Short Communication: Diversity and Nest Characteristics of Owl Species Inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad, Pakistan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Short Communication: Diversity and Nest Characteristics of Owl Species Inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad, Pakistan Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 50(4), pp 1593-1596, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.4.sc16 Supplementary Material Short Communication: Diversity and Nest Characteristics of Owl Species Inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad, Pakistan Tariq Mahmood1,*, Shafqat Rasool1, Faraz Akrim1, Shaista Andleeb1, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem2 and Fiaz Nadeem3 1Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 2Department of Zoology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 3Islamabad Model College for Boys, Sector I-8/3, Islamabad * Corresponding author: [email protected] 0030-9923/2018/0004-1593 $ 9.00/0 Copyright 2018 Zoological Society of Pakistan Supplementary Table I.- Details of surveys conducted for recording diversity of owl species and their nests in the Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad. Site Visited Geographical Elevation Vegetation Presence/ Owl species coordinates (m) Absence identified Shakarparian N 3304138.35 570 - - - E 7300415.23 Rawal Lake N 33042.781 535 - - - E 073007.809 Rawal Dam N 33041.529 528 - - - E 073006.843 Fish Hatchery N 33043.706 525 - - - E 073001.098 Saidpur Village N 33044. 686 589 - - - E 0730’04.050 Damn e Koh N 3304419.65 721 - - - E 7300320.82 Talhaar N 3304610.87 885 - - - E 730.0257.51 Kalinger N 33043.746 Site A: 626 Main herbs and shurubs: Two pairs of owls Spotted owlet E 073001.149 Included jhamp, Kandiara (Echinopus echinatus) and recorded and little owlet Site B: 615 Bhaikar (Justicia adhatoda etc. One pair of owl Spotted owlet Main Trees: included keeker (Acacia nilotica), Phulai recorded Site C: 655 (Acacia modesta), Taman (Grewia tenax), Beri (Zizyphus One pair recorded Tawny owl mauritiana), and Sumbal (Bombax ceiba), Golra Railway N 3304010.03 602 - - - Station E 720651.51 PindSangrial N 3304124.98 604 - - - E 7205155.81 Shah Allah N 3304251.28 640 Bhaikar, Taman, Phulai, Jangli toot (Morus alba), Kikker, One pair of owls Spotted owlet Ditta E 7205513.31 Granda (Carissa opaca) and Kandiara Trail 6 N 3304511.93 823 - - - Margalla E 7300131.74 Bari Imam N 33045.831 885 - - - (Chillaghah) E 073007.159 Gandhian N 33043.742 Site C: 620 Trees: included: One pair of owls Spotted owlet E 073001.358 Beri, Phulai, Taman, Kikka, Mulberry, Siris, Granda, and Bohr were present around the owl nesting site. Thick vegetation of jungle Booti under the trees. 2 T. Mahmood et al. Supplementary Table II.- Nest characteristics of three different owl species recorded in the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP) Islamabad. Nest type Nest diameter Height of Tree DBH of Elevation Name of Geographical Number of Depth of (cm) nest (m) species tree (m) (m) amsl place coordinates owls sighted cavity (cm) Spotted owlet (Athene brama) Tree Cavity 17.738 6.096 Zizyphus - 626 Klinger N 33043.448 04 91.44 mauritiana valley E 073001.144 Tree Cavity 15.24 8.53 Ficus 3.05 615 Klinger N 33043.75 02 60.96 bengalensis valley E 073001.041 Cavity in a pipe 10.16 6.096 - - 717 Shah Allah N 33046.121 02 30.48 Ditta E 073007.310 Little owlet (Athene noctua) Tree Cavity 25.4 3.66 Acacia 2.90 620 Gandhian N 33043.742 02 45.72 nilotica valley E 073001.358 Tawny owl (Strix aluco) Cavity nest in 40.64 6.096 - - 655 Klinger N 33044.058 02 45.172 mountain rocks valley E 073001.143.
