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PSYC 301 - Sensation and Perception

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PSYC 301 - Sensation and Perception South Dakota State University PSYC 301 - Sensation and Perception Concepts addressed: Physiological Psychology, Cognition, Sensation and Perception: perceptual phenomena, Gestalt, and the role of expectations, and Sensation processes: vision, audition, and the other senses. 1) Psychophysics a) Sensory Pathways i) Bottom Up Processing ii) Top Down Processing b) Definitions i) Sensation- ii) Perception iii) Receptor c) Law of Specific Nerve Endings (Energy) d) How to Study Psychophysics i) Animals ii) Children iii) Adults e) Methods of Detecting Absolute Thresholds (Liminal) i) Method of Limits ii) Method of Adjustment iii) Method of Constant Stimuli iv) Signal Detection Theory f) Methods for Scaling Stimulus Intensity (Supraliminal or Suprathreshold) i) Differential Threshold ii) Weber's Fraction-jnd iii) Fechner's Law iv) Steven's Power Law (1) Magnitude of estimation (2) Method of limits for discrimination (3) Method of constant stimuli for discrimination (4) Method of adjustment (5) Cross-modality matching 2) Review of Neurophysiology a) The Nervous Systems i) CNS-Brain and spinal cord ii) Peripheral NS b) Neurons i) Afferent, efferent or cortical ii) Parts of the neuron iii) Neural Function c) The Brain Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. i) Temporal Lobe ii) Occipital Lobe iii) Parietal Lobe iv) Olfactory Bulb and Olfactory Cortical Area v) Taste Cortical Area vi) Cerebellum d) Neural Coding i) Cross- fiber pattern theory ii) Specificity theory 3) Cutaneous-tactile, somatic sensations a) Skin i) Epidermis ii) Dermis iii) Subcutaneous b) Hairy Skin i) Free nerve endings ii) Basket cells c) Glaborous Skin i) Pacinian corpuscle ii) Meissner's corpuscle iii) Ruffini endings (cylinders) iv) Merkel's disks (tactile disks) v) Kraus end bulbs d) Skin and the Brain i) Sensitivity and receptive field ii) Somatosensory area iii) Homunculus 4) Proprioception-body position (kinesthesia) a) Muscle Movements b) Receptors near joints 5) Haptic (Active Touch)= Kinesthesia (proprioception) + Passive Touch (cutaneous) a) Stimulus i) Movement of body ii) Movement of muscles, tendons, joints iii) Passive touch b) Receptors i) Ruffini (stretch, warmth) ii) PC (deep pressure, joints) iii) Free nerve (pain) iv) Merkel disks v) Meissner's corpuscle c) Fibers i) Lemniscal ii) Spinothalimic 6) Temperature Sensations a) Receptors i) Ruffini - warmth Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. ii) Kraus end bulb- cold iii) Others-free nerve endings b) Types of Temperature i) Internal body temp ii) External environmental temp c) Differential Sensitivity i) Warmth (1) Most sensitive= forehead (2) Least sensitive= chest, stomach, calves ii) Cold (1) Most sensitive= trunk (2) Least sensitive= legs, cheeks, forehead d) Adaptation i) Previous experience ii) Physiological e) Temperature Discrimination f) Theories of Temperature Sensation i) Specificity theory ii) Vascular theory 7) Pain Sensations a) Threshold b) Unit= DOL c) Adaptation d) Receptors i) Free nerve endings ii) Large, mylinated iii) Small, unmylinated- slow iv) Small, unmylinated- slower e) Pain Relief i) Manual stimulation-acupuncture; touch ii) Peripheral nervous system-anesthetic; numbing iii) Central nervous system-analgesics; endorphins iv) Gate control theory v) Substance P 8) Taste, Gustatory Sensations a) Sapid, Chemoreceptor b) Water-soluble chemicals c) Henning's tetrahedron - 4 basic tastes d) Anatomy of Receptor i) Papillae ii) Taste bud e) Scaling Taste Sensations i) Gust ii) Taste preference 9) Olfactory Sensations a) Volatile Stimulus b) Water and fat soluble Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. c) Henning's smell prism-6 primary d) Seven Odor system e) Olfactory systems i) Olfactory epithelium ii) Vomeronasal organ f) Olfactory Structures i) Cilia ii) Stem cells/ supporting cells iii) Olfactory binding proteins (OBP) iv) Olfactory bulb v) Glomeruli vi) Olfactory nerve fiber/ olfactory tract vii) Turbinate bones g) Vomeronasal (VNO)--Pheromones i) Discovered by Ruysch (1703) and Jacobson (1813) ii) Present and functional in most amphibians, insects, and mammals iii) Present in 70% humans, functionality unproven 10) Auditory System Basics a) Sound Conduction- Displacement of an elastic medium b) Sound wave-sine function; rarefaction c) Frequency-- pitch-- number of cycles completed in 1 see i) Scale= HZ-- cycles/see ii) Middle C = 262 Hz