Persistent, Ubiquitous, and Not Always Clear – Understanding PFAS Toxicity and Health Effects

James Kelly, MS – Manager, Environmental Surveillance & Assessment April 26th, 2021

PROTECTING, MAINTAINING AND IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF ALL MINNESOTANS Outline

• What are PFAS? • General Overview of Health Risk Assessment • Challenges of Per- and polyFluoroAlkyl Substances (PFAS) • Health Effects • MDH Mother-Child Model • Key Takeaways

2 3 What Are Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)?

• Large (4,000+) class of surfactants with unique chemical & physical properties that make many of them extremely persistent and mobile in the environment

• Used since 1940s in wide range of consumer and industrial applications

Source: open access images – bing.com 4 Basic PFAS Structure

Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) • Fully (per-) fluorinated chain (2 to 40+ carbon “tail”) • Functional group (“head”) • PFCAs: Carboxylate group (COO-) Source: open access image from bing.com - • PFSAs: Sulfonate group (SO3 )

Source: ITRC Naming Conventions and Physical Chemical Properties factsheet General Overview of Health Risk Assessment

• Human Health Risk Assessment requires high quality toxicity data for multiple effects • Animal Studies • Human/Epidemiological Studies • Publicly-available peer-reviewed studies • Very expensive, often held back as trade secrets

5 Evaluating the Available Data

• Scientists at the Minnesota Department of Health evaluate available studies • Toxicity and Exposure studies • Study design: Doses, Durations, etc. • Key (critical) effects • Establish health protective daily dose and water concentration • Values are not enforceable standards, solely health considered

6 No Data, Often No Guidance

• When data are limited, so are guidance options • Use data from another related chemical (maybe) • Different types of guidance are possible • #1 issue for PFAS is a lack of data • ~99% of PFAS, no data on toxicity

7 Challenges of PFAS: Physical/Chemical Properties

• PFAS behave differently than many other contaminants • Water soluble, yet some are very bioaccumulative • Actively retained by our kidneys (mimic fatty acids) • No metabolism – PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS, PFBA • Others are metabolically active, but poorly understood

8 Challenges of PFAS: Persistent and Bioaccumulative

• Longer chain PFAS bioaccumulate in the human body over many decades, and can take many years to leave the body after exposure stops • PFAS can occur in sources of food (esp. fish/seafood), drinking water, house dust, and on articles (clothes, furniture) • Dermal exposure – not well absorbed (good!) • Inhalation exposures can occur, little is known

9 PFAS Health Effects – Animal Studies

• Laboratory Animal Studies (causal) • Developmental Effects (e.g., ↓ body weight, delayed puberty & mammary gland development, accelerated puberty, changes in lipid metabolism & liver histology) • Endocrine (e.g., ↓ thyroid hormones) • Immune (e.g., ↓ immune response, ↓ spleen & thymus weight) • Kidney and Liver effects (e.g., ↑ organ weight, ↓ cholesterol ) • Cancer (PFOA - liver, pancreas, kidney) 10 PFAS Health Effects - Epidemiology

• Epidemiology Studies (associations, not causal) • Developmental (e.g., ↓ birth weight) • Endocrine (e.g., thyroid homeostasis) • Immune (e.g., ↓ vaccine response, ulcerative colitis) • Kidney (e.g., ↑ uric acid) • Liver (e.g., ↑ serum lipids and liver enzymes) • Cancer (e.g., testicular, kidney; mixed results positive/negative)

11 Most Sensitive PFAS Health Effects

• Thyroid • Immune System • Cholesterol/Lipid (liver) effects • Developmental Effects

12 1/24/2018 Setting MDH Health-Based Values for PFAS in Water

Most Sensitive (subtle) Health Effects in Animals Identify Exposure Level ≠ Health Effects Add Margins of Safety (100 to 300-fold)

Reference Exposure Level High-End Water Intake Rate ½ allowed to come from drinking water

Health-Based Value for Lifetime Exposure 14 How PFAS Water Guidance has Changed

• MDH health-based guidance values have PFOA PFOS PFBA PFBS PFHxS evolved over time as additional research 2002 7 1 becomes available 2006 1 0.6 1 • Surrogate values were used when 2007 0.5 0.3 7 widespread detection of chemical in 2009 0.3 0.3 7 7 drinking water, but insufficient 2013 0.3 0.3 7 7 0.3 toxicological data to set an HBV 2016 0.07 0.07 7 7 0.07 • Health Risk Index (HI): allows MDH to 2017 0.035 0.027 7 3/2 0.027 evaluate mixtures of similar chemicals 2019 0.035 0.015 7 3/2 0.047 • If HI > 1, considered an exceedance Blue = HRL; Red = HBV; Green = Surrogate

