and Collected ...... A-43

APPENDIX B – City Enterprises ...... B-1 APPENDIX C – Management’s Discussion and An alysis, Basic Financial State ments, Notes to the Financial Statements, and Required Supplemental Information of the City of Columbus for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018 ...... C-1 APPENDIX D – Certificate of City Attorney ...... D-1 APPENDIX E – Form of Approving Legal Opinions of Bricker & Eckler, LLP ...... E-1

xiii

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO $259,500,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A $17,715,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B $13,320,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) $18,875,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable) $57,085,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) $34,290,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable)

INTRODUCTION This Official Statement, including the cover page and the Appendices hereto, of the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”), a municipal corporation and political subdivision of the State of Ohio (the “State”), sets forth certain information with respect to the offering of (i) $259,500,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A (the “Series 2019A Bonds”), (ii) $17,715,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B (the “Series 2019B Bonds”), (iii) $13,320,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019C Bonds”), (iv) $18,875,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019D Bonds”), (v) $57,085,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-1 Bonds”), and (vi) $34,290,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-2 Bonds” and, together with the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds, and Series 2019-1 Bonds, the “Bonds”).

AUTHORIZATION AND PURPOSE

The Bonds are being issued pursuant to the authorization of Chapter 133 of the Ohio Revised Code, ordinances authorizing their issuance adopted by the City Council of the City on September 9, 2019, and Certificates of Award, dated ______, 2019 (collectively, the “Authorizing Legislation”).

The Series 2019A Bonds

A summary of the purposes comprising the projects to be funded with proceeds of the Series 2019A Bonds, and the currently estimated cost for such projects, is as follows:

$22,950,000* (Public Safety & Health): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Safety and the Department of Health, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances;

$16,250,000* (Recreation & Parks): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Recreation and Parks, including municipal parks, playgrounds and recreation facilities, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances;

$54,300,000* (Public Service – Transportation and Refuse Collection): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Service, including streets and highways and refuse collection, acquiring real estate and

* Preliminary, subject to change

interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances;

$72,200,000* (Public Utilities – Water, Power and Storm): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Utilities, including the Division of Water, Division of Power, and Division of Sewerage & Drainage, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances; and

$93,800,000* (Public Utilities): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Utilities, including water, power, sanitary sewers and storm sewers, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances.

The Series 2019B Bonds

A summary of the purposes comprising the projects to be funded with proceeds of the Series 2019B Bonds, and the currently estimated cost for such projects, is as follows:

$7,580,000* (Construction Management): acquiring, constructing and improving municipal facilities, including the acquisition of real estate, easements and other interests in real estate, the construction, reconstruction, relocation, remodeling, enlargement and improvement of buildings and other structures and related appurtenances thereto, the acquisition of furnishings, apparatus, communications equipment and other equipment, landscaping and site improvements;

$5,135,000* (Information Services): acquiring, developing, designing, improving and installing information systems software and hardware and related network infrastructure, acquiring, constructing, equipping and improving a fiber optic conduit system and a wireless infrastructure system in the City of Columbus, and related appurtenances thereto; and

$5,000,000* (City Auditor): acquiring, developing, designing, improving and installing software systems in the City of Columbus, and related appurtenances thereto.

The Series 2019C Bonds

A summary of the purposes comprising the project to be funded with proceeds of the Series 2019C Bonds, and the currently estimated cost for such project, is as follows:

$200,000* (Public Safety & Health): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Safety and the Department of Health, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances;

$8,120,000* (Recreation & Parks): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Recreation and Parks, including municipal parks,

* Preliminary, subject to change

playgrounds and recreation facilities, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances; and

$5,000,000* (Public Service – Transportation and Refuse Collection): acquiring, constructing, renovating, and improving infrastructure for the Department of Public Service, including streets and highways and refuse collection, acquiring real estate and interests in real estate, landscaping and otherwise improving the sites thereof, and acquiring furnishings, equipment and appurtenances.

The Series 2019D Bonds

A summary of the purposes comprising the projects to be funded with proceeds of the Series 2019D Bonds, and the currently estimated cost for such projects, is as follows:

$13,000,000* (Construction Management): acquiring, constructing and improving municipal facilities, including the acquisition of real estate, easements and other interests in real estate, the construction, reconstruction, relocation, remodeling, enlargement and improvement of buildings and other structures and related appurtenances thereto, the acquisition of furnishings, apparatus, communications equipment and other equipment, landscaping and site improvements;

$1,000,000* (Information Services): acquiring, developing, designing, improving and installing information systems software and hardware and related network infrastructure, acquiring, constructing, equipping and improving a fiber optic conduit system and a wireless infrastructure system in the City of Columbus, and related appurtenances thereto; and

$4,875,000* (Economic & Community Development): promoting economic and community development within the City of Columbus by purchasing, demolishing, renovating, improving, equipping and furnishing residential and commercial structures in the City, and acquiring, clearing, testing, remediating environmental issues, extending utilities, and otherwise improving residential and commercial sites in the City, and providing funds for grants in connection with the same.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

* Preliminary, subject to change

The Series 2019-1 Bonds

The proceeds of the Series 2019-1 Bonds will be used for the purpose of providing funds to advance refund selected maturities of outstanding voted bonds of the City, as identified below (collectively, the “2019-1 Refunded Bonds”):

Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2010A, dated August 12, 2010

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (June 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $5,355,000 2021 95,000 2022 95,000 2023 95,000 2024 95,000 2025 95,000 2026 50,000 2027 50,000 2028 45,000 Total $5,975,000

Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2011A, dated August 25, 2011

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (July 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $15,300,000 2021 13,255,000 2022 -0- 2023 -0- 2024 -0- 2025 -0- 2025 125,000 2026 -0- 2027 -0- 2028 -0- 2029 1,530,000 Total $30,210,000

Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2012-1, dated March 21, 2012

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (July 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $ 7,000,000 2020 13,615,000 2021 5,000,000 2021 15,535,000 2022 18,460,000 2022 1,125,000 2023 6,190,000 2024 1,545,000 2025 1,545,000 Total $ 70,015,000

Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2012A, dated July 24, 2012

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (February 15) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $21,155,000 2021 21,150,000 2022 21,150,000 2023 -0- 2024 -0- 2025 -0- 2026 -0- 2027 -0- 2028 -0- 2029 -0- 2030 12,930,000 2031 12,930,000 2032 12,930,000 2033 12,930,000 Total $115,175,000

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

The Series 2019-2 Bonds

The proceeds of the Series 2019-2 Bonds will be used for the purpose of providing funds to advance refund selected maturities of outstanding unvoted bonds of the City, as identified below (collectively, the “Series 2019-2 Refunded Bonds,” and together with the 2019-1 Refunded Bonds, the “Refunded Bonds”):

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2010B, dated August 12, 2010

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (June 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $395,000 2021 390,000 2022 220,000 2023 215,000 2024 40,000 2025 40,000 2026 40,000 Total $1,340,000

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2011B, dated August 25, 2011

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (July 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $6,170,000 2021 4,035,000 2021 2,100,000 2022 1,255,000 2023 615,000 2024 615,000 2025 615,000 2026 615,000 2027 610,000 Total $16,630,000

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2011C (Federally Taxable), dated August 25, 2011

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (July 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $750,000 2021 750,000 2022 750,000 2023 750,000 2024 750,000 2025 750,000 2026 750,000 2027 750,000 2028 750,000 2029 750,000 2030 750,000 2031 750,000 2032 750,000 Total $9,750,000

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2012-2, dated March 21, 2012

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (July 1) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2022 $4,845,000 2023 1,960,000 2024 1,950,000 2025 1,945,000 Total $10,700,000

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2012B, dated July 24, 2012

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (February 15) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $3,320,000 2021 2,450,000 2022 2,445,000 2023 2,440,000 2024 1,625,000 2025 1,625,000 2026 1,625,000 2027 1,625,000 2028 1,620,000 Total $18,775,000

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2013B, dated September 4, 2013

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (August 15) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $ 350,000 2020 6,125,000 2021 750,000 2021 5,725,000 2022 875,000 2022 4,800,000 2023 125,000 2023 5,545,000 2024 5,665,000 2025 -0- 2026 -0- 2027 100,000 2027 -0- 2028 -0- 2029 2,555,000 Total $32,615,000

Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2013D (Federally Taxable), dated September 4, 2013

Principal Amount Principal Amount Maturity Date Outstanding Before Principal Amount to Outstanding After (August 15) Refunding be Refunded Refunding 2020 $2,180,000 2021 2,180,000 2022 1,510,000 2023 1,510,000 2024 1,505,000 2025 335,000 2026 335,000 2027 335,000 2028 335,000 2029 335,000 Total $10,560,000

The Escrow Fund Proceeds from the sale of the Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds (together, the “Refunding Bonds”) will be deposited into an escrow fund (the “Escrow Fund”) and will be used to refund the Refunded Bonds. The Escrow Fund will be held by ______, as Escrow Trustee (the “Escrow Trustee”). The Escrow Fund will consist solely of cash and noncallable direct obligations of the United States of America, and will be applied by the Escrow Trustee to pay debt service on the Refunded Bonds and to redeem each series of Refunded Bonds on the earliest optional redemption date.

THE BONDS

Form; Payment of Principal and Interest

The Bonds will be issued in fully registered form and will be dated the date of their delivery. The Bonds will bear interest payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2020*, at the rates set forth on the inside of the cover page hereof and will be payable as to principal on April 1 in the years set forth on the inside of the cover page hereof.

The Bonds are authorized to be issued in denominations of $5,000 or any integral multiple thereof, with the exception of the Series 2019B Bonds which are authorized to be issued in denominations of $1,000 or any integral multiple thereof, provided that each Bond will be of a single maturity.

Principal of the Bonds will be payable at maturity in lawful money of the U.S., at the office of the City Auditor, which has been designated by the City as registrar, paying agent, and transfer agent for the Bonds (the “Bond Registrar”). Interest on the Bonds will be payable to the person whose name appears as the registered holder thereof on the registration records maintained by the Bond Registrar, on the related Record Date (at the close of business on the 15th day next preceding that Interest Payment Date, unless such date falls on a non-business day, in which case the Record Date shall be the preceding business day) by check mailed to such registered holder at the address of such registered holder as it appears on the registration records. No deductions will be made for exchange, collection, or service charges.

Redemption Provisions

Mandatory Sinking Fund Redemption*

The Series 2019D Bonds maturing on April 1, 2040 are subject to mandatory sinking fund redemption at a redemption price of 100% of the principal amount to be redeemed, plus accrued interest to the date of redemption, on December 1 in the years and in the respective principal amounts as follows:

Principal Amount Year to be Redeemed 2037 $650,000 2038 650,000 2039 650,000

The remaining principal amount of such Series 2019D Bonds ($650,000) will mature at stated maturity on April 1, 2040.

Optional Redemption

The Tax-Exempt Bonds maturing after ______, 20__ are subject to redemption at the option of the City, either in whole or in part, in such order as the City shall determine, on any date on or after ______, 20__, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus, in each case, accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption.

* Preliminary, subject to change

The Taxable Bonds maturing after ______, 20__ are subject to redemption at the option of the City, either in whole or in part, in such order as the City shall determine, on any date on or after ______, 20__, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount redeemed plus, in each case, accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption.

Redemption Procedures

When partial redemption of any Bond is authorized, the Bond Registrar will select the Bonds or portions thereof by lot within a maturity of the same interest rate in such manner as the Bond Registrar may determine, provided, however, that the portion of any Bond so selected will be in the amount of $5,000 or any integral multiple thereof, except that the Series 2019B Bonds so selected will be in the amount of $1,000 or any integral multiple thereof.

The notice of the call for redemption of Bonds is required to identify (i) by designation, letters, numbers or other distinguishing marks the Bonds or portions thereof to be redeemed, (ii) the redemption price to be paid, (iii) the date fixed for redemption, and (iv) the place or places where the amounts due upon redemption are payable. From and after the specified redemption date, and provided that funds are on hand and available for the payment of interest due as of the redemption date, interest on the Bonds (or portions thereof) called for redemption will cease to accrue. Such notice is required to be sent by first class mail at the address shown in the Bond registration records at least 30 days prior to the redemption date. Failure to receive such notice or any defect therein will not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any such Bond.

ESTIMATED SOURCES AND USES OF FUNDS

The proceeds of the Bonds will be applied as follows:

Series 2019A Series 2019B Series 2019C Series 2019D Series 2019-1 Series 2019-2 Bonds Bonds Bonds Bonds Bonds Bonds Total Sources

Par Value of Bonds $259,500,000 .00* $17,715,000 .00* $13,320,000.00* $18,875,000 .00* $57,085,000.00* $34,290,000 .00* $400,785,000.00* [Net] Original Issue Premium City Cash Contribution

Total Sources

Uses

Deposit to Project Fund Deposit to Escrow Fund Deposit to Bond Retirement Fund Costs of Issuance**

Total Uses ______* Preliminary, subject to change ** Includes Municipal Advisor fees, underwriters’ discount, legal fees, rating agency fees, Escrow Trustee fees, verification agent fees, printing fees, and other miscellaneous expenses.

SECURITY AND SOURCES OF PAYMENT FOR THE BONDS

General Obligation Security

The Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds and Series 2019-1 Bonds will be voted general obligation debt of the City, payable from the sources described herein, subject to Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. The basic security for payment of the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds and Series 2019-1 Bonds is the requirement that the City levy ad valorem property taxes outside the limitations imposed by Ohio law, which taxes are unlimited as to rate and amount, to the extent necessary to pay the anticipated debt service on the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds and Series 2019-1 Bonds as the same becomes due and to the extent that such debt service on the Series 2019A Bonds, Series 2019C Bonds and Series 2019-1 Bonds is not paid from other sources.

The Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds will be unvoted general obligation debt of the City, payable from the sources described, subject to Chapter 9 of the Federal Bankruptcy Code and other laws affecting creditors’ rights. The basic security for the unvoted general obligation debt of the City is the City’s ability to levy an ad valorem tax on real and personal property in the City subject to ad valorem taxation within the limitations imposed by Ohio law. The basic security for payment of the Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds is the requirement that the City levy ad valorem taxes within limitations, to the extent necessary to pay the debt service anticipated to become due on the Series 2019B Bonds, Series 2019D Bonds Series 2019-2 Bonds and to the extent that such debt service is not paid from other sources.

For a description of certain information relating to the levy and collection of ad valorem taxes by the City, see “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement.

Notwithstanding such general obligation security for the Bonds, the City has not levied an ad valorem tax since 1957 for the purpose of paying debt service on its general obligation bonds and does not intend or expect to levy an ad valorem tax for such purpose. See “DEBT SUMMARY – Debt Issuance” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement. The City’s policy is to pay debt service for non- enterprise capital improvements from a portion of the City’s income tax and/or internal service revenues and to pay debt service for capital improvements to its enterprises from the related enterprise fund.

Other Sources of Payment

Notwithstanding the pledges of ad valorem property taxes described above, the City expects to pay debt service on the portion of the Bonds issued for the water system from net revenues produced by the operation of the City’s water system (described under “WATER SYSTEM” in APPENDIX B), to pay debt service on the portion of the Bonds issued for the sanitary sewer system from net revenues produced by the operation of the City’s sanitary sewer system (described under “SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM” in APPENDIX B), to pay debt service on a portion of the Bonds issued for the storm sewer system from net revenues produced by the operation of the City’s storm sewer system (described under “STORM SEWER SYSTEM” in APPENDIX B), to pay debt service on a portion of the Bonds issued for the electric system from net revenues produced by the operation of the City’s electric system (described under “ELECTRICITY SYSTEM” in APPENDIX B), and to pay debt service on the remaining Bonds from a portion of the City’s income tax revenues (described under “CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS” in APPENDIX A).

The Authorizing Legislation provides that the annual debt service levy on taxable property will be reduced in each year to the extent that the City determines that funds will be available from other sources for

the payment of the Bonds in any year, in which case the City has agreed in the Authorizing Legislation to appropriate such funds to the payment of the Bonds in accordance with law.

Municipal Bankruptcy

An Ohio municipality may file for bankruptcy under Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code if it meets certain prerequisites under both federal and State law. Section 109(c) of the Bankruptcy Code sets forth the requirements for a State political subdivision to file for bankruptcy protection. In addition to requiring the municipality to be insolvent1, the municipality must be specifically authorized, in its capacity as a municipality or by name, to be a debtor under such chapter by State law, or by a governmental officer or organization empowered by State law to authorize such entity to be a debtor under such chapter.2 With regard to State law, Revised Code Section 133.36 requires that a political subdivision which desires to file bankruptcy seek and obtain permission of the Tax Commissioner.

The foregoing federal and State laws also permit an Ohio county to initiate Chapter 9 proceedings which, because a county collects certain revenues on behalf of a municipality (particularly ad valorem property taxes), may adversely affect the financial condition of such municipality.

UNDERWRITING

Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, as senior manager and on behalf of itself, and BofA Securities, Inc., as co-senior manager, and Hutchinson, Shockey, Erley and Co. dba Huntington Capital Markets, PNC Capital Markets LLC and Stifel Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated (collectively, the “Underwriters”) has agreed, pursuant to a Bond Purchase Agreement (the “Bond Purchase Agreement”) with the City, dated ______, 2019, and subject to certain conditions contained in the Bond Purchase Agreement, to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Bonds at an aggregate purchase price of $______, determined as follows: (a) with respect to the Series 2019A Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019A Bonds of $259,500,000.00*, plus [net] original issue premium of $______, less underwriters’ discount of $______); (b) with respect to the Series 2019B Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019B Bonds of $17,715,000.00*, plus [net] original issue premium of $______, less underwriters’ discount of $______); (c) with respect to the Series 2019C Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019C Bonds of $13,320,000.00*; (d) with respect to the Series 2019D Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019D Bonds of $18,875,000.00*; (e) with respect to the Series 2019-1 Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019-1 Bonds of $57,085,000.00*; and (f) with respect to the Series 2019- 2 Bonds, the purchase price is $______(equal to the par amount of the Series 2019-2 Bonds of $34,290,000.00*. The fee to be received by the Underwriters with respect to the Series 2019C Bonds is $__,___._; the fee to be received by the Underwriters with respect to the Series 2019D Bonds is $__,___._; the fee to be received by the Underwriters with respect to the Series 2019-1 Bonds is $__,___._; and the fee to be received by the Underwriters with respect to the Series 2019-2 Bonds is $__,___._. Such fees will be paid by a cash contribution from the City. The Underwriters have agreed to purchase all of the Bonds if any are purchased.

The Bonds are being offered for sale to the public at the prices shown on the inside cover page hereof. The Underwriters reserve the right to lower such initial offering prices as they deem necessary in

1 11 U.S.C. Section 101(32)(C) requires that in order to be “insolvent” a municipality must not be paying its debts as they come due. 2 See 11 U.S.C. Section 109(c)(2). * Preliminary, subject to change

connection with the marketing of the Bonds. The Underwriters may offer and sell the Bonds, respectively, to certain dealers (including dealers depositing the Bonds into investment trusts) and others at prices lower than the initial public offering price or prices set forth on the inside cover page hereof. The Underwriters reserve the right to join with dealers and other underwriters in offering the Bonds, respectively, to the public. The Underwriters may over-allot or effect transactions which stabilize or maintain the market price of the Bonds, respectively, at levels above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. Such stabilizing, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

The Underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage services. Certain of the Underwriters and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for the City, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the Underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities, which may include credit default swaps) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve securities and instruments of the City.

The Underwriters and their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such assets, securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they should acquire, long and/or short positions in such assets, securities and instruments.

BofA Securities, Inc. has entered into a distribution agreement with its affiliate Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (“MLPF&S”). As part of this arrangement, BofA Securities, Inc. may distribute securities to MLPF&S, which may in turn distribute such securities to investors through the financial advisor network of MLPF&S. As part of this arrangement, BofA Securities, Inc. may compensate MLPF&S as a dealer for its selling efforts with respect to the Bonds.

PNC Capital Markets LLC may offer to sell to its affiliate, PNC Investments, LLC (“PNCI”), securities in PNC Capital Markets LLC’s inventory for resale to PNCI’s customers, including securities such as those to be offered by the City. PNC Capital Markets LLC may share with PNCI a portion of the fee or commission paid to PNC Capital Markets LLC if any of the Bonds are sold to customers of PNCI.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Basic Financial Statements, Notes to the Financial Statements, and Required Supplemental Information of the City of Columbus for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 appear in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement.

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

The Basic Financial Statements of the City of Columbus, Ohio as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018, included in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement have been audited by Plante & Moran, PLLC, independent auditors, as stated in their report appearing in APPENDIX C.

RATINGS

As noted on the cover page, the City has received a rating on the Bonds from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., S&P Global Ratings, a division of S&P Global Inc., and Fitch Ratings, Inc., which have rated the Bonds “Aaa,” “AAA” and “AAA,” respectively.

Each such rating reflects only the views of such rating agency. Any explanation of the significance of a rating may only be obtained from such rating agency at Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., 7 World Trade Center, New York, New York 10007, telephone (212) 553-0300, website: www.moodys.com; S&P Global Ratings, a division of S&P Global Inc., 55 Water Street, New York, New York 10041, telephone (212) 438-2000, website: www.standardandpoors.com; and Fitch Ratings, Inc., 33 Whitehall St., New York, New York 10004, telephone (212) 908-0500, website: www.fitchratings.com.

The City furnished to the rating agencies certain information and materials, some of which may not have been included in this Official Statement, relating to the Bonds and the City. Generally, rating agencies base their ratings on such information and materials, as well as investigation, studies and assumptions by the rating agencies. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold the Bonds.

There can be no assurance that a rating, when assigned, will continue for any given period of time or that it will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in its judgment, circumstances so warrant. In addition, the City currently expects to provide to the rating agencies (but assumes no obligation to furnish to the Underwriters or the holders of the Bonds, other than the information required to be provided pursuant to the Continuing Disclosure Certificate, as described hereinbelow – see “CONTINUING DISCLOSURE” herein) from time to time further information and materials that it or they may request. The City does not, however, obligate itself hereby to furnish such information and materials, and may issue unrated bonds and notes from time to time. Failure by the City to furnish such information and materials, or the issuance of unrated bonds or notes, may result in the suspension or withdrawal of a rating agency’s rating on the Bonds. Any lowering, suspension or withdrawal of such ratings may have an adverse effect on the marketability or market price of the Bonds.

MUNICIPAL ADVISOR

The City has retained the services of PFM Financial Advisors LLC (the “Municipal Advisor”) to advise the City concerning the terms, timing of sale, and other factors related to the sale of the Bonds. The Municipal Advisor has not audited, authenticated or otherwise verified the information in this Official Statement, or other information available to the City with respect to appropriateness, accuracy and completeness of disclosure of that information, and no guaranty, warranty or other representation is made by the Municipal Advisor respecting accuracy and completeness of that information or any other matter related to that information. PFM Financial Advisors LLC is an independent advisory firm and is not engaged in the business of underwriting, trading or distributing municipal securities or other public securities.

VERIFICATION OF ARITHMETICAL AND MATHEMATICAL COMPUTATIONS

Upon delivery of the Refunding Bonds, Causey Demgen & Moore, P.C., Denver, Colorado, certified public accountants (the “Verification Agent”) will deliver reports on the arithmetical accuracy of certain computations contained in schedules provided to them by the Underwriters on behalf of the City relating to the computation of forecasted receipts of principal and interest on the securities held in the Escrow Fund to refund the Refunded Bonds.

Such computations will be based solely on assumptions and information supplied by the Underwriters on behalf of the City, and the Verification Agent has restricted its procedures to examining the arithmetical accuracy of certain computations and has not made any study or evaluation of the assumptions and information on which such computations are based. Accordingly, the Verification Agent has not expressed an opinion on the data used, the reasonableness of the assumptions, or the ability to achieve the forecasted outcome.

TAX MATTERS

Series 2019A Bonds and Series 2019B Bonds

In the opinion of Bricker & Eckler LLP, Bond Counsel, under existing law, interest on the Series 2019A Bonds and Series 2019B Bonds (together, the “Tax-Exempt Bonds”) is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes under Section 103(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and is not treated as an item of tax preference under Section 57 of the Code for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. Further, the Tax-Exempt Bonds are not “private activity bonds” as defined in Section 141(a) of the Code.

Interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

The opinion on tax matters will be based on and will assume the accuracy of certain representations and certifications made by the City and others, and the compliance with certain covenants of the City, to be contained in the transcript of proceedings and which are intended to evidence and assure the foregoing, including that the Tax-Exempt Bonds are and will remain obligations the interest on which is excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes. Bond Counsel has not and will not independently verify the accuracy of such certifications and representations.

The City has not designated the Tax-Exempt Bonds as “qualified tax exempt obligations” as defined in Section 265(b)(3) of the Code.

The Code prescribes a number of qualifications and conditions for the interest on state and local government obligations to be and remain excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes some of which, including provisions for the rebate by the City of certain investment earnings to the federal government, require future or continued compliance after issuance of the obligations in order for the interest to be and continue to be so excluded from the date of issuance. Noncompliance with these requirements could cause the interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds to be included in gross income for federal income tax purposes and thus to be subject to regular federal income tax retroactively to the date of their issuance. The City covenants in the Authorizing Legislation to take such actions that may be required of it for the interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds to be and remain excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes, and not to take any actions which would adversely affect that exclusion.

Under the Code, interest on the Tax-Exempt Bonds may be subject to a branch profits tax imposed on certain foreign corporations doing business in the United States of America (the “U.S.”), and a tax imposed on excess net passive income of certain S corporations. Under the Code, the exclusion of interest from gross income for federal income tax purposes can have certain adverse federal income tax consequences on items of income or deductions for certain taxpayers, including among them financial institutions, certain insurance companies, recipients of Social Security and Railroad Retirement benefits, and those that are deemed to incur or continue indebtedness to acquire or carry tax-exempt obligations and individuals otherwise eligible for the earned income tax credit. The applicability and extent of these or other tax consequences will depend upon the particular tax status or other items of income and expenses of the owners of the Tax-Exempt Bonds. Bond Counsel will express no opinion and make no representation regarding such consequences.

From time to time, legislative proposals are pending in United States Congress that would, if enacted, alter or amend one or more of the federal tax matters referred to above in certain respects or would adversely affect the market value of the Tax-Exempt Bonds. Court proceedings may also be filed, the outcome of which could modify the tax treatment of obligations such as the Tax-Exempt Bonds. There can be no assurance that legislation enacted or proposed, or actions by a court, after the date of issuance of the Tax-Exempt Bonds will not have an adverse effect on the tax status of interest or other income on the Tax-Exempt Bonds or the market value or marketability of the Tax-Exempt Bonds. Prospective purchasers of the Tax-Exempt Bonds should consult their own tax advisers regarding pending or proposed federal and state tax legislation and court proceedings, as to all of which Bond Counsel expresses no opinion.

Series 2019C, Series 2019D Bonds, Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds

General. In the opinion of Bond Counsel, under existing law, interest on the Series 2019C Bonds, Series 2019D, Series 2019-1 Bonds and Series 2019-2 Bonds (collectively, the “Taxable Bonds”) is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes. Interest on, any transfer of and any profit made on the sale, exchange, transfer, or other disposition of the Tax-Exempt Bonds are exempt from taxes levied by the State and its political subdivisions except the estate tax, the domestic insurance company tax, the dealers in intangibles tax, the tax levied on the basis of the total equity capital of financial institutions, and the net worth base of the corporate franchise tax. An opinion to those effects will be included in the legal opinion. Bond Counsel will express no opinion as to any other tax consequences regarding the Taxable Bonds. OWNERS OF THE TAXABLE BONDS SHOULD CONSULT WITH THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL, AND FOREIGN TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE TAXABLE BONDS. The owners of the Taxable Bonds are not entitled to a tax credit as a result of ownership of the Taxable Bonds. The legal defeasance of the Taxable Bonds (if undertaken by the City) may result in a deemed sale or exchange of the Taxable Bonds, under certain circumstances; owners of the Taxable Bonds should consult their tax advisors as to the federal income tax consequences of such an event.

Backup Withholding

Payments of interest on securities, including the Bonds, are generally subject to IRS Form 1099- INT information reporting requirements. If a Bond owner is subject to backup withholding under those requirements, then payments of interest will also be subject to backup withholding. Those requirements do not affect the exclusion of such interest from gross income for federal income tax purposes.

Original Issue Discount

Certain Bonds may be sold to the public at a price of less than 100% of their face amount (the “Discount Bonds”). The following information, which has not been included in the opinion of Bond Counsel, may be helpful to prospective purchasers of the Discount Bonds.

Under present federal income tax law, original issue discount (i.e., the difference between the issue price, as hereinafter defined, of a Discount Bond and the stated redemption price at maturity of such Discount Bond), is treated as accruing (“accreted”) over the term of such Discount Bond. The issue price is the price at which a substantial amount of the Discount Bonds are sold to the public (excluding bond house, brokers or similar persons acting in the capacity of underwriters or wholesalers). In general, the amount of original issue discount which is to be accreted in each “accretion period” will equal (i) the issue price of that Discount Bond, increased by the amount of original issue discount which has been accreted in all prior accretion periods, multiplied by (ii) the initial offering yield of that Discount Bond reflected on the inside cover page of this Official Statement (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each accretion period and properly adjusted for the length of the accretion period), minus, with respect to the Bonds, interest actually paid during such accretion period. For these purposes, “accretion period” means a six-month period (or shorter period from the date the Discount Bond was issued) which ends on a day in the calendar year corresponding to the maturity date of that Discount Bond or the date six months before such maturity date.

With respect to any Tax-Exempt Bonds that are Discount Bonds (the “Tax-Exempt Discount Bonds”), such accreted amount is used for purposes of determining the adjusted basis for federal income tax purposes of the holder of such Tax-Exempt Discount Bond but is not included in such holder’s gross income for federal income tax purposes. Consequently, a purchaser who buys a Tax-Exempt Discount Bond in the initial offering at the issue price and holds such Tax-Exempt Discount Bond to its maturity would not realize any gain or loss for federal income tax purposes upon payment of the stated redemption price of that Tax-Exempt Discount Bond at maturity.

With respect to any Taxable Bonds that are Discount Bonds (the “Taxable Discount Bonds”), such accreted amount constitutes interest income to the holder of such Taxable Discount Bonds and is included in gross income of the holder and added to such holder’s adjusted basis for federal income tax purposes.

Amortizable Bond Premium

Certain of the Bonds may be sold at issue prices greater than the principal amount payable at maturity or earlier call date (the “Premium Bonds”). The following information, which has not been included in the opinion of Bond Counsel, may be helpful to prospective purchasers of the Premium Bonds.

Premium Bonds will be considered to be issuable with amortizable bond premium (the “Bond Premium”). A taxpayer who acquires a Premium Bond in the initial public offering will be required to adjust his or her basis in the Premium Bond downward as a result of the amortization of the Bond Premium, pursuant to Section 1016(a)(5) of the Code. The amount of amortizable Bond Premium will be computed on the basis of the taxpayer’s yield to maturity with compounding at the end of each accrual period. Rules for determining (i) the amount of amortizable Bond Premium and (ii) the amount amortizable in a particular year are set forth at Section 171(b) of the Code.

With respect to any Tax-Exempt Bonds that are Premium Bonds (the “Tax-Exempt Premium Bonds”), no income tax deduction for the amount of amortizable Bond Premium will be allowed to a

holder pursuant in Section 171(a)(2) of the Code, but such holder may reduce their basis in the Tax- Exempt Bonds by the amount of such amortizable Bond Premium. The amortization of Bond Premium may be taken into account as a reduction in the amount of tax-exempt income for purposes of determining other tax consequences of owning the Tax-Exempt Premium Bonds. A purchaser of a Tax-Exempt Premium Bond at its issue price in the initial public offering who holds that Tax-Exempt Premium Bond to maturity will realize no gain or loss upon the retirement of such Tax-Exempt Premium Bond.

With respect to the Taxable Bonds that are Premium Bonds (the “Taxable Premium Bonds”), a holder of a Taxable Premium Bond may use the amortizable Bond Premium as an offset to any interest payment received in respect to such Taxable Premium Bond, however, any portion of such amortizable Bond Premium in excess of such interest is not deductible from gross income as an itemized deduction. Special rules governing the treatment of Bond Premium, which are applicable to dealers in tax-exempt securities, are found at Section 75 of the Code.

PROSPECTIVE PURCHASERS OF THE DISCOUNT OR PREMIUM BONDS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, SALE, TRANSFER, REDEMPTION, PAYMENT, OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF THE DISCOUNT OR PREMIUM BONDS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, MODIFICATIONS TO THE METHOD FOR ACCRETING ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT OR AMORTIZING PREMIUM FOR CERTAIN SUBSEQUENT PURCHASERS, AND INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF ANY APPLICABLE STATE OR LOCAL INCOME TAX LAWS.

BOOK-ENTRY ONLY SYSTEM

The information in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry only system has been obtained from DTC and the City takes no responsibility for the completeness or accuracy thereof. The City cannot and does not give any assurances that DTC, Direct Participants or Indirect Participants will distribute to the Beneficial Owners (each as hereinafter defined) (a) payments of interest, principal, or premium, if any, with respect to the Bonds, (b) certificates representing ownership interest in or other confirmation of ownership interest in the Bonds, or (c) redemption or other notices sent to DTC or Cede & Co., its partnership nominee, as the registered owner of the Bonds, or that they will so do on a timely basis or that DTC, Direct Participants or Indirect Participants will act in the manner described in this Official Statement. The current “Rules” applicable to DTC are on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the current “Procedures” of DTC to be followed in dealing with DTC Participants are on file with DTC.

The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), New York, New York, will act as securities depository for the Bonds. The Bonds will be issued as fully-registered securities registered in the name of Cede & Co. (DTC’s partnership nominee) or such other name as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. One fully-registered Bond certificate will be issued for each maturity of the Bonds, each in the aggregate principal amount of such maturity, and will be deposited with DTC.

DTC, the world’s largest securities depository, is a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law, a “banking organization” within the meaning of the New York Banking Law, a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code, and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. DTC holds and provides asset servicing for over 3.5 million issues of U.S. and non-U.S. equity issues, corporate and municipal debt issues, and money market instruments from over 100 countries that DTC’s participants (“Direct Participants”) deposit with DTC. DTC also facilitates the post-trade settlement among Direct Participants of sales and other securities transactions in deposited securities, through electronic

computerized book-entry transfers and pledges between Direct Participants’ accounts. This eliminates the need for physical movement of securities certificates. Direct Participants include both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, clearing corporations, and certain other organizations. DTC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”). DTCC is the holding company for DTC, National Securities Clearing Corporation and Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, all of which are registered clearing agencies. DTCC is owned by the users of its regulated subsidiaries. Access to the DTC system is also available to others such as both U.S. and non-U.S. securities brokers and dealers, banks, trust companies, and clearing corporations that clear through or maintain a custodial relationship with a Direct Participant, either directly or indirectly (“Indirect Participants”). DTC has an S&P rating of: AA+. The DTC rules applicable to its Participants are on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. More information about DTC can be found at www.dtcc.com and www.dtc.org.

Purchases of Bonds under the DTC system must be made by or through Direct Participants, which will receive a credit for the Bonds on DTC’s records. The ownership interest of each actual purchaser of each Bond (“Beneficial Owner”) is in turn to be recorded on the Direct and Indirect Participants’ records. Beneficial Owners will not receive written confirmation from DTC of their purchase. Beneficial Owners are, however, expected to receive written confirmations providing details of the transaction, as well as periodic statements of their holdings, from the Direct or Indirect Participant through which the Beneficial Owner entered into the transaction. Transfers of ownership interests in the Bonds are to be accomplished by entries made on the books of Direct and Indirect Participants acting on behalf of Beneficial Owners. Beneficial Owners will not receive certificates representing their ownership interests in the Bonds, except in the event that use of the book-entry system for the Bonds is discontinued.

