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Reproductionreview
REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology Lindsay A Hogan1, Tina Janssen2 and Stephen D Johnston1,2 1Wildlife Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia and 2Australian Animals Care and Education, Mt Larcom 4695, Queensland, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to L A Hogan; Email: [email protected] Abstract This review provides an update on what is currently known about wombat reproductive biology and reports on attempts made to manipulate and/or enhance wombat reproduction as part of the development of artificial reproductive technology (ART) in this taxon. Over the last decade, the logistical difficulties associated with monitoring a nocturnal and semi-fossorial species have largely been overcome, enabling new features of wombat physiology and behaviour to be elucidated. Despite this progress, captive propagation rates are still poor and there are areas of wombat reproductive biology that still require attention, e.g. further characterisation of the oestrous cycle and oestrus. Numerous advances in the use of ART have also been recently developed in the Vombatidae but despite this research, practical methods of manipulating wombat reproduction for the purposes of obtaining research material or for artificial breeding are not yet available. Improvement of the propagation, genetic diversity and management of wombat populations requires a thorough understanding of Vombatidae reproduction. While semen collection and cryopreservation in wombats is fairly straightforward there is currently an inability to detect, induce or synchronise oestrus/ovulation and this is an impeding progress in the development of artificial insemination in this taxon. -
Adaptations of Large Marsupials to Survival in Winter Snow Cover: Locomotion and Foraging
Canadian Journal of Zoology Adaptations of large marsupials to survival in winter snow cover: locomotion and foraging. Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Manuscript ID cjz-2016-0097.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 07-Sep-2016 Complete List of Authors: Green, K.; National Parks and Wildlife Service, Snowy Mountains Region, FEEDING < Discipline, FORAGING < Discipline, LOCOMOTION < Discipline, Keyword: MORPHOLOGYDraft < Discipline, SNOW < Discipline, ALPINE < Habitat https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Page 1 of 34 Canadian Journal of Zoology 1 Adaptations of large marsupials to survival in winter snow cover: locomotion and foraging. Running head: Adaptations of marsupials to snow K. Green National Parks and Wildlife Service, Snowy Mountains Region, PO Box 2228, Jindabyne, NSW 2627, Australia Draft Corresponding author. Email [email protected] Abstract: The small extent of seasonally snow-covered Australian mountains means that there has not been a great selective pressure on the mammalian fauna for adaptations to this environment. Only one large marsupial, the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800)), is widespread above the winter snowline. In the past 20 years, with snow depth and duration declining, the swamp wallaby ( Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804)) has become more common above the winter snowline. The red-necked wallaby ( Macropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817)) is common in alpine Tasmania where seasonal snow cover is neither as deep nor as long-lasting as on the mainland, but has only been recorded regularly above the winter snowline in the mainland Snowy Mountains since 2011. This study examines morphological https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Canadian Journal of Zoology Page 2 of 34 2 aspects of locomotion of these three herbivorous marsupials in snow. -
Wildlife Carers Dictionary
Your guide to using the Wildlife Carers Dictionary. The Each dictionary word is highlighted in bold text . The phonetic pronunciation of a word is highlighted in italic text . Wild life Diseases and illnesses are highlighted in red text . Medications are highlighted in green text . Scientific names of Australian native animals most regularly Carers into care are highlighted in purple text . Native animals often have more than one “common” name which are used in different areas of Australia. Some names Dictionary can be quite quirky! You can find these names in blue text . Nouns – a naming word are coded (n.). Verbs – a doing word are coded (v.). Adjectives – a describing word are coded (adj.). Information on Australian habitats can be found in the green boxes. Photographs of Australia’s native animals can be found in the blue boxes. Please note: photos are not necessarily in alphabetical order. Did you know? Quirky, interesting wildlife facts can be found in the orange boxes with red text. Fauna First Aid is supported by the Wildlife Preservation by Linda Dennis Society of Australia and the Australian Geographic Society. Version One 2011 With thanks... About Linda Dennis... This dictionary has been a labour of love and has taken me quite My passion for Australian native animals started nearly 20 some time to write. I’ve loved each and every challenging minute of years ago with my very first raptor experience at Eagle it! Heritage near Margaret River in Western Australia. After an up close and personal experience with a Black Kite perching on I’m excited to bring you this wildlife resource as it’s so very new, to my gloved hand I vowed that I would soon work closely with my knowledge nothing like it has been done in the wildlife community these magnificent creatures. -