Recommended publications
  • Guide to Islamabad
    GUIDE TO ISLAMABAD Abstract We at the World Bank Group Family Network (WBGFN) Islamabad have put together this short guide to help you with all the basic needs. If you need any more help, feel free to contact the author or any of the other members listed in this guide. WBGFN Islamabad Pakistan Table of Contents WBGFN Islamabad Contacts ................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Climate .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Language .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Time Zone ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Currency ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 Living ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Childcare and Household Staff ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Report on the Review of Master Plan of Islamabad (2020-2040)
    REGISTERED No. M - 302 L.-7646 Ste ea,ette at adds'tatt EXTRAORDINARY • PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY ISLAMABAD, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2020 PART II Statutory Notifications (S. R. 0.) GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (Master Planning Directorate) NOTIFICATION Islamabad, the I bh February, 2020 a. SuBJECTREVIEW OF MASTER PLAN OF ISLAMABAD (2020-2040) PREPARED BY FEDERAL COMMISSION (Interim Report) S,R.O. 110(1)(2020).—In exercise of powers conferred by Section 51 of the Capital Development Authority Ordinance, 1960 (No. XXIII of 1960), read with section 11 thereof, the Capital Development Authority has been pleased to notify with immediate'effeet till further orders following "Interim Report on the review of Master Plan of Islamabad (2020-2040)" prepared by the Commission constituted by the Federal Government of Pakistan and approved by the Federal Cabinet. ['No. CDA-30(15) (Noti)-SCB/2020/2751 SYED SAFDAR AU, Secretaly, CDA Board (273) Price: Rs. 15000 [5152(2020)/Ex. Gaz.] 274 THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA., FEBRUARY 14, 2020 [PART II REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN OF ISLAMABAD (2020-2040) Government of Pakistan 7 October 2019 PREP AREDL,BY Federal Commission IN COLLABORATION_ WITH Capital Development Authority, Islamabad PART IIJ THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA.. FEBRUARY 14, 2020 275 RAGE II NEED FOR REVIEW he Capital needs retwirrnt on cind regeneration The capital city has had only one master plan made by Doxiadis Associates in 1960. Afterwards tt was reviewed a couple of times but no substantial changes or reforms were made. The world has changed rapidly and the capital is facing numerous problems concerning the way it is growing.
    [Show full text]
  • Dendrelaphis Tristis
    Short Communications Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 43(6), pp. 1215-1218, 2011. handwritten label is almost illegible, but appears to read “Sabzil Kot”, Sindh, close to the mouth of the The Common Bronzeback Tree Snake, river.’ Minton (1966) was unable to find this Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803): An locality on any map. Jeremie A. Anderson and his collectors made special efforts to find this snake in Addition to the Herpetofauna of oases in the Thar Desert, but were unsuccessful Pakistan (Minton, 1966). The species is, however, reported from Shoolpaneshwar, Vansda and Purna Wildlife Rafaqat Masroor* Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India bordering east of Sindh Zoological Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Province (Vyas, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011). Natural History, Garden Ave., Shakarparian, Extensive surveys by staff of Pakistan Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. Museum of Natural History in different parts of Cholistan and the Thar deserts also failed to find Abstract.- The common bronzeback tree this species (Baig et al., 2008: Masroor, snake Dendrelaphis tristis is reported from the hilly terrain of Margalla Hills National Park, unpublished). Islamabad. This represents the first well documented record of this species from Pakistan. The status of one specimen housed in Materials and methods the Natural History Museum, London During recent extensive herpetological purportedly collected in Pakistan in 1860 is surveys of the Margalla Hills National Park, discussed. Islamabad (Masroor, unpublished), two unidentified dead specimens were collected and then deep- Keywords: Dendrelaphis tristis, new record, Colubridae, Himalayan foothills, Margalla frozen, both on trail # 5 (Fig. 1), in 2008 (33° 45′ Hills. 30.33″ N, 73° 04′ 51.99″ E) and 2010 (33° 44′ 47.27″ N, 73° 05′ 10.67″ E) by Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Diversity in Pakistan
    World Environment Day – June 2010 85 BOTANICAL DIVERSITY IN PAKISTAN; PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE By: *Muhammad Ibrar Shinwari1, **Maryum Ibrar Shinwari2 1 Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Shakarparian, Islamabad 2PASTIC National Centre, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad (*[email protected], **[email protected]) Abstract What so ever beneficial or dangerous it may be; the recent war against terrorism and extremism has also become a killing threat to botanical resources of North West and South West mountains in Pakistan. Moreover, Northern Mountains have lost its natural habitat due to earthquake in 2005. Pakistan with a great diversity of flora hosts around 6000 vascular plant species due to its varied climatic and edaphic factors. Four monotypic genera of flowering plants (Douepia, Suleimania, Spiroseris, Wendelboa) and around 400 species (7.8%) are endemic to Pakistan. Almost 80% of Pakistan‟s endemic flowering plants are confined to the northern and western mountains where war against terrorism and extremism is going on. About 400 species were traded in different drug markets of the country by local people of those areas before war. It was a dire need to quantify the existing herbals and their knowledge but no explorations can be made due to war. Today the ecological trend which was already of greatest concern in Pakistan due to continuous loss, fragmentation and degradation of natural habitats further accelerated because of the political instability and natural disaster. This is affecting without exception forests, rangelands, fresh-water and marine ecosystems. Of equal concern is the continuing decline in many native species of animals and plants. The degradation of agro-ecosystems and the accelerating loss of domestic genetic diversity are areas that need to be looked into.