To facilitate subsequent transfers, all Bonds deposited by Direct Participants with DTC are registered in the name of DTC’s partnership nominee, Cede & Co., or such other name as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. The deposit of Bonds with DTC and their registration in the name of Cede & Co. or such other DTC nominee do not affect any change in beneficial ownership. DTC has no knowledge of the actual Beneficial Owners of the Bonds; DTC’s records reflect only the identity of the Direct Participants to whose accounts such Bonds are credited, which may or may not be the Beneficial Owners. The Direct and Indirect Participants will remain responsible for keeping account of their holdings on behalf of their customers.

Conveyance of notices and other communications by DTC to Direct Participants, by Direct Participants to Indirect Participants, and by Direct Participants and Indirect Participants to Beneficial Owners will be governed by arrangements among them, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements as may be in effect from time to time. Beneficial Owners of Bonds may wish to take certain steps to augment the transmission to them of notices of significant events with respect to the Bonds, such as redemptions, tenders, defaults, and proposed amendments to the Bonds. For example, Beneficial Owners of Bonds may wish to ascertain that the nominee holding the Bonds for their benefit has agreed to obtain and transmit notices to Beneficial Owners. In the alternative, Beneficial Owners may wish to provide their names and addresses to the Bond Registrar and request that copies of the notices be provided directly to them.

Redemption notices shall be sent to DTC. If less than all of the Bonds within an issue are being redeemed, DTC’s practice is to determine by lot the amount of the interest of each Direct Participant in such issue to be redeemed.

Neither DTC nor Cede & Co. (nor any other DTC nominee) will consent or vote with respect to the Bonds unless authorized by a Direct Participant in accordance with DTC’s MMI procedures. Under its usual procedures, DTC mails an Omnibus Proxy to the City as soon as possible after the record date.

The Omnibus Proxy assigns Cede & Co.’s consenting or voting rights to those Direct Participants to whose accounts the Bonds are credited on the record date (identified in a listing attached to the Omnibus Proxy).

All payments on the Bonds will be made to Cede & Co., or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC. DTC’s practice is to credit Direct Participants’ accounts upon DTC’s receipt of funds and corresponding detail information from the City or the Bond Registrar, on payable date in accordance with their respective holdings shown on DTC’s records. Payments by Participants to Beneficial Owners will be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case with securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name,” and will be the responsibility of such Participant and not of DTC, the Bond Registrar, or the City, subject to any statutory or regulatory requirements as may be in effect from time to time. Payment of all payments to Cede & Co. (or such other nominee as may be requested by an authorized representative of DTC) is the responsibility of the City or the Bond Registrar, disbursement of such payments to Direct Participants will be the responsibility of DTC, and disbursement of such payments to the Beneficial Owners will be the responsibility of Direct and Indirect Participants.

DTC may discontinue providing its services as depository with respect to the Bonds at any time by giving reasonable notice to the City or the Bond Registrar. Under such circumstances, in the event that a successor depository is not obtained, certificated Bonds are required to be printed and delivered.

The City may decide to discontinue use of the system of book-entry-only transfers through DTC (or a successor securities depository). In that event, certificated Bonds will be printed and delivered to DTC.

The information in this section concerning DTC and DTC’s book-entry system has been obtained from sources that the City believes to be reliable, but the City takes no responsibility for the accuracy thereof.

Revision of Book-Entry Only System - Replacement Bonds

The Authorizing Legislation provides for issuance of fully registered bonds (the “Replacement Bonds”) directly to owners other than DTC or its nominee only if DTC determines not to continue to act as security depository of the Bonds. In such event, the City may in its discretion establish a securities depository/book-entry relationship with another qualified securities depository. If the City does not or is unable to do so, and after appropriate notice to DTC, the City’s Bond Registrar will authenticate and deliver fully registered Replacement Bonds, in the same denominations in which the Bonds were originally issued, or any integral multiple thereof, to or at the direction of and, if the event is not the result of City action or inaction, at the expense (including printing costs) of, any persons requesting such issuance. Replacement Bonds may be transferred, registered and assigned only in the registration books of the City’s Bond Registrar.

LEGAL MATTERS

The legality and validity of the Bonds is being approved by Bricker & Eckler LLP, Bond Counsel, Columbus, Ohio. The approving opinions of Bond Counsel will be delivered with the Bonds in substantially the forms set forth in APPENDIX E to this Official Statement.

LITIGATION

To the knowledge of the appropriate City officials, no litigation or administrative action or proceeding is pending or threatened restraining or enjoining, or seeking to restrain or enjoin, the issuance and delivery of the Bonds, or the levy and collection of taxes to pay the debt service on the Bonds, or contesting or questioning the proceedings and authority under which the Bonds were authorized and are to be issued, sold, executed or delivered, or the validity of the Bonds.

APPENDIX D to this Official Statement sets forth information regarding other litigation in which the City is a defendant.

CONTINUING DISCLOSURE

Pursuant to Section 323.07 of the Columbus City Codes and the Authorizing Legislation, the City will agree, in accordance with a Continuing Disclosure Certificate, executed in accordance with Rule 15c2-12 (the “Rule”) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to provide, or cause to be provided, the following information:

(a) to the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board through the Electronic Municipal Market Access System (“EMMA”), certain annual financial information and operating data (the “Annual Report”) for each fiscal year (beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019) not later than the 180th day following the end of that fiscal year, consisting of annual financial information and operating data of the type included in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement under the captions “DEBT SUMMARY – Outstanding Bonds and Notes,” “DEBT SUMMARY – Overlapping Subdivision Indebtedness,” “DEBT SUMMARY – Historical Debt Information,” “SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION – Summary of Certain Financial Statements for General Fund and Debt Service Funds,” “CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS – Income Tax Rates,” “CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS – Historical City Income Tax Revenues,” “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS – Assessed Value of Taxable Property,” “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS – Tax Rates,” “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS – Principal Taxpayers,” and “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS – Ad Valorem Taxes Levied and Collected,” annual financial information and operating data of the type included in APPENDIX B to this Official Statement under the captions “WATER SYSTEM – Largest Customers,” “WATER SYSTEM – Water Enterprise Fund,” “STORM SEWER SYSTEM – Largest Customers,” “STORM SEWER SYSTEM – Storm Sewer Enterprise Fund,” “ELECTRICITY SYSTEM – Largest Customers,” “ELECTRICITY SYSTEM – Electricity Enterprise Fund,” “SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM – Largest Customers,” and “SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM – Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Fund.” The Annual Report may be provided by reference to other documents, such as the City’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report or final official statements relating to other obligations subsequently issued by the City;

(b) to EMMA, when and if available, audited general purpose financial statements of the City for its most recent fiscal year prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles applicable to governments as promulgated by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board;

(c) to EMMA, in a timely manner (but not in excess of 10 business days), notice of the occurrence of any of the following events with respect to the Bonds:

(i) Principal and interest payment delinquencies;

(ii) Non-payment related defaults, if material;

(iii) Unscheduled draws on debt service reserves reflecting financial difficulties;

(iv) Unscheduled draws on credit enhancements reflecting financial difficulties;

(v) Substitution of credit or liquidity providers, or their failure to perform;

(vi) Adverse tax opinions, the issuance by the Internal Revenue Service of proposed or final determinations of taxability, Notices of Proposed Issue (IRS Form 5701-TEB) or other material notices or determinations with respect to the tax status of the Bonds, or other material events affecting the tax status of the Bonds;

(vii) Modifications to rights of holders of the Bonds, if material;

(viii) (1) Calls for redemption of the Bonds, if material, other than calls pursuant to the mandatory sinking fund provisions of the Bonds, if any, and (2) tender offers;

(ix) Defeasances;

(xi) Release, substitution or sale of property securing repayment of the Bonds, if material;

(xii) Rating changes;

(xiii) Bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership or similar event of the City;

(xiv) The consummation of a merger, consolidation, or acquisition involving the City or the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the City, other than in the ordinary course of business, the entry into a definitive agreement to undertake such an action or the termination of a definitive agreement relating to any such actions, other than pursuant to its terms, if material;

(xv) Appointment of a successor or additional trustee, or the change of the name of a trustee, if material;

(xvi) Incurrence of a Financial Obligation of the City, if material, or agreement to covenants, events of default, remedies, priority rights, or other similar terms of a Financial Obligation of the City, any of which affect holders of the Bonds, if material; and

(xvii) Default, event of acceleration, termination event, modification of terms, or other similar events under the terms of a Financial Obligation of the City, any of which reflect financial difficulties.

For the purposes of subsection (xiii), above, the event is considered to occur when any of the following occur: the appointment of a receiver, fiscal agent or similar officer for the City in a proceeding under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or in any other proceeding under state or federal law in

which a court or governmental authority has assumed jurisdiction over substantially all of the assets or business of the City, or if such jurisdiction has been assumed by leaving the existing governmental body and officials or officers in possession but subject to the supervision and orders of a court or governmental authority, or the entry of an order confirming a plan of reorganization, arrangement or liquidation by a court or governmental authority having supervision or jurisdiction over substantially all of the assets or business of the City.

(d) to EMMA, in a timely manner, notice of a failure to provide the required annual financial information on or before the date specified in the Continuing Disclosure Certificate.

For purposes of this transaction with respect to events as set forth in the Rule:

(a) there are no debt service reserve funds, credit enhancements, or liquidity providers applicable to the Bonds; and

(b) there is no property securing the repayment of the Bonds.

The Continuing Disclosure Certificate will be solely for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the Bonds including holders of book-entry interests in them. The right to enforce the provisions of the Continuing Disclosure Certificate may be limited to a right of the holders or beneficial owners to enforce to the extent permitted by law (by mandamus, or other suit, action or proceedings at law or in equity) the obligations and duties under it. Any noncompliance with the Continuing Disclosure Certificate will not be or be deemed to be a failure, a default or an event of default under any Bonds. The Continuing Disclosure Certificate will remain in effect only for such period that the Bonds are outstanding in accordance with their terms.

The City is a party to continuing disclosure undertakings with respect to multiple series of obligations for which it is an obligated person (collectively, the “continuing disclosure undertakings”). Each of the continuing disclosure undertakings require the City to make or cause to be made public, on an annual basis, the Annual Report.

Under continuing disclosure agreements relating to the City’s Refunding Bonds, Series 1998A and 1998B, dated January 15, 1998 (the “Series 1998 Bonds”), which bonds were retired in full in 2015 and are no longer outstanding, the City undertook to provide in its Annual Report data of the type entitled “DEBT SUMMARY – Projected Additional Debt.” The City has provided this data in its official statements, but such official statements were not linked to the CUSIP numbers associated with the Series 1998 Bonds. The City does not undertake to provide such information in its continuing disclosure agreements currently in effect.

Under continuing disclosure agreements relating to the City’s Sewerage System Fixed Rate Revenue Bonds, Series 2008A, and Sewerage System Adjustable Rate Revenue Bonds, Series 2008B (collectively, the “Series 2008 Bonds”), its Sewerage System Revenue Refunding Bonds, Series 2014, dated December 1, 2014, and its Sewerage System Revenue Refunding Bonds, Series 2015, dated December 22, 2015 (such revenue bonds are collectively referred to as the “Sewer Revenue Bonds”), the City undertook to provide annual financial information and operating data of the type entitled “Capital Improvement Plan.” The City has provided this information in its official statements, but such official statements were not linked to the CUSIP numbers associated with the Sewer Revenue Bonds.

In addition, the City’s Annual Report filed in 2013 through 2014 contained some, but not all, of the information required by its continuing disclosure undertakings for the Series 2008 Bonds. In connection with the issuance of the City’s General Obligation Securities (Unlimited Tax and Limited

Tax), dated August 13, 2015, the City failed to disclose its previous failure to comply with its continuing disclosure undertakings for the Series 2008 Bonds.

The City posted its Annual Report for 2017 within the required time period for filing the Annual Report in accordance with the City’s continuing disclosure undertakings. The filing of the Annual Report for 2017, however, was linked to some, but not all, of the CUSIP numbers for the City’s outstanding obligations subject to continuing disclosure. On September 13, 2018, the City took corrective action to link the Annual Report for 2017 to all of its outstanding obligations subject to a continuing disclosure undertaking and posted a notice with respect thereto on September 14, 2018.

All necessary notices related to the City’s previous failures to comply with its continuing disclosure undertakings have since been filed and the City has put processes in place to ensure full compliance with its continuing disclosure undertakings going forward.

The City reserves the right to amend the Continuing Disclosure Certificate, and to obtain a waiver of noncompliance with any provision of the Continuing Disclosure Certificate, as may be necessary or appropriate to achieve its compliance with any applicable federal securities law or rules, to cure any ambiguity, inconsistency or formal defect or omission, and to address any change in circumstances arising from a change in legal requirements, change in law, or change in the identity, nature, or status of the City. Any such amendment or waiver will not be effective unless the Continuing Disclosure Certificate (as amended or taking into account such waiver) would have complied with the requirements of the Rule at the time of the primary offering (within the meaning of the Rule) of the Bonds, after taking into account any applicable amendments to or official interpretations of the Rule, as well as any change in circumstances, and until the City shall have received either (i) a written opinion of bond counsel or other qualified independent special counsel selected by the City that the amendment or waiver would not materially impair the interest of holders or beneficial owners of the Bonds, or (ii) the written consent to the amendment, or waiver, by the holders of at least a majority of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Bonds.

MISCELLANEOUS

The foregoing summaries or descriptions of provisions of the Bonds and all references to other materials not purporting to be quoted in full are only brief outlines of some of the provisions thereof and do not purport to summarize or describe all of the provisions thereof, and reference is made to such documents for full and complete statements of their respective provisions. The Appendices attached hereto are a part of this Official Statement that, together with the Authorizing Legislation, may be obtained during the offering period upon request directed to the Underwriters and thereafter to the Director of Finance and Management of the City.

Any statements in this Official Statement involving matters of opinion, whether or not expressly so stated, are intended as such and not as representations of fact. This Official Statement is not to be construed as a contract or agreement between the City and the purchasers or owners of any of the Bonds.

The City has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Official Statement.

CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO

By: Director of Finance and Management

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

APPENDIX A

THE CITY OF COLUMBUS

OVERVIEW OF THE CITY

General Information

The Ohio legislature established Columbus as a city in 1812. The City is governed by an elected Mayor and City Council. The City, the capital of the State, is located in the central part of the State primarily within the boundaries of Franklin County and, to a limited extent, Fairfield and Delaware Counties. The U.S. Bureau of the Census, as a result of the 2010 Census, ranked the City, with a population of 787,033, as the nation’s fifteenth largest. The City is the most populous city in the State and largest in land area covering 225.0 square miles at December 31, 2018. The U.S. Bureau of the Census estimated the City’s population to be 892,533 at July 1, 2018.

Organization

The City operates under and is governed by its charter (the “City Charter”), which was first adopted by the voters in 1914 and which has been, and may be further, amended by City voters from time to time. The City is also subject to certain general laws of the State that are applicable to all cities. Under the Ohio Constitution, the City may exercise all powers of local self-government and may adopt police, sanitary and similar regulations to the extent not in conflict with applicable general laws of the State.

The City Charter provides for a Mayor-Council form of government. The Mayor is the chief executive officer of the City and is elected to a four-year term.

The seven-member City Council (the “City Council”) is the City’s legislative body. Current members were elected at large to four-year terms at two-year intervals. Pursuant to a review of the City’s Charter by the City’s Charter Review Commission, recommendations were submitted to the Mayor and City Council proposing amendments to the City’s Charter, including but not limited to, increasing the number of City Council members from seven to nine and changing the form of government from an at- large City Council to an at-large, by-place-of-residence City Council. The amendment was approved by voters at the May 8, 2018 election and takes effect on January 1, 2023, affecting terms beginning in 2024.

The City Council fixes compensation of City officials and employees and enacts ordinances and resolutions relating to City services, tax levies, appropriating and borrowing money, licensing and regulating businesses and trades and other municipal purposes. The presiding officer is the President of Council, who is elected by the City Council to serve until a new President is elected. The City Charter establishes certain administrative departments and authorizes the City Council, by a two-thirds vote, to establish divisions of those departments or additional departments.

The Mayor may veto any legislation adopted by the City Council. Any such veto may be overridden by as great a majority as required for the legislation’s original adoption.

Other elected officials include the City Auditor and the City Attorney. The City Auditor is the fiscal officer and chief accounting officer. She maintains the City’s accounting records and arranges for the independent audit of the City’s accounts once each year. The City Attorney is the City’s legal advisor, prosecutor and solicitor. There are no term limits for the Mayor, Council Members, City Auditor, or City Attorney.

A-1

Principal Officials

The current elected officials of the City and some of its appointed officials are:

LENGTH TENURE TERM TERM OF CITY IN OFFICIAL TITLE BEGINNING ENDING SERVICE POSITION

Andrew J. Ginther Mayor January 1, 2016 December 31, 2019 12 years 3 years Joseph A. Lombardi Director of Finance February 1, 2016 Pleasure of Mayor 29 years 3 years and Management Megan N. Kilgore City Auditor January 1, 2018 December 31, 2021 13 years 1 years Zach M. Klein City Attorney January 1, 2018 December 31, 2021 8 years 1 years Deborah L. Klie City Treasurer April 21, 2009 Pleasure of Council 23 years 10 years Andrea Blevins City Clerk June 30, 2003 Pleasure of Council 34 years 16 years Shannon G. Hardin President of Council January 1, 2018 December 31, 2021 9 years 1 years Elizabeth C. Brown President Pro Tempore January 1, 2016 December 31, 2019 3 years 3 years Rob Dorans Member of Council February 25, 2019* December 31, 2019 0 years 0 years Shayla D. Favor Member of Council January 14, 2019* December 31, 2019 8 years 0 years Mitchell J. Brown Member of Council January 1, 2018 December 31, 2021 17 years 3 years Emmanuel V. Remy Member of Council January 8, 2018* December 31, 2019 1 years 1 years Priscilla R. Tyson Member of Council January 1, 2018 December 31, 2021 25 years 12 years

* Date of appointment

In addition to the elected officials and their administrative offices, a number of department heads within the City are appointed by the Mayor or by independent commissions.

Department directors reporting to the Mayor consist of the Directors of the Departments of Finance and Management, Public Safety, Public Service, Public Utilities, Development, Technology, Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Human Resources, Neighborhoods, Building and Zoning, and Education. Each director is responsible for the administration of that director’s department and its respective divisions.

Three department heads are appointed by independent commissions: the Director of Recreation and Parks, the Health Commissioner, and the Civil Service Executive Secretary.

Principal Governmental Services

The Department of Public Service is responsible for construction, operation and maintenance of the City’s roadway systems. Services provided to City residents include construction and maintenance of all City and interstate roadways and expressways; traffic engineering services; trash collection and disposal.

The Department of Public Utilities is responsible for provision of street lighting facilities and electric power for street lighting and limited governmental, commercial and residential usage; and provision of water distribution and treatment, wastewater collection and treatment and storm sewer services.

The Department of Public Safety is responsible for all phases of public safety and law enforcement within the City, including investigation, apprehension and presentation of evidence in criminal and civil cases; firefighting; emergency medical services; and police and fire communications. A-2

The Department of Development provides physical and economic planning services, monitors physical development of the City and reviews zoning and annexation cases.

The Department of Recreation and Parks provides for the planning, construction, equipping, custody, maintenance, control, operation and administration of all recreation facilities and public parks. It also provides recreation programs for all ages and coordinates with the Metropolitan Parks District and Franklin County. The Department of Recreation and Parks administers senior citizens programs and centers for an eight county area as the State’s designated Area Agency on Aging. The Department of Recreation and Parks also operates six municipal golf courses.

The Department of Health is responsible for safeguarding public health by providing health services and by enforcing City ordinances and State statutes pertaining to public health. Through contractual arrangements, the Department of Health often provides services to suburban communities and Franklin County.

The Department of Neighborhoods is responsible for strengthening the community by connecting neighborhood resources and City services to all Columbus residents.

The City Attorney provides legal services to the City, including prosecutions and defense actions on its behalf, acquisition of real property and internal rulings and advice on legal issues.

The remaining departments of the City do not provide direct services to the public, but augment the administration and support of the government. The Department of Finance and Management coordinates the expenditure of City operating and capital funds and, along with the City Auditor, coordinates the sale of City bonds and notes. The Office of the City Auditor provides accounting and auditing services for all City entities and is responsible for the collection of City imposed taxes such as the municipal income tax. The City Treasurer collects any monies due the City and maintains a detailed register of receipts and disbursements. The City Clerk keeps a journal of the proceedings of the City. The Civil Service Commission administers personnel matters concerning the City’s classified Civil Service employees. The Director of Education serves as an ex-officio member on the Board of Education of the Columbus City School District and advises the City’s administration on matters of education policy.

The City of Columbus Auditor’s Office

The City Auditor is the authenticating agent, registrar, transfer agent and paying agent for the Bonds.

Prior to July 1, 2015, the aforementioned duties were performed by the Sinking Fund of the City of Columbus. Pursuant to a review of the City’s Charter by the City’s Charter Review Commission, recommendations were submitted to the Mayor and City Council proposing amendments to the City’s Charter, including but not limited to, the repeal of the City’s Sinking Fund, effective July 1, 2015. The amendments were approved by the voters at a special election held on November 4, 2014.

Principal City Facilities

Existing Improvements. The City is intersected by two major interstate highways; I-70, running east-west, and I-71, running north-south. I-270 provides access to the City from all directions and serves as the outer belt. In conjunction with the State and federal governments, the City constructed I-670. A portion of I-670 connects downtown to Port Columbus International Airport (“Port Columbus”) in the northeast section of the City. A-3

City administrative offices are predominantly located in a one-block area in downtown Columbus. The downtown municipal complex houses the Offices of the Mayor, City Council, City Attorney, City Auditor and several administrative agencies. Administrative offices for the utility divisions are located adjacent to the Dublin Road Water Treatment Plant site, approximately one mile west of the City Hall.

Seventeen police substations, covering 20 precincts and 34 fire companies are located throughout the City. The Central Police Headquarters is located within the same block as City Hall.

The City owns and operates parks and playgrounds, community recreation centers, athletic complexes, shelter houses and golf courses.

City funded health services are provided primarily at seven neighborhood health centers all of which receive a certain amount of their funding from the City. A variety of health services are also provided at the Health Department building located immediately east of downtown.

General Government Capital Improvements Program. Approximately $613.1 million in income tax supported capital improvements are proposed during the 2019-2024 period. Street, traffic and highway improvements represent approximately 45.8% of total costs. Major projects include intersection ramps, widening of major arterial streets throughout the City, bridge replacement and repair, and street resurfacing.

Several fire stations and police substations are scheduled for renovation in the planning period. The replacement and expansion of large fire apparatus is also planned.

Several recreation facilities renovation projects are planned. In addition, park and playground development and acquisition are also planned.

Retirement System/Pension Plan

The City is a participant in statewide programs that provide pension and retirement benefits to all eligible employees. The programs provide for the Ohio Police and Fire Pension Fund (“OP&F”) for uniformed police and fire employees and the Ohio Public Employees Retirement System (“OPERS”) for non-uniformed employees. Both OP&F and OPERS are cost sharing, multiple employer public employee retirement systems. The total payroll for the City’s employees for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $682.6 million. Of this amount, $329.7 million was subject to OP&F contribution, $342.0 million was subject to OPERS contribution and $10.9 million, while received by members of the retirement systems, was not subject to pension benefit contributions. The City is current in all pension fund required contributions.

For a further description of the City’s participation in and contributions to these systems, see Note K in the Notes to the Financial Statements in the City’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report contained in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement.

In September 2012, the Governor signed into law legislation amending the pension and retirement benefits provided to eligible employees under the OP&F and OPERS programs. Such amendments include increasing the retirement eligibility age and years of service requirements of employees, restricting cost of living increases, and increasing employee contribution rates. In addition, the amended law authorizes (i) the board of OP&F to make further adjustments to member contribution levels, age and

A-4

service requirements to preserve the fund’s fiscal integrity, and (ii) the board of OPERS to implement a contribution based benefit cap to limit the retirement allowance a retiree may receive.

Labor Relations and Workforce

The Ohio Public Employees Collective Bargaining Act (CBA) defines the rights of most government employees, including municipal employees, to bargain collectively, and provides mechanisms for investigating and remedying grievances, permits certain employees to strike and permits agreements requiring binding arbitration of unresolved grievances, agency shops and dues check-off provisions.

The City’s current contract with the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 1632 became effective April 1, 2017 and will expire March 31, 2020. The contract provides for 3.0% wage increases in April 2017 and 2018 and 2.0% in 2019. AFSCME also agreed to accept a higher share of their pension costs. Historically, the City has paid all or a portion of the employee’s share of the pension contribution. City-wide efforts to phase out the pension contribution for existing employees and discontinue the pension contribution for new employees have been ongoing. In July 2017, the City’s contribution was reduced from 4.0% to 2.0%. In April 2018, the rate was further reduced from 2.0% to 0.0%. The contract covered 2,263 employees as of July 27, 2019, and 1,959 of these employees were members of AFSCME Local 1632.

The City’s current contract with the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) Local 2191, which represents solely certain employees within the City’s Health Department, became effective April 1, 2017 and expires on March 31, 2020. The contract provides for 3.0% wage increases in April of 2017 and 2018, and 2.0% wage increases in April of 2019. Historically, the City has paid all or a portion of the employee’s share of the pension contribution. City-wide efforts to phase out the pension contribution for existing employees and discontinue the pension contribution for new employees have been ongoing. In August 2017, the City’s contribution was reduced from 4.0% to 2.0%. In April 2018, the rate was reduced from 2.0% to 0.0%. The contract covered 280 employees as of July 27, 2019 and 221 of these employees were members of AFSCME Local 2191.

The International Association of Firefighters (IAFF) has bargaining rights for all of the City’s firefighters, except for the chief and five assistant chiefs. Of the City’s 1,585 firefighters, as of July 27, 2019, 1,578 are members of the IAFF. On November 7, 2018 the International Association of Firefighters Local 67 voted to accept a tentative agreement which contained provisions for a new collective bargaining contract. The provisions of the contract were made retroactive to November 1, 2017 and continue through October 31, 2020. The new contract provided for 3.25% wage increases in November 2017 and 2018 and a 3.5% wage increase in November 2019.

The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) has bargaining rights for all of the City’s police officers except for the chief and six deputy chiefs. Of the City’s 1,932 police officers, as of July 27, 2019, 1,840 were members of the FOP. On December 19, 2018 a fact-finding report was deemed accepted by the State of Ohio Employment Relations Board. The fact-finding report contained provisions for 3.0% wage increases effective December 2017, 2018 and 2019. The report also contained provisions for employees to pay a higher share of their pension cost. Historically, the City has paid all or a portion of the employee’s share of the pension contribution. City-wide efforts to phase out the pension contribution for existing employees and discontinue the pension contribution for new employees have been ongoing. In January 2019, the City’s contribution was reduced from 1.5% to 1.25%. In December 2019, the City’s contribution will be reduced from 1.25% to 0.75%. The current contract expires in December 2020.

A-5

The Communications Workers of America (CWA, Local 4502) had bargaining rights for 1,489 employees as of July 27, 2019, and of these, 1,041 employees are members. The current contract became effective April 24, 2017 and expires April 23, 2020. The contract provided for a 3.0% increase effective April 2017; a 3.0% increase effective April 2018; and 3.0% increase effective April 2019. Historically, the City has paid all or a portion of the employee’s share of the pension contribution, but ongoing City- wide efforts to phase out the pension contribution ultimately led to the City’s contribution being eliminated in 2018.

The City is in compliance with U.S. Department of Labor standards regarding the federal Fair Labor Standards Act as it applies to local government employees. The City reports that relations between the City and its employees are generally positive. The City has not experienced any work stoppages in over 25 years.

As of July 27, 2019, the City employed 8,509 full-time and 1,224 part-time employees, including police officers and firefighters, for a total of 9,733 in its general government and enterprise activities.

Risk Management

The City assumes the liability for most property damage and personal injury risks. Judgments and claims, including those incurred but not reported as of year-end, are recorded when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The City insures all of its boilers, and covers selected property locations, major buildings and vehicles stored overnight at various locations. The City’s boiler and machinery insurance has a maximum loss value of $100,000,000 with a $25,000 deductible. The City’s property casualty policy for selected non-utility locations has a maximum loss value of $500,000,000 with a $250,000 deductible for losses not associated with flooding. The City’s property casualty policy for selected public utility locations has a maximum loss value of $814,466,000 with a $250,000 deductible for losses not associated with flooding. The City carries $2,000,000 in base liability and $5,000,000 in excess liability insurance associated with the operation of its compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station located on its Fleet Management Operations site at 4211 Groves Road, for the CNG fueling station located at 2333 Morse Road, and a fueling center located at 5115 Krieger Court. No losses occurred in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 or 2019 through the date of this Official Statement that exceeded insurance coverage.

The City’s Division of Police currently operates a fleet of five jet-powered helicopters each valued at $2,600,000. Liability insurance for bodily injury and property damage is carried on all helicopters at $20,000,000 per loss occurrence and $1,000,000 per passenger seat. There is no deductible for the liability coverage. In addition, all five operating aircraft are insured against casualty loss (physical damage) with a deductible of 1.0% of the hull value for losses sustained while the unit is in motion. Extended engine physical damage coverage is carried at $300,000 for each engine with a $10,000 deductible and specified additional accessory equipment used during flight operations is also insured at full value by endorsement with a deductible of $1,000.

Additionally, the City provides medical, dental, vision and short-term disability coverage for its employees on a self-insurance basis. Expenses for claims are recorded on a current basis based on an actuarially determined charge per employee. The City accounts for such activity in an internal service fund.

A-6

ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Population

The following table shows the population of the City, Franklin County, the Columbus Metropolitan Statistical Area (M.S.A.) and the State of Ohio for the years shown:

COLUMBUS FRANKLIN COUNTY M.S.A. OHIO YEAR NO. % CHANGE NO. % CHANGE NO. % CHANGE NO. % CHANGE 1960 471,316 -- 682,923 -- 754,885 -- 9,730,000 -- 1970 540,025 14.6% 833,249 22.0% 1,017,847 34.8% 10,657,432 9.5% 1980 564,871 4.6 869,109 4.3 1,088,973 7.0 10,797,419 1.3 1990 632,910 12.0 964,720 11.0 1,345,450 23.5 10,847,115 0.5 2000 711,470 12.4 1,068,978 10.8 1,540,157 14.5 11,353,140 4.7 2010 787,033 10.6 1,163,414 8.8 1,812,148 17.6 11,536,504 1.6 2018 892,533 13.4 1,310,300 12.6 N/A N/A 11,689,442 1.3 ______SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Final Population Counts, May 12, 2011. U.S. Census Bureau Internet Website, 2010 estimates for Franklin County and Ohio. Columbus Chamber of Commerce, 2010 estimates for M.S.A. *According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census’ July 1, 2018 population estimate.

Economic Factors and the 2019 General Fund Budget

Structural balance in the General Fund was achieved in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. A slight decline occurred in 2014. General Fund balances at the following year ends were as follows:

Accounted for on the Basis of Accounting Year Ending (in thousands)(1) December 31 Budgetary GAAP 2014 $113,533 $137,338 2015 118,485 133,748 2016 121,197 138,635 2017 129,382 150,707 2018 130,427 144,539 (1) 2014 through 2018 represents audited data from the City’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports.

The 2019 adopted budget of $914.2 million is, for the most part, a continuation level budget. The budget reflects investment in several key priorities, including the reduction of infant mortality rates and the provision of high quality pre-kindergarten opportunities for our youngest residents, addressing opiate addiction, promoting diversity and inclusion efforts, and preventing and responding to violent crime. Other important municipal services funded at continuation levels in 2019 include code enforcement, weed abatement, citywide recycling, bulk and yard-waste pick-up, and funding of the neighborhood health centers. The 2019 budget also provides funding to ensure that the City’s neighborhood recreation centers are open full-time and properly maintained.

Finally, the City continues to allocate funds toward educational priorities consistent with the recommendations of the Columbus Education Commission.

A-7

The City continues to replenish the Economic Stabilization Fund (Rainy Day Fund). Unencumbered amounts in the Rainy Day fund, a component of and included in the General Fund, were:

Fund Balance Year (in thousands) 2014 $64,075 2015 66,741 2016 69,522 2017 73,946 2018 76,180 2019* 78,874

*As of 7/31/2019

The City deposited an additional $1.2 million, plus interest earnings, to the Rainy Day Fund in 2018. The City has met its 2018 goal of $75 million in the Rainy Day Fund and increased its goal to $80 million by the end of 2020.

The City of Columbus Accountability Committee

The Accountability Committee was formed in 2009 following voter passage of the City income tax increase from 2.0% to 2.5%. The mission of the Committee is to provide review and guidance to City leaders so that they can successfully implement the City’s 10-Year Reform and Efficiency Plan. The plan was developed and finalized following recommendations by an Economic Advisory Committee, citywide review and the adoption of a resolution by City Council. Comprised of 11 action items and four study items, the goal was to save $100-150 million in the General Fund over the period from 2010-2019.

Progress on Major Action Items:

 Phase out for existing employees and discontinue for new employees the practice of paying the employee share of retirement costs. This recommendation was first implemented in 2010. Efforts continue with each successive collective bargaining contract negotiation.

 Require higher employee contribution toward the cost of health care benefits. Employee contributions were increased in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and continuing into 2019. Efforts continue with each collective bargaining contract negotiation.

 Conduct an audit of salary and benefits provided to employees and use the resulting information as a guide when negotiating labor contracts. Such audit was completed in 2009.

 Establish new policies that discourage excessive overtime. Additional overtime monitoring was put into place in 2009; however, overtime continues to be a concern in the Divisions of Police and Fire. It is anticipated that recent recruit classes will help alleviate overtime in 2018.

 Civilianize certain sections of the divisions of police and fire. Implemented in 2011; continuing into 2019.

 Increase efficiencies in the operations of Fleet Management, Facilities Management and increase energy efficiencies. All have made significant progress and are ongoing.

A-8

Downtown Development

The City recognizes that the vitality of Downtown Columbus is essential to the overall economic health of the Central Ohio region. Fifteen consecutive years of population growth continues to drive residential projects. In 2018, seven new residential buildings opened totaling $150 million in investment and 594 additional units bringing the total to 6,678 units built since 2002. This represents a 62% increase since 2010. In addition, the number of residents living downtown has grown substantially. Since 2002, the number of residents living downtown has grown from 3,619 to 9,000 at the close of 2018. Office vacancy downtown has shrunk steadily over the last decade with vacancy rates now equal to suburban office vacancy rates of 14.9% within the region. Recent completion of new office space has increased the office vacancy rate, however, net absorption remains positive. Downtown continues to realize some of the highest square footage rental rates in the region and has seen a recent surge in new office development. Overall, downtown has seen nearly $2.5 billion in public and private investment over the last decade with a tremendous pipeline of projects over the next five-year horizon. In order to continue to stimulate the pattern of successful growth and build upon past planning efforts, the City has implemented much of the 2010 Downtown Strategic Plan in 2010. This plan, created in connection with community stakeholders, established principles and goals for the future.

One of the most significant downtown redevelopment projects during the past two decades has been the development of the 75-acre Arena District. Located on the site of the former Ohio State Penitentiary, the $800 million development consists of 2 million square feet of Class A office space, 300,000 square feet of retail, food and entertainment space and 1,000 residential units. This includes the recent completion of the Parks Edge Condominiums, a $31 million project adding 81 new units. Redevelopment within the Arena District has resulted in the creation of over 10,500 new jobs since 2000.