Sarcoptes Scabiei: an Important Exotic Pathogen of Wombats
Under the Microscope Sarcoptes scabiei: an important exotic pathogen of wombats Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic astigmatid favourable for survival of the mite when mite, which causes scabies in people and Lee F Skerratt off the host. It is thought that the sarcoptic mange in mammals (Figure 1). School of Veterinary and duration of mite survival off the host is a Importantly, it is an emerging disease in Biomedical Sciences key component affecting transmission James Cook University, wildlife throughout the world 1. The mite Townsville 4811 between wombats because wombats are originates from a human ancestor and is Australia. generally antisocial and avoid contact thought to have spread to domestic and Tel: 617 4781 4838 with one another 9. Wombats rely on then free-living animals 2, 3. Based on the Fax: 617 4779 1526 burrows for diurnal shelter and recent emergence of sarcoptic mange in E-mail: [email protected] transmission may occur when wombats Australian wildlife and Aboriginal share burrows. Burrows enhance the communities, it is thought that Sarcoptes Epidemiology in wombat survival of mites when off the host by scabiei was probably introduced to populations providing a stable temperate Australia by the Europeans and their environment. animals 3,4. The mitochondrial genetic Sarcoptic mange generally occurs at low similarity of mites from Australian wildlife prevalence (0 - 15%) in common wombat Epidemics of sarcoptic mange occur and domestic animals supports this 3, 5. In populations throughout southeast sporadically within wombat populations 7,8 Australian wildlife, sarcoptic mange has Australia . Its low prevalence is and appear to be mainly associated with been reported in the common wombat attributed to high mortality and immunity introduction of S. -
A New Family of Diprotodontian Marsupials from the Latest Oligocene of Australia and the Evolution of Wombats, Koalas, and Their Relatives (Vombatiformes) Robin M
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new family of diprotodontian marsupials from the latest Oligocene of Australia and the evolution of wombats, koalas, and their relatives (Vombatiformes) Robin M. D. Beck1,2 ✉ , Julien Louys3, Philippa Brewer4, Michael Archer2, Karen H. Black2 & Richard H. Tedford5,6 We describe the partial cranium and skeleton of a new diprotodontian marsupial from the late Oligocene (~26–25 Ma) Namba Formation of South Australia. This is one of the oldest Australian marsupial fossils known from an associated skeleton and it reveals previously unsuspected morphological diversity within Vombatiformes, the clade that includes wombats (Vombatidae), koalas (Phascolarctidae) and several extinct families. Several aspects of the skull and teeth of the new taxon, which we refer to a new family, are intermediate between members of the fossil family Wynyardiidae and wombats. Its postcranial skeleton exhibits features associated with scratch-digging, but it is unlikely to have been a true burrower. Body mass estimates based on postcranial dimensions range between 143 and 171 kg, suggesting that it was ~5 times larger than living wombats. Phylogenetic analysis based on 79 craniodental and 20 postcranial characters places the new taxon as sister to vombatids, with which it forms the superfamily Vombatoidea as defned here. It suggests that the highly derived vombatids evolved from wynyardiid-like ancestors, and that scratch-digging adaptations evolved in vombatoids prior to the appearance of the ever-growing (hypselodont) molars that are a characteristic feature of all post-Miocene vombatids. Ancestral state reconstructions on our preferred phylogeny suggest that bunolophodont molars are plesiomorphic for vombatiforms, with full lophodonty (characteristic of diprotodontoids) evolving from a selenodont morphology that was retained by phascolarctids and ilariids, and wynyardiids and vombatoids retaining an intermediate selenolophodont condition. -
Artificial Insemination in Marsupials
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 71 (2009) 176–189 www.theriojournal.com Artificial insemination in marsupials John C. Rodger a,*, Damien B.B.P. Paris b, Natasha A. Czarny a, Merrilee S. Harris a, Frank C. Molinia c, David A. Taggart d, Camryn D. Allen e, Stephen D. Johnston e a School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia b Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiteit Utrecht, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands c Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand d Royal Zoological Society of South Australia, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia e School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia Abstract Assisted breeding technology (ART), including artificial insemination (AI), has the potential to advance the conservation and welfare of marsupials. Many of the challenges facing AI and ART for marsupials are shared with other wild species. However, the marsupial mode of reproduction and development also poses unique challenges and opportunities. For the vast majority of marsupials, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding basic reproductive biology to guide an AI strategy. For threatened or endangered species, only the most basic reproductive information is available in most cases, if at all. Artificial insemination has been used to produce viable young in two marsupial species, the koala and tammar wallaby. However, in these species the timing of ovulation can be predicted with considerably more confidence than in any other marsupial. -
