Bond-Selective and Surface-Site-Specific Dissociation of Methane on Platinum

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Bond-Selective and Surface-Site-Specific Dissociation of Methane on Platinum Bond-selective and surface-site-specific dissociation of methane on platinum Thèse N° 9530 Présentée le 31 mai 2019 à la Faculté des sciences de base Laboratoire de chimie physique moléculaire Programme doctoral en chimie et génie chimique pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Sciences par Ana GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZ Acceptée sur proposition du jury Prof. J.-E. Moser, président du jury Prof. R. Beck, directeur de thèse Dr L. Juurlink, rapporteur Prof. D. J. Auerbach, rapporteur Dr M. Lingenfelder, rapporteuse 2019 To my parents and Marta, for their daily words of encouragement over these four years. To Julio, for joining this adventure and being always by my side. Abstract I present a molecular beam study of methane dissociation on different surface sites of several platinum single crystal surfaces (Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(210), Pt(110)-(2x1)). The experiments were performed in a molecular beam/surface-science apparatus that combines rovibrational state-selective excitation of reactants with detection of the reaction products by reflection ab- sorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and King and Wells (K&W) technique. First, I explore how the barrier for methane dissociation depends on the Pt surface site (terrace, step, kink, and ridge atoms). For that, I compare the av- erage reaction probabilities of methane on the different crystals using K&W. Moreover, I used the site-specific detection of chemisorbed methyl species by RAIRS to obtain the site-specific reactivity on steps, ridges and terraces. The highest methane reactivity and therefore the lowest barrier was observed for the surface atoms with the lowest coordination. The translational energy de- pendence of the reactivity shows clear evidence for a direct activated mecha- nism on all the surface sites studied. The decreasing catalytic activity for Pt atoms with increasing coordination number agrees well with theoretical pre- dictions using first principles quantum theory calculations. Second, I present the role of rovibrational excitation of the incident methane on the chemisorption on different surface sites. For CH4, excitation of one quantum of the antisymmetric C-H stretch vibration (ν3) was found to be less efficient than an equivalent amount of translational energy normal to the sur- face for promoting the dissociation on all the surface sites. The vibrational ef- ficacy was seen to be lower for dissociation on the low coordinated sites, in accordance with calculations of transition state geometries. For CH3D, the ex- citation of the antisymmetric C-H stretch vibration (ν4) led to bond selectivity on the steps and terraces of the Pt(211) surface. These results show how care- ful control of the translational energy and rovibrational state of the incident CH3D can be used for site-specific and bond-selective dissociation of methane. i As predicted previously by theory but not observed before experimentally, the C-H bond selectivity is shown to decrease with increasing translational energy. Third, I explore the effect of surface temperature on the methane dissociation. The sticking coefficient for a direct chemisorption reaction such as CH4 on Pt, might be expected to be independent of surface temperature, because the re- action happens very fast leaving very little time for the molecule to equilibrate with the surface. However, I observed an increase in methane reactivity with increasing surface temperature at low incident CH4 energies. This observation is interpreted by a “loss of coordination” from the atoms displaced out of the plane due to their vibrational motion when the surface is heated. The surface-site and quantum-state-specific data presented in this thesis are ideally suitable for testing theoretical models that aim to describe the me- thane-surface reaction at the microscopic level. Moreover, the characteriza- tion of different catalytically active sites for methane dissociation contributes to advancing the understanding of methane reactivity towards real catalytic conditions, where surfaces with several different atomic terminations are used. Keywords Methane, Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(110)-(1x2), Pt(210), state and site-resolved re- activity, RAIRS, bond selectivity, surface science. ii Version abrégée Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la dissociation du méthane à l’aide de la technique des faisceaux moléculaires sur différents surfaces de divers mo- nocristaux de platine (Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(210), Pt(110)-(2x1)). Les coeffi- cients de collage spécifiques à chaque site de surface ont été mesurés pour les différents isotopologues du méthane en utilisant un appareil à faisceau molé- culaire/science de surface par spectroscopie de réflexion/absorption infra- rouge (RAIRS) pour la détection sélective de l’espèce de méthyle chimisorbée produite. Les coefficients de collage spécifiques à l'état quantique pour les mo- lécules de méthane dans des états rovibrationnels excités ont été obtenus par pompage infrarouge du