The success of the Arena District is now generating new investment within the adjacent areas. The west side of the Arena District is home to The Condominiums of North Bank Park, a $50 million, 20-story residential structure and the $55 million Huntington Park baseball stadium constructed by Franklin County in 2009. The stadium is home to the Columbus Clippers, a Triple-A minor league baseball team currently affiliated with the Cleveland Indians. Recently, construction began on the White Castle $65 million headquarters redevelopment that will include 150,000 square feet of Class A office space and 300 multi-family housing units. In addition, plans are underway for a proposed $240 million multi-purpose sports, entertainment, cultural and recreational destination that includes a new 20,000 seat stadium serving as the new home of the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer. Multi-use development continues with the planning of the Market Tower development: a $192 million investment including 90,000 square feet of Class A office space, a 210 room boutique hotel and 150 residential units with 10% of units affordable at 80% of Area Median Income.

In 2004, the City released its master plan for the redevelopment of an approximately one-mile stretch of the Scioto riverfront, which runs through downtown. The City demonstrated its commitment to the plan, known as the “Scioto Mile,” with the opening of the City’s first major riverfront park in several decades, the 11-acre North Bank Park, which was completed in the summer of 2011 at a cost of approximately $6 million. Today, the Scioto Mile consists of 145 acres of parkland, a 15,000 square foot fountain, and a new Bicentennial Park and amphitheater. Currently, the City has invested $35 million in the Scioto Greenways project. This improvement created an additional 33 acres of parkland through the removal of a low head dam in the river. Planning is also underway on the 21-acre Scioto Peninsula development which will create a mixed use civic, residential and retail district across the river from downtown.

The River South District is a 25-acre area adjacent to the southern end of the Scioto Mile. The City is focusing on redevelopment of this under-utilized part of downtown into a mixed-use urban hot A-9

spot. The Lazarus Building, with over 1.2 million square feet of office and retail space, anchors the district. Demolition of the former City Center Mall has resulted in a 9-acre project known as Columbus Commons. This project includes 80 on the Commons, a $90 million mixed-use project that opened with 173,665 square feet of Class A office space, 21,000 square feet of retail and 120 residential units. Along with the $50 million, mixed-use development called High Point, with 300 apartments and 23,000 square feet of retail, the Commons are a vibrant park space public and private investment. Two additional projects within the district were completed late in 2015: 250 South High and The Julian. The 250 South High project is comprised of streetscape improvements around a new $50 million, 12-story office and residential building on the corner of South High Street and Rich Street. The new building has 136,000 square feet of offices and 156 apartments. The Julian is a $20 million renovation of the historic Julian and Kokenge Co. building at the corner of Front and Main Streets in Downtown Columbus. The original structure was built in 1921 and an addition was constructed in 1932 that resulted in the building’s current L-shaped design. The building now has 90 market-rate loft apartments with residential parking.

Other Economic Development Initiatives

The Columbus Region is an international economic powerhouse with a Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of $137.2 billion making it the 29th largest metro in the U.S.—an amount larger than the Gross State Product (GSP) of 18 states, and larger than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 143 countries around the world.1 Nine Fortune 1000 headquarters are located within the City. The City has an extremely diversified economy where no single major industry represents more than 19 percent of employment. 2

The Columbus Region (the “Region”), which consists of 11 counties located within Central Ohio, is one of the fastest growing U.S. metros and is continuing to build its diverse population and workforce through an attraction of talent from around the globe. As of March 2018, there are more than 302 foreign-owned businesses operating in the Region and the Region has the 8th highest millennial concentration in the U.S.3 Access to collaborative industry leaders, educational partners and research organizations, in the City of Columbus and surrounding communities, offer businesses an abundance of experience and technical resources to help them succeed. This unique culture of collaboration called the “Columbus Way” by Harvard University, has contributed to the selection of the City by the Intelligent Communities Forum as the world’s Most Intelligent Community in 2015, the winner of the U.S. Department of Transportation Smart City Challenge in 2016, one of the 10 global winners of the Virgin Hyperloop One Global Challenge, and selection by Amazon as one of its 20 finalists for its HQ2 project.

Through the City’s Public Private Partnership (P3) program, the City makes targeted infrastructure investments that leverage private investment to support the City’s economic development efforts. These projects are designed to create new employment centers, revitalize neighborhoods and spur job creation throughout the City. The sustained partnership approach of the City has been critical to the City’s continued growth. Over the past five years, according to the Department of Development, the return on private investment dollars leveraged per dollar of City capital investment is $28.22 to $1.

Below are recent P3 projects where capital investment has had significant impact on the economic development of the City.

1 http://www.usmayors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Metro-Economies-GMP-June-2018.pdf 2 https://columbusregion.com/market-research/brochures-and-reports/ 3 https://columbusregion.com/market-research/brochures-and-reports/

A-10

OhioHealth: OhioHealth is one of the state’s largest health systems. It is committed to making significant investments in the City that will occur in two phases and include a new $89 million, 270,000 SF administrative operations facility, the retention of 1,335 jobs, and the creation of 1,156 new jobs in the OhioHealth Corridor by 2024. The City will invest $36.7 million to design and construct public infrastructure improvements to support this project.

CoverMyMeds LLC: CoverMyMeds is a leader in electronic prior authorization solutions, and one of the fastest growing health care technology companies in the U.S. In collaboration with CHI Franklinton, LP, CoverMyMeds will invest $240 million to develop a new corporate headquarters campus along McKinley Avenue in in the Franklinton neighborhood. The project will result in the creation of 1,032 new jobs being created and 592 jobs being retained. The City will contribute $2 million toward public infrastructure improvements adjacent to the project.

Rogue Fitness: Rogue Fitness is a City based strength and conditioning equipment manufacturer that located its $35 million, 450 employee headquarters on a former brownfield site in the Milo Grogan neighborhood. The City invested $8.4 million in adjacent infrastructure improvements.

Gravity: Mixed-use development within the Franklinton Neighborhood including $70.8 million investment to construct 50,000 square feet of Class A office space, 30,000 square feet of retail and 240 residential units.

Hamilton Quarter: The City constructed an $8.1 million new section of Hamilton Road to start the 400 acre Hamilton Quarter mixed use project. The infrastructure investment helped attract Big Lots Inc. to choose Hamilton Quarter for their new corporate headquarters location. The Fortune 500 Company is investing $65 million in the site and relocating nearly 800 employees. This substantial initial investment has established Hamilton Quarter as one of the region’s premier mixed use developments with substantial future growth potential.

King-Lincoln Long Street: Joint-venture urban development project with Columbus Next Generation Corporation and Borror Development investing $20 million 135 apartment units and 10,000 square feet of retail within the Near East Neighborhood.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-11

Labor Force and Wage Information

As indicated in the table below, the unemployment rates for Franklin County and the Columbus M.S.A. have been consistently below both that of the State and the U.S.

ESTIMATED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE AND ANNUAL AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 2009-2018 (LABOR FORCE IN THOUSANDS)

Franklin County Columbus M.S.A.(1) Ohio U.S. Labor Unemployment Labor Unemployment Labor Unemployment Unemployment Year Force(2) Rate(3) Force(2) Rate(3) Force(2) Rate(3) Rate(3) 2009 629.8 8.3% 973.2 8.4% 5,970.2 10.2% 9.3% 2010 627.1 8.5 966.6 8.6 5,897.6 10.1 9.6 2011 622.9 7.6 959.4 7.6 5,861.9 8.8 8.9 2012 619.8 6.2 961.2 6.2 5,782.0 7.2 8.1 2013 629.8 6.2 976.1 6.2 5,742.0 7.2 7.4 2014 636.3 4.5 983.4 4.6 5,737.0 5.6 6.2 2015 651.6 4.0 1,036.1 4.1 5,725.0 4.9 5.3 2016 663.4 4.0 1,053.2 4.1 5,754.0 4.9 4.9 2017 676.0 4.0 1,069.7 4.0 5,761.0 5.0 4.4 2018 684.6 3.7 1,082.1 3.8 5,774.0 4.5 3.9

(1) Beginning in 2005, data for the Columbus Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Pickaway and Union Counties. Area was redefined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget based on the 2000 standards and Census 2000 data. (2) Civilian labor force is the estimated number of persons 16 years of age and over, employed or unemployed, distributed by place of residence. (3) The unemployment rate is equal to the estimate of unemployed persons divided by the estimated civilian labor force. Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, Bureau of Labor Market Information

A-12

Largest Employers

The largest employers in the Greater Columbus Area are shown in the following table: Rank Firm Number of Employees Industry 1 Ohio State University 32,111 Education 2 Ohio Health 26,599 Health care system 3 Wal-Mart Stores Inc. 26,000 Retail grocery 4 State of Ohio 24,955 Government 5 JPMorgan Chase & Co. 18,701 Banking & financial services 6 Nationwide 13,455 Insurance and financial services 7 Nationwide Children’s Hospital 12,023 Health care system 8 Kroger Co. 11,206 Retail grocery 9 City of Columbus 8,873 Government 10 Mount Carmel Health System 8,708 Health care system 11 Honda North America, Inc. 8,300 Auto Manufacturing 12 Columbus City Schools 7,890 Education 13 L Brands Inc. 7,662 Retail Clothing 14 Franklin County 7,249 Government 15 Huntington Bancshares Inc. 5,983 Banking & financial services 16 Cardinal Health Inc. 5,540 Health care services and products 17 Alliance Data 4,400 Marketing/credit card transaction services 18 American Electric Power Co. Inc. 4,185 Electric Power Utility 19 U.S. Postal Service 3,536 Government 20 Giant Eagle Inc. 3,533 Retail grocery 21 Abercrombie & Fitch Co. 3,005 Retail Clothing 22 DLA Land and Maritime 3,000 Defense systems manufacturer 23 South-Western City Schools 2,701 Education 24 YMCA of Central Ohio 2,608 Youth development 25 Verizon 2,406 Telecommunications 26 Gap Inc. 2,200 Retail Clothing 27 DHL Supply Chain 2,192 Contract logistics provider 28 Westerville City Schools 2,125 Education 29 Amazon 2,120 Retail online 30 Abbott Nutrition/Abbott Laboratories 2,055 Nutrition research and products 31 Big Lots Inc. 2,052 Retail Discount 32 Donatos Pizzeria LLC 2,050 Restaurant 33 Safelite Group Inc. 2,000 Vehicle glass repair 34 UnitedHealth Group 2,000 Health Insurance 35 Licking Memorial Health Systems 1,953 Health care system 36 UPS 1,949 Logistics 37 Fairfield Medical Center 1,928 Health care system 38 XPOLogistics 1,907 Logistics 39 TS Tech Americas Inc. 1,789 Auto seat manufacturing 40 Battelle 1,771 Research & Development 41 Wendy’s Co. 1,744 Restaurant 42 Teleperformance USA 1,730 Communications & Analytics 43 Vertiv 1,720 Electric Power Utility 44 Worthington Industries 1,625 Steel Manufacturing 45 Cameron Mitchell Restaurants LLC 1,620 Restaurant 46 Ascena Retail Group Inc. 1,615 Retail Clothing 47 Stanley Electric Company Inc. 1,610 Auto lighting and electrical components 48 Discover Financial Services LLC 1,581 Banking & financial services 49 Central Ohio Primary Care Physicians 1,579 Health care system 50 PNC Financial Services Group Inc. 1,500 Banking & financial services Source: Columbus Business First. Data as of July 2018 A-13

Business Indicators

SCHEDULED AUTOMOBILE REGISTRATION – PASSENGER AIR PASSENGERS AIRLINE FREIGHT NEW SALES – NEW SALES - TELEPHONE ACTIVE GAS COLUMBUS, FRANKLIN COUNTY YEAR(1) (000) (000 LBS.)(2) CAR TRUCK ACCESS LINES METERS OHIO (INCLUDES COLUMBUS) 2009 6,233 10,372 24,056 16,556 429,620 463,793 688,615 1,071,113 2010 6,366 9,645 25,993 19,303 377,082 465,120 682,969 1,091,370 2011 6,379 9,456 28,852 21,830 333,717 464,604 669,493 1,058,686 2012 6,350 10,606 32,778 24,212 293,284 459,552 683,679 1,085,180 2013 6,237 10,845 34,395 27,024 250,355 441,285 702,054 1,107,367 2014 6,356 10,910 35,330 31,158 210,490 444,923 715,552 1,128,044 2015 6,796 11,384 34,913 34,005 179,894 448,279 732,673 1,166,027 2016 7,324 10,147 32,393 37,527 154,547 429,515 756,638 1,195,766 2017 7,577 11,170 28,550 36,545 125,311 433,069 767,992 1,202,345 2018 8,142 9,639 N.A. N.A. N.A. 432,375 801,285 1,228,617

(1) Franklin County data unless otherwise indicated. (2) Includes cargo, freight and mail. Data representative of Columbus Regional Airport Authority – Port Columbus only. SOURCES: Columbus Area Chamber of Commerce, Research Department; Columbia Gas of Ohio; AT&T; Columbus Regional Airport Authority; The Polk Company, Government Relations; and the State of Ohio, Bureau of Motor Vehicles.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-14

COLUMBUS METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA EMPLOYMENT (1) Nonagricultural Wage and Salary Employment in Selected Industries (2) Annual Average Data for 2008-2017 (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENT)

Percentage

of Total 2017 Industry 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Employment

Total:(3) 928.5 896.7 893.9 906.5 939.3 967.3 999.3 1,025.9 1,049.0 1,068.3 100.0% Manufacturing: 74.7 66.1 63.1 64.9 65.9 67.6 69.7 71.5 72.1 72.1 6.7 Durable Goods 49.6 42.5 40.1 41.5 42.0 43.1 45.0 45.6 45.3 45.0 4.2 Nondurable Goods 25.1 23.6 23.0 23.4 23.9 24.5 24.7 25.9 26.8 27.0 2.5 Nonmanufacturing: 853.8 830.6 830.8 841.6 873.4 899.7 929.6 954.4 976.9 996.2 93.3 Construction 22.5 18.9 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.6 21.2 21.9 23.1 23.9 2.2 Transportation and Public Utilities 49.8 44.4 42.9 43.3 45.0 46.5 47.3 52.0 55.1 54.9 5.1 Wholesale Trade 39.1 37.5 37.3 37.5 38.5 39.4 41.7 42.0 42.3 42.3 4.0 Retail Trade 101.8 98.3 96.3 97.8 99.4 100.0 102.3 103.0 103.2 109.9 10.3 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 70.6 69.1 68.1 70.5 71.5 75.3 75.8 79.7 82.5 85.1 8.0

Services 411.2 403.2 410.9 419.5 440.1 455.6 478.3 489.2 500.0 504.9 47.3 Government: 158.8 159.2 158.0 155.1 160.3 163.3 163.0 166.6 170.7 175.2 16.4 Federal Government 13.8 14.0 15.4 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.7 13.8 14.3 14.5 1.4 State Government 63.2 62.8 62.9 62.6 67.4 71.2 68.6 71.4 73.4 76.4 7.2 Local Government 81.8 82.4 79.7 77.8 78.6 78.3 80.7 81.4 83.0 84.3 7.9

(1) Columbus Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Union and Pickaway Counties. (2) Nonagricultural employment excludes farm workers, proprietors, the self-employed, unpaid family workers and domestic workers. (3) Per Labor Market Information Bureau, subtotals may not add to totals because of rounding or exclusion of minor groups. Note: Subtotals may not add due to rounding or exclusion of minor groups. 2018 data is unavailable SOURCE: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, Labor Market Information Bureau.

A-15

DEBT SUMMARY

Debt Issuance

Pursuant to the City Charter, the City cannot execute a contract unless it has funds on hand or in the process of collection to meet its obligations. The City, therefore, finances most contract payments relating to its capital improvements at the commencement of the contract term even though payments may be made over time.

The property tax represents an untapped reserve for the payment of debt service on voted and unvoted general obligation debt, since such debt service is customarily paid from either enterprise revenues or income tax revenues as described below. Income tax revenues and, to a lesser extent, certain recreation fees, service payments, special assessments and internal service charges are used for payment of non-enterprise voted and unvoted tax debt. Property tax revenue is deposited in the General Fund.

General Obligation Debt Serviced From City Income Tax Revenues

By action of the City Council, one-fourth of revenues obtained from the 2.5% municipal income tax is allocated to the Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund and is used primarily to pay debt service for non-enterprise capital improvements. This policy has been consistently in place since 1983. A similar policy with other allocations had been in place since 1956. See “CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement. These non-enterprise capital improvements include construction and improvement of expressways, fire stations and equipment, police facilities, street and traffic control systems, parks and recreation facilities, and a portion of street lighting systems. In addition, the Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund has been and is used to pay landfill tipping fees and to subsidize certain Electricity Division operations.

General Obligation Debt Serviced From Utility Enterprise Funds

The City operates four utilities: the Divisions of Water, Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers and Electricity. The water and sanitary sewer utilities are regional in nature, providing service beyond the City’s boundaries. Each Division is a distinct, separate organization and functional entity of the City. Debt service for the Divisions of Water, Sanitary Sewers and Storm Sewers is paid exclusively from their respective enterprise revenues. Moneys in the Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund are used, to the extent necessary, to subsidize debt service for the Electric Division.

The City operates a fifth enterprise, Parking Garages, which supports two parking garages located in downtown Columbus. The City has issued general obligation bond anticipation notes, the proceeds of which were used, in part, to acquire and construct an approximately 773-space parking garage located at the corner of Rich and Front Streets and an approximately 682-space parking garage located at the corner of Fourth and Elm Streets.

The City ultimately intends to pay debt service from (i) special assessments to be levied in order to pay a portion of the cost of the Fourth and Elm Garage, (ii) TIF revenues generated in the downtown area to pay a portion of the cost of the garages; and (iii) parking revenues received from the operation of the garages. The current outstanding principal amount of the notes is $2,500,000, representing a $27.0 million reduction in the peak amount outstanding in 2009. The $2,500,000 note was sold to City of Columbus Treasury Investment Board, on June 27, 2019 as a direct placement and will mature on June 26, 2020.

A-16

Outstanding Bonds and Notes

The City expects to have the following debt obligations outstanding as of October 16, 2019, after taking into consideration the payment of debt service on outstanding obligations due and payable on or before October 16, 2019 and the issuance of the Bonds (excluding the Refunding Bonds):

Principal Amount Description (000’s omitted)

General Obligations Bonds $3,043,396 Notes – Short Term 2,500 Notes – Long Term – Fixed Rate 7,430 Ohio Public Works Commission Loans (1) 3,821

Revenue Obligations Sanitary Sewer System Bonds 407,215 Component Unit Lease Bonds 63,310 Obligations to Ohio Water Development Authority/EPA-Sewer (2) 943,998 Obligations to Ohio Water Development Authority/EPA-Water (2) 260,197 Obligations to Ohio Water Development Authority/EPA-Storm (2) 1,066 Tax Increment Financing Notes (3) 5,520

Total $4,738,453 ______(1) As of August 15, 2019 (2) Obligations to Ohio Water Development Authority/EPA (“OWDA”) include loans dating from 1995. All loans are repaid with level debt service payments semi-annually in January and July. The principal amount shown includes that amount which the City has received from OWDA as of August 15, 2019 Payments to contractors building the facilities are made directly by OWDA, at which time the City records a corresponding liability to OWDA.

Other City Obligations

For additional information relating to bonds and other obligations of the City, see Note G in the Notes to the Financial Statements as of December 31, 2018 contained in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement.

Debt Limitations for General Obligation Debt

Direct Debt Limitations. Section 133.05, Ohio Revised Code, provides that the net unvoted general obligation debt of the City, excluding certain “exempt debt,” (as further discussed below) shall never exceed five and one-half percent (5.5%) of the total value of all property in the City as listed and assessed for taxation. Section 133.05 further provides that the net general obligation debt of the City, including all voted and unvoted general obligation debt, but excluding exempt debt, shall never exceed ten and one-half percent (10.5%) of such total assessed valuation. The two limitations, referred to as the “direct debt limitations” may be amended from time to time by the General Assembly. See “DEBT SUMMARY – Debt Margin” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement.

A-17

Ohio law provides that certain forms of municipal debt are exempt from the direct debt limitations (“exempt debt”). Exempt debt includes, among others, general obligation debt, to the extent that such debt is “self-supporting” (that is, revenues from the facilities financed are sufficient to pay applicable operating and maintenance expenses and related debt service and other requirements); bonds issued in anticipation of the collection of special assessments; revenue bonds; unvoted debt to the extent that the authorizing legislation includes covenants to appropriate annually from lawfully available municipal income taxes in amounts necessary to pay debt service charges on the obligations; notes issued in anticipation of the collection of current revenues or in anticipation of the proceeds of a specific tax levy; notes issued for certain emergency purposes; and bonds issued to pay final judgments. Notes issued in anticipation of such bonds are also exempt from the direct debt limitations.

Indirect Debt Limitations; The Ten Mill Tax Limitation. Ohio law requires that general obligation bonded indebtedness cannot be incurred or renewed unless provision is made in the legislation authorizing such debt for the levy of an ad valorem property tax in an amount sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on such indebtedness when due. Ohio law also provides that the aggregate amount of such taxes that can be levied for all purposes without a vote of the electors cannot exceed ten mills per one dollar of assessed valuation.

With respect to unvoted general obligation debt, these two requirements — the requirement that provision be made for the levy of taxes to support such debt and the requirement that the total amount of unvoted property taxes which can be levied cannot exceed ten mills per one dollar of valuation — have been construed by the Ohio Supreme Court to create an indirect debt limitation on the issuance by a political subdivision of unvoted general obligation debt.

The ten mills, which may be levied without a vote of the electors, are allocated among the overlapping political subdivisions of the State pursuant to a statutory formula. This “inside” millage allocated to each political subdivision is required to be used first for the payment of debt service on unvoted general obligation debt of the subdivision, unless provision has been made for payment of the debt from other sources; second for partial police and fire pension requirements; and, the balance for other general fund purposes. To the extent this millage is required for debt service, the amount that would otherwise be available for general fund purposes is reduced.

A subdivision’s allocation of inside millage can be increased by action of the Franklin County Budget Commission pursuant to statute only in the event additional millage is required for the payment of debt service on its unvoted general obligation debt and, in that case, the inside millage allocated to the other overlapping subdivisions would be reduced to bring the aggregate levies of inside millage within the ten mill limitation.

The ten mill limitation applies even if the debt service on unvoted general obligation debt is expected to be paid from special assessments, utility earnings or other non-tax revenue sources. However, revenue bonds and notes and other special obligations of an issuer, payable solely from specifically pledged revenues, are not included in calculating debt subject to the ten mill limitation because the debt is not general obligation indebtedness of the issuer and the full faith and credit of the issuer is not pledged for their payment.

In determining whether or not unvoted general obligation debt to be issued by the City is within the ten mill limitation, it is first necessary to determine how much millage has already been committed for the outstanding unvoted general obligation debt of the City and how much millage has been committed by each overlapping political subdivision for its outstanding unvoted general obligation debt. The amount of such committed millage for each political subdivision is that which will be required for all of such

A-18

subdivision’s outstanding unvoted general obligation debt for that fiscal year in which the debt service charges of that subdivision for such debt will be the highest. In the case of notes issued in anticipation of bonds, the debt service requirements estimated for the bonds anticipated by the notes are used to calculate the millage required.

The City overlaps several political subdivisions and it is therefore necessary to determine, with respect to each such subdivision, how much millage that subdivision has committed for its outstanding unvoted general obligation debt. The aggregate millage that has been committed by that combination of overlapping subdivisions that yields the highest total of committed millage thus determines the millage within the ten mill limitation which is available and can be committed to service additional unvoted general obligation debt.

The following table represents the estimated inside millage requirements for the City and its overlapping subdivisions as of October 16, 2019 for Franklin, Fairfield and Delaware Counties (reflecting the issuance of the Bonds, but excluding the Refunding Bonds).

Other political subdivisions within Franklin, Fairfield or Delaware County may issue unvoted general obligation debt which would cause the requirements below to change. However, any such issues, including those of the City, will not exceed the indirect debt limit under Ohio law.

Mills Required Political Subdivision of State of Ohio Franklin County* Fairfield County* Delaware County* Direct City of Columbus 3.3028 4.4467 4.4361 Overlapping County 0.7448 1.6259 0.4451 School District 2.5465 -- 0.2118 Joint Vocational School District -- 0.0418 -- Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio 0.2544 0.2543 0.2573 Township 2.0330 -- -- Total Millage Required 8.8815 6.3687 5.3503 Maximum Millage Permitted 10.0000 10.0000 10.0000 Remaining Millage Capacity 1.1185 3.6313 4.6497 ______*Based on information provided by the Franklin, Fairfield and Delaware Counties Auditor’s office estimated as of October 16, 2019.

Debt Margin

Legal debt margin refers to the borrowing capacity (that is, the difference between the applicable debt limitation and the principal amount of debt outstanding under the respective debt limitations) available to the City under State imposed debt limitations with respect to the amount of principal issued and supported by the property tax. Based upon the latest available total assessed valuation of property for tax purposes of $16,753,326,300, the 10-1/2% limitation for combined voted and unvoted non-exempt debt is $1.759 billion and the 5-1/2% direct debt limitation is $921.4 million. As of October 16, 2019 (taking into consideration the issuance of the Bonds, but excluding the Refunding Bonds), (i) the City will have $1.193 billion of non-exempt debt outstanding, leaving a borrowing capacity of $566.2 million within the 10-1/2% limitation for combined voted and unvoted non-exempt debt; and (ii) the City will have $0 million of non-exempt debt subject to the 5-1/2% direct debt limitation outstanding, leaving a borrowing capacity of $921.4 million within the 5-1/2% limitation for unvoted non-exempt debt.

A-19

Overlapping Subdivision Indebtedness

In addition to the City, other political subdivisions have the power to issue bonds and to levy taxes or cause taxes to be levied on taxable real property in the City. The estimated outstanding bonded indebtedness of such political subdivisions (excluding self-supporting debt and debt payable primarily from enterprise revenues or special assessments) is as follows:

Overlapping Subdivision and Debt City of Columbus

Estimated Percentage Estimated Amount Political subdivision Principal applicable applicable of State of Ohio outstanding to Columbus to Columbus Delaware County $45,555,723 3.87% $1,763,006 Fairfield County 17,054,904 3.67 625,915 Franklin County 189,405,000 53.47 101,274,854 Jefferson Township 313,750 2.50 7,844 Madison Township 2,070,000 2.00 41,400 Mifflin Township 667,000 0.14 934 Prairie Township 9,310,000 0.68 63,308 Columbus City School District 411,538,569 98.16 403,966,259 Dublin City School District 222,696,377 26.36 58,702,765 Gahanna-Jefferson City School District 45,434,892 10.61 4,820,642 Hilliard City School District 135,117,433 42.18 56,992,533 Reynoldsburg City School District 79,944,987 6.77 5,412,276 South-Western City School District 161,630,000 36.22 58,542,386 Upper Arlington City School District 233,090,000 1.32 3,076,788 Westerville City School District 50,845,000 22.50 11,440,125 Worthington City School District 139,874,000 58.37 81,644,454 Canal Winchester Local School District 45,640,680 22.10 10,086,590 Groveport Madison Local School 36,243,736 41.06 14,881,678 District Hamilton Local School District 15,754,566 32.11 5,058,791 Licking Heights Local School District 91,589,978 29.95 27,431,198 New Albany-Plain Local School District 80,905,045 27.76 22,459,240 Olentangy Local School District 356,658,051 7.67 27,355,673 Pickerington Local School District 88,752,965 12.13 10,765,735 C-TEC JVSD 14,795,000 4.05 599,198 Eastland-Fairfield Career JVSD 1,050,000 14.60 153,300 New Albany-Plain Local Park District 3,604,476 27.52 991,952 Solid Waste Authority of Central Ohio 76,125,000 52.38 39,874,275 Total $2,555,667,132 $948,033,119

* Outstanding debt figures reflected as of September 20, 2019 Source: Ohio Municipal Advisory Council

A-20

The following table shows the per capita debt of the residents in the City based upon the July 1, 2018 U.S. Bureau of the Census estimate of 892,533 people residing in the City, the above overlapping indebtedness figures provided by the Ohio Municipal Advisory Council, and the City’s general obligation bonds and long-term notes principal balance of $3,050,827,720 (taking into consideration the issuance of the Bonds, but excluding the Refunding Bonds) (see “Outstanding Bonds and Notes”):

City Debt, per capita $3,418.17 Overlapping Debt, per capita 1,062.18 Total Debt, per capita $4,480.35

General obligation bonds for Water System improvements (aggregate outstanding balance of $674,600,000) and for Sanitary Sewer System improvements (aggregate outstanding balance of $587,877,482) are supported by a regional customer base extending well beyond the City’s geographic borders. This customer base represents approximately 1.2 million persons, approximately 40% more than the 892,533 persons located within the City’s borders.

Historical Debt Information

The following table sets forth the outstanding bonds and notes of the City at the end of each of the last five fiscal years:

Fiscal Year Ended December 31 (000’s omitted)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Short Term Notes $18,100 $49,570 $11,800 $8,562 $6,000 Bonds & Long Term Notes General Obligations 2,430,807 2,528,430 2,763,763 2,837,741 2,987,146 Revenue Obligations(1) 1,438,915 1,401,468 1,519,180 1,584,686 1,671,320 Total $3,887,822 $3,979,468 $4,294,743 $4,430,989 $4,664,466

(1) Includes loans from the Ohio Water Development Authority as described under “Outstanding Bonds and Notes.” Beginning in 2012, the Component Unit’s (RiverSouth Authority) lease revenue bonds were also included (see Note Q contained in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement).

A-21

Projected Additional General Obligation and Revenue Debt

The following table sets forth information regarding the projected issuance of additional general obligation and revenue debt by the City during the next two fiscal years (excluding the Bonds). From time to time, the City issues additional debt in the form of bond anticipation notes and issues bonds to refund such notes at their maturity.

(000’s omitted) 2020 2021 General Revenue General Revenue Obligation Obligation Obligation Obligation ENTERPRISE DEBT(1): Water $ 68,040 $ - $ 67,325 $ - WSRLA(2) - 97,400 - 58,500 Sewerage and Drainage 79,525 - 73,845 - OWDA Loans (3) - 242,289 - 508,566 Electricity 13,896 - 14,046 - Storm 8,640 - 9,865 - OWDA Loans (3) - 4,100 - 3,800 TOTAL 170,101 343,789 165,081 570,866

INCOME TAX SUPPORTED DEBT(1): $ 97,060 $ - $ 94,560 $ - Voted/Unvoted Debt

OTHER(1): 7,345 - 4,690 -

GRAND TOTAL $ 274,506 $ 343,789 $264,331 $ 570,866

(1) The above Enterprise debt represents the estimated Capital Improvements Program of the respective Enterprise “Business Type” activities of the City and is subject to economic conditions prevailing at the time. (2) Represents loan amounts anticipated via Water Supply Revolving Loan Account. When approved, these loans will not be general obligation debt of the City. (3) Represents loan amounts anticipated via the Ohio Water Development Authority (OWDA). When approved, these loans will not be general obligation debt of the City. Such loans will be special obligations (revenue debt) of the respective Enterprise and will appear as liabilities of the Enterprise only to the extent, and when, OWDA expends the monies. ______Source: Department of Finance and Management. Adopted 2019-2024 Capital Improvements Program.

A-22

Public Voted Bond Issues

Since 1956, it has been the practice of the City to submit to its voters requests to approve certain general obligation bonds. With voter approval, the general obligation bonds therefore become unlimited tax general obligations of the City. The City has submitted voted bond issue questions to its voters approximately every three to five years since 1956. The most recent submission was May 7, 2019 when the voters approved the issuance of bonds in an aggregate amount of $1,030,000,000 (see the table below). Since 1956, the City has requested approval from its voters for one hundred and one (101) separate bond issues for various purposes, both enterprise and non-enterprise. The voters have given their approval to ninety-five (95) of these requests, including every such request since 1985. Due to the support of voters, 82.79% of the outstanding general obligation debt of the City at December 31, 2018 was unlimited general obligation tax debt. The voter authority that will remain after the Bonds are issued is depicted in the tables below.

The City’s November 2013 voted bond package totaled $842,005,000 and was approved by voters on November 5, 2013. The various purposes and amounts of the issues within the bond package are as follows:

Remaining 2013 Purpose Voted Authority Voted Authority

Public Safety & Health $ 52,500,000 $ - Recreation & Parks 123,910,000 - Public Service 220,300,000 - Public Utilities 445,295,000 79,725,000

Total $842,005,000 $79,725,000

Debt service charges (principal and interest) on the bonds issued for public utilities ($445,295,000) are paid from a combination of sanitary sewer user charges, storm sewer user charges, water user charges, and electricity charges and accounted for in their respective enterprise funds.

Debt service charges on the three other issues ($396,710,000) are repaid primarily from the City’s Income Tax Debt Service Fund.

The City’s November 2016 bond package totaled $950,000,000 and was approved on November 8, 2016. The various purposes and amounts of the issues within the bond package are as follows:

Remaining 2016 Voted Purpose Voted Authority Authority

Public Safety & Health $ 70,000,000 $ 7,750,000 Recreation & Parks 110,000,000 35,895,000 Public Service 310,000,000 - Public Utilities 460,000,000 346,605,000

Total $ 950,000,000 $ 390,250,000

A-23

Debt service charges (principal and interest) on the bonds issued for public utilities ($460,000,000) are paid from a combination of sanitary sewer user charges, storm sewer user charges, water user charges, and electricity charges and accounted for in their respective enterprise funds.

Debt service charges on the three other issues ($490,000,000) are repaid primarily from the City’s Income Tax Debt Service Fund.

The City’s May 2019 new money bond package totaled $1,030,000 and was approved on May 7, 2019. The various purposes and amounts of the issues within the bond package were as follows:

Remaining 2019 Voted Purpose Voted Authority Authority

Public Safety & Health $205,000,000 $205,000,000 Recreation & Parks 100,000,000 100,000,000 Public Service 425,000,000 396,070,000 Public Utilities 250,000,000 250,000,000 Neighborhood Development 50,000,000 50,000,000

Total $1,030,000,000 $1,001,070,000

Debt service charges (principal and interest) on the bonds issued for public utilities ($250,000,000) are paid from a combination of sanitary sewer user charges, storm sewer user charges, water user charges, and electricity charges and accounted for in their respective enterprise funds.

Debt service charges on the three other issues ($780,000,000) are repaid primarily from the City’s Income Tax Debt Service Fund.

Lease Obligations, Special Obligations, Revenue Bonds, and Other Non-General Obligation Commitments

Lease Obligations Payable by the City.

Nationwide Arena. The Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority (the “CFA”) has acquired the Nationwide Arena, which is located in the Arena District. See “ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION - Downtown Development” herein for a discussion of the economic impact to the City of the Arena District. Pursuant to Article 15, Section 6 of the Ohio Constitution, casinos developed in accordance with that constitutional authorization are required to pay a state tax, which is then distributed to various entities, including each host county and city in which a casino is located (the “casino tax receipts”). In order to fund a portion of the cost of acquiring Nationwide Arena, the City and Franklin County entered into a lease-sublease arrangement with the CFA (the “Arena Lease”), pursuant to which the City and Franklin County each agreed to pay a portion of their respective share of casino tax receipts to the CFA, which, in turn, pledged such payments to the payment of debt service on indebtedness incurred by the CFA to acquire the Nationwide Arena. Pursuant to the Arena Lease, 25% of the City’s annual casino tax receipts was paid to the CFA from 2013 through 2015, 26% was paid in 2016, 27% was paid in 2017, 28% was paid in 2018 and 29% will be paid in 2019. The percentage of annual casino tax receipts payable under the Arena Lease will increase by 1.0% each year to a maximum of 32%. The Arena Lease is anticipated to be effective until 2039, subject to extension or earlier termination upon certain circumstances set forth in the lease. No other funds of the City have been

A-24

pledged or encumbered to the payment of any of the City’s obligations under the Arena Lease and any of the City’s payment obligations under the Arena Lease will be subject to annual appropriation being made by City Council and will be payable solely from, and only to the extent of, any casino tax receipts.