Skulls of Tasmania
SKULLS of the MAMMALS inTASMANIA R.H.GREEN with illustrations by 1. L. RAINBIRIJ An Illustrated Key to the Skulls of the Mammals in Tasmania by R. H. GREEN with illustrations by J. L. RAINBIRD Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Tasmania Published by Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia 1983 © Printed by Foot and Playsted Pty. Ltd., Launceston ISBN a 7246 1127 4 2 CONTENTS Page Introduction . 4 Acknowledgements.......................... 5 Types of teeth........................................................................................... 6 The illustrations........................................ 7 Skull of a carnivore showing polyprotodont dentition 8 Skull of a herbivore showing diprotodont dentition......................................... 9 Families of monotremes TACHYGLOSSIDAE - Echidna 10 ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE - Platypus 12 Families of marsupials DASYURIDAE - Quolls, devil, antechinuses, dunnart 14 THYLACINIDAE - Thylacine 22 PERAMELIDAE - Bandicoots 24 PHALANGERIDAE - Brushtail Possum 28 BURRAMYIDAE - Pygmy-possums 30 PETAURIDAE - Sugar glider, ringtail 34 MACROPODIDAE - Bettong, potoroo, pademelon, wallaby, kangaroo 38 VOMBATIDAE - Wombat 44 Families of eutherians VESPERTILIONIDAE - Bats 46 MURIDAE - Rats, mice 56 CANIDAE - Dog 66 FELIDAE - Cat 68 EQUIDAE - Horse 70 BOVIDAE - Cattle, goat, sheep 72 CERVIDAE - Deer 76 SUIDAE - Pig 78 LEPORIDAE - Hare, rabbit 80 OTARIIDAE - Sea-lion, fur-seals 84 PHOCIDAE - Seals 88 HOMINIDAE - Man 92 Appendix I Dichotomous key 94 Appendix II Index to skull illustrations . ........... 96 Alphabetical index of common names . ........................................... 98 Alphabetical index of scientific names 99 3 INTRODUCTION The skulls of mammals are often brought to museums for indentification. The enquirers may be familiar with the live animal but they are often quite confused when confronted with the task of identifying a skull or, worse, only part of a skull. Skulls may be found in the bush with, or apart from, the rest of the skeleton. -
Husbandry Manual Husbandry Manual Common Wombat Common
Husbandry Manual ForForFor Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus Compiled by Michele Barnes Australian Wildlife Experience, Dreamworld May 2005 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 10 Breeding 17 2 Taxonomy 3 10.1 Mating System 17 2.1 Nomenclature 3 10.2 Timing of Breeding 19 2.2 Subspecies 3 10.3 Age at First Breeding and Last Breeding 19 2.3 Other Common Names 4 10.4 Ability to Breed Every Year 19 3 Natural History 4 10.5 Ability to Breed More Than Once Per Year 19 3.1 Morphometrics 4 10.6 Nesting Requirements 19 Oestrous Cycle and Gestation Period & 3.2 Distribution and Habitat 4 10.7 Development 19 3.3 Diet in the Wild 6 10.8 Litter Size 19 3.4 Longevity 7 11 Artificial Rearing 21 4 Housing Requirements 7 11.1 Criteria for Intervention 21 4.1 Exhibit Design 7 11.2 Housing and Temperature Requirements 23 5 General Husbandry 9 11.3 Diet and Feeding Routines 23 5.1 Hygiene and Cleaning 9 11.3.1 Milk Formulas 23 5.2 Record Keeping 9 11.3.2 Equipment Required 23 5.3 Methods of Identification 9 11.3.3 Feeding Routine 24 6 Feeding Requirements 10 11.4 Data Recording 24 6.1 Captive Diet 10 11.5 Hygiene 24 6.2 Supplements 11 11.6 Weaning 24 6.3 Presentation of Food 11 12 References 25 7 Handling and Transport 11 7.1 Preparation and Timing 11 7.2 Catching Equipment 11 7.3 Capture and Restraint Techniques 11 7.4 Weighing 12 7.5 Release 13 7.6 Transport Requirements 13 8 Health Requirements 14 8.1 Daily Health Checks 14 8.2 Detailed Physical Exam 14 8.3 Known Health Problems 14 9 Behaviour 17 9.1 Activity 17 9.2 Bathing 17 9.3 Behavioural Problems 17 9.4 Signs of Stress 17 9.5 Behavioural Enrichment 17 9.6 Introduction and removals 17 9.7 Intraspecific Compatibility 17 2 1. -
Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitogenomic Data Sets Resolves the Relationship of Seven Macropostrongyloides Species from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials
pathogens Article Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitogenomic Data Sets Resolves the Relationship of Seven Macropostrongyloides Species from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials Tanapan Sukee * , Anson V. Koehler , Ross Hall, Ian Beveridge, Robin B. Gasser and Abdul Jabbar * Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3030, Australia; [email protected] (A.V.K.); [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (I.B.); [email protected] (R.B.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (A.J.); Tel.: +61-9731-2022 (A.J.) Received: 19 November 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Nematodes of the genus Macropostrongyloides inhabit the large intestines or stomachs of macropodid (kangaroos and wallabies) and vombatid (wombats) marsupials. This study established the relationships of seven species of Macropostrongyloides using mitochondrial (mt) protein amino acid sequence data sets. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that species of Macropostrongyloides (M. lasiorhini, M. baylisi, M. yamagutii, M. spearei, M. mawsonae and M. woodi) from the large intestines of their hosts formed a monophyletic assemblage with strong nodal support to the exclusion of M. dissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby. Furthermore, the mitochondrial protein-coding genes provided greater insights into the diversity and phylogeny of the genus Macropostrongyloides; such data sets could potentially be used to elucidate the relationships among other parasitic nematodes of Australian marsupials. Keywords: Macropostrongyloides; kangaroos; wallabies; wombats; mitochondrial DNA; phylogenetics; next-generation sequencing 1. Introduction The genus Macropostrongyloides is the largest group of nematodes of the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae, occurring predominantly within the large intestines of macropodid (kangaroos and wallabies) and vombatid (wombats) marsupials [1]. -