iii) Humans sensitivity range 20 - 20,000 Hz iv) Our MOST sensitive range is 2000-5000 Hz d) Amplitude = Loudness i) Max tolerated by the human = 280 dynes/em ii) Pain/damage at 2000 dynes/cm2 iii) Min detectable about 0.0002 dynes/cm2 iv) Threshold = 0 dB: human sensitivity range 0 - 200 dB e) Phase Angle- beats f) Complexity-- Timbre-- number of frequencies g) Resonance-- or natural frequency 11) Auditory System Structures a) Outer i) Pinna ii) External auditory canal iii) Ear drum- tympanic membrane b) Middle Ear i) Malleus (hammer) ii) Incus (anvil) iii) Stapes (stirrup) iv) Eustachian tube c) Inner Ear i) Semicircular Canals ii) Cochlea iii) Oval Window Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. iv) Vestibular Canal v) Cochlear Duct vi) Tympanic Canal vii) Helicotrema viii) Basilar Membrane ix) Reissner's Membrane x) Round Window xi) Organ of Corti xii) Tectorial Membrane xiii) Outer Hair Cells xiv) Inner Hair Cells 12) Auditory Neural Pathway and Coding a) Primary Auditory Pathway i) Cochlear Nucleus ii) Superior Olivary Nucleus iii) Inferior Colliculus iv) Thalamus- Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) v) Primary Auditory Cortex b) Temporal lobe and lateral sulcus c) Tonotopic- frequencies d) Cerebral dominance i) Left = speech/language; Broca (production); Wernike (comprehension) ii) Right= music, rhythms 13) Non-primary Auditory Pathway (Secondary Pathway) a) Projections through all other sensory centers in thalamus b) Projections through wake/sleep cycle areas c) Projections through motivation centers d) Projections through hormonal centers e) Projections through parietal lobe 14) Perception of Pitch and Loudness a) Pitch i) Helmholz/ Bekesey and Wever- Place Theory (Resonance Theory) ii) Frequency-Matching or Volley Theory (Rutherford) b) Loudness i) According to Place Theory ii) According to Volley Theory iii) Pure Tone Threshold- equal loudness contours 4. Threshold determined by stimulus duration iv) Auditory fatigue 15) Auditory Pathology a) Deafness i) Conduction Hearing Loss ii) Sensorineural Hearing Loss b) Pathology i) Tinnitus ii) Presbycusis iii) Meniere's disease Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. iv) Auditory fatigue c) Environmental Effects on Health 16) Localization of Sound Source in Space and Time a) Monaural Cues i) Intensity ii) Doppler shift iii) Frequency/ intensity iv) Reverberation v) Pinnae cues vi) Similarity in pitch, loudness and timbre b) Binaural Cues i) Interaural time differences ii) Precedence effect iii) Phase differential iv) Interaural intensity differences v) Head movements vi) Stereophonic listening c) Physiological Basis for Localization i) Role of primary auditory cortex (Al) ii) Interaural time difference detectors iii) Directionally selective and Azimuth sensitive neurons iv) Panoramic neurons v) Topographic map of space 17) The Visual System a) Form of Energy= radiant electromagnetic energy b) Wavelength (ROY G. BIV) i) Ultraviolet= short ii) 400- violet iii) 450- blue iv) 500- blue/green v) 550- green vi) 600- yellow vii) 650- orange viii) 700- red ix) Infrared= long c) Intensity i) Radiance ii) Incident iii) Reflected light d) Saturation = purity 18) Anatomy of the Eye a) Fibrous Tunic i) Sclera ii) Cornea iii) Aqueous humor b) Vascular tunic-- choroids c) Iris Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant. d) Lens e) Muscles i) Ciliary ii) Extra ocular: vergence; saccadic; pursuit iii) Conjunctive; vergent iv) Neural fatigue f) Retina i) Fovea ii) Photoreceptors: rods (acuity) and cones (color) iii) Rods iv) Cones g) Optic Nerve- blind spot h) Posterior Chamber i) Vitreous humor ii) Choroids iii) Intermediate cells (1) Horizontal (2) Bipolar (3) Amacrine cells (4) Ganglion cells i) Convergence and Divergence 19) Visual Acuity a) Visual Angle b) Snellen Chart c) Color Vision i) Rhodopsin= retinal (Vitamin A) + opsin ii) Erythrolabe 558 (red) iii) Clorolabe- 531 (green) iv) Cyanolabe- 419 (blue) 20) Vision-- Brain Mechanisms a) Optic Nerve i) Optic disk ii) Optic chiasm iii) Optic tracts iv) Axons in the optic nerve are monocular b) Thalamus i) Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ii) Retinotopic mapping iii) Pre-geniculate nucleus c) The Visual Cortex-Occipital lobe i) Center/ Surround ii) Magnification Factor iii) Simple cells or feature detectors iv) Complex cortical cells v) Hyper complex cells or end-stop cells vi) Blob cells 21) The Visual System-Thresholds and Acuity Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from
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