Franklin County Municipal Court. In 1975, the City entered into a lease with Franklin County for the use of the Municipal Court addition to the Franklin County Hall of Justice. The original term of the lease was extended to 2006, subject to four ten-year extensions at the City’s option for nominal rent. The lease provided that the City may terminate the lease without penalty if, by change in State law, responsibility to maintain the Municipal Court is transferred to another entity. The City was obligated to make lease payments to Franklin County in an amount sufficient to service the debt. The last payment on the related outstanding bonds was made June 1, 2005. In December 2008, the City agreed to new terms for the lease of this building which include: (i) an initial term of one year commencing on March 1, 2009 and continuing for successive one-year terms unless the City provides written 60 day notice of its intention to terminate and subject to annual appropriation of funds for payment of rent; (ii) annual rent will be the sum of the actual operating cost to provide janitorial services to the space occupied by the City and a pro-rated insurance cost; (iii) upon the City’s expenditure of an accumulated cost of $30 million in capital improvements by no later than December 31, 2030, the City shall have an option to take fee title to the building with payment of the leased option purchase price as defined in the lease.

Greater Columbus Convention Center. In June 1990, the City and Franklin County entered into a lease/sublease arrangement with the CFA pursuant to which the City and Franklin County lease, as tenants in common from the CFA, a convention facility containing approximately 1.7 million square feet constructed by the CFA. The City and Franklin County sublease the facility back to the CFA. The lease requires that the City and Franklin County each pay rent to the CFA in an amount equal to one-half of the debt service on revenue bonds issued by the CFA for the purpose of providing funds to construct the convention facility. As of December 31, 2018, the CFA had outstanding principal amount of these revenue bonds of $222.595 million. Under the sublease, the CFA is required to pay rent to Franklin County and the City in an amount equal to such debt service, and such subrental payments are expected to be derived from the hotel/motel excise tax levied by the CFA, and if such tax is insufficient, from earnings on, and the principal amount of, certain reserve funds created in connection with the issuance of the revenue bonds. If the foregoing amounts are insufficient, the City agrees in the lease to apply that portion of the hotel/motel tax levied by the City, and currently paid by the City to a convention and visitors bureau, to the payment of rentals under the lease. If, after the application of the foregoing amounts, additional amounts are required to meet the City’s and Franklin County’s obligations under the lease, such amounts will be paid by the City and Franklin County, in equal shares, from their general resources, provided that their respective legislative bodies have appropriated funds for such purpose. Since the inception of the lease/sublease arrangement, neither the City nor Franklin County has been required to make any payments from its general resources, nor does the City anticipate that any such payments will be required in the future. The lease terminates as to the City and Franklin County if their respective legislative bodies fail to appropriate amounts required for rentals thereunder.

River South – Old Lazarus Building. The City has entered into a Master Lease Agreement and a First Supplemental Lease Agreement dated June 1, 2004; a Second Supplemental Lease Agreement dated October 1, 2005; a Third Supplemental Lease Agreement dated April 1, 2012; and a Fourth Supplemental Lease Agreement dated April 1, 2014 (collectively the “Lazarus Building Lease”) with the RiverSouth Authority (the “Authority”), a “new community authority” organized under Chapter 349 of the Ohio Revised Code. The Lazarus Building Lease obligates the City to make rent payments to the Authority and at the end of the lease term the City will own the land and improvements. The City’s obligation to make rent payments to the Authority, however, is conditioned upon annual appropriations of the City Council. The Authority issued an initial aggregate principal amount of $80,720,000 of revenue bonds, in multiple series. Such lease payments commenced in 2007. In April 2012 and April 2014, the

A-25

Authority refunded a portion of the revenue bonds. As of December 31, 2018, $39,105,000 of revenue bonds remained outstanding. The final maturity of the Authority’s revenue bonds is 2025.

River South – COSI Parking Garage. In 2015, the City began planning for the financing and construction of an approximately 610-space underground parking facility (the “COSI Garage”), with a recreational park to be developed above, to be located on the Scioto Peninsula just west of the Center for Science and Industry (“COSI”), which is owned by the City and leased to the State of Ohio. The City recently completed the financing of the COSI Garage through the issuance by the Authority of $27,515,000 in principal amount of special revenue bonds (not general obligations of the City). The special revenue bonds are secured by rental payments to be made by the City to the Authority, pursuant to a Master Lease Agreement and First Supplemental Lease Agreement (collectively, the “COSI Garage Lease”). The City’s obligation to make rent payments to the Authority is conditioned upon annual appropriations of the City Council. The Authority owns and operates the parking garage facilities on land that it is leasing from the City. The parking garage facilities, however, may transfer to the City upon the final maturity of the revenue bonds. As of December 31, 2018, $26,865,000 of revenue bonds remained outstanding. The final maturity of the Authority’s revenue bonds is 2041.

Revenue Bonds and Special Obligations.

Sewer Revenue Bonds. Pursuant to a Master Trust Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2008, as supplemented by a First Supplemental Trust Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2008, a Second Supplemental Trust Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2008, a Third Supplemental Trust Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2014, and a Fourth Supplemental Trust Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2015, each between the City and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., Columbus, Ohio, as trustee (collectively, the “Trust Agreement”), the City has issued its $51,855,000 Sewerage System Adjustable Rate Revenue Bonds, Series 2008B, dated January 30, 2008, its $205,425,000 Sewerage System Revenue Refunding Bonds, Series 2014, dated December 1, 2014, and its $149,935,000 Sewerage System Revenue Refunding Bonds, Series 2015, dated December 22, 2015 (such revenue bonds are collectively referred to as the “Sewer Revenue Bonds”), of which an aggregate amount of $407,215,000 remains outstanding. The Sewer Revenue Bonds are special obligations of the City, do not constitute a pledge of the full faith and credit of the City, and are payable solely from, and are secured by a pledge of and lien on, the Pledged Revenues generated by the ownership, operation, use, and services of the City’s public utility municipal sanitary sewerage system and by a pledge and lien on the moneys and investments in the Special Funds created under the Trust Agreement.

OWDA/EPA. The City has undertaken various loans from the Ohio Water Development Authority (funded by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency) to fund improvements to the City’s sanitary sewerage system, storm sewer system and water system. The aggregate outstanding balance of such loans is $1.193 billion. As of December 31, 2018, $958.320 million are revenue obligations incurred to help finance sanitary sewerage treatment facilities and are to be repaid from charges for sanitary sewerage services, and $234.295 million are revenue obligations incurred to help finance an elevated water storage tank and are to be repaid from charges for water services.

Other Commitments Payable by the City.

Downtown Hotel. Under a Cooperative Agreement among the CFA, Franklin County, Ohio, and the City, dated January 1, 2010, the City has committed to provide funding from two revenue sources to assist the CFA in paying the debt service on bonds issued by the CFA to finance the construction of a new hotel, which currently operates as the “Hilton Columbus Downtown.” The City’s payment obligation consists of making annual payments to the CFA of all City Hotel-Motel Excise Tax collections levied on the new hotel and to maintain a fund of $1.4 million from the incremental parking meter receipts resulting

A-26

from increases in the City’s parking meter charges after 2009 which funds would be available for debt service, if needed.

In May 2018, a memorandum of understanding was executed between the CFA, Franklin County Commissioners and the City pledging support for expanding the Hilton Columbus Downtown hotel. The estimated cost of the expansion, as of May 2018, is $180 million. The expansion will add 470 full service guest rooms and 49,000 square feet of convention center meeting space, restaurants and support facilities.

In May 2019, the CFA, Franklin, County, Ohio and the City executed the First Supplement to the Cooperative Agreement. In this agreement, the City pledged to transfer all Hotel-Motel Excise Taxes generated by the hotel expansion to the CFA and to pay rent, subject to annual appropriations, in an amount equal to 50% of the year’s principal and interest payments on Subordinate Lien Phase II Bonds, should the CFA have insufficient funding. The amount of the Subordinate Lien Phase II Bonds has not been determined; however, the principal shall not exceed $100 million and is subject to the City and County’s approval.

For a description of certain other commitments and lease obligations payable by the City, see Note B and Note J in the Notes to the Financial Statements contained in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement.

SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

City Fund Structure; Accounting Basis

The accounts of the City are organized on the basis of funds, each of which is considered a separate accounting entity. The operations of each fund are accounted for with a separate set of self-balancing accounts that comprise its assets, liabilities, fund equity, revenues and expenditures (expenses).

The accounting and financial reporting treatment applied to a fund is determined by its measurement focus. All governmental funds are accounted for using a current financial resources measurement focus. With this measurement focus, only current assets and current liabilities generally are included on the balance sheet. Operating statements of these funds present increases (i.e., revenues and other financing sources) and decreases (i.e., expenditures and other financing uses) in net fund balance. The City does not utilize permanent funds.

All proprietary funds are accounted for on a flow of economic resources measurement focus. The City uses enterprise funds and internal service funds but does not utilize trust funds. With this measurement focus, all assets and all liabilities associated with the operation of these funds are included on the Statement of Net Position. Net position is segregated into three categories: net investment in capital assets; restricted; and unrestricted. Proprietary fund type operating statements present increases (i.e., revenues) and decreases (i.e., expenses) in net total assets. The City utilizes the accrual basis of accounting (GAAP) in its enterprise funds (revenues are recognized when earned and expenses when incurred).

The City uses the modified accrual basis of accounting for all governmental fund types and agency funds. Under the modified accrual basis of accounting, revenues are recognized when susceptible to accrual (i.e., when they become both measurable and available). “Measurable” means the amount of the transaction can be determined and “available” means collectible within the current period or soon enough thereafter to be used to pay liabilities of the current period. Expenditures are recorded when the related fund liability is incurred. Principal and interest on general long-term debt are recorded as fund

A-27

liabilities when due or when amounts have been accumulated in the debt service fund for payments to be made early in the following year.

For the governmental fund financial statements, the City recognizes as revenue income tax received within 60 days after year-end applicable to taxpayer liabilities for periods prior to the year-end net of an allowance for income tax refunds. These taxes are considered both measurable and available whereas all other income taxes are recognized as revenue when received. The City has consistently followed this practice for many years. The government-wide statement of activities, presented in accordance with GASB Statement No. 34, is prepared on an accrual basis of accounting; therefore, all revenues are recognized when earned.

The City’s basis of accounting for budgetary purposes differs from generally accepted accounting principles in that revenues are recognized when received rather than when susceptible to accrual (measurable and available), and encumbrances are included as expenditures. A reconciliation of the results of these two methods appears in Exhibit 9 in the Required Supplementary Information contained in APPENDIX C of this Official Statement.

Budget Process

The City’s fiscal year is the calendar year. The annual operating budget is presented to the City Council no later than November 15th of each year. The City Charter requires that all funds be balanced. The City Auditor is responsible for the official general fund revenue estimate and the Department of Finance and Management projects revenues for other funds.

City Council adopts an annual budget typically in February, after conducting a public hearing process in December of the previous fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations throughout the fiscal year sometimes occur, with proposals generated from the City Council and the Administration.

As of December 31, 2018, the City has assets within the General Fund assigned for expenditures. This portion of the General Fund consists of cash in six subfunds, designated the Job Growth Fund; the Safety Staffing Contingency Fund; the 2013 Basic City Services Fund; the Neighborhood Initiative Fund; the Anticipated Expenditure Fund; and the Public Safety Initiative Fund.

Internal Controls

Internal controls begin with separation of powers; separately elected officials such as Mayor, Council, City Attorney and City Auditor. A structure of departments and divisions where duties are separated to the extent practicable also provides controls. An independent Civil Service Commission establishes hiring (and firing) policies for classified employees. Disbursements by the Treasurer can only be pursuant to a warrant of the City Auditor. Warrants can only be issued pursuant to authorization of a department director. These and other control features are prescribed by the City’s Charter.

Cash Management and Investment Practices

Investment Policies. The City records all its investments at fair value in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The City pools its cash, except for that held by revenue bond trustees, fiscal and escrow agents and certain debt service and agency fund cash and investments, for maximum investing efficiency. Each fund type’s portion of the pool is reported on the respective Statements of Net Position and Balance Sheet as Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer. Earnings on the pool are allocated at the discretion of the City Council after meeting revenue bond indentures and other requirements.

A-28

The City Codes, Chapters 325 and 321, respectively, provide for a Treasury Investment Board and Depository Commission. Both consist of the City Treasurer, who serves as chairperson, the City Auditor and the Director of the Department of Finance and Management.

Pursuant to these Code sections, the City does not purchase any form of derivatives. The City does not engage in reverse repurchase agreements, nor does it leverage its investment portfolio in any manner. Only eligible investments with remaining terms not greater than five years until final maturity are purchased, unless the investment is an assessment bond or note issued by the City and the purchase is approved by the Treasury Investment Board. Average days to maturity of the City’s investments, exclusive of those held by bond trustees, as of December 31, 2018 were 376.01 days and 449.65 days at December 31, 2017. The City purchases investments only through member banks of the Federal Reserve System or broker-dealers registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The City’s investment code and practices have consistently protected the portfolio from unnecessary credit risks (safety) and market risks (liquidity) while providing a competitive yield.

Chapter 325 of the Columbus City Codes prescribes permitted investments, which include:

(A) Bonds, notes or other obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies for which the faith of the U.S. is pledged for the payment of principal and interest thereon. They are:

Obligations of the United States government:

 United States Treasury Bills  United States Treasury Notes  United States Treasury Bonds  United States Treasury Strips

Obligations guaranteed by the United States government:

Federal government agencies:

 Department of Housing and Urban Development  Farmers Home Administration  General Services Administration  Government National Mortgage Association  Maritime Administration  Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

(B) Bonds, notes, debentures or other obligations issued by any of the federal government-sponsored enterprises listed below:

 Federal Farm Credit System  Federal Home Loan Banks  Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation  Federal National Mortgage Association

(D) Bonds or other obligations of the City;

A-29

(E) Obligations of the State of Ohio or any municipal corporation, village, county, township or other political subdivision of the State of Ohio, as to which there is no default of principal or interest and which have been approved as to their validity by nationally recognized bond counsel;

(F) Certificates of Deposits (collateralized as described below) in eligible institutions applying for moneys as provided in Chapter 321 of Columbus City Code; and

(G) Repurchase agreements that are collateralized with legally authorized securities as defined in Chapter 321.08 of Columbus City Codes and held in third-party safekeeping designated by the City Treasurer and in the name of the City; and

(H) Other as provided for in Ohio R.C. 135.14 for interim deposits.

Except for STAR Ohio funds described under (C) above, the City is prohibited from investing in any form of derivatives and/or using reverse repurchase agreements.

Safeguarding Activities. All of the City’s investments, except for investments with STAR Ohio, certificates of deposits and demand savings are held in book-entry form at Federal Reserve banks for the accounts of certain member banks-agents of the City who hold the investments in the City’s name. The City follows criteria described in GASB Statement No. 40, Deposits and Investment Risk Disclosure, in identifying custodial credit risk. See Note C in the Notes to the Financial Statements contained in APPENDIX C to this Official Statement for full detail.

The City deposits its funds only with major local commercial banks as approved by the City’s Depository Commission, a local statutory commission comprised of the City Auditor, City Treasurer and the Director of Finance & Management. All deposits, except for deposits held by fiscal and escrow agents or trustees, are collateralized with eligible securities, as required by City ordinances, in amounts equal to at least 105% of the carrying value of the deposits. Such collateral, as permitted by State statutes and City ordinances, is pledged to the Treasurer of State held in collateral pools at Federal Reserve Banks, or at member banks of the Federal reserve system or Federal Home Loan Bank, in the name of the respective depository bank and pledged as a pool of collateral against all of the public deposits it holds or as specific collateral held in the name of the Treasurer of State on behalf of the City.

The revenue bond agreement of the sewer enterprise requires certain cash and investments to be maintained and managed by a trustee. The respective trustee, bank trust department, invests these monies at the direction of the City Auditor pursuant to the revenue bond agreement.

All of the City’s deposits and investments comply with the State statutes and City ordinances and applicable bond indentures.

Sources of General Fund Revenues

Following is a brief description of significant sources of revenue available to the City’s General Fund. The percentage of total General Fund revenues represented by each source is based on the City’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and on a GAAP basis (modified accrual basis of accounting).

Income Taxes — Approximately 75.4% of General Fund revenues are from income taxes that are imposed as provided by applicable law. See “CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement.

Charges for Services — Approximately 7.6% of General Fund revenues are for services that the City provides to its citizens and to other City funds for which it charges various amounts.

A-30

Property Taxes — Approximately 5.8% of General Fund revenues are from ad valorem property taxes that are assessed and collected by Franklin County, Fairfield County and Delaware County. See “CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS” in APPENDIX A to this Official Statement.

Shared Revenues — Approximately 3.2% of General Fund revenues are from taxes (including State income, sales, corporate franchise and public utility taxes, estate taxes, State liquor fees and cigarette taxes) that are levied and collected by the State or counties and partially redistributed to the City and other political subdivisions.

Fines and Forfeits — Approximately 2.1% of General Fund revenues result from penalties imposed by the Franklin County Municipal Court, including parking ticket fines.

Summary of Certain Financial Statements for General Fund and Debt Service Funds

Financial statements of the City have been audited by firms of certified public accountants since, and including, 1979. The City follows a mandatory rotation policy as prescribed by the State Auditor of Ohio. As a result of this policy and competitive proposals, Plante & Moran, PLLC, was selected to perform the audits for 2012 through 2017. This has been extended for years 2018 through 2021. All audits, 1979 through 2018, have been conducted in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the U.S. and, beginning in 1980, also the standards applicable to financial audits contained in Government Auditing Standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States.

Financial statements contained in this Official Statement have been extracted from the respective years’ Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (“CAFRs”) of the City. CAFRs can be obtained by communicating with Megan N. Kilgore, City Auditor, 90 West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, telephone (614) 645-7616, fax (614) 645-8444, or may be viewed on the City’s website at http://www.columbus.gov.

Non-enterprise general obligation bonds and notes of the City, while legally supported by property taxes, are paid primarily, both as to principal and interest, from the City’s Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund. The Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund consists primarily of one quarter (25%) of the City’s income tax collections set aside by local ordinance primarily for the payment of non- enterprise general obligation debt.

Financial information for the following City funds is presented herein.

 General Fund - Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances - Budget Basis; 2014 through 2018.

 Special Income Tax Debt Service Fund - Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances - Budget Basis; 2014 through 2018.

 General Fund - Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP); 2014 through 2018.

A-31

CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO GENERAL FUND STATEMENT OF REVENUES, EXPENDITURES AND CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES - BUDGET BASIS YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 THROUGH 2018 (IN THOUSANDS)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Revenues: Income taxes $ 668,685 656,889 629,935 602,241 578,645 Property taxes 51,599 45,429 44,415 43,204 44,214 Investment income 13,275 9,516 7,701 6,160 3,996 Licenses and permits 11,930 11,601 12,465 13,010 11,607 Shared revenues 28,172 27,620 28,246 29,659 29,412 Charges for services 65,690 65,170 61,858 63,388 60,595 Fines and forfeits 18,479 18,650 18,930 18,906 18,984 Kilowatt tax 3,320 2,916 3,132 3,200 1,579 Miscellaneous 16,182 14,975 2,082 1,725 7,315 Total revenues 877,332 852,766 808,764 781,493 756,347

Expenditures: General government 131,495 130,245 120,698 114,559 114,087 Public service 36,594 36,454 34,062 36,139 36,506 Public safety 610,603 582,596 554,997 543,393 522,639 Development 41,672 41,527 42,154 37,895 34,860 Health 193 300 53 Recreation and Health 189 255 40 6 305 Expenditures paid through County Auditor 2,352 718 1,664 711 2,065 Total expenditures 823,098 792,095 753,668 732,703 710,462

Excess of revenues over expenditures 54,234 60,671 55,096 48,790 45,885

Other financing sources (uses): Operating transfers in 3,833 4,308 4,064 3,406 2,367 Operating transfers out - Note 1 (65,354) (63,301) (61,513) (57,246) (55,676)

Total other financing sources (uses) (61,521) (58,993) (57,449) (53,840) (53,309)

Net change in fund balances (7,287) 1,678 (2,353) (5,050) (7,424) Fund balances at beginning of year 129,382 121,197 118,485 113,533 117,354 Lapsed Encumbrances 8,332 6,507 5,065 10,002 3,603 Fund balances at end of year $ 130,427 129,382 121,197 118,485 113,533

Sources: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports 2014 through 2018 Note 1: Transfers out for 2018 include $41.162 million to Recreation and Parks Funds, $23.096 million to Health Special Revenue Funds, and $1.096 million to various other funds.

The total General Fund balance is comprised of the following:

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 General Operating Fund $ 16,170 17,670 30,206 30,722 29,171 Economic Stabilization Fund 76,180 73,946 69,522 66,741 64,075 Anticipated Expenditure Fund 22,597 20,138 17,750 15,432 13,181 Safety Staffing Contingency Fund – – – – 3 Job Growth Fund 635 463 135 154 471 Public Safety Initiative Fund 510 215 150 199 626 Basic City Services Fund 12,963 16,651 3,330 5,160 5,714 Neighborhood Initiative Fund 1,372 299 104 77 292 $ 130,427 129,382 121,197 118,485 113,533

A-32

CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances Special Income Tax Fund—Budget Basis (in thousands) For the years ended December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2018

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Revenues: Income taxes$ 222,895 218,963 209,979 200,747 192,882 Grants and subsidies - - - 89 100 Investment earnings 17 33 - - - Miscellaneous 777 1,579 850 13,046 9,725 Total revenues 223,689 220,575 210,829 213,882 202,707

Expenditures: Current: General government 19,975 20,083 15,345 13,570 13,450 Public service 16,726 16,743 17,302 17,295 16,824 Public safety 854 2,458 1,905 2,796 457 Development - 1,275 1,000 - - Recreation and parks - - 140 880 - Health - 325 - - - Debt service: Principal retirement and payment of obligation under capitalized lease 138,220 132,586 125,784 81,286 1,899 Interest and fiscal charges 57,245 57,680 56,044 26,187 209 Total expenditures 233,020 231,150 217,520 142,014 32,839 Excess (deficiency) of revenues over expenditures (9,331) (10,575) (6,691) 71,868 169,868

Other financing sources (uses): Operating transfers in 6,323 8,625 4,455 7,151 3,902 Operating transfers out—Note 1 (19,921) (17,166) (16,552) (80,239) (172,649) Proceeds from general obligation bonds - - 138,145 - 73,660 Premiums on bonds 30,158 16,062 55,684 - - Payment to refunded bond escrow agent - - (175,076) - (83,814) Total other financing sources (uses) 16,560 7,521 6,656 (73,088) (178,901) Net change in fund balances 7,229 (3,054) (35) (1,220) (9,033) Fund balance at beginning of year 174,768 170,056 162,507 150,288 150,369 Lapsed encumbrances 9,545 7,766 7,584 13,439 8,952 Fund balances at end of year$ 191,542 174,768 170,056 162,507 150,288

Sources: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

Note 1: Prior to 2016, transfers out primarily represent principal and interest payments transferred to the City's General Bond Retirement Fund (the Sinking Fund) for nonenterprise general obligation long term debt.

A-33

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances General Fund 2014-2018 (GAAP-Modified Accrual Basis of Accounting) (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 REVENUES Income taxes$ 666,599 657,229 630,266 606,281 578,552 Property taxes 50,883 45,552 44,233 42,965 44,311 Investment income 19,228 6,901 6,625 5,884 4,376 Licenses and permits 13,062 13,033 14,759 12,980 11,636 Shared revenues - unrestricted 28,264 28,194 27,980 29,484 29,465 Charges for services 67,196 64,985 63,365 62,314 61,157 Fines and forfeits 18,493 18,650 18,889 18,911 18,953 Miscellaneous 19,510 17,976 6,927 5,109 9,552 Total revenues 883,235 852,520 813,044 783,928 758,002

EXPENDITURES Current: General government 137,596 127,806 124,220 110,690 107,915 Public service 50,155 53,356 50,563 52,903 52,853 Public safety 617,260 583,163 554,287 548,771 523,944 Development 44,211 38,022 41,673 38,735 34,873 Health 23,479 22,287 23,065 21,208 20,728 Recreation and parks 41,533 40,504 37,693 35,050 34,294 Capital outlay 7,259 7,693 7,190 7,971 7,198 Total expenditures 921,493 872,831 838,691 815,328 781,805

Excess(deficiency) of revenues over expenditures (38,258) (20,311) (25,647) (31,400) (23,803)

OTHER FINANCING S OURCES (US ES ) Transfers in 33,264 33,807 31,658 29,274 22,869 Transfers out (1,174) (1,424) (1,124) (1,464) (1,356) Total other financing sources (uses) 32,090 32,383 30,534 27,810 21,513 Net change in fund balance (6,168) 12,072 4,887 (3,590) (2,290) Fund balances—beginning of year, as restated 150,707 138,635 133,748 137,338 139,628 Fund balances—end of year $ 144,539 150,707 138,635 133,748 137,338

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

A-34

CERTAIN MUNICIPAL INCOME TAX MATTERS

The City’s municipal income tax is its primary source of General Fund revenue. See “SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION – Sources of General Fund Revenues” in APPENDIX A. The municipal income tax applies to all wages, salaries, commissions and other compensation paid by employers and the net profit from the operation of a business or profession.

Authority to Impose

The Ohio Revised Code authorizes municipal corporations to levy a tax on income at a uniform rate. No municipal corporation is authorized to levy a municipal income tax in excess of 1.0% per annum without obtaining the approval of at least a majority of its electors voting on the question at an election held in accordance with applicable Ohio law.

Income Tax Rates

The City’s income tax continues to be its primary source of revenue. The tax applies to all wages, salaries, commissions and other compensation paid by employers and/or the net proceeds from the operation of a business, profession or other enterprise activity. The initial tax rate of 0.5%, collected in 1948, was increased to 1.0% in 1956, 1.5% in 1971, to 2.0% in 1983 and to the current rate of 2.5% effective October 1, 2009.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-35

Historical City Income Tax Revenues

The City allocates 75% of its municipal income tax revenues to the City’s General Fund and 25% of such revenues to the City’s Income Tax Debt Service Fund primarily for the purpose of paying debt service on the City’s non-enterprise general obligation bonds. This policy has been consistently in place since 1983. A similar policy with other allocations has been in place since 1956. See “DEBT SUMMARY – Debt Serviced From City Income Tax Revenues” in APPENDIX A. The following table summarizes, for each of the last ten fiscal years of the City, the amount of revenue for the City from the imposition of its municipal income tax (net of refunds) and the amounts allocated to the General Fund and the Debt Service Fund:

CITY INCOME TAX REVENUES (in thousands, except percent)

GAAP Basis:

OTHER % INCREASE YEAR ENDED GENERAL DEBT SERVICE GOVERNMENTAL OVER PRIOR DECEMBER 31 FUND FUND FUNDS TOTAL YEAR

2009 $ 395,262 $ 131,755 $ 153 $ 527,170 2.22 % 2010 487,243 162,414 37 649,694 23.24 2011 502,391 167,464 23 669,878 3.11 2012 519,624 173,208 13 692,845 3.43 2013 560,653 186,884 8 747,545 7.89 2014 578,552 192,850 5 771,407 3.19 2015 606,281 202,094 3 808,378 4.79 2016 630,266 210,089 - 840,355 3.96 2017 657,229 219,076 5 876,310 4.28 2018 666,599 222,199 5 888,803 1.43

Budget Basis:

OTHER % INCREASE YEAR ENDED GENERAL DEBT SERVICE GOVERNMENTAL OVER PRIOR DECEMBER 31 FUND FUND FUNDS TOTAL YEAR

2009 $ 385,893 $ 128,631 $ 153 $ 514,677 (0.85)% 2010 478,007 159,336 37 637,380 23.84 2011 508,234 169,411 23 677,668 6.32 2012 536,478 178,826 13 715,317 5.56 2013 560,436 186,812 8 747,256 4.47 2014 578,645 192,882 5 771,532 3.25 2015 602,241 200,747 3 802,991 4.08 2016 629,935 209,979 - 839,914 4.60 2017 656,889 218,963 5 875,857 4.28 2018 668,685 222,895 5 891,585 1.80

A-36

Approximately 83.7% of the City’s income taxes collected in 2018 were via employers withholding the tax from employees’ earnings and remitting the tax to the City on a statutorily prescribed schedule. Approximately 11.1% of collections in 2018 originated from business accounts and 5.2% from independently employed individual taxpayers. Depending on the amount withheld, employers must remit to the City on a semi-monthly, monthly or quarterly frequency, with the largest amounts being remitted semi-monthly.

Estimated Per Capita Income(1)

COLUMBUS M.S.A FRANKLIN COUNTY OHIO U.S.A. PER % OF PER % OF PER % OF PER CAPITA NATIONAL CAPITA NATIONAL CAPITA NATIONAL CAPITA YEAR INCOME AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOME AVERAGE INCOME

2008 $ 38,612 94.0% $ 39,155 95.3% $ 36,681 89.3% $ 41,082 2009 37,603 95.7 37,888 96.4 35,638 90.7 39,284 2010 38,620 95.3 38,965 96.1 36,663 90.4 40,545 2011 41,274 96.6 41,747 97.7 39,148 91.6 42,727 2012 43,719 98.1 44,507 99.8 40,695 91.3 44,582 2013 44,048 98.3 44,371 99.0 41,187 91.9 44,826 2014 45,564 96.9 46,044 97.9 42,826 91.1 47,025 2015 47,413 96.9 47,840 97.8 44,451 90.8 48,940 2016 48,197 96.7 48,199 96.7 45,176 90.7 49,831 2017 49,644 96.1 49,448 95.8 46,732 90.5 51,640

(1) 2009-2016 total personal income and per capita income figure were changed in the 2018 CAFR to reflect revised estimates issued by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Division of Regional Measurement and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-37

CERTAIN PROPERTY TAX MATTERS

The Bonds are expected to be paid from sources other than ad valorem taxes levied and collected on taxable property in the City; however, the basic security for the Bonds is the City’s ability to levy the ad valorem tax on taxable property as described under “SECURITY AND SOURCES OF PAYMENT FOR THE BONDS.”

Assessed Value of Taxable Property

The following table shows the assessed value of property located in Franklin County and subject to ad valorem taxes levied by the City.

(000’s OMITTED) TANGIBLE TOTAL TAX COLLECTION REAL PERSONAL PUBLIC ASSESSED % YEAR YEAR PROPERTY(1) PROPERTY(2)(3) UTILITY VALUE GROWTH 2009 2010 $15,277,133 $22,561 $327,406 $15,627,100 0.19% 2010 2011 15,159,257 - 358,064 15,517,321 (0.70) 2011 (5) 2012 14,021,356 - 358,682 14,380,038 (7.30) 2012 2013 13,840,473 - 383,935 14,224,408 (1.08) 2013 2014 13,858,278 - 416,684 14,274,962 0.36 2014(4) 2015 13,650,517 - 431,892 14,082,409 (1.35) 2015 2016 13,714,055 - 483,199 14,197,254 0.82 2016 2017 13,951,324 - 514,811 14,466,135 1.89 2017(5) 2018 15,553,671 - 571,578 16,125,249 11.47 2018 2019 15,711,184 - 611,825 16,323,009 1.23

(1) The real property of public utilities other than railroads is included on the general tax list and duplicate and assessed by the Franklin County Auditor. Real property of railroads is assessed, together with tangible personal property of all public utilities, by the State Tax Commissioner. (2) Tangible personal property of all public utilities and real property of railroads. (3) Beginning in tax year 2006, the tax on tangible personal property was phased out for most businesses. Manufacturing machinery and equipment first used in business on or after January 1, 2005 is not subject to personal property tax. (4) Year of Triennial Reappraisal (5) Year of Sexennial Reappraisal. Source: Franklin County Auditor.

Overview

For property taxation purposes, assessment of real property is performed on a calendar year basis by the elected Franklin County Auditor (the “County Auditor”) subject to supervision by the State Tax Commissioner, and assessment of public utility tangible personal property is performed by the State Tax Commissioner. Property taxes are billed and collected by the Franklin County Treasurer of the County (the “County Treasurer”).

Taxes collected from real property in one calendar year are levied in the preceding calendar year on assessed values as of January 1 of that preceding year. Public utility tangible personal property taxes collected in one calendar year are levied in the preceding calendar year on assessed values determined as of December 31 of that second year preceding the tax collection year.

A-38

Real Property

The “assessed valuation” of real property is fixed at 35% of true value and is determined pursuant to rules of the State Tax Commissioner, except that real property devoted exclusively to agricultural use is assessed at not more than 35% of its current agricultural use value. Beginning in 2008, certain elderly or disabled resident homeowners may receive a flat $25,000 property tax exemption on the market value of their homestead.

Ohio law requires the County Auditor, subject to supervision by the State Tax Commissioner, to adjust the true value of taxable real property every six years to reflect current fair market values. This “sexennial reappraisal” is done by individual appraisal of properties. In the third year following a sexennial reappraisal, the County Auditor, again subject to supervision by the State Tax Commissioner, performs a “triennial update” to adjust the value of taxable real property to reflect true values. The triennial update is done without individual appraisal of properties, but with reference to a sales- assessment ratio over the three-year period.

Personal Property

In 2005, the State enacted legislation to phase out of the tax on tangible personal property used in business such that after calendar year 2009, general business tangible personal property is no longer taxed. This followed major reductions in the taxation of public utility personal property enacted in 1999.

As a result of these two steps, the State had been reimbursing municipalities for tax losses resulting from the phase out and reduction, respectively, of the two taxes on tangible personal property. However, recent legislation escalated the planned phase out of such payments. (See “State Reimbursement of Property Tax Revenues – Public Utility Property and Tangible Personal Property Tax Loss Reimbursement.”)

Delinquency Procedures

The following is a general description of property tax delinquency procedures under State law. The implementation of these procedures may vary in practice among Ohio counties.

If real estate taxes and special assessments are not paid in the year in which they are due, they are certified by the County Auditor’s office as delinquent and a copy of the list is sent to the County Treasurer. A list of current delinquent properties is published twice in a newspaper of general circulation in Franklin County. If the delinquent taxes and special assessments are not paid within one year after such certification, the properties are then also certified as delinquent to the Prosecuting Attorney of the County (the “County Prosecuting Attorney”) and are subject to foreclosure. Five percent (5%) of all certified delinquent taxes and assessments collected by the County Treasurer is deposited into a special fund to be divided between the County Treasurer and the County Prosecuting Attorney and used solely for the collection of delinquent real property taxes and assessments.

A property owner of delinquent property may enter into a delinquent tax contract with the County Treasurer, permitting the property owner to pay the delinquent taxes, penalties and interest over time. So long as the property owner complies with the contract, the property may not be foreclosed. If the payment plan is not adhered to or none is arranged, foreclosure proceedings may be initiated by the County.

A-39

The County Auditor may create a delinquent tax certificate for all delinquent properties and sell the certificate to third parties. The holder of a delinquent tax certificate may attempt to collect the delinquent taxes, with the same powers as the County Prosecutor might have.

Proceeds from foreclosure sales of delinquent property or the sale of delinquent tax certificates become part of the current collection and are distributed as current collections to the taxing or assessing subdivisions in the County.