17. Morphology and Physiology of the Metatheria
FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 17. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE METATHERIA T.J. DAWSON, E. FINCH, L. FREEDMAN, I.D. HUME, MARILYN B. RENFREE & P.D. TEMPLE-SMITH 1 17. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE METATHERIA 2 17. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE METATHERIA EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS The Metatheria, comprising a single order, Marsupialia, is a large and diverse group of animals and exhibits a considerable range of variation in external features. The variation found is intimately related to the animals' habits and, in most instances, parallels that are found in the Eutheria. Useful general references to external characteristics include Pocock (1921), Jones (1923a, 1924), Grassé (1955), Frith & Calaby (1969), Ride (1970) and Strahan (1983). Body form In size, the marsupials range upwards from the Long-tailed Planigale, Planigale ingrami, a small, mouse-like animal weighing only around 4.2 g, with a head- body length of 59 mm and a tail 55 mm long. At the other extreme, there are large kangaroos, such as the Red Kangaroo, Macropus rufus, in which the males may weigh as much as 85 kg and attain a head-body length of 1400 mm and a tail of 1000 mm. Body shape also varies greatly. The primarily carnivorous marsupials, the dasyurids (for example, antechinuses, dunnarts, quolls, planigales and others), are small to medium sized quadrupeds with subequal limbs. The tail is relatively slender and generally about half the length of the body. The omnivorous peramelids show increased development of the hind limbs in keeping with their rapid bounding locomotion. Saltatory or hopping forms (for example kangaroos and wallabies), carry the hind limb specialisation to an extreme, with a concomitant reduction of the forelimbs (Fig. -
Common Wombat
Our Wildlife Fact Sheet Common Wombat The Common Wombat is predominantly found in eastern Victoria, with numbers severely declining in western Victoria. The 2019/20 bushfires have also had a significant impact on their habitat. Scientific name Vombatus ursinus Figure 1. Common Wombat © I. McCann DSE 2008 Did you know? Diet Wombats are more closely related to Koalas than any A wombat's diet can consist of coarse native grasses, other living marsupial. sedges, rushes, succulent plant roots and tubers, and pasture grasses. Early settlers often called the Common Wombat a Badger because of its burrowing behaviour. Wombats are mostly nocturnal, usually coming out at night to graze when the temperature is lower. However, Wombats often sleep with their four feet sticking up in in cold periods they may be seen out during the day the air! either grazing or basking in the sun. Description Habitat Common Wombats grow up to 40 kg in weight and can Common Wombats inhabit sub-alpine heath at altitudes reach about 115 cm head to tail. Males tend to be of up to 1800 m, sub-alpine woodland, wet forest, dry slightly larger and heavier than females. forest, woodland, coast scrub and wet heath. The Common Wombat has a large nose which is shiny The distribution of the Common Wombat mainly black, much like that of a dog. The ears are relatively depends on the availability of suitable burrow sites that small, triangular, and slightly rounded. are near their food sites. Their thick paws are designed for digging burrows. Although they are not territorial in their sleeping They also have a pouch which faces backwards to arrangements, they are territorial about feeding areas protect their young from flying dirt whilst the mother is and will scent mark their territory and defend it digging the burrow. -
Non-Ruminants
Glime, J. M. 2018. Large Mammals – Non-Ruminants. Chapter 18-3. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 2. Bryological 18-3-1 Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 19 July 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 18-3 LARGE MAMMALS – NON-RUMINANTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Canidae – Dogs .................................................................................................................................................................... 18-3-2 Macropodidae – Wallabies and Kangaroos .......................................................................................................................... 18-3-2 Dendrolagus – Tree Kangaroo ..................................................................................................................................... 18-3-7 Macropus – Australian Wallabies (and others) ............................................................................................................ 18-3-8 Vombatidae – Wombats ....................................................................................................................................................... 18-3-8 Phalangeridae ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18-3-9 Common Brushtail Possum – Trichosurus vulpecula .................................................................................................