    [Show full text]
  • Yaar Tours (10 Days Hunza-Kaghan-Islamabad)
    Rakaposhi (7,788m), Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan An Introduction to Pakistan Pakistan is a country blessed with one of the most diverse geography and climate. Having 10 of the 25 highest mountains in the world,1 Pakistan is an emerging tourist destination. From the Snow-capped Himalayas, Kara- koram, and Hindu Kush Ranges, to the arid plains of the Arabian Sea, Pakistan has all it takes to satiate the individual palette of everyone visiting this great country. Let’s Go! We invite you to explore and experience the culture, hospitality, and people of Pakistan with Yaar Tours Hunza Valley Passu Khunjerab Pass Hunza is a mountainous valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan province of Passu is a small village in the Gilgit-Baltistan province of A high mountain pass in the Karakoram range, Khunjerab is the Pakistan. Hunza is situated in the extreme north part of Pakistan, Pakistan. It is a popular tourist destination because of its beauti- highest paved international border crossing in the world at an bordering the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan and the Xinjiang ful sweeping landscapes, and vistas of the 7,478 m (24,534 ft) tall elevation of 4,693m. region of China. Passu Sar mountain, the Passu Glacier, and Passu Cones. Khunjerab is also the official border crossing between Pakistan This beautiful valley offers breath-taking views of some of the most Passu lies between two glaciers, Passu and Batura Glaciers. The and China and is a popular tourist destination among the exquisite mountain peaks in the world. latter is the seventh longest non-polar glacier in the world Pakistanis and Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Assessment and Its Effect on the Environment of Shakarparian Forest
    Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 4 Biodiversity Assessment and its Effect on the Environment of Shakarparian Forest Inayat Ullah Malik Bioresource Research Centre, Isalamabad Abul Hasan Faiz Bioresource Research Centre, Islamabad Fakhar -i- Abbas Bioresource Research Centre, Islamabad, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Malik, I. U., Faiz, A. H., & Abbas, F. -. (2014). Biodiversity Assessment and its Effect on the Environment of Shakarparian Forest, Journal of Bioresource Management, 1 (2). DOI: 10.35691/JBM.4102.0009 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Biodiversity Assessment and its Effect on the Environment of Shakarparian Forest © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Recreational Benefits from the Margalla Hills National Park in Northern Pakistan
    Demand for Eco-tourism: Estimating Recreational Benefits from the Margalla Hills National Park in Northern Pakistan HIMAYATULLAH KHAN Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Peshawar, Pakistan April 2004 South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE) PO Box 8975, EPC 1056 Kathmandu, Nepal Working Paper No. 5-04 SANDEE Working Paper No. 5-04 I Published by the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE), PO Box 8975, EPC 1056 Kathmandu, Nepal. Telephone: 977-1-552 8761, 552 6391 Fax: 977-1-553 6786 SANDEE research reports are the output of research projects supported by the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics. The reports have been peer reviewed and edited. A summary of the findings of SANDEE reports are also available as SANDEE Policy Briefs. National Library of Nepal Catalogue Service: Himayatullah Khan Demand for Eco-tourism: Estimating Recreational Benefits from the Margalla Hills National Park in Northern Pakistan ISBN: 99933–826–4–7 Key Words 1. Environmental Valuation 2. Travel Cost Method 3. Willingness to Pay 4. Total Recreational Value 5. National Parks 6. Pakistan The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics or its sponsors unless otherwise stated. II SANDEE Working Paper No. 5-04 The South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics The South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE) is a regional network that brings together analysts from different countries in South Asia to address environment-development problems. SANDEE’s activities include research support, training, and information dissemination.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study on Illegal Reptile Poaching from Balochistan, Pakistan