méthane dans le faisceau moléculaire incident. La détection sélective sur site d'espèces de méthyle chimisorbées par RAIRS nous permet premièrement d’analyser la dépendance entre la barrière de dis- sociation du méthane et le site dans la surface du Pt (terrasse, marche, décro- chement et crête). La réactivité la plus élevée du méthane et, par conséquent, la barrière la plus basse ont été observées pour les atomes de surface dont la coordination était la plus faible. La dépendance énergétique translationnelle de la réactivité montre clairement la preuve d'un mécanisme d’activation di- recte dans tous les sites de surface étudiés. La diminution de l'activité cataly- tique des atomes de Pt avec l’augmentation de l’indice de coordination con- corde bien avec les prédictions théoriques réalisées en utilisant des calculs ab initio de la théorie quantique. Deuxièmement, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de l'excitation rovibra- tionnel du méthane incident sur la chimisorption dans différents sites de sur- face. Pour le CH4, un quanta d’excitation de la vibration d’étirement antisymé- trique C-H (ν3) s'est révélé moins efficace que la même quantité d’énergie tran- slationnelle perpendiculaire à la surface pour la dissociation sur tous les sites de surface. L'efficacité vibrationnelle a été perçue comme étant plus basse pour la dissociation sur les sites dont la coordination était plus faible, confor- mément aux calculs des géométries d’états de transition. Pour CH3D, l'excita- iii tion de la vibration d’étirement antisymétrique C-H (ν4) a conduit à une sélec- tivité de liaison sur les marches et les terrasses de la surface Pt(211). Ces ré- sultats montrent comment le contrôle minutieux de l'énergie de translation et de l'état rovibrationnel du CH3D incident peut être utilisé pour la dissociation du méthane sur des sites spécifiques et la coupure de liaisons sélectionnées. Comme prédit par la théorie auparavant, mais non observé expérimentale- ment jusqu’à présent : la capacité de sélection de la liaison C-H diminue avec l'augmentation de l'énergie de translation. Troisièmement, nous avons étudié l'effet de la température de surface sur la dissociation du méthane. Nous avions anticipé que le coefficient de collage pour une réaction de chimisorption directe telle que CH4 sur Pt était indépen- dant de la température de surface, étant donné que la réaction se produisait très rapidement, laissant très peu de temps à la molécule pour s'équilibrer à la surface. Cependant, nous avons observé une augmentation de la réactivité du méthane lorsque la température de surface augmente quand l’énergie inci- dente est faible. Cette observation est interprétée par une « perte de coordina- tion » de la part des atomes déplacés hors du plan, en raison de leur mouve- ment vibratoire lorsque la surface est chauffée. Les données présentées dans cette thèse sont idéales pour la vérification des modèles théoriques qui visent à décrire la réaction méthane-surface à l'échelle microscopique. En outre, la caractérisation de différents sites catalytiquement actifs pour la dissociation du méthane contribue à faire progresser la compré- hension de la réactivité du méthane au regard des conditions catalytiques ré- elles, où les surfaces avec plusieurs terminaisons différentes sont utilisées. Mots-clés Méthane, Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(110)-(1x2), Pt(210), sélectivité de liaison, réac- tivité résolue en état quantique, réactivité spécifique aux sites de surface, science de surfaces. iv Resumen En esta tesis se presenta un estudio sobre la disociación de metano en diferentes sitios de adsorción de diversas superficies de monocristales de pla- tino (Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(210), Pt(110)-(1x2)). Los experimentos mostrados en esta tesis han sido llevados a cabo en una máquina que combina la técnica de haces moleculares con técnicas de ciencia de superficies. En particular, compagina la capacidad de seleccionar el estado cuántico de las moléculas in- cidentes en la superficie, gracias al uso de láseres, con la detección de los pro- ductos de la disociación en la superficie usando espectroscopía de reflexión- absorción en el infrarrojo (RAIRS), espectroscopía electrónica Auger (AES) y la técnica de King y Wells (K&W). Primero, se exploró la dependencia de la barrera energética de disociación de metano respecto del sitio de adsorción en la superficie (terrazas, escalones, kinks y crestas). Para ello, comparo la reactividad media del metano medida con K&W en las cuatro superficies. Además, uso la capacidad selectiva de RAIRS para distinguir el producto de la disociación de metano adsorbido en los diferentes sitios presentes en cada superficie. De esta manera, se obtienen las reactividades específicas en las terrazas, escalones y crestas. La reactividad de metano más alta, y por lo tanto la más baja barrera de disociación, se ob- serva para los átomos de la superficie con menor coordinación, aunque la reac- tividad no es directamente proporcional al número de coordinación. Por otro lado, la dependencia de la reactividad con la energía cinética de las moléculas incidentes muestra claras evidencias de una reacción directa con una barrera de activación en todos los sitios de adsorción.
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