HI = PFOA[conc] + PFOS[conc] + PFBA[conc] + PFBS[conc] + PFHxS[conc] 0.035 0.015 7 2 0.047 Human Health Effects – digging deeper

• Determining a specific exposure caused a specific health effect is very difficult • Mesothelioma/asbestos, bone cancer/radium • Numerous PFAS are found in blood – Mixture effect • No unexposed control group to compare • Only more exposed and less exposed

15 Blood/Serum Levels of PFAS

• PFAS in humans is nearly universal • PFAS blood levels are the best metric for exposure for most • Interpretation of individual blood PFAS levels in the context of population-wide exposures • No bright line threshold for any one individual • Many unidentified PFAS could also be present

16 Biomonitoring in Minnesota - General Population

• Exposure to well-known PFAS such as PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS is declining according to biomonitoring

• Individuals with contaminated water have higher PFAS levels in their body

• Intervention/Treatment of drinking water works to reduce PFAS blood levels (studies in adults)

• Minnesota data confirm this

17 PFAS Exposure - Infants

• Bioaccumulative PFAS can cross the placenta and be found in breast milk • Babies from exposed mothers are born with a body burden of PFAS • Additional PFAS can be transferred through breastmilk, increasing infant PFAS levels • Referred to as “indirect exposure”

18 Significance of Indirect Exposure Routes

Accumulated levels can be passed onto offspring

Transferred to breastmilk [breastmilk level can be > drinking water level]

Based on data from Table 1, Fromme et al 2010 19 Conclusions

• MDH model performs well, accounts for indirect exposure • Guidance is protective for susceptible, highly exposed populations • Breastfeeding can be a significant exposure pathway • However, breastfeeding has many health benefits and MDH recommends breastfeeding for those currently or planning to breastfeed

20 Key Takeaways

• PFAS have been in use for over seventy years, health science has lagged

• Assessing health risks requires lots of data! • Most PFAS, and there are thousands, have no available toxicity information

• PFAS are difficult to quantify, problematic to study in a laboratory, last nearly forever in the environment in some form, and are found in most people’s blood (98% of the population)

• Linking human health effects to PFAS exposure is extremely difficult work

• MDH guidance for PFAS has evolved over time, is based on the best available science, and is intended to protect our most vulnerable populations

21 Thank you. Questions?

James Kelly [email protected]; 651-201-4910 Additional Resources: PFAS homepage - https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/topics/pfcs.html Water Guidance - https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/risk/guidance/gw/table.html Goeden et al JESEE 2019 - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-018-0110-5 Attribution and thanks: James Jacobus, PhD, Helen Goeden, PhD, and Health Risk Assessment Unit Staff

WWW.HEALTH.MN.GOV Why are PFAS in Washington County Groundwater?

• PFAS manufactured by 3M since 1940s • Waste disposal: on-site and landfills • 2004 – PFOS & PFOA detected in Oakdale city wells • Subsequent investigations: • >150 mi2 contaminated GW & SW • 4 major aquifers • 13 communities • 8 municipal systems (140,000+ pop.) • ~3,500 private wells (1,250+ advisories) • 1 (or more?) illicit dumpsites & AFFF • Municipal WWTP sludge in a landfill 23 Why Are PFAS in West Lakeland Township?

• PFAS “should” have stayed on the west side of a groundwater divide that separates groundwater flowing to the Mississippi from groundwater flowing to the St. Croix, but • PFAS got into the natural surface water system which helped to transport some of the PFAS across the divide, and • Buried bedrock valleys (former tributaries to the St. Croix and Mississippi) still act as groundwater tributaries due to higher flow velocities in or adjacent to the valleys 24 The Role of Project 1007

• Designed to control flooding in the “tri-lakes” and protect water quality in Lake Elmo

• Pipeline from Eagle Point Lake Wash. Co. Landfill Dam accelerated movement of the more contaminated water from Eagle Point Lake into Horseshoe Lake and the West Lakeland Storage Sites • Very shallow bedrock meant PFAS moved rapidly into the Prairie du Chien, more slowly into the Jordan