    Herpetozoa 33: 67–75 (2020) DOI 10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e51690 A case study on illegal reptile poaching from Balochistan, Pakistan Rafaqat Masroor1,2, Muhammad Khisroon2, Daniel Jablonski3 1 Zoological Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad-44000, Pakistan 2 Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan 3 Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia http://zoobank.org/67499BF4-210B-4557-867B-8E3C5379CA90 Corresponding author: Rafaqat Masroor ([email protected]) Academic editor: Philipp Wagner ♦ Received 3 March 2020 ♦ Accepted 14 April 2020 ♦ Published 13 May 2020 Abstract The southwestern part of the Balochistan Province is a faunal extension of the Iranian Plateau in Pakistan, harboring more than one-third of Pakistan’s known amphibian and reptile species. We carried out field visits in five districts of southwestern Balochistan during 2013–2017 to investigate the scale and hotspots of reptile poaching. We encountered 73 illegal collectors possessing 5,369 live reptiles representing 19 species in ten families. Overall, Teratoscincus keyserlingii, T. microlepis (both Sphaerodactylidae), Phrynocephalus maculatus and P. luteoguttatus (both Agamidae) were the most collected lizards, having a relative abundance of 22.4%, 13.5%, 11.9% and 11.3 %, respectively. Eumeces schneiderii zarudnyi (Scincidae) was among the least collected lizard. Sim- ilarly, Lytorhynchus maynardi (Colubridae) and Eryx tataricus speciosus (Erycidae) were the most abundant snakes in the total col- lection (4.4% and 3.0%, respectively). Among the poached reptiles were internationally protected species: Varanus griseus caspius (Varanidae; CITES Appendix-I), E. t. speciosus (Appendix-II), Naja oxiana (Elapidae; Appendix-II), and Saara asmussi (Uromasty- cidae; Appendix-II).
    [Show full text]
  • Khunjarab Pass-Taftan Overland Tour
    Kalash Chilimjost Festival and Hunza Sightseeing Tour Tour Highlights • Karakoram Highway –Old Silk Route • Eye-Catching Beauty of Nanga Parbat-8125m • Famous Indus River & visit Junction of Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindukush • Hunza Valley and views of snowcapped Rakaposhi 7788m • Explore Kalash valleys of Chitral • Famous Passes- Khunjerab, Shandoor and Lowari 16 NIGHTS HOTEL, 17 DAYS US$550/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 12 SIGHTSEEING US$ 600/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 10 SOFT HIKING US$650/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 8-9 MAX. ALTITUDE – 4733M / 15,528FT Key Destinations: Islamabad- Karakoram Highway - Gilgit- Hunza Khunjerab Pass- Ghizer Valley- Shandoor Pass-Chitral-Kalash Valley-Lowari Pass www.snowland.com.pk PK: +92(0)3335105022 [email protected] 2 | Page Pakistan Autumn Sightseeing Tour TOUR BACKGROUND This exciting tour will take you to the dramatic and enchanting valleys of the Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan & Chitral) of Pakistan. Lush green fertile valleys with high quality delicious fruit are fed by springs and glacial streams flowing from the lofty snow capped mountains. Karakoram Highway and River Indus is a constant Feature of the region. The best time of year to visit mountain valleys (Hunza, Gilgit & Chitral) are April to October. From spring to autumn the valleys are more attractive, all three fabulous seasons have their own unique charm, which cannot be described in words but can only be felt. TOUR OVERVIEW DEPARTURE MONTH: MAY 2018 Date Day Activity Time Height Accommodation 10th May Day 1 Arrive Islamabad Full day 635m Hotel th 11 May
    [Show full text]
  • Riphah Profile Educate I Enlighten I Empower Mission Statement
    Riphah Profile Educate I Enlighten I Empower Mission Statement Establishment of State-of-the-Art Educational Institutions with a Focus on Inculcating Islamic Ethical Values Riphah International University Riphah International 2 Welcome to Riphah International University Riphah International University is a private sector university, chartered by the Federal Government of Pakistan in 2002. The University was established with a view to produce professionals with Islamic moral and ethical values. It is sponsored by a non-profit trust named Islamic International Medical College Trust (IIMCT), which was established in 1995. The first project of the IIMCT was the Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, established in 1996 by its Founding Managing Trustee (Late) Maj. Gen. (R) Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan, TI(M), TBt. Riphah International University Riphah