State Reimbursement of Property Tax Revenues

Rollback and Homestead Exemption Reimbursement

The State reimburses taxing districts, including municipalities, for decreased tax revenues due to (a) the 10% reduction or “rollback” in non-commercial property taxes, (b) the 2 1/2% reduction applicable to owner-occupied housing, and (c) the flat, $25,000 reduction in taxable value applicable to certain elderly or disabled homeowners. Such reimbursements are subject to repeal or revision by the State.

Public Utility Property and Tangible Personal Property Tax Loss Reimbursement

In tax year 2001, changes took effect which reduced the assessment percentages applicable to electric generation and natural gas tangible personal property, thereby reducing the amount of tangible public utility property tax revenue collected by taxing districts. In order to replace the taxes no longer received due to the lower assessment percentages, State consumption taxes on electricity and natural gas were enacted in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Payments were instituted to reimburse local tax jurisdictions for a portion of revenue lost as a result of these changes.

Beginning in 2006, the State began to phase out the general tax on tangible personal property used in business, as well as the tangible personal property belonging to telephone, telegraph, and inter- exchange companies. In order to replace a portion of the lost revenue, a commercial activity tax was enacted in 2005 and is imposed on gross receipts, including receipts from services, in the State. The State also instituted a scheme to reimburse local jurisdictions for a portion of the loss of this revenue that was similar to that used for losses occasioned by reductions in the taxation of electric generation and natural gas tangible personal property.

The reimbursement of both types of tangible personal property tax revenue losses ceased in 2012.

A-40

Tax Rates

FRANKLIN COUNTY TAX LEVY PER $1,000 OF ASSESSED VALUE AND THE ALLOCATION OF SUCH TAX LEVY TO GOVERNMENTAL UNITS EFFECTIVE MILLS RATE CLASS CLASS 1 2 TAX COLLECTION TOTAL RES/ ALL YEAR YEAR LIBRARY COUNTY SCHOOL(1) CITY(2) RATE(3) AGR OTHER 2009 2010 2.20 18.07 75.50 3.14 98.91 60.97 74.49 2010 2011 2.80 18.07 75.50 3.14 99.51 63.25 76.67 2011 2012 2.80 18.07 75.85 3.14 99.86 66.48 78.52 2012 2013 2.80 18.47 76.15 3.14 100.56 67.94 79.71 2013 2014 2.80 18.47 76.00 3.14 100.41 67.96 80.03 2014 2015 2.80 18.47 76.10 3.14 100.51 68.89 80.76 2015 2016 2.80 18.47 75.90 3.14 100.31 68.72 80.79 2016 2017 2.80 18.47 81.88 3.14 106.29 74.72 87.03 2017 2018 2.80 18.92 82.33 3.14 107.19 68.33 82.26 2018 2019 2.80 18.92 82.18 3.14 107.04 68.24 82.10

(1) Columbus City School District (2) The maximum millage allocated to the City for municipal purposes is 3.14 under the 10-mill limitation established pursuant to the Ohio Constitution and statutes. The City’s millage has not changed since 1957. (3) Actual rate subject to a reduction factor. SOURCE: Franklin County Auditor.

Statutory procedures limit the amount realized by each taxing subdivision from real property taxation, by the application of tax credits, to the amount realized from those taxes in the preceding year plus: (i) the proceeds of any new taxes (other than renewals) approved by the electors, calculated to produce an amount equal to the amount that would have been realized if those taxes had been levied in the preceding year, and (ii) amounts realized from new and existing taxes on the assessed valuation of real property added to the tax duplicate since the preceding year.

The tax credit provisions do not apply to amounts realized from taxes levied at a rate required to produce a specified amount or an amount to pay service on general obligation bonds, or from taxes levied inside the ten-mill limitation. To calculate the limited amount to be realized, a reduction factor is applied to the stated rates of the levies subject to these tax credits.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-41

Principal Taxpayers

Principal Property Taxpayers December 31, 2018

Assessed Valuation % of Total Assessed (in thousands) Valuation

Public Utilities 1 Ohio Power Company $ 431,352 2.57% 2 Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc. 103,861 0.62 3 AEP Ohio Transmission 53,205 0.32 4 American Electric Power 17,392 0.10

Real Estate

1 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company 67,843 0.40 2 GLP Capital LP 53,030 0.32 3 Distribution Land Corp 42,371 0.25 4 Huntington Center Owner LLC 38,150 0.23 5 Nationwide Children’s Hospital 29,389 0.18 6 Easton Gateway, LLC 23,249 0.14 7 Scioto Downs 22,900 0.14 8 Battelle Memorial Institute 20,376 0.12 9 Quarry Owner 1 LLC 20,009 0.12 10 Anheuser Busch commercial 17,935 0.10

Total Principal Property Taxpayers 941,062 5.61% All Others 15,812,264 94.39 Total Assessed Valuation $ 16,753,326 100.00%

______SOURCE: Franklin County Auditor Includes valuations in Franklin ($16,323,009); Fairfield ($135,613) and Delaware ($294,704) Counties.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-42

Ad Valorem Taxes Levied and Collected

The following table shows the property tax levies and collections in Franklin County for the City’s General Fund for the last ten fiscal years.

TOTAL CURRENT DELINQUENT COLLECTION COLLECTION TAX TAX TAX TOTAL AS A % OF YEAR LEVY COLLECTED COLLECTED COLLECTED LEVY

2009 $51,155,100 $45,306,230 $2,006,274 $47,312,504 92.5% 2010 50,926,330 45,615,730 1,976,775 47,592,505 93.5 2011 50,529,403 44,942,287 1,867,057 46,809,344 92.6 2012 47,800,466 42,044,654 1,777,857 43,822,511 91.7 2013 47,571,535 42,090,782 1,833,599 43,924,381 92.3 2014 44,800,974 42,017,029 1,799,711 43,816,740 97.8 2015 43,404,863 38,286,845 1,549,056 39,835,901 91.8 2016 44,088,560 41,834,637 3,004,836 44,839,473 101.7 2017 44,911,437 42,641,750 2,973,848 45,615,598 101.6 2018 50,063,969 49,882,650 3,547,515 53,430,165 106.7

NOTE: Data pertains only to the City to the extent located in Franklin County. An additional total tax collection of $386,081 was received from Fairfield County and $432,360 from Delaware County, Ohio in 2018. SOURCE: City of Columbus, Ohio, City Auditor and Franklin County.

Current and delinquent property taxes are billed and collected by the County officials for all taxing subdivisions in the County. The following is a general description of delinquency procedures under Ohio law, the implementation of which may vary in practice among the counties. Real estate taxes and special assessments not paid in the due year are to be certified by the County Auditor’s office as delinquent. A list of delinquent properties then is published. If the delinquent taxes and special assessments are not paid within one year after certification, the properties are then to be certified as delinquent to the county prosecuting attorney. The property owner may arrange a payment plan with the County Treasurer providing for payments over not to exceed five years. If a payment plan is not adhered to or if none is arranged, foreclosure proceedings may be initiated by the County. Mass foreclosure proceedings and sales are permitted after three years’ delinquency. Applicable taxes from delinquent property foreclosure sales become part of and are distributed as current collections to the taxing subdivisions.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

A-43

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

14207641v7

APPENDIX B

CITY ENTERPRISES

WATER SYSTEM

General Description

The City water system (the “Water System”) serves the metropolitan area, including Columbus and its suburbs. The Water System has 278,139 customer accounts, including residential, commercial, industrial and water master meter contracts. User rates are projected for a ten-year period. Actual rates, however, are established annually to provide sufficient funds for operations and debt service requirements. During 2018, the Water System pumped approximately 48.8 billion gallons of water, or approximately 134 million gallons per day.

The primary services provided by the Water System include raw water supply, water treatment, storage, distribution and pumping services.

Raw water is supplied by the Hoover, Griggs, O’Shaughnessy and John R. Doutt Reservoirs and a well field. The Alum Creek Reservoir is available for system use through a long-term contract with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Ordinance Number 1663-71 passed November 15, 1971, authorized the City of Columbus and the State of Ohio, Department of Natural Resources to enter into an agreement permitting the City of Columbus to withdraw raw water from Alum Creek Reservoir and to pay the State a prorated share of the operation and maintenance costs. Those payments are estimated to continue through year 2038 and have been approximately $1.3 million each year since 1985. In late 2018, the City began construction of spillway improvements at the O’Shaughnessy Dam that will be completed in 2020.

The Water System currently operates three water treatment plants: the Dublin Road Water Plant (DRWP) located near downtown; the Hap Cremean Water Plant (HCWP) on the far north side of the City; and the Parsons Avenue Water Plant (PAWP) on the far south side of the City. These water plants were placed in service in 1975, 1956 and 1983, respectively. The plants currently have a combined Ohio EPA approved treatment design capacity of approximately 240 million gallons per day. Major improvements were substantially completed in 2018 at all three plants to enhance treatment capabilities, improve reliability, expand capacity (DRWP only), and extend the life of these facilities. Furthermore, in 2018 the City broke ground on the construction of ultraviolet disinfection facilities and standby generator projects at both HCWP and DRWP with anticipated completion in 2021.

Twenty-five booster stations are used to pump and distribute water (15 in Columbus and 10 suburban) through nearly 3,541 miles of water line, 2,524 of which are owned by the Water System, ranging in size from 2 inches to 66 inches in diameter. The Water System also maintains approximately 26,000 hydrants within the City limits for fire protection and 37 elevated water tanks (25 tanks are Columbus and 12 suburban) that provide approximately 79 million gallons of on-line storage.

A preventive maintenance program is in place for all water assets. An aggressive leak detection program reduces operation and maintenance costs, and reduces the amount of unaccounted-for water (water treated and pumped, but not metered).

The Water System operates a water quality assurance laboratory. The lab has maintained its EPA Certification continually since the certification process began in 1976 pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The certification covers both equipment and personnel and represents a measure of the Water System’s quality performance. The laboratory staff is primarily responsible for assuring that the Water System is and will remain in compliance with all federal, state and local standards.

B-1

In 2006, the Department of Public Utilities created a Regulatory Compliance Section housed in the Director’s Office. The section includes a staff of six. The Section works with staff within the Division of Sewerage and Drainage, the Division of Power and the Division of Water to maintain a robust and sustainable environmental program and to assure that each division works toward the goal of absolute compliance. Further, the Regulatory Compliance Section monitors changes in current regulatory requirements and proposed changes, including legislation, and notifies the Director and staff accordingly.

In 2014, the Department of Public Utilities obtained ISO 14001:2004 certification of its Environmental Management Program and in 2015, passed its first surveillance audit. The Department of Public Utilities is meeting environmental requirements associated with its core functions of producing safe drinking water, collecting and effectively treating wastewater and delivering reliable electric service.

Sewer and Water Advisory Board

The Sewer and Water Advisory Board (the “Advisory Board”) was established by City Code to provide advisory services and comment on proposed water, sanitary sewer and storm sewer utility rates. The Advisory Board consists of the City Auditor, the Director of the Department of Public Utilities, the Director of the Department of Finance & Management and six citizen representatives appointed by the Mayor with the concurrence of the City Council; including one representative each for residential customers, low income residential customers, senior citizen residential customers, industrial customers, commercial customers and for a political subdivision other than the City.

Billing and Collection Procedures

Billings for the Divisions of Water, Sanitary Sewers, Electricity and Storm Sewers are administered by the Director’s Office. Monthly accounts (including five master meter communities which receive one bill and service their own accounts) and quarterly accounts are maintained. Residential accounts are 92% of total accounts and commercial and industrial accounts make up 8% of total accounts.

A customer has 28 days in which to pay the bill. Seven days from the due date they will receive a penalty notice and a 10% penalty will be assessed. If the customer does not respond to the penalty notice in 21 days, a delinquency turn- off notice will be mailed out, giving the customer 21 days to make the payment. If the customer does not respond to the delinquency turn-off notice, the turn-off postcard is mailed. If four business days later the account is still delinquent, water service may be terminated for non-payment. The City is authorized to enforce the delinquent account collection by judicial proceedings.

City-managed collection proceedings will begin for all inactive accounts 28 days after a customer has received the penalty notice. The customer receives the first of two collection letters requesting payment for the total amount of the bill in 10 days. The second collection letter is mailed in 28 days requesting that payment be made within 10 days. If customer fails to respond in 49 days, the unpaid charges are sent to a collection agency.

Capital Improvements Program

The Water System’s six-year Capital Improvements Program for 2019-2024 totals $802 million and can be categorized into two project areas: water distribution system improvements and water treatment plant improvements.

Water Distribution System Improvements. Providing water for consumption and for fire protection represents the most basic City services for residents. The water distribution projects are primarily construction and rehabilitation of new and existing raw water systems, water lines, booster stations and water tanks needed to serve continued growth on the water system. Major projects in the six-year plan include: $134.7 million for the Automatic Meter Reading Program, $264 million for water treatment improvements, $210 million for general Water Main Rehabilitation projects, $12 million in hydroelectric improvements, and $7 million for Valve improvements.

B-2

Water Plant Improvements. Within the 2019-2024 Capital Improvements Program, major projects are included for water plant improvements for expansions to or improvements of existing facilities that enhance service delivery to users. Funds are also budgeted to increase the efficiency of various facilities to meet new EPA standards. Major projects within the six year plan include $26.2 million for Hypochlorite Disinfection Improvements at the Hap Cremean and Parsons Avenue Water Treatment Plants; $28 million for the South Wellfield Expansion at the Parsons Avenue Water Treatment Plant; $19 million for the Hoover Dam Improvements; $15 million for improvements to the Hap Cremean Water Treatment Basins; and $8 million for the Dublin Road Water Treatment Plant Caustic Feed Improvements.

Service Area

The Water System service area includes the City and 31 entities within a six county area (Franklin, Fairfield, Licking, Delaware, Union and Pickaway). The Water System is metropolitan in nature, serving approximately 1,196,848 residents in the Columbus Metropolitan Area. With the exception of Westerville, Canal Winchester, Pickerington and small water plants that serve parts of Obetz and Groveport, the only other utilities are Aqua Ohio, a private company serving a limited number of suburban customers, and Del-Co Water, which also serves limited customers. Westerville has its own municipal water system. Service to Groveport and Obetz is provided by both Columbus and the respective cities, as each city has existing facilities. An estimated 95% of Franklin County residents receive their water from the City Water System.

Largest Customers

Water System Ten Largest Customers (Based Upon 2018 Sales)

% of Total

Total Charges Water Customer Account (in thousands) Charges Ohio State University $ 3,110 1.70% Anheuser Busch Inc. 1,928 1.06 Franklin County Sanitary Engineer 1,327 0.73 Abbott Laboratories 880 0.48 MARS Petcare US 636 0.35 Ohio Health Corp. 525 0.29 7up Columbus 501 0.27 Mount Carmel Health Corp 347 0.19 COCA COLA USA 272 0.15 Lifestyle Communities 229 0.13 Total $9,755 5.35%

Source: Department of Public Utilities, Division of Water

B-3

Rate Determination

Services provided by the Water System, and debt service on all Water System general obligation and revenue obligations (OWDA/LPA Loans), are funded solely from user fees.

Section 118 of the City Charter empowers the City Council to establish water rates in an “equitable manner and in such amounts as will fully cover the costs of services, including utility debt obligations and interest thereon.” Rates include the cost of maintenance, operation and supply, debt service and depreciation.

Rates are reviewed annually by the Advisory Board and approved by City Council. As part of the annual water rate adjustment procedure, the Department of Finance & Management, in conjunction with the Department of Public Utilities, projects Water System revenues and expenditures for a ten year period. The Advisory Board is empowered to make a recommendation to the City Council regarding the appropriateness of a rate change for the next fiscal year. A rate increase of 2.0% for Water took effect in January 2019.

Water Enterprise Fund

The City maintains a separate enterprise fund (known as the Water Enterprise Fund) to account for operations relating to the Water System.

Financial information for the Water Enterprise Fund is presented herein:

* Statement of Net Position – GAAP – 2014 through 2018. * Statement of Revenues, Expenses and Changes in Fund Net Position – GAAP – 2014 through 2018. * Statement of Cash Flows – GAAP – 2014 through 2018.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

B-4

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Net Position Water Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 AS S ETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer$ 131,653 116,038 104,269 87,851 84,711 Receivables (net of allowance for uncollectibles) 35,723 34,936 34,784 32,228 30,408 Due from other funds - 121 357 13 37 Inventory 6,149 6,183 6,217 6,219 6,690 Total current assets 173,525 157,278 145,627 126,311 121,846 Noncurrent assets: Restricted assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer and other 146,030 139,954 140,515 139,471 188,065 Cash and cash equivalents with trustees - - - - - Capital Assets: Land and construction in progress 40,269 37,635 37,406 36,701 182,158 Other capital assets, net of accumulated depreciation 1,184,195 1,135,859 1,067,762 953,344 701,027 Total noncurrent assets 1,370,494 1,313,448 1,245,683 1,129,516 1,071,250 Total assets 1,544,019 1,470,726 1,391,310 1,255,827 1,193,096

DEFERRED O UTFLO WS O F RES O URCES - Note 1 24,207 40,455 33,774 11,556 11,224

LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Accounts payable 3,596 7,406 6,995 7,680 2,289 Due to other: Funds 888 1,038 695 737 729 Accrued interest payable 11,294 11,120 11,957 11,682 11,450 Accrued wages and benefits 1,937 1,735 1,811 1,633 1,395 Accrued vacation and sick leave 2,510 2,340 2,388 2,435 2,390 Current portion of: Bonds and loans payable 66,658 66,986 65,675 86,939 49,938 Total current liabilities 86,883 90,625 89,521 111,106 68,191

Noncurrent liabilities: Payable from restricted assets: Accounts payable 6,799 9,052 6,745 8,500 17,379 Due to other funds 77 18 20 - 8 Net pension and OPEB liability-Note 2 67,579 86,772 44,857 30,359 29,473 Bonds and loans payable, net 892,143 855,029 815,776 697,021 688,086 Total noncurrent liabilities 966,598 950,871 867,398 735,880 734,946 Total liabilities 1,053,481 1,041,496 956,919 846,986 803,137

DEFERRED INFLOWS OF RESOURCES - Note 3 10,642 443 951 603 -

NET POSITION Net investment in capital assets 417,627 397,740 372,883 342,808 323,271 Restricted - - - - - Unrestricted - Note 4 86,476 71,502 94,331 76,986 77,912 Total net position $ 504,103 469,242 467,214 419,794 401,183

Note 1: Deferred outflows of resources includes unamortized deferred amount on refundings as well as deferred outflows on pensions and OPEB. Deferred outflows on pensions were added in 2015 when the City implemented GASB 68. Deferred outflows on OPEB were added in 2018 when the City implemented GASB 75. Note 2: OPEB liability was added in 2018 (with restatement in 2017) when the City implemented GASB 75. Note 3: The amount represents the difference between expected and actual experience with certain pension and OPEB transactions as a result of the City implementing GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018. Note 4: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015. 2014 ending net position has been restated. The City implemented GASB 75 in 2018. 2017 ending net position has been restated. SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports B-5

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Position Water Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating revenue: Charges for service$ 195,107 198,529 196,015 183,084 176,962 Other 3,106 3,214 1,664 2,569 6,800 Total operating revenue 198,213 201,743 197,679 185,653 183,762

Operating expenses: Personal services 58,573 63,481 56,028 52,533 49,804 M aterials and supplies 24,129 21,956 20,466 22,836 24,435 Contractual services 30,565 34,578 34,111 34,431 32,135 Depreciation 39,965 37,779 26,669 40,017 26,452 Other - - 678 184 877 Total operating expense 153,232 157,794 137,952 150,001 133,703 Operating income 44,981 43,949 59,727 35,652 50,059

Non-operating revenue (expenses): Investment income 4,568 1,567 3,910 1,456 1,368 Interest expense (14,847) (15,663) (16,549) (18,816) (13,181) Other, net 136 105 402 375 725 Total non-operating revenue (expenses) (10,143) (13,991) (12,237) (16,985) (11,088) Income before transfers 34,838 29,958 47,490 18,667 38,971

Transfers in 23 4 - 11 - Transfers out - (1,536) (70) (67) (64) Change in net position 34,861 28,426 47,420 18,611 38,907 Total net position - beginning 469,242 467,214 419,794 401,183 387,957 Net position - restated - Note 1 - (26,398) - - (25,681) Total net position - ending $ 504,103 469,242 467,214 419,794 401,183

Note 1: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018, resulting in a restatement of net position in 2014 and 2017, respectively. The restatements resulted from Net Pension and OPEB Liability offset by Deferred Outflows for contributions after the measurement date.

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-6

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Cash Flows Water Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities: Cash received from customers$ 195,397 199,091 195,134 181,373 177,454 Cash paid to employees (53,514) (55,315) (53,496) (52,749) (49,432) Cash paid to suppliers (56,065) (51,344) (54,462) (55,033) (55,429) Other receipts 3,190 7,034 1,556 2,541 5,714 Other payments (670) (51) (47) (118) (97)

Net cash provided by operating activities 88,338 99,415 88,685 76,014 78,210

Noncapital financing activities: Subsidies - – 148 472 841 Transfers in 23 4 - 11 - Transfers out - (1,536) (70) (67) (64)

Net cash provided by (used in) noncapital financing activities 23 (1,532) 78 416 777

Capital and related financing activities: Proceeds from sale of assets 158 105 263 100 73 Purchases of property, plant and equipment (91,544) (106,106) (141,803) (150,052) (127,529) Proceeds from issuance of bonds, loans and notes 96,249 99,179 145,771 101,825 42,833 Refunding bonds issued - 76,840 165,370 - 44,685 Premium on bonds issued 7,846 17,566 31,013 4,389 10,346 Principal payments on bonds and loans (55,045) (53,299) (51,869) (49,663) (49,589) Payment on refunded bonds - - (72,715) - - Payment to refunded bond escrow agent - (90,132) (118,460) - (50,561) Interest and fiscal charges paid on bonds, loans and notes (28,191) (32,309) (30,207) (29,840) (28,838)

Net cash used in capital and related financing activities (70,527) (88,156) (72,637) (123,241) (158,580)

Investing activities: Interest received on investments 3,857 1,481 1,336 1,357 1,357

Net cash provided by investing activities 3,857 1,481 1,336 1,357 1,357

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 21,691 11,208 17,462 (45,454) (78,236)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 255,992 244,784 227,322 272,776 351,012

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 277,683 255,992 244,784 227,322 272,776

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-7

City of Columbus, Ohio (continued) Statement of Cash Flows Water Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Operating income $ 44,981 43,949 59,727 35,652 50,059 Adjustments to reconcile operating income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 39,965 37,779 26,669 40,017 26,452 Decrease (increase) in operating assets and increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Receivables (75) (65) (2,346) (1,820) 1,006 Due from other governments - - - - - Due from other funds 121 236 (344) 24 (5) Inventory 34 34 2 471 (3) Accounts payable - net of items affecting property, plant, and equipment (1,656) 8,977 2,575 1,910 418 Due to other funds (91) 341 (22) – (34) Accrued wages and benefits 202 (76) 178 238 158 Accrued vacation and sick leave 170 (48) (47) 45 159 Net pension and OPEB liability (note 1) (19,193) 15,154 14,498 886 - Deferred outflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 13,681 (6,358) (12,553) (2,012) - Deferred inflows of resources - pension and OPEB (note 1) 10,199 (508) 348 603 -

Net cash provided by operating activities$ 88,338 99,415 88,685 76,014 78,210

Supplemental information: Noncash activities: Change in fair value of investments$ 777 (692) (448) (222) (143)

Note 1: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018.

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-8

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

General Description

The City’s municipal sanitary sewer system (the “Sanitary Sewer System”) serves Columbus and its suburbs. The primary services provided by the Sanitary Sewer System include the collection and treatment of wastewater and programs for maintenance, repair, improvement, and expansion of physical facilities. The Division of Sewerage and Drainage (the “Division”) monitors the character of industrial wastes discharged to the Sanitary Sewer System to protect the community and watercourses from toxic and hazardous materials, and to comply with local, state, and federal environmental regulations.

The wastewater treatment program is designed to meet environmental requirements on returning water to local rivers after treatment. The Sanitary Sewer System operates two wastewater treatment plants, Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant and Jackson Pike Wastewater Treatment Plant. Combined, the two plants serve a population of nearly 1 million. The two facilities have a designed flow capacity to process an average of 212.4 million gallons per day (“MGD”) with a maximum capacity of 480 MGD.

The Division utilizes multiple methods to beneficially reuse wastewater biosolids removed in the treatment process: land application, composting including distribution and marketing of composted biosolids, and two different contractors handling biosolids with environmentally beneficial methods. The City of Columbus is at 100% beneficial reuse of biosolids for the third consecutive year. The Jackson Pike Wastewater Treatment Plant (JPWWTP) and Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWWTP) remove 98% of organic material. The Jackson Pike and Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plants achieve 97% of suspended solids removal, considerably higher than the 85% required by the EPA to meet the water quality standards of its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit.

As of January 1, 2019 the Division maintained 4,254 miles of sanitary sewers, 162.5 miles of combined sewers, and 3,241 miles of storm sewers. The sewer collection system includes 16 sanitary pump stations, 15 storm pump stations, 18 regulators, 45 detention/retention basins, 5 bio-filters and 7.2 miles of floodwall and various other infrastructure that is maintained by the Sewer Maintenance Operations Center staff.

In 1994, the Division implemented a separate user fee to charge property owners for stormwater projects. This fee provides for both the operation and maintenance of the stormwater system, as well as certain debt service costs associated with stormwater infrastructure. The costs associated with this program are not reflected within the revenue and expenditure statements for the Sanitary Sewer System, but are shown in the financial statements of the Storm Sewer System. Stormwater charges are only paid by inside City customers.

To protect the massive infrastructure included within the Sanitary Sewer System, the Division conducts a proactive preventative maintenance program which includes cleaning of the entire sewer system and comprehensive inspections of the City’s sewers based on historical failures and system characteristics. Maintenance and inspections are focused in areas that have had documented overflows and backups into homes, however, over time, will also address the entire system. Video inspections are performed to obtain the data regarding the degree of sewer line deterioration and to confirm the cleaning effort was successful. Based on the findings of these inspections, the Division has developed protocols to prioritize the rehabilitation or replacement of the pipes that are in poor structural condition or show significant deterioration.

The Division is currently in compliance with all sanitary licenses and permits, and requirements of the Ohio and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) regarding its sanitary sewer system and B-9

wastewater treatment plants. Utilizing the Division’s surveillance section to maintain compliance, the industrial waste pretreatment unit monitors local industries, enforcing federal, state and local sewer use regulations, ensuring that those industries absorb any added costs associated with wastes generated through industrial processes. The Division established a Compost Facility in 1980 as an environmentally- friendly alternative to recycle wastewater biosolids into Com-Til, an organic mulch and soil enhancer. The Storm Water Regulatory Management Section has responsibility for the oversight of the City’s Storm Water NPDES permit issued by the Ohio EPA. This section is also responsible for monitoring storm water runoff for water quality purposes within the City’s corporate boundaries.

On August 1, 2002, the City and the State consented to the entry of a Consent Order (the “2002 Consent Order”) to resolve allegations associated with the City’s separate sanitary sewer system. On September 17, 2004, the City and State entered into a second Consent Order (the “2004 Consent Order”) to resolve issues associated with the City’s combined storm and sanitary sewer system. In 2005, the City submitted its Wet Weather Management Plan (WWMP) to Ohio EPA. The WWMP was intended to bring the City into compliance with its consent orders regarding the City’s sewer overflows. The WWMP proposed extensive new infrastructure that would allow the City to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and eliminate sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).

Since the WWMP was submitted, significant progress has been made. The City has spent over one billion dollars towards implementing the WWMP and has dramatically reduced sewer overflows, in particular CSOs.

In 2012 and 2013, the Ohio EPA agreed that the City could reanalyze the remaining components of the WWMP. This reanalysis was warranted in light of new emerging technologies, such as green infrastructure. Additionally, the USEPA provided more flexibility to communities with its Integrated Planning Framework. In particular, the City was concerned that building 28 miles of tunnel to eliminate SSOs was of questionable value, because SSOs are such a small volume of overflows compared to CSOs. The proposed tunnels would cost approximately $2.0 billion and only be used approximately 4 or 5 times a year.

On September 15, 2015, the Department of Public Utilities submitted the Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report to Ohio EPA. Pursuant to the City’s agreement with Ohio EPA, this report provided two plans for achieving compliance with the two consent orders. The first was an integrated plan that meets the requirements of USEPA’s Integrated Plan Framework. The second was an update of the 2005 WWMP. The City recommended to Ohio EPA that the City proceed with the Integrated Plan, which is known as “Blueprint Columbus.” Ohio EPA approved Blueprint Columbus in December 2015.

As a result of the reanalysis under the Integrated Plan, which utilized more sophisticated modeling technology, the City discovered that less infrastructure would be needed to meet the B-10

requirements of the consent orders. While implementation of the 2005 WWMP would have cost the City $2.5 billion, the City instead proposed implementing Blueprint Columbus, which is projected to cost $1.7 billion and achieve the same or better results.

Blueprint Columbus is viewed as more beneficial to the environment than the original plan because of the green infrastructure contained in the improvements. Both the WWMP and Blueprint Columbus will meet the level of service for the remaining overflows, but Blueprint Columbus will also improve stormwater discharges, resulting in better water quality.

Under the Integrated Plan, the City will be able to manage rate increases. Unlike the 2005 WWMP, Blueprint Columbus should not necessitate any double digit rate increases.

Blueprint Columbus seeks to remedy overflow problems by addressing the rain water that is entering the sewer system. Instead of building more infrastructure to address the rainwater issue, Blueprint Columbus will invest in rehabilitating and correcting existing infrastructure.

Blueprint Columbus will create neighborhood amenities. For instance, in the Clintonville area, the City has built a porous pavement streets and rain gardens. In the Barthman-Parsons area, the City has built a park, rain gardens and a porous pavement basketball court. Blueprint Columbus will also create more jobs and have a greater impact on our local economy.

The City undertook significant public outreach in planning for Blueprint Columbus, such as forming an advisory panel, hosting focus groups and educational events, and running canvassing surveys.

Billing and Collection Procedures

Billings for the Divisions of Water, Sanitary Sewers, Electricity and Storm Sewers are administered by the Director’s Office. Monthly accounts (including five master meter communities which receive one bill and service their own accounts) and quarterly accounts are maintained. Residential accounts are 94% of total accounts and commercial and industrial accounts make up 6% of total accounts.

A customer has 28 days in which to pay the bill. Seven days from the due date they will receive a penalty notice and a 10% penalty will be assessed. If the customer does not respond to the penalty notice in 21 days, a delinquency turn-off notice will be mailed out, giving the customer 21 days to make the payment. If the customer does not respond to the delinquency turn-off notice, the turn-off postcard is mailed. If four business days later the account is still delinquent, water service may be terminated for non-payment. The City is authorized to enforce the delinquent account collection by judicial proceedings.

Collection proceedings will begin for all inactive accounts 28 days after a customer has received the penalty notice. The customer receives the first of two collection letters requesting payment for the total amount of the bill in 10 days. The second collection letter is mailed in 28 days requesting that payment be made within 10 days. If customer fails to respond in 49 days, the unpaid sewer charges will be certified against property taxes.

Capital Improvements Program

The Sanitary Sewer System’s six-year Capital Improvements Program for 2019-2024 totals over $1.8 billion and can be categorized into two major project areas: collection system improvements and sewerage treatment plant improvements. Within the collection system improvements, approximately $752.7 million is targeted to the Department of Public Utilities’ new Blueprint Columbus program. The goal of this program is to eliminate the cause of separate sanitary sewer overflows by focusing on the B-11

source of stormwater entering the sanitary sewer system. Blueprint Columbus will rehabilitate mainline and house service connections where stormwater enters the pipes through cracks, open joints, and structural deficiencies. Mitigating this clean stormwater from entering the sanitary sewer system will not only address sanitary sewer overflows associated with the City’s consent order, but will also address future stormwater regulations with green infrastructure.

Collection System Improvements. Within the 2019-2024 Capital Improvements Program, over $1.6 billion is planned for sewer collection system projects. This includes $182 million for interceptor and subtrunk projects, $752.7 million for the Blueprint Columbus projects, and $252 million in major tunnel projects. Major projects that make up a portion of these dollars include $78.3 million for the Big Walnut Sanitary Trunk Extension; $270 million for the Lower Olentangy Tunnel project. Other projects include the annual lining contract, general construction contract, smaller sewer line projects, and construction inspection services, as well as major design and construction projects in targeted neighborhoods associated with the Blueprint Columbus plan. Many of these projects are major components that were carried forward in the Integrated Plan from the WWMP and address hydraulic deficiencies primarily related to CSOs.

Sewerage Treatment Plant Improvements. Also within the 2019-2024 Capital Improvements Program, over $280.4 million is planned for sewer treatment plant and compost facility improvements. Some of the major treatment plant construction projects include: $11 million for JPWWTP Digester Improvements; $24 million for SWWTP Digestion Process Expansion; and $35 million for Energy Cogeneration Projects at both JPWWTP and SWWTP. Other projects serving both plants are for professional construction management, general engineering services, and instrumentation and control services.

Service Area

The Sanitary Sewer System serves the residents of Columbus and 27 entities within a six-county metropolitan Columbus area. There are a total of 274,872 accounts.

B-12

Largest Customers

Sanitary Sewer System Ten Largest Customers (Based upon 2018 Sales)

% of Total Sanitary

Total Charges Sewer Customer Account (in thousands) Charges Ohio State University $5,570 2.17% Anheuser Busch Inc. 2,873 1.12 Franklin County Sanitary Engineer 2,119 0.83 Abbott Laboratories 2,053 0.80 MARS Petcare US 1,062 0.41 Tri Tech Laboratories Inc. 825 0.32 7up Columbus 788 0.31 Ohio Health Corp. 760 0.30 COCA COLA USA 646 0.25 Georgia Pacific Corp 531 0.21 Total $17,227 6.72%

Source: Department of Public Utilities, Division of Sewerage and Drainage.

Rate Determination

Services provided by the Sanitary Sewer System, and debt service on all Sanitary Sewer System general obligation and revenue bonds, are funded solely from user fees.

Section 120 of the City Charter empowers the City Council to establish sanitary sewer rates in an “equitable manner and in such amounts as will fully cover the costs of services.” Rates include the cost of maintenance, operation and supply, and debt service and depreciation.

Rates are reviewed annually by the Advisory Board (See “WATER SYSTEM – Sewer and Water Advisory Board” in this APPENDIX B for a description of the composition and function of the Advisory Board), and approved by City Council. As part of the annual sanitary sewer rate adjustment procedure, the Department of Finance & Management, in conjunction with the Department of Public Utilities, projects Sanitary Sewer System revenues and expenditures for a ten-year period. The Advisory Board is empowered to make a recommendation to the City Council regarding the appropriateness of a rate change for the next fiscal year. A rate increase of 3% for Sanitary Sewers took effect January 2019.

Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Fund

The City maintains a separate enterprise fund (known as the Sewer Enterprise Fund) to account for operations relating to the Sewer System.

