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Master Thesis 60 Credits UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Department of informatics Prototypes in usability testing: the implications of richness in interaction fidelity Master thesis 60 credits Jo Christian Magnussen May 3rd 2010 Abstract Current research on prototypes in usability testing revolves mainly around the comparison of traditional high- and low-fidelity prototypes. Rapid development in technology presents interaction designers with new and more advanced tools for building prototypes, allowing for different levels of fidelity for different dimensions. Aiming to uncover how the fidelity of interaction in prototypes influences the results from usability testing, this thesis can be a valuable addition to the field of interaction design. As such, this study’s purpose is to investigate the effects of the level of richness of interaction in prototypes used for usability testing. 16 participants took part in the usability testing of two mixed fidelity prototypes. The two prototypes were identical, both visually and in the types of interaction mechanisms shown, but were of different level in terms of interaction. By analyzing and comparing the results from the tests it was investigated how these differences affected the outcome of the usability tests. The analysis points towards a lesser need for high-fidelity richness of interaction in functionality that is familiar to users. Furthermore, analysis suggests that a higher level of fidelity is needed in unfamiliar features for participants to be able to provide relevant feedback. Consequently, these results have an impact on the practice of prototyping and usability testing, as they will allow for a wiser distribution of resources when producing prototypes and require stricter criteria for recruitment of participants for usability testing. i Acknowledgements Working with this thesis has been instructive, interesting and rewarding. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the people who helped make it possible, and those who assisted me in seeing it through to the finish. First and foremost, I would like to thank my two advisors, Kari Hamnes and Jo Herstad. Kari took the time to offer guidance and feedback, and provided valuable assistance during the usability testing. Jo always had suggestions for improvements and ideas for future work. Secondly, I would like to thank Handicare Norge, and Line Gry Lombnes, for volunteering their project for this thesis. NetLife Research, for providing the necessary resources, and everyone there for welcoming me with open arms. Thanks also to all of my friends, who have supported me throughout this master’s. Especially Synve Røine, who put me in touch with NetLife Research, Lars Rørstad Fossum, for the countless hours at Lasse’s, and Ingrid Elise Løvlund Rekaa, for proofreading this thesis. I would also like to thank my family, Mamma, Pappa, and my brother, Sondre. Your support, guidance, and encouragement has brought me to where I am today. Last, but not least, my girlfriend, Silje Ramsvatn. Thank you for all the encouragement, feedback and support. iii Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 RESEARCH FIELD ................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................5 1.3 THEORY ................................................................................................................................................................7 1.4 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................12 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 PROTOTYPES ....................................................................................................................................................15 2.1.1 Traditional divide ...................................................................................................................................17 2.1.2 New perspectives.....................................................................................................................................19 2.2 COMPARATIVE RESEARCH USING PROTOTYPES IN USABILITY TESTING.................................................21 3 METHOD ............................................................................................................................................. 25 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS ......................................................................................................................................25 3.2 USABILITY TESTING.........................................................................................................................................26 3.2.1 Getting ready - planning and preparing.......................................................................................28 3.2.2 Testing .........................................................................................................................................................37 3.2.3 Analysis of gathered data....................................................................................................................38 3.2.4 Limitations in usability testing.........................................................................................................39 4 CASE ..................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................................................................41 4.2 PROTOTYPING ..................................................................................................................................................42 4.2.1 The tool........................................................................................................................................................42 4.2.2 The prototypes..........................................................................................................................................44 4.3 TESTING THE PROTOTYPES............................................................................................................................52 4.3.1 Planning and preparing.......................................................................................................................52 4.3.2 Testing the prototypes..........................................................................................................................59 4.3.3 Analysis of usability test data............................................................................................................62 5 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................. 63 5.1 PROTOTYPE WITH HIGH-FIDELITY RICHNESS OF INTERACTIVITY ..........................................................63 5.1.1 Familiarity .................................................................................................................................................63 5.1.2 Expectations..............................................................................................................................................65 v 5.1.3 Switching fidelity.....................................................................................................................................66 5.2 PROTOTYPE WITH LOW-FIDELITY RICHNESS OF INTERACTIVITY...........................................................67 5.2.1 Familiarity .................................................................................................................................................67 5.2.2 Expectations..............................................................................................................................................68 5.2.3 Analogies.....................................................................................................................................................70 5.2.4 Switching fidelity.....................................................................................................................................71 6 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 73 6.1 INFLUENCE ON PARTICIPANTS’ ABILITY TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK ...........................................................73 6.1.1 Familiar features.....................................................................................................................................73 6.1.2 Unfamiliar features................................................................................................................................78 6.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR PROTOTYPING AND USABILITY TESTING...................................................................82 6.3 ABOUT THE PROTOTYPING TOOL..................................................................................................................86 7 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................
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