International Among the Pakistan’s first 25 Years Top 500 university to achieve 2nd Universities In Private Sector Years of Excellence ISO Universities in imparting 9001:2015 In General Category Quality Education Certification Ranked by HEC PAKISTAN’S FIRST Achieved APQN’s Digital Best/ Model Internal Research QA Award For Portal for Integrated 18,000+ 15,000+ Indexing of Research Enrolled Students Alumni 2016 Publications Research 1 Over Articles 99% 1050+ Score in QEC Rating 100+Degree Programs 1000+ Faculty Members by HEC for last six years Consecutively Awarded Provided healthcare subsidy of 04 Rs.256 Million Rupees Rs.332.2 Teaching Hospitals 407,993 on account of talent and Need based scholarships million Patients Treated in 2018-19 in 2018-19 Late Maj. Gen. (R) Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan TI(M), TBt The Founder Late Maj.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Autumn Sightseeing Tour
    Pakistan Autumn Sightseeing Tour Tour Highlights • Karakoram Highway –Old Silk Route • Eye-Catching Beauty of Nanga Parbat-8125m • Famous Indus River & visit Junction of Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindukush • Hunza Valley and views of snowcapped Rakaposhi 7788m • Explore Kalash valleys of Chitral • Famous Passes- Khunjerab, Shandoor and Lowari Explore All Provinces by driving through Besham,Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Sukkur 20 NIGHTS HOTEL, 21 DAYS US$1100/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 12 SIGHTSEEING US$ 1200/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 10 SOFT HIKING US$1350/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 8-9 MAX. ALTITUDE – 4733M / 15,528FT US$1450/PAX FOR A GROUP OF 5-7 Key Destinations: Lahore - Islamabad- Karakoram Highway - Gilgit- Hunza Khunjerab Pass- Ghizer Valley- Shandoor Pass-Chitral-Kalash Valley-Lowari Pass www.snowland.com.pk PK: +92(0)3335105022 [email protected] 2 | Page Pakistan Autumn Sightseeing Tour TOUR BACKGROUND This exciting tour will take you to the dramatic and enchanting valleys of the Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan & Chitral) of Pakistan. Lush green fertile valleys with high quality delicious fruit are fed by springs and glacial streams flowing from the lofty snow capped mountains. Karakoram Highway and River Indus is a constant Feature of the region. The best time of year to visit Hunza and Chitral is April to October. From spring to autumn the valleys are more attractive, all three fabulous seasons have their own unique charm, which cannot be described in words but can only be felt. TOUR OVERVIEW DEPARTURE DATES: April- November 2018 Date Day Activity
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan
    Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 43(6), pp. 1041-1048, 2011. An Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan Rafaqat Masroor* Zoological Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad, Pakistan 44000 Abstract.- An updated checklist of amphibians and reptiles that occur in the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP) is provided. The information provided is based on the collections and observations made in the field from 2003 to 2009. Due to its geographic position of being situated at the junction of high mountains in the north and the southern plains, the park exhibits a diverse herpetofauna. So far, forty one species have been identified as occurring in the park, including nine species of amphibians and 32 species of reptiles. Three species of lizards viz., Laudakia agrorensis, Asymblepharus himalayanus, and Ophisops jerdonii are being reported for the first time from this park. Key words: Reptiles, amphibians, herpetofauna, biodiversity, Himalaya, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION a resultant amelioration of the harsh weather. The mean monthly rainfall for the monsoon season (July-September) is 254 mm with the maximum The Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP), rainfall in the month of August. The mean relative encompassing an area of 17,386 hectares, was humidity for the same period varies between 59 and established in 1980 (UNDP/IUCN/MINFA/CDA, 67%. 1991) for the protection, conservation and The Margalla Hills vegetation is largely the management of the wildlife inhabiting this area. It is result of the monsoon, and the foothills flora is an extension of the Islamabad Wildlife Sanctuary mostly tropical in origin (Shinwari and Khan, 1998).
    [Show full text]