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The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (Help) Model THE HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF LANDFILL PERFORMANCE (HELP) MODEL ENGINEERING DOCUMENTATION FOR VERSION 3 by Paul R. Schroeder, Tamsen S. Dozier, Paul A. Zappi, Bruce M. McEnroe, John W. Sjostrom and R. Lee Peyton Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Interagency Agreement No. DW21931425 Project Officer Robert E. Landreth Waste Minimization, Destruction and Disposal Research Division Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 DISCLAIMER The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Interagency Agreement No. DW21931425 to the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES). It has been subjected to WES peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii FOREWORD Today’s rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial products and practices frequently carry with them the increased generation of materials that, if improperly dealt with, can threaten both public health and the environment. Abandoned waste sites and accidental releases of toxic and hazardous substances to the environment also have important environmental and public health implications. The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory assists in providing an authoritative and defensible engineering basis for assessing and solving these problems. Its products support the policies, programs and regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency, the permitting and other responsibilities of State and local governments, and the needs of both large and small businesses in handling their wastes responsibly and economically. This report presents engineering documentation of the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model and its user interface. The HELP program is a quasi-two-dimensional hydrologic model for conducting water balance analyses of landfills, cover systems, and other solid waste containment facilities. The model accepts weather, soil and design data and uses solution techniques that account for the effects of surface storage, snowmelt, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, vegetative growth, soil moisture storage, lateral subsurface drainage, leachate recirculation, unsaturated vertical drainage, and leakage through soil, geomembrane or composite liners. Landfill systems including various combinations of vegetation, cover soils, waste cells, lateral drain layers, low permeability barrier soils, and synthetic geomembrane liners may be modeled. The model facilitates rapid estimation of the amounts of runoff, evapotranspiration, drainage, leachate collection and liner leakage that may be expected to result from the operation of a wide variety of landfill designs. The primary purpose of the model is to assist in the comparison of design alternatives. The model is a tool for both designers and permit writers. E. Timothy Oppelt, Director Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory iii ABSTRACT The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) computer program is a quasi-two-dimensional hydrologic model of water movement across, into, through and out of landfills. The model accepts weather, soil and design data and uses solution techniques that account for the effects of surface storage, snowmelt, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, vegetative growth, soil moisture storage, lateral subsurface drainage, leachate recirculation, unsaturated vertical drainage, and leakage through soil, geomembrane or composite liners. Landfill systems including various combinations of vegetation, cover soils, waste cells, lateral drain layers, low permeability barrier soils, and synthetic geomembrane liners may be modeled. The program was developed to conduct water balance analyses of landfills, cover systems, and solid waste disposal and containment facilities. As such, the model facilitates rapid estimation of the amounts of runoff, evapotranspiration, drainage, leachate collection, and liner leakage that may be expected to result from the operation of a wide variety of landfill designs. The primary purpose of the model is to assist in the comparison of design alternatives as judged by their water balances. The model, applicable to open, partially closed, and fully closed sites, is a tool for both designers and permit writers. This report documents the solution methods and process descriptions used in Version 3 of the HELP model. Program documentation including program options, system and operating requirements, file structures, program structure and variable descriptions are provided in a separate report. Section 1 provides basic program identification. Section 2 provides a narrative description of the simulation model. Section 3 presents data generation algorithms and default values used in Version 3. Section 4 describes the method of solution and hydrologic process algorithms. Section 5 lists the assumptions and limitations of the HELP model. The user interface or input facility is written in the Quick Basic environment of Microsoft Basic Professional Development System Version 7.1 and runs under DOS 2.1 or higher on IBM-PC and compatible computers. The HELP program uses an interactive and a user-friendly input facility designed to provide the user with as much assistance as possible in preparing data to run the model. The program provides weather and soil data file management, default data sources, interactive layer editing, on-line help, and data verification and accepts weather data from the most commonly used sources with several different formats. HELP Version 3 represents a significant advancement over the input techniques of Version 2. Users of the HELP model should find HELP Version 3 easy to use and should be able to use it for many purposes, such as preparing and editing landfill profiles and weather data. Version 3 facilitates use of metric units, international applications, and designs with geosynthetic materials. iv This report should be cited as follows: Schroeder, P. R., Dozier, T.S., Zappi, P. A., McEnroe, B. M., Sjostrom, J. W., and Peyton, R. L. (1994). "The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) Model: Engineering Documentation for Version 3," EPA/600/R-94/168b, September 1994, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Interagency Agreement Number DW21931425 between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. This report covers a period from November 1988 to August 1994 and work was completed as of August 1994. v CONTENTS Page DISCLAIMER ............................................ ii FOREWORD ............................................. iii ABSTRACT .............................................. iv FIGURES ............................................. viii TABLES ............................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................... x 1. PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION ............................ 1 2. NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION .............................. 3 3. DATA GENERATION AND DEFAULT VALUES .............. 9 3.1 Overview ............................................ 9 3.2 Synthetic Weather Generation .............................. 9 3.3 Moisture Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity Parameters ......... 12 3.3.1 Moisture Retention Parameters ........................ 12 3.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity .................... 13 3.3.3 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Vegetated Materials ............................. 15 3.4 Evaporation Coefficient .................................. 16 3.5 Default Soil and Waste Characteristics ........................ 17 3.5.1 Default Soil Characteristics .......................... 17 3.5.2 Default Waste Characteristics ......................... 21 3.5.3 Default Geosynthetic Material Characteristics .............. 25 3.6 Soil Moisture Initialization ................................ 25 3.7 Default Leaf Area Indices and Evaporative Zone Depths ........... 26 4. METHOD OF SOLUTION ................................ 29 4.1 Overview ............................................ 29 4.2 Runoff ............................................. 30 4.2.1 Adjustment of Curve Number for Soil Moisture ............ 34 4.2.2 Computation of Default Curve Numbers ................. 36 4.2.3 Adjustment of Curve Number for Surface Slope ............ 37 4.2.4 Adjustment of Curve Number for Frozen Soil ............. 39 4.2.5 Summary of Daily Runoff Computation .................. 39 4.3 Prediction of Frozen Soil Conditions ......................... 40 vi 4.4 Snow Accumulation and Melt .............................. 41 4.4.1 Nonrain Snowmelt ................................ 42 4.4.2 Rain-on-Snow Melt Condition ........................ 43 4.4.3 Snowmelt Summary ............................... 45 4.5 Interception ........................................... 47 4.6 Potential Evapotranspiration ............................... 48 4.7 Surface Evaporation ..................................... 51 4.7.1 No Snow Cover .................................. 51 4.7.2 Snow Cover Present ............................... 52 4.7.3 Remaining Evaporative Demand ....................... 54 4.8
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