25 Sampling History in West Lakeland Township

• 2014 – 2015: • MDH collected samples in wells immediately east and southeast of Horseshoe Lake in response to rumors of “barrels” having been disposed of in the lake (never confirmed) • PFAS detected, but far below the health-based guidance values in effect at that time so no additional wells were sampled, but original wells tested again

• 2016 – present: • EPA issues Lifetime Health Advisory values for PFOS and PFOA, and MDH sets even lower health- based guidance values for both • Expanded sampling effort occurs throughout Washington County, but with particular focus on West Lakeland Township and north Afton

26 Current Status of WLT Sampling & Drinking Water Response

• 1,007 private wells and 8 non-community public wells sampled • In areas where TCE is also present, wells are sampled for PFAS & volatile organic compounds (VOCs) • TCE is included in the HI calculation • 636 well advisories issued: • 532 GAC systems installed or pending • 104 well owners have not signed access agreement to allow installation, if you are one of them: • PLEASE: contact Tim Lockrem at the MPCA ([email protected] or 651-757-2686) at your earliest convenience • 40 properties have not responded to our request to sample – if you received a request letter: • PLEASE: complete online sample request form or contact Ginny Yingling at MDH ([email protected] or 651-201-4930) • link to online form located at: www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/topics/pfcs.html 27 PFOA

28 PFOS

29 Sample Results: Health Risk Index

• HI will be used to determine eligibility for no-cost city water connection or point-of-entry treatment system (POET): • 636 wells have HI > 1 • 38 wells have HI > 0.5, but < 1 • 32 wells have HI > 0.3, but < 0.5 • 40 wells unsampled, HI unknown • Depending on “cut-off ”, between 636 – 746 wells may be eligible

30 Particle Tracking Models Match Sampling Data

• Flow paths shown in grey • Majority of PFAS being transported to WLT via southern flow paths (groundwater and surface water transport) • Need to keep an eye on flow paths through northern 1/3 of WLT (and Baytown Twp), BUT… • PFAS levels in those flow paths are MUCH lower, so less likely to result in future advisories Source: Wood, plc (Jan 2021 – DRAFT) 31 Future Sampling & Response Actions

• Regular well monitoring schedules will be based on: • Location relative to the PFAS plume • PFAS concentration history in the well • PFAS trends in nearby wells, especially those upgradient (i.e. to the WNW)

• Response actions: • Both source areas had two phases of cleanup action (1980s: industrial solvents; 2009-2011: PFAS) • Reduced PFAS levels already occurring in & near source areas – effects will be felt last in downgradient areas like West Lakeland Twp. • MPCA evaluating additional actions – surface water and groundwater • MDH will evaluate expanding the PFAS Special Well & Boring Construction Area (SWBCA)

32 3M Settlement: City Water System (proposed)

• Why MDH recommends city water rather than individual treatment (POETS) • POETS are not intended to be long-term solutions for contaminated water, except where no other options exist • If not properly maintained, POETS may: • Lose ability to remove PFAS (if filters not changed regularly) • Accidentally be by-passed • Become hosts to bacteria or become clogged by biofilms • City water systems are managed by trained professionals and regularly tested for a large number of chemicals (not just PFAS), at no cost to homeowners • City water service is not interrupted by power loss or equipment breakdowns that can affect private wells

33 Why Private Wells Should Be Sealed After City Water Connection

• PFAS do not break down in the environment. Sealing the well prevents further spread of PFAS to surface water, wildlife, etc. • Prevents further infiltration of PFAS to groundwater, which in some areas may result in contamination of currently clean, shallower aquifers. • Reduces or eliminates minor exposure routes (swimming pools, garden produce, soil, etc.) and possibly major exposure routes (consumption of contaminated fish, wildlife, livestock). • Prevents the possibility of future cross-connection and contamination of the public water supply • Eliminates the need for the state to track wells that have uncertain use • Consistency – other Washington County residents had to seal their wells once city water was available

34 Other Benefits to City Water

• Reduces or eliminates buyers’ concerns about contamination when selling home • Increased fire protection (which may reduce home insurance rates) • Owning and operating a private well (esp. with treatment) can be expensive: • Electricity • POET maintenance (~$1,000/yr) • If outside water also treated, may need to change filters more often than annually • Annual testing for bacteria & nitrate • Pump maintenance (typically replaced every 8-12 yrs.; new pump = $1000’s) • Well replacement (typically every 50-75 yrs.; sealing old well = $1,000’s, new well = $10,000’s)

35 How does Minnesota compare?

Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020;00:1–14—G.B. Post Why the Difference?

Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020;00:1–14—G.B. Post