Financial information for the Sewer Enterprise Fund is presented herein:

B-13

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Net Position Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 AS S ETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer$ 262,604 246,062 230,805 218,879 216,451 Receivables (net of allowance for uncollectibles) 50,116 47,679 46,173 47,356 46,290 Due from other funds 89 467 216 - 70 Inventory 10,565 10,373 9,765 9,927 9,158 Total current assets 323,374 304,581 286,959 276,162 271,969 Noncurrent assets: Restricted assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer and other 190,487 175,668 163,142 69,754 122,653 Cash and cash equivalents with trustees 1,488 1,466 1,443 1,341 1,422 Capital Assets: Land and construction in progress 483,770 476,383 448,665 429,293 389,870 Other capital assets, net of accumulated depreciation 2,076,021 1,965,051 1,904,834 1,867,859 1,864,646 Total noncurrent assets 2,751,766 2,618,568 2,518,084 2,368,247 2,378,591 Total assets 3,075,140 2,923,149 2,805,043 2,644,409 2,650,560

DEFERRED OUTFLOWS OF RESOURCES - Note 1 39,210 55,755 52,115 38,840 31,620

LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Accounts payable 3,765 3,273 3,101 9,535 1,739 Due to other: Funds 1,184 971 1,182 960 1,024 Others 4 4 4 4 4 Accrued interest payable 18,790 19,266 20,177 22,584 22,436 Accrued wages and benefits 1,905 1,801 1,603 1,507 1,356 Accrued vacation and sick leave 3,246 3,167 2,876 2,994 2,914 Current portion of: Demand bonds 83,855 87,855 91,855 95,855 99,855 Bonds and loans payable 110,559 108,814 100,674 85,891 77,935 Total current liabilities 223,308 225,151 221,472 219,330 207,263

Noncurrent liabilities: Payable from restricted assets: Accounts payable 7,853 7,020 6,269 - 5,128 Due to other funds - - - 11 7 Due to others 927 895 23 25 25 Net pension and OPEB liability-Note 2 61,743 79,475 41,922 29,464 28,815 Bonds and loans payable, net 1,817,413 1,734,207 1,680,259 1,578,795 1,620,713 Total noncurrent liabilities 1,887,936 1,821,597 1,728,473 1,608,295 1,654,688 Total liabilities 2,111,244 2,046,748 1,949,945 1,827,625 1,861,951

DEFERRED INFLOWS OF RES OURCES - Note 3 9,667 410 886 560 - NET POSITION Net investment in capital assets 761,161 714,131 675,768 642,092 604,162 Restricted 1,488 1,466 1,443 1,341 1,422 Unrestricted - Note 4 230,790 216,149 229,116 211,631 214,645 Total net position $ 993,439 931,746 906,327 855,064 820,229 Note 1: Deferred outflows of resources includes unamortized deferred amount on refundings as well as deferred outflows on pensions and OPEB. Deferred outflows on pensions were added in 2015 when the City implemented GASB 68. Deferred outflows on OPEB were added in 2018 when the City implemented GASB 75. Note 2: OPEB liability was added in 2018 (with restatement in 2017) when the City implemented GASB 75. Note 3: The amount represents the difference between expected and actual experience with certain pension and OPEB transactions as a result of the City implementing GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018. Note 4: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015. 2014 ending net position has been restated. The City implemented GASB 75 in 2018. 2017 ending net position has been restated. SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports B-14

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Position Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating revenue: Charges for service$ 268,635 262,986 249,303 242,923 230,062 Other 2,046 2,018 1,063 957 1,635 Total operating revenue 270,681 265,004 250,366 243,880 231,697

Operating expenses: Personal services 52,612 51,860 45,812 42,961 42,703 Materials and supplies 8,886 6,311 6,966 6,791 9,987 Contractual services 45,360 47,415 44,220 45,064 43,868 Depreciation 61,407 59,682 57,508 60,225 56,146 Other 330 140 328 305 1,627 Total operating expense 168,595 165,408 154,834 155,346 154,331 Operating income 102,086 99,596 95,532 88,534 77,366

Non-operating revenue (expenses): Investment income 7,660 2,538 2,014 1,952 1,581 Interest expense (48,291) (50,708) (46,681) (56,516) (48,027) Other, net 212 120 398 381 160 Total non-operating revenue (expenses) (40,419) (48,050) (44,269) (54,183) (46,286) Income before transfers 61,667 51,546 51,263 34,351 31,080

Transfers in 26 - - 484 2 Transfers out - (1,872) - - - Change in net position 61,693 49,674 51,263 34,835 31,082 Total net position - beginning 931,746 906,327 855,064 820,229 814,267 Net position - restated - Note 1 - (24,255) - - (25,120) Total net position - ending $ 993,439 931,746 906,327 855,064 820,229

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-15

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Cash Flows Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities: Cash received from customers$ 275,145 270,996 257,619 250,153 240,657 Cash paid to employees (54,065) (50,640) (48,861) (48,886) (48,157) Cash paid to suppliers (51,127) (56,164) (52,292) (53,944) (57,333) Other receipts 2,124 4,934 1,057 993 1,736 Other payments (131) (73) (25) (44) (1,824)

Net cash provided by operating activities 171,946 169,053 157,498 148,272 135,079

Noncapital financing activities: Subsidies - - 50 236 983 Transfers in 26 - - 484 2 Transfers out - (1,872) - - -

Net cash provided by (used in) noncapital financing activities 26 (1,872) 50 720 985

Capital and related financing activities: Proceeds from sale of assets 212 120 363 129 52 Purchases of property, plant and equipment (179,762) (147,617) (112,699) (99,060) (132,604) Proceeds from issuance of bonds, loans and notes 184,484 155,186 196,706 42,872 128,224 Refunding bonds issued – 37,515 52,195 149,935 226,405 Premium on bonds issued 9,809 11,676 25,069 32,983 43,838 Principal payments on bonds and loans (100,609) (92,730) (89,737) (82,017) (69,325) Payment on refunded bonds - - - - - Payment to refunded bond escrow agent - (43,433) (66,756) (181,974) (270,449) Interest and fiscal charges paid on bonds, loans and notes (61,188) (62,450) (58,998) (64,240) (54,356)

Net cash used in capital and related financing activities (147,054) (141,733) (53,857) (201,372) (128,215)

Inve sti ng acti vi ti e s: Interest received on investments 6,465 2,358 1,725 1,828 1,495

Net cash provided by investing activities 6,465 2,358 1,725 1,828 1,495

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 31,383 27,806 105,416 (50,552) 9,344

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 423,196 395,390 289,974 340,526 331,182

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 454,579 423,196 395,390 289,974 340,526

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-16

City of Columbus, Ohio (continued) Statement of Cash Flows Sanitary Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Operating income $ 102,086 99,596 95,532 88,534 77,366 Adjustments to reconcile operating income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 61,407 59,682 57,508 60,225 56,146 Decrease (increase) in operating assets and increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Receivables (1,288) (1,326) 1,596 (1,066) 2,418 Due from other funds 378 (251) (216) 70 (70) Inventory (192) (608) 162 (769) (615) Accounts payable - net of items affecting property, plant, and equipment 5,176 4,646 535 1,773 (357) Due to other funds 213 (211) 211 (60) (92) Unearned revenue - - - - - Accrued wages and benefits 104 198 96 151 172 Accrued vacation and sick leave 79 291 (118) 80 111 Net pension and OPEB liability (note 1) (17,732) 12,968 12,458 649 - Deferred outflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 12,458 (5,456) (10,592) (1,875) - Deferred inflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 9,257 (476) 326 560 -

Net cash provided by operating activities$ 171,946 169,053 157,498 148,272 135,079

Supplemental information: Noncash activities: Change in fair value of investments$ 1,307 $ (1,217) (835) (277) (187)

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-17

STORM SEWER SYSTEM

General Description

The City’s municipal stormwater collection system (the “Storm Sewer System”) serves the City of Columbus. The primary services provided by the Storm Sewer System include the collection and management of stormwater and programs for maintenance, repair, improvement, and expansion of physical facilities related to the Storm Sewer System. The Division of Sewerage and Drainage (the “Division”) monitors the character of industrial wastes discharged to the Storm Sewer System to protect the community and watercourses from toxic and hazardous materials, and to comply with local, state, and federal environmental regulations.

At January 1, 2019, the Division maintained 3,241 miles of storm sewers, and 162.5 miles of combined sewers. The sewer collection system includes 16 sanitary pump stations, 15 storm pump stations, 18 regulators, 45 detention/retention basins, 5 bio-filters and 7.2 miles of floodwall and various other infrastructure that is maintained by the Sewer Maintenance Operations Center staff.

In 1994, the Division implemented a separate user fee to charge property owners for stormwater projects. This fee provides for both the operation and maintenance of the Storm Sewer System, as well as the debt service costs associated with stormwater infrastructure. Stormwater charges are only paid by inside City customers.

To protect the massive infrastructure included within the Storm Sewer System, the Division conducts a preventive maintenance program designed to provide comprehensive examinations of the City’s oldest sewers. Inspections are concentrated in the downtown area, in certain central city neighborhoods, and the near east and west sides of the city. Video inspections are made on a periodic basis to develop data regarding the speed of sewer line deterioration.

The Division is currently in compliance with all sanitary licenses and permits, and requirements of the Ohio and U.S. EPA, regarding its sanitary sewer system and wastewater treatment plants. Utilizing the Division’s surveillance section, the industrial waste pretreatment unit monitors local industries, enforcing federal and state sewer use regulations, ensuring that those industries absorb any added costs associated with wastes generated through industrial processes. The Division established a Compost Facility in 1980 as an environmentally-friendly alternative to treat wastewater residuals. Wastewater biosolids are recycled through a composting process and converted into Com-Til, an organic mulch and soil enhancer. The Storm Water Regulatory Management Section has responsibility for the oversight of the City’s Storm Water NPDES permit issued by the Ohio EPA. This section is also responsible for monitoring storm water runoff for water quality purposes within the City’s corporate boundaries.

B-18

Billing and Collection Procedures

Billings for the Divisions of Water, Sanitary Sewers, Electricity and Storm Sewers are administered by the Director’s Office. Monthly accounts (including five master meter communities which receive one bill and service their own accounts) and quarterly accounts are maintained. Residential accounts are 94% of total accounts and commercial and industrial accounts make up 6% of total accounts.

A customer has 28 days in which to pay the bill. Seven days from the due date they will receive a penalty notice and a 10% penalty will be assessed. If the customer does not respond to the penalty notice in 21 days, a delinquency turn-off notice will be mailed out, giving the customer 21 days to make the payment. If the customer does not respond to the delinquency turn-off notice, the turn-off postcard is mailed. If four business days later the account is still delinquent, water service may be terminated for non-payment. The City is authorized to enforce the delinquent account collection by judicial proceedings.

Capital Improvements Program

The Storm Sewer system’s six-year Capital Improvements Program 2019-2024 totals $110 million for stormwater collection system improvement projects. Larger projects include $24 million for the Franklinton Stormwater Area Improvements, $25 million for storm pump station improvements, and $4 million for various detention basin modifications.

Service Area

The Storm Sewer System serves the residents of Columbus only with total accounts numbering 197,831.

Rate Determination

Services provided by the Storm Sewer System and debt service on a portion of the Storm Sewer System’s general obligation bonds are funded from user fees.

Section 120 of the City Charter empowers the City Council to establish storm sewer rates in an “equitable manner and in such amounts as will fully cover the costs of services.” Rates include the cost of maintenance, operation and supply, and debt service and depreciation.

B-19

Largest Customers

Storm Sewer System Ten Largest Customers (Based upon 2018 Sales)

% of Total

Total Charges Storm Sewer Customer Account (in thousands) Charges Ohio State University $ 778 1.89% Lifestyle Communities 205 0.50 Ohio Expo Center 199 0.48 Consolidated Stores 197 0.48 Columbus International Air Center 170 0.41 Columbus Regional Airport Authority 167 0.41 Columbus Business Park 125 0.30 JC Penny Co. Inc. 124 0.30 Limited Logistics Services 109 0.27 JP Morgan Chase Bank 105 0.26 Total $2,178 5.30%

Source: Department of Public Utilities, Division of Sewerage and Drainage.

Sewer and Water Advisory Board

Rates are reviewed annually by the Advisory Board (See “WATER SYSTEM – Sewer and Water Advisory Board” in this APPENDIX B for a description of the composition and function of the Advisory Board), and approved by City Council. As part of the annual storm sewer rate adjustment procedure, the Department of Finance & Management, in conjunction with the Department of Public Utilities, projects System revenues and expenditures for a ten year period. The Advisory Board is empowered to make a recommendation to the City Council regarding the appropriateness of a rate change for the next fiscal year. A rate increase of 1.0% for the Storm Sewer system took effect in January 2019.

Storm Sewer Enterprise Fund

Financial information for the Storm Sewer Enterprise Fund is presented herein:

B-20

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Net Position Storm Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer$ 27,829 25,167 24,361 21,440 21,332 Receivables (net of allowance for uncollectibles) 6,795 6,290 6,364 6,235 5,614 Due from other funds - 91 23 48 22 Due from other governments - - - 236 465 Total current assets 34,624 31,548 30,748 27,959 27,433 Noncurrent assets: Restricted assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer and other 32,960 38,282 31,878 29,967 27,143 Capital Assets: Land and construction in progress 10,990 10,983 10,979 10,925 10,862 Other capital assets, net of accumulated depreciation 166,456 160,245 159,162 157,813 155,162 Total noncurrent assets 210,406 209,510 202,019 198,705 193,167 Total assets 245,030 241,058 232,767 226,664 220,600

DEFERRED OUTFLOWS OF RES OURCES - Note 1 3,608 5,431 5,827 4,461 5,242

LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Accounts payable 285 274 337 647 54 Due to other: Funds 376 374 367 201 168 Accrued interest payable 1,798 1,892 2,012 2,059 2,037 Accrued wages and benefits 160 114 104 99 79 Accrued vacation and sick leave 125 109 95 103 99 Current portion of: Bonds and loans payable 12,399 12,754 12,672 10,151 10,318 Total current liabilities 15,143 15,517 15,587 13,260 12,755

Noncurrent liabilities: Payable from restricted assets: Accounts payable 1,649 1,098 369 - 1,081 Due to other funds 27 13 - - - Net pension and OPEB liability-Note 2 3,861 5,148 2,635 1,595 1,515 Bonds and loans payable, net 102,545 109,177 110,473 115,286 116,077 Total noncurrent liabilities 108,082 115,436 113,477 116,881 118,673 Total liabilities 123,225 130,953 129,064 130,141 131,428

DEFERRED INFLOWS OF RES OURCES - Note 3 612 27 56 35 -

NET POSITION Net investment in capital assets 96,584 90,247 83,092 77,363 70,738 Unrestricted - Note 4 28,217 25,262 26,382 23,586 23,676 Total net position $ 124,801 115,509 109,474 100,949 94,414

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Position Storm Sewer Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating revenue: Charges for service$ 42,432 40,916 40,569 39,124 38,527 Other 29 139 7 23 48 Total operating revenue 42,461 41,055 40,576 39,147 38,575

Operating expenses: Personal services 9,860 9,954 8,592 8,599 8,319 Materials and supplies 455 256 216 459 310 Contractual services 16,335 16,164 15,901 16,052 14,963 Depreciation 4,623 4,562 5,138 5,036 4,818 Other - 70 22 17 24 Total operating expense 31,273 31,006 29,869 30,163 28,434 Operating income 11,188 10,049 10,707 8,984 10,141

Non-operating revenue (expenses): Investment income 1,211 437 184 333 245 Interest expense (3,129) (3,165) (2,924) (3,716) (3,888) Other, net - 29 48 124 1,002 Total non-operating revenue (expenses) (1,918) (2,699) (2,692) (3,259) (2,641) Income before transfers 9,270 7,350 8,015 5,725 7,500

Transfers in 22 297 510 810 830 Transfers out - (34) - - - Change in net position 9,292 7,613 8,525 6,535 8,330 Total net position - beginning 115,509 109,474 100,949 94,414 87,404 Net position - restated - Note 1 - (1,578) - - (1,320) Total net position - ending $ 124,801 115,509 109,474 100,949 94,414

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-22

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Cash Flows Storm Sewer Enterp rise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities: Cash received from customers$ 42,097 41,052 40,480 38,539 38,915 Cash paid to employees (4,037) (3,130) (3,144) (3,062) (2,507) Cash paid to suppliers (21,700) (23,050) (21,182) (21,918) (20,996) Other receipts 62 1,005 2 312 26 Other payments (100) - - - -

Net cash provided by operating activities 16,322 15,877 16,156 13,871 15,438

Noncapital financing activities: Subsidies - - 48 44 537 Transfers in 22 297 510 810 830 Transfers out - (34) - - -

Net cash provided by (used in) noncapital financing activities 22 263 558 854 1,367

Capital and related financing activities: Proceeds from sale of assets - - - 17 20 Purchases of property, plant and equipment (10,840) (5,649) (6,541) (8,346) (6,227) Proceeds from issuance of bonds, loans and notes 5,060 10,375 8,500 10,765 6,900 Refunding bonds issued - 5,720 10,860 - 6,525 Premium on bonds issued 748 1,679 3,576 707 1,393 Principal payments on bonds and loans (10,509) (10,357) (10,151) (10,318) (9,911) Payment to refunded bond escrow agent - (6,517) (13,786) - (7,469) Interest and fiscal charges paid on bonds, loans and notes (4,528) (4,592) (4,700) (4,916) (4,777)

Net cash used in capital and related financing activities (20,069) (9,341) (12,242) (12,091) (13,546)

Investing activities: Interest received on investments 1,065 411 360 298 233

Net cash provided by investing activities 1,065 411 360 298 233

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (2,660) 7,210 4,832 2,932 3,492

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 63,449 56,239 51,407 48,475 44,983

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 60,789 63,449 56,239 51,407 48,475

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-23

City of Columbus, Ohio (continued) Statement of Cash Flows Storm Sewer Enterp rise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Operating income $ 11,188 10,049 10,707 8,984 10,141 Adjustments to reconcile operating income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 4,623 4,562 5,138 5,036 4,818 Decrease (increase) in operating assets and increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Receivables (357) 98 (63) (621) 390 Due from other government – – (229) 694 – Due from other funds 91 (68) 25 (26) 11 Accounts payable - net of items affecting property, plant, and equipment 557 698 282 (251) 34 Due to other funds 16 20 166 33 25 Accrued wages and benefits 46 10 5 20 13 Accrued vacation and sick leave 16 14 (8) 4 6 Net pension and OPEB liability (note 1) (1,287) 913 1,040 80 - Deferred outflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 844 (390) (928) (117) - Deferred inflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 585 (29) 21 35 -

Net cash provided by operating activities$ 16,322 15,877 16,156 13,871 15,438

Supplemental information: Noncash activities: Change in fair value of investments$ 211 (180) (112) (59) (26)

Note 1: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018.

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-24

ELECTRICITY SYSTEM

General Description

The Division of Power (the “Division”) is a full service electric utility. The Division’s mission statement is to enhance the quality of life in the City by providing excellent service to its customers and the community through the reliable delivery of competitively priced energy, modern street lighting, and related services. The Division provides power at retail rates to government facilities, residences, businesses, and industries through a City owned and operated distribution system.

The Division regularly solicits competitive Request for Proposals (“RFP”) for a power supply agreement. Currently, the Division has a power supply agreement in place with AEP Energy Partners, Inc. (“AEPEP”), a subsidiary of American Electric Power. This agreement is to supply power through December 31, 2020. Beginning January 2021, the Division has a power supply agreement in place with American Municipal Power (“AMP”). The agreement is to supply power through December 31, 2025.

The Division oversees operations of a street lighting program that includes three facets. City Council passed legislation in 1990 requiring developers of new commercial and residential properties to pay for the installation of streetlights. Neighborhood decorative street lighting is also installed through an assessment program whereby residents petition for lighting and pay for the installation of streetlights with underground wiring. The third prong of this program is the use of voter approved bond money to pay for streetlights on wooden poles with overhead wiring.

The Division currently maintains over 1,390 miles of lighted streets and is currently responsible for the maintenance of 53,637 streetlights within the corporate limits of the City, including ODOT freeway lighting.

Billing and Collection Procedures

Electricity billings are administered by the Director’s Office. All electric accounts are billed monthly. Residential accounts are approximately 75% of total accounts and commercial and industrial accounts make up 25% of total accounts.

A customer has 21 days to pay the bill. Seven (7) days after the due date, a delinquency letter is mailed. Seven (7) days later, the turn-off postcard is sent. If the customer does not respond, the account will be turned off in 7 days.

B-25

Capital Improvements Program

The Division of Power’s six-year Capital Improvements Program 2019-2024 totals $78.3 million and can be categorized into two main areas: street lighting system improvements and distribution system improvements.

Street Lighting System Improvements. Street lighting system improvements include $4.7 million of Urban Infrastructure Recovery projects and $35 million for Smart Street Lighting Projects.

Distribution System Improvements. Distribution System Improvement projects include $6 million for Transformer Conversions; $5.7 million for the Morse Road System Improvement; and $12 million in various circuit upgrades.

Market Position

Most power needs of various City buildings, facilities and City owned water and wastewater treatment plants are supplied by the Division. In 2018, the Division of Power customers consumed a total of 904,515 MWh.

The Division has a minor market share of all electricity customers in the Columbus market. The Division’s total customer base represents 6.0% of the total Columbus electric customer base.

[Balance of Page Intentionally Left Blank]

B-26

Largest Customers Division of Electricity Ten Largest Customers (Based Upon 2018 Sales)

% of Total

Total Charges Electric Customer Account (in thousands) Charges City of Columbus – Div. of Sewers and Drains $ 10,285 12.27% City of Columbus – Division of Water 7,509 8.96 State of Ohio 2,947 3.52 Shelly Material 2,281 2.72 Franklin County 2,051 2.45 City of Columbus – Facilities Management 1,913 2.28 Columbus State Community College 1,900 2.27 Scioto Downs 1,642 1.96 OSU Medical Center 1,011 1.21 Columbus Board of Education 530 0.63 Total $ 32,069 38.27%

SOURCE: Department of Public Utilities, Division of Electricity

Rate Determination

Electricity rates are set to best “develop and increase the business, to increase the load factor and to promote in other ways the general success” of the Division’s operation in accordance with Section 126 of the City Charter.

The City’s electric rates are statutorily established and amended by the City Council. Separate rate schedules are enacted for each user class. Rates, after being determined by City Council, are not subject to any additional regulatory agency.

Electricity Enterprise Fund

The City maintains a separate enterprise fund (known as the Electricity Enterprise Fund) to account for operations relating to the Division.

Financial information for the Electricity Enterprise Fund is presented herein:

B-27

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Net Position Electricity Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 AS S ETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer$ 32,461 29,429 24,324 23,053 22,114 Receivables (net of allowance for uncollectibles) 6,323 6,061 5,520 4,499 5,556 Due from other funds 317 287 284 252 818 Inventory 983 1,053 1,006 1,198 1,078 Total current assets 40,084 36,830 31,134 29,002 29,566 Noncurrent assets: Restricted assets: Cash and cash equivalents with treasurer and other 17,836 12,650 10,232 7,461 9,350 Capital Assets: Land and construction in progress 2,391 2,391 2,391 2,391 2,391 Other capital assets, net of accumulated depreciation 90,368 89,332 87,579 88,321 84,963 Total noncurrent assets 110,595 104,373 100,202 98,173 96,704 Total assets 150,679 141,203 131,336 127,175 126,270

DEFERRED O UTFLO WS O F RES O URCES - Note 1 2,598 5,559 4,299 1,277 900 LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Accounts payable 5,226 5,645 4,873 5,491 4,904 Due to other: Funds 331 270 310 231 333 Others 73 73 73 73 73 Accrued interest payable 405 353 348 326 354 Accrued wages and benefits 436 373 379 358 318 Accrued vacation and sick leave 500 579 580 657 614 Current portion of: Bonds and loans payable 2,280 2,371 2,565 2,285 3,670 Total current liabilities 9,251 9,664 9,128 9,421 10,266

Noncurrent liabilities: Payable from restricted assets: Accounts payable 84 388 12 - 1,194 Due to others - 262 249 10 10 Customer deposits 1,225 1,308 1,227 1,146 1,060 Net pension and OPEB liability-Note 2 13,604 18,086 9,600 6,305 6,087 Bonds and loans payable, net 29,306 23,583 19,949 18,452 17,855 Total noncurrent liabilities 44,219 43,627 31,037 25,913 26,206 Total liabilities 53,470 53,291 40,165 35,334 36,472

DEFERRED INFLOWS OF RESOURCES - Note 3 2,129 95 205 129 -

NET POSITION Net investment in capital assets 77,856 76,645 77,655 77,494 74,095 Unrestricted - Note 4 19,822 16,731 17,610 15,495 16,603 Total net position $ 97,678 93,376 95,265 92,989 90,698

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Position Electricity Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating revenue: Charges for service$ 87,808 81,827 79,582 77,806 82,186 Other 702 1,394 412 758 604 Total operating revenue 88,510 83,221 79,994 78,564 82,790

Operating expenses: Personal services 11,967 12,385 11,365 10,924 9,976 Materials and supplies 1,925 1,502 1,418 1,222 1,091 Contractual services 10,491 10,229 10,724 8,949 8,491 Purchased power 55,953 55,666 51,228 51,977 54,065 Depreciation 4,247 4,138 4,130 4,068 4,139 Other 1,324 - 38 - 276 Total operating expense 85,907 83,920 78,903 77,140 78,038 Operating income 2,603 (699) 1,091 1,424 4,752

Non-operating revenue (expenses): Investment income 838 261 222 207 151 Interest expense (619) (508) (518) (536) (532) Other, net 153 15 31 12 34 Total non-operating revenue (expenses) 372 (232) (265) (317) (347) Income before transfers 2,975 (931) 826 1,107 4,405

Transfers in 1,327 4,550 1,450 1,184 1,055 Transfers out - (18) - - - Change in net position 4,302 3,601 2,276 2,291 5,460 Total net position - beginning 93,376 95,265 92,989 90,698 90,545 Net position - restated - Note 1 - (5,490) - - (5,307) Total net position - ending $ 97,678 93,376 95,265 92,989 90,698

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-29

City of Columbus, Ohio Statement of Cash Flows Electricity Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 Operating activities: Cash received from customers$ 86,346 81,977 78,376 78,599 83,047 Cash paid to employees (11,496) (10,812) (10,889) (10,918) (9,898) Cash paid to suppliers (68,948) (66,939) (62,904) (62,433) (63,754) Other receipts 887 2,096 560 1,738 679 Other payments (433) (699) (3) - (249)

Net cash provided by operating activities 6,356 5,623 5,140 6,986 9,825

Noncapital financing activities: Transfers in 1,327 4,550 1,450 1,184 1,055 Transfers out - (18) - - -

Net cash provided by (used in) noncapital financing activities 1,327 4,532 1,450 1,184 1,055

Capital and related financing activities: Proceeds from sale of assets 5 15 31 12 34 Purchases of property, plant and equipment (5,284) (5,891) (4,133) (8,025) (4,020) Proceeds from issuance of bonds, loans and notes 7,033 5,467 3,855 3,135 4,075 Refunding bonds issued - 295 1,495 - 920 Premium on bonds issued 1,028 602 778 211 773 Principal payments on bonds and loans (2,017) (2,181) (2,285) (3,702) (3,533) Payment to refunded bond escrow agent - (345) (1,889) - (1,064) Interest and fiscal charges paid on bonds, loans and notes (933) (830) (605) (940) (884)

Net cash used in capital and related financing activities (168) (2,868) (2,753) (9,309) (3,699)

Investing activities: Interest received on investments 703 236 205 189 138

Net cash provided by investing activities 703 236 205 189 138

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 8,218 7,523 4,042 (950) 7,319

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 42,079 34,556 30,514 31,464 24,145

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 50,297 42,079 34,556 30,514 31,464

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-30

City of Columbus, Ohio (continued) Statement of Cash Flows Electricity Enterprise Years Ended December 31 (amounts expressed in thousands)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Operating income $ 2,603 (699) 1,091 1,424 4,752 Adjustments to reconcile operating income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 4,247 4,138 4,130 4,068 4,139 Decrease (increase) in operating assets and increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: Receivables (126) (516) (985) 1,057 1,195 Due from other funds (30) (3) (32) 566 (110) Inventory 70 (47) 192 (120) (132) Accounts payable - net of items affecting property, plant, and equipment (592) 860 117 5 (242) Customer deposits (83) 94 94 86 118 Due to other funds (201) 222 79 (102) 38 Accrued wages and benefits 63 (6) 21 40 33 Accrued vacation and sick leave (79) (1) (77) 43 34 Net pension and OPEB liability (note 1) (4,483) 2,921 3,295 218 - Deferred outflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 2,933 (1,230) (2,861) (428) - Deferred inflows of resources - pension & OPEB (note 1) 2,034 (110) 76 129 -

Net cash provided by operating activities$ 6,356 5,623 5,140 6,986 9,825

Supplemental information: Noncash activities: Change in fair value of investments$ 121 (136) (67) (33) (18)

Note 1: The City implemented GASB 68 in 2015 and GASB 75 in 2018.

SOURCE: City Auditor's Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports

B-31

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

APPENDIX C

Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Basic Financial Statements, Notes to the Financial Statements, and Required Supplemental Information of the City of Columbus for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018

Financial statements of the City have been audited by firms of certified public accountants since, and including, 1979. The City follows a mandatory rotation policy as prescribed by the State Auditor of Ohio. As a result of this policy and competitive proposals, Plante & Moran, PLLC, was selected to perform the audits for 2012 through 2021. All audits, 1979 through 2018 have been conducted in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America and, beginning in 1980, also the standards applicable to financial audits contained in Government Auditing Standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States.

C-1

The following information has been extracted from the City’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis ...... C-7 Basic Financial Statements ...... C-25 Statement of Net Position ...... C-27 Statement of Activities ...... C-28 Balance Sheet – Governmental Funds ...... C-30 Reconciliation of the Balance Sheet to the Statement of Net Position – Governmental Funds ...... C-31 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances – Governmental Funds ...... C-32 Reconciliation of the Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balances to the Statement of Activities – Governmental Funds ...... C-33 Statement of Net Position– Proprietary Funds ...... C-34 Statement of Revenues, Expenses and Changes in Fund Net Position – Proprietary Funds ...... C-35 Statement of Cash Flows – Proprietary Funds ...... C-36 Statement of Fiduciary Assets and Liabilities – Fiduciary Funds ...... C-38 Notes to the Financial Statements ...... C-39 Required Supplementary Information ...... C-109 Budgetary Comparison Schedule – General Fund ...... C-111 Schedule of City’s Proportionate Share of Net Pension Liability ...... C-112 Schedule of City Contributions to State Pension Funds & OPEB Funds ...... C-113 Schedule of City’s Proportionate Share of Net OPEB Liability ...... C-114 Notes to Required Supplementary Information ...... C-115

C-2

C-3

C-4

C-5

C - 6 R R ! "# $ % & % R # ! ! Z ' ( ! " %% ( ) #*+ # , ) # # ' % R - % )" #. - - % % / % ) #* # ' % % R % 0 1 2 1 3 # 4" 5 6 % 7 M 0121 *0124" ! + % 0 1 2 0121 3 #*+012*+ 56 % 7 % 2 , ' 7 ! "# 0124"*+ - % 3 7 ) #! ) 9+#* % ! "# Z ' R % ) #4 ! " #3 % )"!# % ! #"% ! *#3 % - % ) #" 4#.% ! *# Z ' R% ).4#9 9#.% #' )..#. 4#.% - % )#4 !#* % # Z R % )..9# #' %% ( ).9# % R #%% ( )+.!# )..9# ! "# Z ' % ) 99#+ #' +#*% (% #' )4# ! "# Z ' R - ) "#+ 9#"% )+#! #' ! " : o , * ! " ' ) % )4 ! "% # o ,; " ! " )4#! ( )"#+ - % ! *- ( ; . ! "# o ,, * ! " )..#*.+ %% % & :) 4"#+9! ) # ++ - % # o ' R - % ) 4 #+" , $ % % & # o 0 - % %)#. ! "#

C - 7 "#"$%! ' R #' R % % : - #' % %% #

&"#'$% (' - % R % - # ' % % R % % #, % % % # ' % R % # % % #' (% % % ## ( # 2 - %%%% ( % - % # ' % % % %<#' - % % : %< # ' - % 9+M9* % # % ( % % & # ' < % - = # : % % # &"# %(0 % - # > < - - % % #1 R - = # 2 - % % % - #2 - % R - #2 (% % % # ' 4 #? % % (% % ( & # 4! % #? & % % # ' % 9"M+ % #

C - 8 )#*## %#' % % % #@ % % % - % - #' % %< % #? R % - < R % A% = % #' % % - % #' - # 7 % % % - #' % % % % %< % # ' % & & # % % % #? % % # ' % % % + M++ % # # %#5 % #5 - %% R % #' < % % # ' % +4 % # + ! % ( ' % % - # ' % +*M 4 % # !# %#( ? % % % = %% R #' % %% % # % % % # = R% % % ,7@2 #' 1 R7 % 1 3 7 B R% % % % # ' 1 1 7 ,7@2 5 = % #' 1 R7 % 1 3 ,7@2B R% % ,7@2 % #6 = %% % *M 9 % # ' & % = %% # % +M " % #

C - 9 % - + ) (%

0 2 - % ' ! " ! * ! " ! * ! " ! * ) 9!+4*9 ) .".+ ) .*9 9 ) . + ) *.""" ) ! !+ % "*"* 9 *4*!9! 9!*4""" .!!.9! 4.++4 444*."! )9 "9." ) 9!4+.. ) +!+ ! ) 9" !. ) .++!! ) ""*"!"+ %##% $%,# )+. 99 ) . ".* ) 4.4 ) !49 ! ) 9 ""4* ) 9..!* B - (% C ,7@2 ) ! 4 ." ) . !9" ) .+. ) ! +9* ) + ++"* ) 9. +.+ 3 7 C,7@2B !"++ 4*"! 94*"* !.*! ++" 9.""!! , +""4 . !! 4" *. * 9 * 9 9 - )9.* ) 9 *+ ) 994!+ ) .+" ) **" 4 ) 44*!. %##% $%,# + !* ) ""!*. !+! ) .*+ ) *+ +* ) ".!+9 Net position ) *4 ) .+ .. ) *+!*! ) 4.*.94 ) *+!".9 ) 4+ 9+ 3 % ++ + 9**!! 4.4+4 . 9 . !.!* **! 4 6 ++." ** 9"" 944 +4""4 *"+"* D *!"" + *!!" 9 " . 4 9! +4 4".. .*44" Total net position ) *4 ) .+ .. ) *+!*! ) 4.*.94 ) *+!".9 ) 4+ 9+

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

C - 11 ? 0124"012*+ R % % % (% ,7@2 (% % % %R % ,7@2 % A # % 012*+ % ,7@2 A ,7@2 #' % % ! * ).+# .. )*"#!+! ) #4." ) #49! # % - !+ ) (%

0 2 - % ' ! " ! * ! " ! * ! " ! * ,"'' 7 : ) " !9 ) *94+* )+.4!+* ) +"+*.4 ) ***!.. ) *4!9+ ,% +. . 4*+.9 - - +. . 4*+.9 % * *9! + 4 - - * *9! + 4 0 : ? ( ""!"! "*4 ! - - ""!"! "*4 ! 7 % ( +!"" 9+++ - - +!"" 9+++ 1 9 9+ 4"4! - - 9 9+ 4"4! ? !+"4 *49. 9 .4 9" 9 9"" 9* , ( 49"4 *** - - 49"4 *** , +"+*"4"9 4*!** *!9 49.4 *9 #" ) 94. . ) 9+9" ) 4 4** ) +.*4+9 ) !"+. . ) !+ 9"+

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

C - 13 &# %(' % # ! " ) 99#+ # R= % (% # D % #"% (% % +#*% (% # (% % 1 1 56M ' +# ' R )4# ! "#I ! " : Z ' )!# #9% # Z ? ( % * #* % ).#9 #9% # Z ? ) # % R % # Z 7 % ( )+# % % # Z @(% )9"#9 +#+% #' #? % ! " ! * ! "# ,"##"0 2 % R0 5& % # / ' J ( % #' (%% % % % A % % % % #' ( #+% .9" #!% .+4 #+% .* #!% ."#?% 9 !!. R %% #+% #' , !!.#? ( 1 , ( #!% % %% & % #' * !% 1 , (#6 #+!% #!% # B 1 , % ( %% & #, 4 ! / ." (#6 !# +% #!% # %% ( "#*% J ( ! " % ( % J ( % # %% ( # % +# % % % (% # % % - = = - #

C - 14 , = ( 1 5% % - % % % % #'%% % % J #, %% 0 5 (% % (% #' -= ( 0 5%% #0 5 ( % ! " )4"9# ) +#9 )44"#* #? ( )444#4 # - ( %% 1 1 % #' % , # 5#5 )++* ! " 0 5 # )#*# / 7 % ( , "" #' % :5<5 # % ( % % # % #7 % ( % ( %% ( # 9)# 9 % ) !!! ( %% % % # % %% ( + % %% # ' # 9 .+4# ? %% J #6 % % ( 0 5 % % % !#4! % % # 5< % % %% % % ( % ( %%#' 5< % ! *#7 % ( ! " ! . 0 5 )+ #4 # ' ! 1 1 % % % % #' #.% ( ! 4 #+% ( ! * # +% ( ! " 5< # , % % ( )9+#4 ! * )+!#. ! "# % % ( %% 1 1 % #

C - 15 "# ' J % 3 #' - - % #? % 0 5 % %% % : % #? 0 5 )4#. ! * ) .# ! "#' #' % ! " R % # *# B % % #' % ! " % ! *#B % ) # ! ") #! ! *# !##" 1 0 5 ( % % #7 - R % #

! " ! * ! 4 ! + ! 9 !##" B ) ."4" .99. ." ! "!+ " @ ( " 4 9 *9 '( *! *9 + 4*.! 4 4 1 = "4 * +" + ( +!*+ 9" ' ) " 49 " .9 *."! .9"9 .94+ 1 ! * )*! # !#%##" ' % E % # ' % / % % % /%< / # J0 5 0 5 #' % %% 9#+% R % # ' 0 5 % % :

! " ! * ! 4 ! + ! 9 !#%##" 7< ) 9 9 9." 4* +!! 9.* . !!. !"* 4 7 4* " *"9 4"+" *" *!99 5 9*9 !9!. !! "". "9*9 7 !!. ..** "" " "*!" " 4+ 4" *!" 4 " *4 *4 ' ) 4* .449."+44+ 4 9 4 +* 5 % ) *# ) 4# ! " ! * % #

C - 16 %#% ' % 5< H% %< < R%< # ! " ! * ! 4 ! + ! 9 % #% 5 ) ++ 4!! + . +* 99 7< < 4!+! +.9 4*!44+94+ ' ) "9. "4+! """. ". ".+ H 0 5 : ! " ! * ! 4 ! + ! 9 #" @ < ) ! . 4 !! +*. 6 9+*4 4". . ! 4.!" , * 4 9 4*44!" !4+ ' ) .+ ! *.*44.+ !. *.++ 6 ! " ! * < % % #' 0 5% %% ( ) #4 ) !#! ! " ! * % # ./*###"0 7 %% 0 5#7 (% 4*#!% 44#"% (% ! " ! * % # ' (% )9"#9 +#+% ! "/ (% ( )4# # 0 5 (% 1 1 % M ' +' 4# * /-#"%(' % ( ) *#9 #' ! " %% ( ) *#! #, = R ( = % #7 % % ( #' ( %% ( % #

C - 17 )#*## ' R % % % - # ' % % : - %< #' % % #@ % % % % % N % % % #' % # ' A ' 9 1 1 # A !!! #$ % % % #1 % % % # ' J % & 7D , #' J %% % #' #' = J # D % )"4#+ ) !#" ) "# ) .#" ).#! % % # 3 % % )9#. )4 #* ).# )9# ) # % # , R - % # 4#(' R % & # ' % % ( % # ' % *" . + 9 % ! * R # ' %% #' % % & % %% % #5 %% = % # ' % % % #' @7 % .*4% 1 <$ .*9#, % #' =% % % = % #' %% =% #' % % % % = # % % % # - % % ' * 1 1 #

C - 18 # $#( ' J % % %% ( *9"* #? 9 +9 9 4 #+ A #' 1 1 @ % 5# $ ;< 7< % R % % ( 1 % #' 1 % % ( %% ( !% ( (% % # % % % # - % % ' * 1 1 # # $#(7 !! R % % # 2 !! (% - % % #' % %% ( % %% E !!+% #' ! ") + % 1% ? '( 1 5#5 % ! "# ' R % 9 .*" R # - % % ' * 1 1 # . # ( ' % @ @ % 5#' ".!J #' %% ( #? % # ' % % % % % #' % %% ( % %% E #' ! ") # % 1% ? '( 1 5# 6 R % # R & %% #6 & < % % % # - % % ' * 1 1 #

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

% - &# - ," (%

0 2 - % ' ! " ! * ! " ! * ! " ! * 0 ) " **+. ) 4.94 ) 9.. * ) 9** 4 ) *!! ) * * " 6 "*9.9 *".+. 4 ""* + 4! *! "94 4 .4+9 ) ".4* " ) *" !4 ) +" ) !!. *4 ) +! ."*4 ) 9*. " ' - ! " ) "#+ 9#"% % ! *#I - : Z , * ! "' ) % )4 ! "% # Z ,; " ! " )4#! ( )"#+ - % ! *- ( ; . ! "# Z , , * ! " )..#*.+ %% % & : ) 4"#+9! ) # ++ - % # Z ' R - % ) 4 #+" , $ % % & # Z 0 - % %)#. ! "#

C - 21 ' R 1 C7 R % H R? 1 ?# 5 6 OPOPOP % #' R % #

H J? 1 1 7 J 5 6 7 7 2 % 6 6 6 6 7 6 6

0 , 2 M5( 6

!!41 1 1 & 6 0 , 2 AMH?0 AMH?0 A- N A- N A5 N A5 N

!!"1 1 1 & AMH?0 6 6 2 1 !!"2 AMH?0 NA- N NA- N A5 N A5 N

! 91 1 1 5( 6 6 6 2 N N

! +1 1 1 5( 6 6 6 2 N N 3 6 3 6 ' #' , 6 % , 6 % % %% ( !#+% % % % % ( #? % % ( +#+% ( % % #' ( (% % # ! " J 4#*% % % #D !#!% % % #' )4 .# ). #9 #' J & %% % #' J % % # R - 3 0 3 5 1 #

C - 22 .#!5627&# ' ! . ). 9 ( % #' ! . H R% % % < % % % # ' % @ 1 E 565# ! " )*4# 65 % & )*"#. ! .# ' % )"! ! !# ! % -- ' !!. % ( #!% #+% #' % % R !-L 6 @ 7# ' % % E @ % # % ) !!- +! 0 5 % ! !- ! .# 7 H& ? : 7 ( % % % % % #' % ! !#@ # 6 = % # @% ! ! ! " ! .#@ # % % #1 % !!.# @ % ( # % % !!./ & 7 5 #? % % # E % #?% ! # ? % 5 H 5 H # % # ,8%#%# ' % % E (% R #' % R # # #O % % = R, .!$ 2 1 , 9 +#

C - 23 % -! _

C - 24

- ,, ,

C - 25 % -! _

C - 26 % -! @( 1 3 7 ! " (%

)## &"#

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

C - 27 % -! 1 5 L @ ! " (%

)##,"

!#%# *#&# * &# 9)## ./* #" #- #- )## "# 0 0 ) ."* 4 ) 4 ! + ) + + ) - 7 !"+*. 9+" ".9 * *9! 7 *+9* + 9""4 49 - % 4999 !4*! 9" - > +.4! . 9*"9 - 6 %< * ." !+4* *!9 - ? B - 4++* - - - ' +9*! ! " !9 +. . * *9!

2 - % $ 4*. ! .+ !* - - 1 1 4+* 4"4+ - - 1 1 9+ . 9 9 - - @ "49*+ "*"!" - - 0 *. !*+ - - ' - % +!4 .! +.4!+* - - ' % !+ ! ***!.. +. . * *9!

&# #"0 ? ( 7 % ( 1 > AH ( ? H% ( H ' ' % 3 % - 3 % -

' % #

C - 28 @(

+:./*;,"!+)

)## &"#

&"# ' * " "

) "4 ) "4 * + * + * " .+ * " .+ .!.9 .!.9 +9.+ +9.+ " 9 . " 9 . 4++* 4++* +*!. +*!.

* "* * "* + !4 + !4 *.! *.! " " ".*4* ".*4* +*!. ".*4* !4*+9

""!"! - ""!"! +!"" - +!"" 9 9+ - 9 9+ *. - *. !+"4 9 .4 9"" 4.+ - 4.+ +"+*" 4"9 49.4 ." ." - !**!" !*" !! 4 "! 4 "9+ 4 . *"!+! 49! + * " *+ ) *4 ) *+!*! ) *+!".9

C - 29 @( % -! 2 1 0 5 ! " (%

* !# &# / &"# &"# . = : ) " 4 " ) 9 ) 4+"9!4 ) !+ " - +! 9"4 +4 - - 4 4 6 9!! .". 9+++ ."*99 : 0 !4*9 - 9! 9 +!."" 5 9 . 4.*+ .+9 !+" , - - "! "! ' *" 9! " *9.. " *"**

. % +4+" *99 ..+ 9!.* : 5 9 " "4 "* , 4+ . *4 - "*!+ H % - .9" - .9" - - .+!* .+!* +"+.9 - 44." 4+ . ' *!*.+ + +! +*+4 +"

..,,.+ 4 ,. ,. 9"* *+!! 4!!9 .!! "

+ +. 6 - - +.! * +.! * *! **" 94! 494* ++94 - - ++94 D ** - ... * 9 ' 99+. **" 4 + ..9 4" ' ) *" ) 9! " ) *9.. " ) *"**

' % # C - 30 @( # % -! 6 0 52 1 1 3 7 ! " (% ' @( ) ..9 4" % 1 3 7 : % ( % )+4* % #' : B % !!+*+ 2 ) *9 + % +*4! 9 ?% ) 9 9 % +*4.. H =% ) * +94 % !+.. ? )*9 % 9**9+4 ' % 1 3 5 " + ? @( + % % % #' % # 44 ( ! "% ( 4! % #6 % - # *!!!!

! "% 4!% #6 % - # +"9" 0 ! " 4!% #6 % - # ! .

1 %% % 1 , J ; ! ! " 4!% #6 % - # ** 3 % ,7@2 % % / % # 2 ! " : -% ,7@2 44"+ -% ,7@2 +.* 3 % ,7@2 +" +* B - %% J % % % #? - E (% # - - - % % # #' % % E & (% # 2 ! " : .9. < ""!*" 2 % 4* *+! D E +4*. D E % 4** ' - 3 0 " !"9 3 7 0 1 3 7 @( ) *4 ' % # C - 31 @( 9 % -! 1 6 @(% 52 0 5 5 L @ ! " (%

* !# &# / &"# &"# ,.<.+ . ? ( )444+.. ) .. ) + ) """"! 7 % ( +!"" - - +!"" 0 - - 9 944 9 944 ? . " " 9! !+"4 B % !4 - 4+.* .4+. 1 " 49 - 99!+9 * " 4* .4 - 9" " + 9 5 "9. - +9* .4+ 7 ( - - *9.. *9.. H .+ ! *** 4*.! "" * ' "" + ..9 * 9. 9*"* !

.=).+ ,. : 0 *+.4 .". + 9! ** + 7 +! ++ - 4. * .9* 7 4 * 4! - +9!" 4 44" % 99 - + *!. .+. ! > 9*. - !"! +9++. 6 %< 9 + !+ !" !. 9..9* % , * +. - .! + 94 *9 1 : 7% - 9* 44 9*.9 ? - +* ! 9"94 4 !*4 ' @(% . 9. . +* ++*"+ 4* !+ @( (% " +" ."* "9".9 . +

.,+++& ,. : . ; ' 49 "* +4! +4 ' *9 9+ " .+ 4!49 ? - - 4!" + 4!" + 7 - !.4* - !.4* ' !.! ""9 4"9 "*4 . 3 4 4" 4.+ "+ . .9 9 5 - +!*!* !!9 + +9"" "...+9 5 - ) 99+. ) **" ) 4 + ) ..9 4"

C - 32 @( 9# % -! 6 1 6 @(% 52 0 5 1 5 L @ ! " (%

3 - @( 9 ).9 9

% 0 1 :

0 % % (% #> % E = % % (% #' & % (% % E ) .!*! % ) 94 *9 % E = % (% ) !" 49 % ) . % #' % ) +9 ! " % # !..4"

6 % % #' % # . "

' - % % #' % (% # 9" +

2 % % - % #6 % %% (% % - % #' % ) 4!" + ( % %%) 9*.9 # 9

2 % % E E - # *"*

(% E - #' % E ! " # 4!+4

= % % (% / % % # ! "*

% ( % % % % (% # 9"+**

1 (% % = % (% # !!

% % ! +

% @( )"! 4

' % # C - 33 @( + % -! 1 3 7 7 % 5 ! " (%

' *"'.#*# +># &"# ># "' # # # 4# $# $# . # &# #" . : = ) 4+ ) 4 4!9 ) *" . ) 94 ) 9! ) 9++.9. ) "*!. 6 +* +! 4 4*.+ 4 *4** !449 - ". - * - 9!4 *49 ? 4 9. !+4+ - ." - *4.* .9 ' *+ + *9 94 9 9!!"9 .!*. +"!4"4 ""*+* 3 - : 6 : = 94!! .!9"* .4! *"4 - "* 4..+ = - 9"" - - - 9"" - % : B % 9! 4. 9"**! !..! . !+" +9!9*" 44* , % % "9 .+ !*4! 449+4 .!4" .*! +49 ! +9*!9 ' - *!9.9 *+ *44 !9!4 !+.+ 9 " 994+4". *44 ' +99! . !*+ 9! 9+!! +!4*. +!* +!94*+ 4

..,,. 4 ,. ,. 9 !* . ! 4!" +." - 4.4 4""!

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

..,,.+ 4 !49 .44* 4 . - !+! ."4

+.) + 3 % 9 *4 * *4 4 .4+"9 **"+4 49 " 4.4+4 ! 6 - 9"" - - - 9"" - D "49*4 !*.! " * ." .! *9 4 4!"4 ' % ) +!9 ! ) ..9. ) 9"! ) .*4*" ) +9. ) *9+94! )9!+

& *4 ! ' 3 7 % - ) *+!*!

' % # C - 34 @( 4 % -! 1 6 @(% 53 7 7 % 5 5 L @ ! " (%

' *"'.#*#

+># &"# ># "' # # # 4# $# $# . # &# #" ).,+&,.<.+ . ) .+ !* ) 4"4+ ) 9 9 ) "*"!" ) !*+ ) +.4!+* ) !49 4 H !4 !94 . *! - +"" " " ' % ." *!4" 9 94 ""+ ! !*+ 4! .9! 9499

).,+&.=).+ . 7 +"+* + 4 ."4! .4* - ! 9* . H %% 9 . """4 9++ . + - +.+ 4+"+ !+4+ 9+4! 4+ !9. + ! *"4 4 " 7 % - - - ++.+ - ++.+ - % ..4+ 4 9!* 94 9 9* 4 !"*+ 99.+ , - ! - 9 - 4+9 " ' ,% (% + 4"+.+ * "+.!* 44" 9.4*+ !9+4 ,% 99." ! !"4 "" 4! 9!* 4 4+ !!"

++').,+&,.<.+ . :.=).+ . ; ? 9+4" *44! "" . 9 .4 - ? (% 9"9* 9" . . 4 . + 4*! "* , 4 - + - +! - ' - % (% ! 9 9!9 . . " * !4 + 9 "* ? 9"" 4 44* . *! .*+ ! !!+ "*.9 ' 4 * !!! ." *++ % 9"4 4 4. . . 9! ! 99. !+9. ' % - 94. 9 . *94 ++!. .*4 " 4! 94! ' % - )+!9 ! ) ..9. ) 9"! ) .*4*" ) +9. ) *9+94! ) 9!+

% % 99. & .4 ' % - % ) "9+

' % # C - 35 % -! @( * 1 5 7 % 5 5 L @ ! " (%

2 - % -@ % 5 3 & 0 H& 5 5 - 1 1 ? 1 $ 1 1 @ 0 ' 5 *#"0 ) .+.* ) *+ 9+ ) 9 !.* ) "494 ) !9! ) 4! ! + ) !*+4! % % ++ 9 +9!4+ 9!* 9.4 - 9 *.! % %% +4!4+ + * *!! 4".9" - .*"9! ++!4 , % .! 9 4 ""* +9 44 * " *4 , % 4*! !! 9 - 9 - +!*#"- :;*# " """ * .94 4 4+4 .9 "++4 """+

+* %"0 ' 4 * !!! ." *++

+!*#"- :;* %" 4 * !!! ." *++

* # %"0 7 +" - + - *+ 4 7 % % % =% . +99 *.*4 !"9! + "9 - "*9! 4 9 7 .4 9. "99"9 +!4! *! - . " 4 ** + 6 - - - - 4!!! 4!!! - 7 *"94 ."!. *9" ! " - .9 " 7%% ++!9+ !!4!. !+!. ! * +!! *!4"! ." + 7 - - - - 4!!! 4!!! - ? % " . 4 "" 9+ " . !" .9.9" ..9

+!*#"- :;* # %" *!+ * 9*!+9 !!4. 4" 4!" 9!9 4 .""

""0 ? "+* 494+ !4+ *! - !

+!*#"- "" "+* 494+ !4+ *! - !

? = 4. " 44! " " *.. +.9 !*+.

!!8" -% # : ?3@A656 ##; ++.. 9 .4 499. 9 !*. 4! *"+ . . *+

!!8" % # : ?3AAA62 ##; ) **4" ) 9+9+*. ) 4!*". ) +! .* ) 9! ) "99*+! ) !9!9

C - 36 % -! @( * 1 5 7 % 5 5 L @ ! " (%

2 - % -@ % 5 3 & 0 H& 5 5 - 1 1 ? $ 1 1 @ 0 ' 1 5

*#: ; )99." ) ! !"4 ) "" ) 4! ) 9!" ) 4 44 ) !!" & % % % : % ..4+ 4 9!* 94 9 9* 4 !"*+ 99.+

% : 6 *+ "" +* 4 + 9. *" . ! - +4! 9 ? 9 . - *! - "" + 7 % - - - - - - ."4 -% 4" 9+" "99 . - .. 4 ! 99 ? % : % 4+4 + *4 ++* +. - 9"+ " % - - - " - " - . 4 ! - 4 ** ! !9 94 4 - 9 + 4! < *! *. 4 *. - "4 " & - - - - - - *!! 3 % ,7@2 . . ** "* 99" - 9 4.+ 9!4. -% ! .. . +* +"+ - !9 !*+ """ 3 % % ) """ ) * .94 ) 4 ) 4+4 ) .9 ) "++4 ) """+

** %#0 3 : )*** ) !* ) ) )- ) 9 4 )-

' % #

C - 37 @( " % -! 1 5 B 55 ! " (%

. = : )9494 6 )949*

. : , 0 ) 94 , "9 - )949*

' % #

C - 38

., ,. ,/ - ,, ,

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

C - 41 3 51 3 ' %% 5 1%% ' ; !!9 1 1%% ' , !!+# % !!9 ! % ' 1%% ' % ! #' !!9 !!+ ! 9# ' 6 1 % & < BE# ? ! 4 % & < ,1? #' ) *#+ + % = % %% ( 4!!-% %%< %< O7 & 5 P % E 1 ! 42 # ,1 % . ! 4 6 1 % = ; .". M # "7# !5< 6 R, 6 1 %% ( 4#99 % % 1 7 % 9! #' 6 1 H B 5 1%% B 1 % ! 4 OB P % 6 1 % %< %<#D B 6 1 7 & B H B 4#99 (% #? ( % = 2 1 6 1 ; ! " % ; ! "#6 1 1 1%% B H ! * 6 1 7 & H B % 5 # # % ! - # ' 6 1 % % & %% % #' % )"#". % 6 1 ! "# ! " 6 1 : 1 ! ! 9 ) *++ 1 ! 9 ! + *+! 1 ! 4 !9 4"4+ )4+.*! ' 3 ( 0 % 30 ( ! # .4"- ! %% , ! E -% % % #30 %% % % & %% % ,#6## *! #! -..#$ 30 % -% , 1 1 , ! ! # 30 % % : % % % / %% /= % / % & #? ! " % 30 )" #* # ' % % % %% % D 1 07%% #

C - 42 3 51 ?; ! + 012 0121 3 #*+ 56 % 7 % 2 , ' 7 #1 3 #*+ % = 1 3 #9+ 6 % @% 7 % 2 , ' 7 3 # +* ,7@2 H @% H % -@% 7 % % ,7@2# ' % 1 % ,7@2 % % % #' 1 E (% A (% #5 ,7@2 1 % = % & % % & % % % % % #3 = %% = ,7@2 #1 - % = E % % ,7@2 % 1 6 1 % % #1 *+% ! "#' % % 3 6 % 3 I6 = 1%% ? # ?; ! * 012 0121 3 #"95 #' #' % ( #0 % % % #' 1 % %% : % % % -%% 9 #' % % #' % 1 ! .# ?; ! * 012 0121 3 #"*B #' %% # D 1 = E - - = E #' % % #' % 1 ! !# ' R % : :;&"#'$%% 5 % % # H R % R # 2 : o 0 - % # ' % (% # 0 % % - % # 0 %% ( - % %% - # 5 - / % % #

C - 43 3 51 ? % - % 0 - 1 3 7 # ' E % - % # ? % (% % 1 #? % % # ' % % (% % - % R # (% % % % # 7 % % % % % = % % #6 % ( % # o 5 R & % # 1 % % % % # ' R& 0 5 1% ? '( # , R - % $ 1 1 1 1 @ % & # ' 0 5 ( % = #? % ( % # 0 5 (% % /% / % % / % #6 0 5 %% % % % % # ' 1% ? '( % /%% (% #6 % % R (# ' $ % & #' % # $ # ' % #6 % # ' 1 1 % & # ' #' % #6 % # ' 1 1 % & #6 % #

C - 44 3 51 ' @ % & #' % #6 % # ' 0 % & - %< #, % !!. % ! !#6 % %< # ' & % % % # ' % # % E A # o 3 % R # 6 = %% % % ,7@2 % = 012#' % (% ( %% % ,& B , # :-; #*#*# ' E % # ' % % - % = (% (% #5 % : 0,M@63H@3'B5D31 &# N' 0 5 % #? ( % = # * ,"N1% 6 5 % %% % % & #' % % # - #"N 1 5 % - %% # * )#>N% 7 & 5 = & % % % # )#N7 5 %% ( %% %% %% % R% #' E 7 #

C - 45 3 51 76,76?@'6L5D31 .#*#N@ % 5 % % % % N % % % #' % % %< # # #"N? 1 5 % % % - # 5?D?6L5D31 N 5 % E A # % ( % % ( # = % # :; #%-% @( % %% %% % D 1 07%% #' % %% # ' - % % % #' - % % % #6 (% < % #3 ( = ( ( % % ( # , ( E % (% R % % ( E ( #, E % E #6 E = # 0 % #D E #' % ( - #@(% ( % %% - & % E (% % # 0 % = % (% # 7 - % # ' % % 07 = < % % % (% % % # #

C - 46 3 51 :;.-# @ % (% % %% %% % % # , 07 (% # ' & ! ":)9 #4 0 5 ) 4# 1% ? '( 5# ? , 0 ! " )94 #* #5 % # :;!.8" 5 %% 7 % = % = #? = 7 % # :%;" ? 0121 3 #* 5M H %% #' % % #, % % #' R (% 3 # :;"# ? E - - % #? % (% = # :!;* % % % % =% ## < % %% - % - #' % = )+!!! # 1 = % .4!#7 % 0121 3 #9 ; .*. % % % - # = # = % % = = % < = # ' % ( % E # H& % % % E % & #? % % - % % % E #

C - 47 3 51 7 % % =% % : @ B % ? % =% +-* '< " @=% ( ! > =% + 2 9! 1 *+- !! :;%##% $9% $%,# ? % % % # % % % %% % E (% A (% #5 % - % % ,7@2# ? % % % # % = % %% % E #5 % % ( % ,7@2 #7 % ( % ! " ! . % #' - % # D % % % #5 = % % ( ( #' E % # ' 6 ' 0 52 3 7 0 # % ,7@2% % - % # :>;)9!#)* %:). ; 5 %% % A,7@2 % A,7@2% A,7@2 (% % % A,7@2% A % % % A,7@2 %# 5 %% % % E % # ' % A,7@2 % % # @ R % = % % % % (% 3 I# :C;# ' % % % &<#; % - % % #' % % & #' R ( ) !!!!!!!! ) +!!! #' R% % % - (

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

C - 49 3 51 : ;# - '#- % - % - #? % % % #> & % % % ( % # 3 % A,7@2 E ( % % % A,7@2%R % % # % < # ? % < # M % (% % % - #1< % (% (% % % % - # M < % % % (% #> % % - = % % % (% # 7 < % % / % #> % < % # :;-)#%##,% 2 % % E E # (% # :;#%# ' % : 6 % : % = % # 6 % % :7 % %% ( ( ( # 3 % : 5 = = % # ' % ( % = % # 9 3 % : 6 % % % (% (% % # :; # %# % % % % & 07 (% % #% % & % % & - #' % (% ( %% % ,& B , #

C - 50 3 51 :*;+) 1 % %% # ? % M % M % - % % % %% #1 % % M % % M % # ! ")4#!!. R) ++#." % 1 3 7 012 1 3 # 94 3 6 @ B # ' O, %% P )"!#++" :)++# 9 % / ) +#. /)#* % A& / ) #* + % / ) #9 / ) #!." % # :8;!# %) 7 % 0 5 #6 - 1 1 6 @(% 52 0 5 # ' % (% %% A% 1 # ' % % % % % % (% % (% #3 - % % #? (% - (% % - % (% # ' % #1 #$ % % % = #% = # +. N .+ +++&.+. :; ' % % #2 % % R # :-;# &# D % = = %% % (% #1 #$ = % = = % #

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

C - 53 3 51 E = #5 ! " ! * % % % % = % # H 1'6, % % A % # 1'6, % ! " 9++ ! *#' % % % # ? %% ' ? 2 % # ' %% < A 1 , 1 , # ' R % #, % ' # ? % % %% , # R ' ! "*4#! 99.#4+ ! *# ? % % + : # 2 D 1 D 1 % % %% #' : , D 1 : D 1 ' 2 D 1 ' 3 D 1 ' 2 D 1 ' 1 % , D 1 : 5 : % > D % 5 > 0 1 0 3 H H $ H % ' 2# 2 -% % #' : 5 5 1 5 > B 2< 5 > B H % 5 3 H # ' , 1 ' R 6 51'6, % , 6 +#9+/ # 2 , / @# , 1 , % % % % 1 , %% %% E /

C - 54 3 51 5# % E %% % % / 0# 6 % E E 1 +#! ! -% < % ' / ># , % , 6## +# 9 % # 1 R ' ( % 1'6, < < <- R # ' % = #' < % % # R % % 1 %% # *0 < < < R % #' R% % % & < % %% % # % ( % % E = !+% % #1 % % + ,6 % % 5 6 2< < % % <% % % % % 5 6 2< # ! " % ( < ) ! 4"4* ) !44".4 #2 0121 3 #9! % ? 6< ! ") !!44*" R< ) ! +99. (% < E # ' < ) ! 4"4* R R E # > % #

C - 55 3 51 "0 ! " :

? H 5M 0 B 4 * " . 9 9 ?%

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

C - 56 3 51 , %!"! %+)0' 1 3 7 ! "# ? E % ) ".*" + 1'6, * +! J % !44.! H < ! * % D = 4 ". B : % !9. ' ) !+!+

&"# " 0 5 ) !+ " +4 = 4 ? 1 5 "*!. 6 = 4..+ ' ? -0 +. !

' *" @ % 5 9++.9. 6 = "* 6 = 9"" ' ? -2 -'% "99*+!

- 9494 ' ) !+!+

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

$ % ) !"9! 1 % *. 1 % " @ % 9 !

' ) ++!!

C - 58 3 51 +..N ., + .., + ' ! " % % # # 0 : 0 ) 9 . ) 9

1% ( 4.*+ "

, : % * 4! 7 % - > - " > - . ! 1 % "* !! 6 %< - 9! 6 %< % *9 7< - *+ 1 - * 9 1 < - . % %# - 4 '% % % - . 5 A1 - 94+! 1 % - .4 1 - " .+9 "4

? 1 5: 5 +4+ ? ! - H% - 9" % ++4 - B= 4* - *49 4

2 % : $ - .4+ 1 ". "9 1 - 9! @ * 9!4 "" ) " ) "

C - 59 3 51 +.N) . % / = )+!!! % #B % & % # % ! " # 2 2 ! * ! " % : &"# " 3 % % - B) .+"" "++ . ) ! 9 % .+ 9 + -.499. ' % % . ! * ."44 ."49 ! 9 % % : 2 *"4 !4 !.9 +!* ".!9! ?% 9**** 9 . "* + +!" . H =% !. 9 9." 449 9 ? !" 44 * - "*4* ' % % 4+ +9 9+. ".4 .9 9! % : 2 4+ 9 !9 9 ! "94 4 ?% +!* + "* + 4! * H =% ".4 *"4* 449 !9" 9 ? 4". *" + - *9 ' % *4+ ! 4+. 9 44*+" ' % % *4! ! .9 9*+ +*49" ' % ) *4*!9! "!! !! 4) "*"* 9

* " 3 % % - B) *9+ * 9 - ) **"+ % 9++. * + 4 94 4 * ' % % +!9+! !4. 4 +9!9*" % % : 2 +! . 94" - 49.* ?% 9+++4 +"*! - 9" 9 9 H =% 4" .* +*. 9+"" 4.9! ? 94" !" * +9*. ' % % +!"+ *4*.+ 94 + +++4. % : 2 "+4" 9. - "*!!* ?% 9 * .*** - + .9"+ H =% 9 +!9 9+"" 9*4+ ? 499" 94 * 4.! 9 ' % * ! !"*+ 94 + " . " ' % % *!9.! 4+. ! - +49 ! ' % % ) .!!.9! *4++. 4 ) 9!*4"""

C - 60 3 51 % % ! "%% 1 3 7 # 0 ( ? 1 5 ) " + 2 % : ? : $ % ) 9949 5 ) 9 *4. 1 % ++.*. ? 9 * 1 % **994 H7 ' + @ % . *+. ?% "! 0 % 9 "

% (% ! " # 0 ( ? 1 5: 0 ) !9 ? : 7 499 . 5 ) 9+! 7 .+ ? .9. % "! H7 ' > 9. ?% " 6 %< *9 B= ) !" 49) 99.+ 2 % : $ % ) ..4+ 1 % 4 9!* 1 % 94 @ % 9 9* 0 % 4 ) !"*+ ? % )"# !* ! " )99 ! " - % % % % E #? % E ! " A # $ % ) " ! 1 % "+

' ! " % E ) *4* ( A #

C - 61 3 51 +.&N +&'., .

- ! " :

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

C - 63 3 51 +$ ,% +$ ,, * ! " )..#*.+ %% % & #, )..#*.+ ).# ++ ( ( % ) +#!++ ( ( % ) +#!+ ( ) !#++! ( # 5 : ' *"'.#*# &"# # 1 1 " #" $ 1 1 @ ' 1 5: 7 ) 4!" + ** + + .*! 44 + +!4! *!!! )..*.+ 0 % !.4* " *"94 ."!. *9" ! " +!**. ' 1 ) . *" " !4 4!" 4 *4!9 +"!" "! " )9+!+*9

D 5: % & ) 4!" + ** + + .*! 44 + +!4! *!!! )..*.+ D J .4. 9 !+ +4 . 4 9.. 7 ..." +* *49 .++ * . !! 9. "! ' D ) . *" " !4 4!" 4 *4!9 +"!" "! " )9+!+*9 +$+M #562A<#)#* /+ ,; " ! " )4#!!! ( )"#+!! ! *- ( 0 5 ; . ! "#' ! " ; " ! .# +$ ' #562A # $ * # ! , * ! " ) *!.% )4 ! "% 2 H M> % & # +$!4#" *!# ! " ) "# +. % , $ % ,$A@7 % & )9# *. % % & #

C - 64 3 51 # %+$ )#)#9 , ! " % # 7 % % 0 51 6 @(% 52 # 7 7 &"# " 0 5: 0,2 - ) 4!" + ) !.4* ' ) 4!" + ) !.4* ? 1 5: 0,M %% - ) **" + ) ' )**" + ) ' *" 0,$ % - ) + .*! ) *"94 0,1 % - 44 + ."!. 0,1 % - +!4! *9" 0,@ % - *! ! " ' ) "" ) .9 ' %% 0 51 6 @(% 5 2 % # ,7$ ) 9"4 0 * "4 0 "+4 6 '?5 ! 2 % -B +44+ ' ) 9*.9 '#+ @( % '?5 % < # # #3 % - #' - % # ' # %### C : ;0 ' 1?2 )*#+.! , % '% #' > 6#1- % & % % #

C - 65 3 51 !)- 4#C:)4;0,7$ ( #? ,7$ ,7$% % #H ,7$ #, % % #' ,7$ # 3 )#.9* 0 % + , 7 $ < ,7$ % #' - ;! !9+#? % ; ..9#,7$ - # % ,7$ ( % & % # , % % E #6 % 1 5#,7$ 0 # 0 ! " : 6 %

' , 7 & ' ' B 7 B 7 & 3 A A ! " ! " ? ! " A A ! " H1 6 ! .) 99 ) "" ) "" "9 9 ) - H 1 6 ! * +94 ." ." . + - B #6 ! + 4 + + 9 " - 0 %4 ! 4 ! +" + 9 @ ?% + +** "! 4 9 " D1 " !+ .+ . 4 ; 6 !"2 "4* 4 4 + 9 *" 1 E 6 !4 !" *9 "* 4 9 0 !9 + ." ** ** "! 49 " 6% !" 9*! .* " 4 H 6#7 !4> "+9 +9 9*+ ! 9 9. HI > 4" !* "9+ +" 9 99+ H1 2 ! ; .!9 !" !" 4"4 44 ++4 H 6#6 ! I 9. *+ . " 9+ 4!+ > 6#, # !4H * . + + . $6#D % 9B +! 9." **. + . 9"* ' 6 # ! 7 "+ .+4 .+4 "! "99 H 6 7 46 ""* * 4 4+ 9 ! + 7 6 !91 * ! 99 - - - - ; 7 ??? !+' 4 " "" - - - - > 6- 4 H 7 !4M ".. !* - - - - BE 67 !M 9 - 9 ! --- ) !**4 4* ! )499"4.9*) 5 = ,7$ 5 1 0 3 -7 % M3 3 0#

C - 66 3 51 + :;0 ' % % R % % #' % = % % 4+ % %% % '?5# $ %% '?5 ( 4+% %% % % % #' % : % % * !! ) H + !! "* 5 . !!9 +9 5 ! !!+ ++ ; 9 !!4 " " ; * !!* *9 ; !!" 99 ; . !!. . ; ! ! ! + )"!! ' ( R #' 9#+% #' % %% '?5 # ) #+!. % '?5 % 5< 5 % %<= #' ) #+!. % 0121 3 #9"1 7 6 5 6 ? -@ ' 5 6 # #-#, ' #

C - 67 3 51 - # ' 0#,# %% )4+#.*! % # $ L L ? ? ? &"# " 0#,#, 7$ < .."- ! 4 !9+ !#!!Q !#!!Q) .9* 0#,#2 M ( !!.- ! " !4 #"*Q +# +Q 9#!.Q +".* 0#,#3 M - ( > 6 ! 4 !4 # +Q +#!!Q #94Q *+.! 0#,#? - ( ! - ! " ! 4 #!!Q +#!!Q #99Q *9.+ 0#,#5 - ( !!.- ! * ! " # !Q +#!!Q #+*Q .+"* 6 3 '?5- ( -3 !! - ! ! !! 9#!Q +# 4Q 9#+!Q 9! 6 3 '?5- ( -> $ !!* !+ 4#!!Q 4#!!Q +!. % D -B 6 2 ! - ! 4 !9 9#4Q +#!!Q 9#+*Q 4+.*! ' ) * ."

' *" $ 0#,#2 - ( !!.- ! " !. # "Q +# +Q 9# +Q) 4+ *!+ ,$-@7 !!*- ! " !9 #+Q #*4Q #++Q 9 .+ ' $ ""4!!! 1 0#,#2 - ( ! !- ! " !. #4!Q +#!!Q #..Q + +. 0#,#2 - !!4 ! 4 !#"+Q #"!Q #"Q !!! #"Q 6 2 - ( ! 9- ! + ! 9#44Q 9#.Q 9#**Q ++4! 6 2 - !!" ! !#"+Q #"!Q #*Q + "++ #*Q ,$-@7 ..9- ! " !9 !#. Q 9#!!Q #" Q .+" ! ' 1 .!. * 1 0#,#2 - ( !!.- ! " !. #"*Q +# +Q 9# *Q !9.+9 ' 1 !9.+9 @ 0#,#2 - ( ! - ! " !9 #+!Q +#!!Q 9# Q "++ ' @ "++ 7<0 0#,#3 - - ( ! " ! . # 9Q # 9Q 4!!! ' 7<0 4!!! ' % - % .949 ' )9449944

' R0 , % #' % # < R = % % % % % '? % #

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

? % % < % #' % % = %%% % % #' < E % % = !!% %% #

C - 69 3 51 ' 1 1 )+ #"++ ) #!!! = #? % % < < = % # $ = % # 1 + :

? % % < < % % ( % ## +#! ! % % ( %% % < < #

? % % % %% % ## +#! ! ( % % #

, % % % % #R@% S

? R - # 2 % R % 012? % = % # -= 1 3 7 / % % % # 5 !!41 1 !!"1 1 R -= % - N1 7 RMH?0 H R? 1 5 N5 6 # % = 1 1 % R % #

C - 70 3 51 ' % % R % #' # +% # 1 1 0 , L : 6 2 ! .) * 9 ! ! +"9 ! 9+9 ! + ! .+ ! 9- ! " . *9 ! .- ! 9... ) 499+ ' % ( #5 % % % #' # #- #" ' E R = - ,$A@7 ! "#5 % R % # R -= %% % % M ? 6 2 % % % # 0 0 '% 3 -7 % T ? 1 2 ,7$3 1?23 2 L : 7% 7% 7% ? 7% ? ! . ) 9!9+9 * ! 49 * .4 . 4 ! ! +9"*. 49 ! +""4" .+9! 4!" ! 9. ++ 9 9! + "4* "44+ .* ! 999!+ * 9+ 94+9" * .+ .." ! ! ! * ++ 9!*4+ 4*!! *+* ! 9- ! " +99! + 4 !! 9"!! +4! .* ! .- ! " .*! 9*" 9"+ ++*9 - - !9- !" 94 + !* "+ . - - !.- !9 - !* - - - - !99- !9" - 4 - - - - ) +".* .9* *+.! 9 +**" +*!" *++. T@( '?53 )+#+ ! 6 1 B 6 2 )4+#.*! 3 O 6 1 #

C - 71 3 51

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

C - 72 3 51 (% 1 1 @ % 5 % %% % # ? % % # # # H % ) 9 )* 9 % ! * ! "# 49.) B % ,$A@7 ) # . , @ 7 #).+"# ! % % #) 9# .+ % % % & % # <-!# M %% E R - 3 !!"3 ! 3 ! 4#' %% E # ' ? ? D E E !!"- ! * ! " A A ! " 1 !!" )++ .*! 9.4* ! ++ +! )- 1 ! + +!! + +!! - - 6 %< ! . ! !++ *+ - 7 ! !!! !!! - - 7 ! 99+ .+ 4.4! +49 ! + . + 1 ! 4 *!!!! " + !"*+ !.!! 6 %< ! 4 !!!! - 9.*+ 4! 4+ 7 ! 4 !!!! !4"! +".+! !*! 7 ! 4 94!!!! - .+.+ 99!9!+ ) 9.*+ 4+. ! 49 .! )* "4+ 2 1 @ $ 1 % - % % #, 0 #

C - 73 3 51 - # ' , 6 % ,6 % % %% ( !#+% % % % % ( #? % % ( +#+% ( % % #' ( (% % # ! " R 4#*9% % % !#!% % % #' )4 .#!! ). #9 #' R & %% % # /##:; ' % , 6 *9'?5#'?5 % % % % '?5 ( % % % % ( #, % % % = % % ( < O P '?5 #' O P % %% #7 % ( '?5 & % % ( # 0 O P )*#9.. )*!! )4#*.. ! "% O% ( P 1 % 7 & 5 %% % %% %% % % # % % R # $ ( % !- '?5 R'?5 % ! %% % #' % % ( ( % / % % ( %% % % #

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

C - 75 3 51

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

C - 76 3 51

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

C - 77 3 51 +.N..,,.+ 4 9..,,. 4 ,. ,. ? % % % #' % % % % %% % E (% A (% #' = % #, % - % % % # = % #' E #' % ,7@2 % - % % % # % ,7@2 3 7 B 3 ,7@2B % E % % ,7@2 (% #' E % % ,7@2% # % - % % % #? % ,7@2 (% ! " ) +! )4#*! % # 2 '% 0 1 $ 1 1 1 @ ' ) +" " ) " ! .* ! "!! +4 ) 9+9"4 7 (% +4" . *+. 4". ! * .49! ,7@2 (% .** !44 ".* . 9 + 99.* ' ) +. 99 ) 9 !* . ! 4!" +." ) 4.4 ? % % % # ' % % = % %% % E # ' ( % % ( % #' % - % #? % ,7@2 % - % % % # % ,7@2 3 7 ,7@2B E % % (% #' E % % ,7@2% # % - % % % #? % ,7@2 ! " ).#"4 # 2 '% 0 1 $ 1 1 1 @ ' 3 ( ) ""*"9 ) - - - - ) - 7 . 9+ "+ + *** 9". *! "99 ,7@2 9!*" * .! 9 * 94!* ' ) + !* ) !49 .44* 4 .) !+!

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

C - 81 3 51 0124" % % / 1 = % # % % % # 1 = % % E ! #? E % ( ! % %R % % 1 # % #6 & % #' % % %R % - % # 7 - % % % , 7 5 7 5,7C5#1 % % % , 7@% 6 1 ,7@61#2 ,7C5 ,7@61 % - % % % % 6 2 #' ,7C52 ( % % #' ,7@612 % % %% #' % R % ! " )4" #4 #, ) .#* ,7C5)9 #! ,7@61 ) !#. & % # 6 = ,7C5,7@61 % % #? % % R = ,6 %% % R # 6 = ! "% E : 7 % N; ! " ! " @% 7 @% 7 % ' 1 ' ,7C5: 7 ! A! A ! #+! !#*+ # +Q .#+!Q #*+Q 7 ! A! A ! !#!! # + # +Q .#+!Q #*+Q 5 !#!! # + # +Q 9#!!Q 4# +Q

,7@61: 51H@B 4 !+A +A ! !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q 51H@B 4 !+A +A ! !9A!*A ! " #!! "#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q 51H@B 4 !+A +A ! !9A!"A ! " !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q 51H@B . !*A !A ! !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q 51H@B . !*A !A ! !A 9A ! " #!! "#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q 51H@B . !*A !A ! !A +A ! " !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q $ !*A 9A ! !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q $ !*A 9A ! !A 9A ! " #!! .#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q $ !*A 9A ! !A +A ! " !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q H7 ! A! A ! ! !#!! !#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q H7 ! A! A ! ! !A 9A ! " #!! "#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q H7 ! A! A ! ! !A +A ! " #!! .#!! !#!!Q 9#!!Q 9#!!Q ) #:)G; 7 % - - % % % ,7C5 - % - % % % ,7C5#,7C5% % - -& % #2 % , 1 B % *9 , 6 #,7C5 % % = %% ,7C5 % # ' % ,7C5 # %- # , 7 5 7 5 9!@ ' 1 , 9 +- + 49#

C - 82 3 51 D% = ,7C5 % #,7C5 % : A #@ % R #' % # 5 ; ! + + #5 ; ! 9" + # ' % = % #' % = #+% ! #!% ( #+% ( + #' (% * % % # D ++ ,7C5 & #' ++% & ,B %% % # H + ; ! ,B = % % % (7? - % 1 % ! % #' ,B + ; ! = % % # 57 -' , 6 ,6% % : 7 5 562A # /#-, @% .#+!Q 9#!!Q @% # +Q # +Q

562A #-, @% : 7 .#!!Q #+!Q 7 - % > 2 !#+!Q !#+!Q ' @% .#+!Q 9#!!Q

@% # +Q # +Q @% (% % % #' R = ,7C5 % ,7@2 )* # "9 ! "# )., 7 % - % - % % % % % % ,7@61#,7@61 % % %#' % % - % - % % %#' - % % % - % - % % % #$ % - % %

C - 83 3 51 % ,7@61R %/ % %# ,7@61 % & %# % % 9+ , 6 # ,7@61 - % = %% ,7@61R % %:AA# % # A A % # , 7@% 6 1 **@ ' 1 , 9 +-949 "!!- -***# 1 2129 ;* ! #? E % % %% %#' % = %% 51 % %% % 129 ,7@6156 : &#* &#* &#* @ % ! ;* ! % ;* ! H 0 % ;* ! ;* ! ;* !

#" #" #" ,8#0 ,8#0 ,8#0 4! 4! 4! 4! +* + ++ ++ 4 + + +

# 0 # 0 # 0 # Q 51 % # Q 51 % # Q 51 % ! #+Q ! #+Q + #+Q ( ! ( ! ( + 5 51 % R 0 %2#0 % R # H = % # $ % ,B% #' ,B % #5 % ; * ! ,B % % ,B#5 = ; * ! ! . ,B % 7 ? (%% % #

C - 84 3 51 57 -' , 6 ,6% % : 562A # /#-, @% 9#!!Q @% !#!!Q

562A #-, @% : 7 9#!!Q 7 - % > 2 !#!!Q ' @% 9#!!Q

@% !#!!Q @% (% % % #' R = % ,7@2 )9*#"** ! "# ) - )./*%##% $%,#%##% $% ,#, ) ' % ! * % % #' R% % % R % % % % #5 % % % (% : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' 7 % 1 3 7 B ) . 49. ) +!"99 ) 49. 7 % 3 7 B 9#"*Q # 4Q +#**Q

7 @(% ) !"" ) "! +! ) . ! " % % : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' %##% $%,# % % % ) + ) 49! ) 49+ % % 4!** +9" 9 +4! (% (% "+" 4* 9 + .:J$V1J: %I] 1QJ .*4. 9 "!" J = 4.+! 94 " +" ' , 6 ) +. . ) .4!"9 ) ++ %##% $%,# % % % ) * ) - ) * (% - (% 4 + *".4 .+ % % !..* +.+ 4.9" 3 % & - % % 9* ***4+ ! ' ? 6 ) 44!*4 ) . 4 ) +*4""

C - 85 3 51 = ) +#" % % E % = % ! . % #, % % E A % (% : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' 5L @ : ! .) +!!" ) .9 ) +".+! ! ! 4"+ ! + 44" ! + 4 **+ 9. ! ! .!* 9"" 9!+4 ! + 9+ .4 +!9. ! 9- ! + ! 4 *" "9"

' ) 4 ) 9 " ! ) " ** # *M)G ,7C5R % ! " ! * ; ! * - % % #' % ,7C5R 0121 3 # 4*% # % % % % #@(% % % % # & % % % (% # I % % % % ; ! * % : H @ 3 ? 6 6 "#!!% 7 & 1? #*+% !#+!% 7 ? # +% ? % #*+% B& # !% #!!% 6 - % % 67- ! 9 ' @% > H ' < !!4& % & H ! 4?% 1 #6 & !Q# 7 5 4* **Q 4"Q 4"-** !+ "* *"% + !

C - 86 3 51 6 67- ! 9 H ' < !!4& % & H ! 4?% 1 # 7 5 +. +Q +Q 4!-4. 4! 9+ *!-*. *+ *! "!% !! .! ' (% % ! 4# ' - (% % % - <%% E 1 ? 7 # (% #M % #' - (% (% % % & (% # - (% & ! * E :

B -' @(% 6 ' 6 6 TT

C @= !#!! Q !#!! Q @= 4#!! 9# 3 -D1@= 4#!! 9#9 7 H< "#!! 4#4* 5( ? T #!! #+* > L 5( ? *#!! #.9 7 +#!! 4#. D#1#? B< 2 *#!! !#." H B 7 % "#!! *#+! 6 "#!! 4#"" 7 6 @ #!! +#+"

' !#!! Q ,7C5R - "#!!% %% !- (% # ,7C5R2 ' % O<% P % ,7C5R = < (% ' 7 < <- % % #5 % % % ' 7 % # %% ( # , ' % "#!!% #' % & % % = % 1 #7 & - "#!!% #2 % %R % % & < %

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

C - 88 3 51 ' 2 % %% 2 ' %#7 - & % % %#' % 2 -%% % ! * - (% : $ B -' @(% ' 6 6 6

5( ? #!! Q # ! Q @= .#!! 4#* 6 @ !#!! +# 4 7 @= !#!! "#.* ? @= !#!! *#"" , "#!! +# 4 ' !!#!! Q +#44 Q , ' % *#+% #' % & % % = #2 % % %R % % & < % & % % #' - (% % % %% % % & % % # " %! R)#*# !#%!+) - !! , ' % R% % % % % *#+% R% % % % 4#+% % "#+% : Q 6 Q? 4#+!Q *#+!Q "#+!Q J% % % ) 4 4*. )+!"99 ) !."4

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

%:AA# % # A A % # W56 ,7@61 **@ ' 1 ,> 9 +-949 4 9- -+4! "!!- -***#

C - 91 3 51 ) '' , 6 % =% % ,7@61#% % R ,7@61 ,7@61 %# @% (% % #? ! " 1 B % 9#!% ( % % , 6 # # @ ,7@612 % % %#' % % ' 7 7 7!#!Q ! "#' ,7@612 E %% % #7 % % # ' % % % % H - ! " 9#!Q# ' % R ,7@2 ! " ! * ! 4)!#! )# )4# % # ). - ). ./* %## % $ % ,# %## % $ % ,#, ). ' ,7@2 ! * ,7@2 ,7@2 #' R% % ,7@2 R % % % #5 % % ,7@2 (% : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' 7 % 3 ,7@2B H 9#"*Q #!Q 4#4 Q

7 % 1 3 ,7@2B )"9 + ) 9. ) !. "9+ ,7@2@(% )4+"* ) 9 )"4."+

C - 92 3 51 ! " % ,7@2 : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' %##% $%,# % % % ) 4 ) - ) 4 (% (% - .9 .9 .:J$V1J: %I] 1QJ " " + !!44 J = 4+9 - 4+9 ' , 6 ) """ ) "9* ) ! ! %##% $%,# % % % ) - ) * ) * (% (% 9 9. - 9 9. 3 % & % % ++94 "+* 9 . ' ? 6 ) .*.+ ) "".! ) "4"+ ) #4+9 % ,7@2 = E ,7@2 ! "#, % ,7@2 E ,7@2 (% : ,7C5 ,7@61 ' 5L @ : ! .) !! 9 ) .** ) .. ! ! !! 9 .** .. ! !! 9 "+9 4 4! ! !! 9 949 +* ! 9!! - 9!! ! 9- ! + !.*" - !.*"

' ) * 99 ) +9 ) * ". # *M)G ' ,7@2 ,7C5R 0121 3 #*9% %# % % ## % % ## % # & % % % (% # 7 & % %% % % % % % % % % % % #' % &

C - 93 3 51 % %% (% % % # - % % #5 % < % J % < % % % % %% # ? % % # ' ,7@2 ; ! * - ! * % % #' ,7@2 % : H ?@

B -' 6 7 "#!!% # ! * 6 # 9% # ! *H%2 ? ( # 4% M H H< 7 0 H ? #*+% 7 & % L ,7@2 ! + 3 -H > ' 6 !#9*Q-9#+!Q H > ' 6 +# !Q-+#!!Q > H 67- ! 9' @% > H ' < !!4& % & H ! 4?% 1 #6 & !Q# H 67- ! 9 H ' < !!4& % & H ! 4?% 1 # ' (% % % ; ! *# ' - (% ,7@2% - <%% E 1 ? 7 # (% #M % #' - (% (% % % & (% #

C - 94 3 51 - (% & ! * E :

B -' @(% 6 ' 6 6 TT

C @= !#!! Q !#!! Q @= 4#!! 9# 3 -D1@= 4#!! 9#9 7 H< "#!! 4#4* 5( ? T #!! #+* > L 5( ? *#!! #.9 7 +#!! 4#. D#1#? B< 2 *#!! !#." H B 7 % "#!! *#+! 6 "#!! 4#"" 7 6 @ #!! +#+"

' !#!! Q

,' ,7@2 ! *# 9% # ' % & % % = % #7 & - "#!! % #2 % ,7C5R % % & < % % #' % # 4% ! * #* % ! 4 - "#!!% # 9% #

C - 95 3 51 " %! R)#*# !#%!+). - !!, !! !##,' ,7@2 #' % ,7@2 ,7C5 ,7C5R ,7@2 % % # 9Q 9# 9Q # 9Q# ,7C5R ,7@2 % % 4#+Q 9#!Q "#+Q 4#!Q # Q 6 Q? # 9Q # 9Q 9# 9Q J% % ,7@2 ) !+ 49 ) "9 + )4"!999

Q ' 6 Q? 4#!!Q *#!!Q "#!!Q #+Q 9#+Q +#+Q J% % ,7@2 )4+99"* ) "9 + ) !.+. # *M)., ' ,7@2 ! 4 - ! * % % #' ,7@2 % : H ?@ 1 6 #"+% ? 6 6 4#+!% H%2 6 # % $ ? # +% # +% !#*+% 5 1? # +Q > ' 6 *#+Q # +Q ! "

7 - 67- ! 9@% & % < % !!4#' ! + ! ! % #7 - 67- ! 9 > & % < % !!4#' ! + ! ! % #7 - 67- ! 9 & % < % !!4# ' ! + ! ! % #H

C - 96 3 51 % %% H7- ! + % # % ! 4 (% % ! +# ' > % %% 2 %# - & % #' 1 R% % % %#> #' % 2 -%% % ! * - (% # $ B -' @(% ' 6 6 6

5( ? 9#!! Q #"" Q @= #!! 4#* 6@?' 4#!! +#. ? @= #!! *#"" , *#!! +#. ' !!#!! Q 9#." Q ' - (% - < - (% % & #' % - (% (% % & # , #"+Q ,7@2 ! *#7 & % = % - (% ,7@2% ( % % & % (- ( % % ( !- ( - (% # ' (% % 4#+!Q % # Q#' % & % = # 2 % % !9# - (% %% % & !9 % %% # " %! R)#*# !#%!+). - !! !##,' % ,7@2 #"+Q (% ,7@2 #!Q #!Q #

C - 97 3 51

Q 6 Q? #"+Q #"+Q 9#"+Q J% % ,7@2 ) 9 ) 9. ) "!+9 % ,7@2 #' % ,7@2 (% ,7@2 #!Q #!Q # 6 - % % #' - / ! " *#+!Q# ? % & (% # - - % #, % & % ( %% ( ( # +Q #

> ' 6 Q % Q? J% % ,7@2 ) "+9* ) 9. ) 4!9+!

' % % % % ,7@61,7C5# +. N=. / 2 % !!. R ( % #+% #' , !!.#' ( #? = % ( #> ( % % # @% = ( % J % ( = % % # % (% = % (= # 5 E ( 4! %% (% % % - ( #' ( ( E #' % # 6 0 1% ? '( 5 )+ #+ ) *#+ % ( ! " % ( % #

C - 98 3 51 )#*# / 7 % ( % % % # 6 % % ( % ( ! " ; ! * #, ( ; ! ! " ; ! ! "# % % +% %% < # % % = % ( #' 5< % ! *#' % ! " %% ( ) 4#+4 ) 4# + ) + )! 5< 5 % # ' ! " % % ! . %% ( ) 4#*+ ) 4# ) + ) .+ 5< 5 % # , % ( % % ( ( % % % # D % J # 9 % # 9 #? % % ( %% # ' ' % % ( ( #' % % ( #7 % ( % # ( ! " ..#4% .9#.% ! * ( 5< # 7 % ( ! " ! . 0 5 ( ! " )+ #4 + #

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

C - 103 3 51 ' ( ! " : 5 2 &"# " , 0 5: 6 C7<0 ) * '% ?% 7 49 5 1 > @ "" 1 ! ? 1 5: ? ) .+"! H7 ' * % 4 . B= +++ ' '?5 % # % % ,7@2 % # 5 ( J # ' ( E # +.N . +. ,.<.+ . 5 ! " : , 1% 0 0 ? '( 5 > A ( ) - - *. 6 9+*4 - 44. 6 49 !* - - 499 >D % - - 9.! ( - - 4". 1 - - *+ % - .4" > % - - ." @ <$ ! - - , .* 99 .9" ' ) .+ ! *** 4*.!

C - 104 3 51 +.)N,+ ., 5 ! " % % %% 07 : ' 0 5 7 % 5

' 1% , ? ' 0 ? '( 0 1 @ % , 5 5 5 5 5 &"# &# )- *9 -- *9 - ' 0 5- *9 -- *9 - * /0 3 % 1 1 + - - - - + 3 % @ - - - - 3 % ? 1 *++ - - - *++ - '%% 4*+* 4*+* - - - - 6 1 """9 - - """9 - - , 4+!9 - 4+!9 --- ' 1% ? '(5 9+ " - 4 """9 *++ " !#&"# 0 1% 6 5 4 " - +4+ - 4! 3 & 1 5 +* - *44 ."!* - !!! % 7 & 5- *+ 4 - ! - ' , 0 5 .+ "*- +! !4! &"# 4!49 "* 49 +4! *++ ." #%# )4!49 "* 49 +4! *++ ." ' E 0 2 6 %% % % E % A % #' - % % E - % % R% % & #

C - 105 3 51 +.IN )+.+ + 3 % #' % # .,<., ,:,"# !; 6 1 % % 9. , 6 % % #6 1 % E 6 1 #' % % - -% % %% % # %) #%#,"# !0 ' 6 1 % % %% % D 1 # M ! " R ) #! 9 #' % R (% # % D#1# 0 H H< 5 1 7 R = # $ E % H ' 5 1%% ' 1 1%% ' D#1#2<# 2 7 M ! ")4+#.*! 6 1 #' % % :) *#++ ! /) #*+! ! 9 ) 4#"4+ ! 4 #' % % & %% % 3 # ' % ' % % % % 6 1 B #' % % 6 1 % %% % %% % % # ' < % (% & %% % %% #3 = %% % % % % = % # 6 1 % %% < % % % 6 1 = #3 % & % % % % #' % % !!*#5 !9 #

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

C - 107 3 51 ' % % - % % ! * : 0 2 - % 3 % % % ) .+ .. ) 4.*.94 & : 3 ,7@2B "*. " +"+ , -7 1 = H .". *.!

3 % ) *"!+! ) 49! + ' % : @ % 5 ? 1 1 @ % 1 $ 1 1 @ 0 5' 5 3 % % % ) 9.+49! .+4!! *!"* .""44 " ) 4.!* ) 9.*. & : 3 ,7@2B 4*4 9+"+ 4!! ++4+ - +"+ ."+! , -7 1 = H 4 ! *+ - *.! 4. 3 % ) 94. 9 . *94 ++!. .*4 " ) 4! ) 94! , % = A # +. M .I .+.<.+ ,H * ! " ,7C52 ' %% % < #2 ; ! .,7C5 - % #? % % - #,7C5 % < % H - % -H % % # % ,7C5 % > 6 (% # % ,7C5R (% % % % % ( + #' % ! " 3 ,7@2B < % #

C - 108

01 1- , & . ,.

C - 109 % -! _

C - 110 % -! @( . # *# ! &# #!#.-#32562A :/*#!;

0 5 M N 2 7 , 5 ,"0 ? ( ) 44. !! ) 444 !! ) 44"4"+ ) 9"+ 7 % ( 9"4!! +!4!! + +.. ... ? .!!! !!! *+ *+ B % !+ !+ .! 4 + 1 4.94 4.94 " * 4 49 " 4+ " 4+4.! +4 5 "."" "."" "9*. +!. @ < !! !! ! ! H ! ! 4 " 9!*. ' "+*! "++*! "** .4

./*#0 : 0 +" "99 9.+ 9. 7 *.9* *!" 4+.9 9"* 7 +.+*4" 4 !* 4 !4! *!9 % 4 + 9 ! ! 9 4* 9" > M " . ". 6 %< M 4 ". 9* @(% % 4!! 4!! + *+ ' (% *.4 9 " +*! " !." *

@( (% +.*94 !!!! +9 9 9 9 !#%#:;0 ' 9*+! 9*+! " . * ' -> 9 !9 !.4 !.4 M ' -6 %< 9 4 9 ++ 9 4 . ' -, .4 !.* !.4 ' .!9. 4!4." 4 + " 3 !4! !4." * "* 9 - -% # ." ." ." M *-# !99 * 9 " !" - % # ) ! " ) !+.!" ) !9 * ) 9+ .

& % 07 :

+!%- *#! # *# ! ) * "*

? : 6 07 ! * 9 .+ ! " E 9 !* ! * E +9* ! " E 9"* ? : @(% ! * "! 6 E (% ".+ ? (% : ! * E (% 07 + ! ! " *!*.+ E "*!

+!%- *#! %,"./*# ! :./!-J; ) 4 4"

1 = %% #

C - 111 @( ! % -! ! % K)#*# !#%+) - :/*#!;

!)- .* ,#

! ! 9 ! + ! 4 ! *

J7 % 3 7 B # Q # Q # Q #Q #Q

J7 % 1 3 7 B ) +++ ! 4!"!. " 44 + !! + +!"99

J@% 7 ) 4*+ "+!*" .4"9 *** + 9

J7 % 1 3 7 B 7 @% 7 .+#+Q . #+Q "#4Q 4 #4Q !*#.Q

753 7 7 ' 7 B "4#9Q "4#+Q " # Q **#9Q "9#"Q C -112

!) #)

! ! 9 ! + ! 4 ! *

J7 % 3 7 B 9#4Q 9#4Q 9#4Q +#+Q 9#.Q J7 % 1 3 7 B )* "9+. **++ " .9 *+ .*"**+ 5

J@% 7 ) " 9+ .!.+ ." 9 49" 5

J7 % 1 3 7 B 7 @% 7 +"# Q 44#4Q +#4Q .#9Q *.#*Q

753 7 7 ' 7 B *#!Q * # Q 44#**Q 4"#4Q 8 Q

1 = %% # @( % -! ! % #- )G). # :/*#!;

!)- .* ,#

QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VR QJ `1G% 1QJ $ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ 1J!VC: 1QJ Q .V QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VRQJ `1G% 1QJ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ&V`1H1VJH7^)6HV _$ R R R R R R R R R R

1 7Q0V`VR.:7`QCC$ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ: :.V`HVJ :$VQ` Q0V`VR.:7`QCC 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VRQJ `1G% 1QJ!: V .VJ 1QJ 8Q 8 Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q

C -113 /.)0 8 Q 8 Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 1Q :C 8 Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q

!) #)

QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VR QJ `1G% 1QJ $ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ 1J!VC: 1QJ Q .V QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VRQJ `1G% 1QJ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ&V`1H1VJH7^)6HV _$ R R R R R R R R R R

1 7Q0V`VR.:7`QCC$ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 QJ `1G% 1QJ: :.V`HVJ :$VQ` Q0V`VR.:7`QCC 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VRQJ `1G% 1QJ!: V ^.QC1HV_ .VJ 1QJ 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8Q 8 Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q /.)0 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 1Q :C 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q QJ `:H %:CC7!V_%1`VRQJ `1G% 1QJ!: V ^21`V_ .VJ 1QJ 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q /.)0 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 8 Q 1Q :C 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q 8Q

1 = %% # @( % -! ! % K)#*# !#%+). - :/*#!;

!)- .* ,# !) #)

! 4 ! * ! 4 ! *

J7 % 3 ,7@2B #Q #Q 9#.Q 9#.Q

J7 % 1 3 ,7@2B ) ".4 9. ) *!+"+ "9 +

J@% 7 ) *** + 9 ) 49" 5

J7 % 1 3 ,7@2B

C -114 7 @% 7 * # Q *4#*Q #4Q +"# Q

753 7 7 ' ,7@2B 4 # Q +9# Q 4#!Q 9# Q

1 = %% #

3 6 = 1%% ?

! "

+.N &.,L.= 7M

% (% #

7 3 + H (% ; #

2 %% % (% R #

1 = ; % % % % #' % (% ,& #' & % %% 9 %%% + 4% * ! #

9 ' %% % ) !!!!! ,& B , % %% #' ( = %% H # 1%% %% % %% # ! " %% % %% = # %% % (% : , 6 5 0 )"""* !.+ ".!" " + ' % (% ( %% % ,& B , #

4 D %% % % - # 0 (% ( % (% % (% #6 (% % & % #> = #

6 0 & % #> = #

C - 115 +!,8# ** # %#:;

' R % % 07#' & :

6 %% % # @(% % %% # @ = (% %% #

+. N . .R ),),+. ,.+.).+ + L.= 26M

? R% % % ! ! * % , 7 @% 6 1 ,7@61 , 7 5 7 5 ,7C5# ' % % R ! " ! *#? % ( % ! #

+.N . ..+, + .).+ ++). + L.= 22M

% % % ,7@2#' 2 ' ,7@61,7C5 % ,7@2% # ' % = % ,7@61,7C5 % #

,7@61 % % %#' % %#' < % % % % % / ,7@61% #1 ,7@61 % ' 7 % ! " E ,7@2 #' % 5 I % % H 7 %#

+.N . .R ),),+. ,.+.). L.= 25M

? R% % ,7@2 ! 4 ! * % , 7 @% 6 1 ,7@61 , 7 5 7 5,7C5#' ,7@2 % R ! " ! *#? % ( % ! 4#

C - 116

APPENDIX D

CERTIFICATE OF CITY ATTORNEY

D-1

D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

APPENDIX E

FORM OF APPROVING LEGAL OPINIONS OF BRICKER & ECKLER, LLP

Series 2019A Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $259,500,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019A (the “Series 2019A Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019A Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

1. The Series 2019A Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019A Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the levy of ad valorem taxes, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019A Bonds, which taxes are unlimited as to rate and amount.

2. The interest on the 2019A Bonds is excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes under Section 103(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and is not treated as an item of tax preference under Section 57 of the Code for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. The opinion set forth in the preceding sentence is subject to the condition that the City comply with all requirements of the Code that must be satisfied subsequent to the issuance of the 2019A Bonds in order that the interest thereon be, and continue to be, excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes. The City has covenanted to comply with all such requirements. Failure to comply with certain of such requirements may cause interest on the 2019A Bonds to be included in gross income for federal income tax purposes retroactively to the date of issuance of the 2019A Bonds.

3. Interest on the Series 2019A Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019A Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019A Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019A Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019A Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-1

This opinion is given as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion to reflect any facts or circumstances that may hereafter come to our attention, or any changes in law that may hereafter occur. We bring to your attention the fact that our legal opinions are an expression of our professional judgment and are not a guarantee of a result.

E-2

Series 2019B Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $17,715,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019B (the “Series 2019B Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019B Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

1. The Series 2019B Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019B Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the proceeds from the levy of ad valorem taxes, within the limitations imposed by law, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019B Bonds.

2. The interest on the Series 2019B Bonds is excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes under Section 103(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and is not treated as an item of tax preference under Section 57 of the Code for purposes of the alternative minimum tax. The opinion set forth in the preceding sentence is subject to the condition that the City comply with all requirements of the Code, that must be satisfied subsequent to the issuance of the Series 2019B Bonds in order that the interest thereon be, and continue to be, excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes. The City has covenanted to comply with all such requirements. Failure to comply with certain of such requirements may cause interest on the Series 2019B Bonds to be included in gross income for federal income tax purposes retroactively to the date of issuance of the Series 2019B Bonds.

3. Interest on the Series 2019B Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019B Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019B Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019B Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019B Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-3

in law that may hereafter occur. We bring to your attention the fact that our legal opinions are an expression of our professional judgment and are not a guarantee of a result.

E-4

Series 2019C Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $13,320,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Bonds, Series 2019C (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019C Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019C Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

1. The Series 2019C Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019C Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the levy of ad valorem taxes, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019C Bonds, which taxes are unlimited as to rate and amount.

2. Interest on the Series 2019C Bonds is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes.

3. Interest on the Series 2019C Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019C Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019C Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019C Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019C Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-5

Series 2019D Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $18,875,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Bonds, Series 2019D (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019D Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019D Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

2. The Series 2019D Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019D Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the proceeds from the levy of ad valorem taxes, within the limitations imposed by law, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019D Bonds.

2. Interest on the Series 2019D Bonds is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes.

3. Interest on the Series 2019D Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019D Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019D Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019D Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019D Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-6

Series 2019-1 Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $57,085,000* Various Purpose Unlimited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-1 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-1 Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019-1 Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

1. The Series 2019-1 Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019-1 Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the levy of ad valorem taxes, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019-1 Bonds, which taxes are unlimited as to rate and amount.

2. Interest on the Series 2019-1 Bonds is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes.

3. Interest on the Series 2019-1 Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019-1 Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019- 1 Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019-1 Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019-1 Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-7

Series 2019-2 Bonds

We have acted as bond counsel to the City of Columbus, Ohio (the “City”) in connection with the issuance by the City of its $34,290,000* Various Purpose Limited Tax Refunding Bonds, Series 2019-2 (Federally Taxable) (the “Series 2019-2 Bonds”). In such capacity, we have examined such law and, regarding questions of fact material to our opinion, we have relied on the certified transcript of proceedings for the Series 2019-2 Bonds without undertaking to verify the same by independent investigation.

Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that, under existing law:

3. The Series 2019-2 Bonds are valid and binding general obligations of the City, and the principal of and interest on the Series 2019-2 Bonds, unless paid from other sources, are to be paid from the proceeds from the levy of ad valorem taxes, within the limitations imposed by law, in an amount sufficient to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on the Series 2019- 2 Bonds.

2. Interest on the Series 2019-2 Bonds is not excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes.

3. Interest on the Series 2019-2 Bonds, the transfer thereof, and any profit made on their sale, exchange or other disposition, are exempt from the Ohio personal income tax, the Ohio commercial activity tax, the net income base of the Ohio corporate franchise tax, and municipal, school district, and joint economic development district income taxes in Ohio.

Although we have participated in the preparation of portions of the Official Statement dated ______, 2019, relating to the Series 2019-2 Bonds, we have not been engaged to review the accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the Official Statement or other offering material relating to the Series 2019- 2 Bonds (except to the extent, if any, stated in the Official Statement) and we express no opinion and make no representation relating thereto (excepting only the matters set forth as our opinion in the Official Statement). Further, we express no opinion regarding tax consequences arising with respect to the Series 2019-2 Bonds other than as expressly set forth herein.

Please be advised that the rights of the holders of the Series 2019-2 Bonds and the enforceability thereof are limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, and by equitable principles, whether considered at law or in equity.

* Preliminary, subject to change

E-8

[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

E-9

Printed By TheMuniGroup