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Catostomus Commersonii) in Maine Megan A The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 11-2016 Understanding the Impact of Commercial Harvest on White Suckers (Catostomus commersonii) in Maine Megan A. Begley University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Population Biology Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Begley, Megan A., "Understanding the Impact of Commercial Harvest on White Suckers (Catostomus commersonii) in Maine" (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2553. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2553 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL HARVEST ON WHITE SUCKERS (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) IN MAINE By Meg Begley B.S. University of Maine at Machias 2009 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Wildlife Ecology) The Graduate School The University of Maine December 2016 Advisor Committee: Joseph Zydlewski, Professor of Fisheries Science, Co-Advisor Stephen M. Coghlan Jr., Associate Professor of Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Co-Advisor Michael T. Kinnison, Professor of Evolutionary Applications UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL HARVEST ON WHITE SUCKERS (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) IN MAINE By Meg Begley Thesis Co-Advisors: Dr. Joseph Zydlewski and Dr. Stephen Coghlan, Jr. An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Wildlife Ecology) December 2016 The State of Maine issues an unlimited number of commercial permits for the harvest of White Suckers Catostomus commersonii in Maine’s inland waters. The fishery provides a necessary source of fresh lobster Homarus americanus bait to coastal communities at a time when other bait sources are scarce. The impacts of the increasing number of permits and subsequent numbers of fishermen on the white sucker population is unknown. The Maine Department on Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW) has closed a number of waters due to concerns that overfishing and incidental catch of other fish species may occur. In Chapter 1, we investigated demographic differences of White Suckers from lakes open to and closed to harvest. Each harvested lake was paired to a lake closed to harvest (reference lake) of similar size. Fish were captured from each lake and biological information was collected for each individual (i.e. sex, mass, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, and age). Distributions of each demographic were compared in a series of paired lake by sex analysis. Fish from harvested lakes were younger, smaller, and had lower fecundity than fish from reference lakes. Estimated mortality rates for harvested lakes were also two fold higher than reference lakes. There were some detectable differences in growth parameters from the von Bertalanffy growth function (퐿∞ and K) between lake pairs as might occur under selective pressure. White Suckers are long-lived and the few differences found in growth may also reflect the infancy of the fishery (established in 1991). These data do suggest that current levels of exploitation are resulting in age truncation of white sucker populations. In Chapter 2, we built a deterministic population model of White Suckers using parameters from literature and field studies to investigate the theoretical effects of harvest mortality on age-structure and fecundity. We compared the age-structure of White Suckers from our reference lakes to a baseline model and observed and simulated distributions were similar. When harvesting mortality increased in the model there was an expected truncation in age- classes. The average mortality from harvested lakes was used to run the harvest model and the age structure was compared to the aggregate of harvested lakes. A similar age truncation pattern occurred, however distributions were different. This could be due to the variation in the additive mortality estimated for each harvested lake. The results of harvest pressure were evaluated under the assumptions of –both a Beverton-Holt and Ricker recruitment curves. In Chapter 3, we determined the spatial scale of harvesting effort in Maine using commercial sucker permits issued from 2006 to 2016. Of the 7-biological regions managed by MDIFW, Region B had the highest number of permitted waters and Region G had the lowest. A list was also compiled for each biological region for waterbodies with 8 ≤ permits (issued in the last 5-years) to provide managers an idea of where to focus efforts for monitoring in future harvest seasons. Possible areas for improvement to aid in management might include the use of a central database for harvesting information, as well as requiring more harvest information from commercial harvesters. It would be advantageous for managers if future commercial sucker report logs were site-specific to inform managers of areas that harvesters repeatedly target. In aggregate, this study provided an important first-look at harvest impacts on white sucker populations in Maine. We now have a better understanding of how White Suckers respond to additive mortality through both field work and deterministic models. The permit analysis also provides managers with specific locations where monitoring efforts could be focused for the next harvest season. Additional data on the number of traps used, where traps are set, effort, and catch total per harvester will be important for future fishery management. Monitoring the age structure of harvested lakes could help assess the viability, productivity, and resilience of white sucker populations. An important next step in the commercial sucker fishery is identifying critical levels of white sucker mortality that cause declines in resilience and productivity, ultimately leading to population collapse. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work could not have been possible without the help of individuals from the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW) and the U.S. Geological Survey Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Maine. Financial support for this research was provided through MDIFW and the University of Maine. This work was also supported in part by Hatch Grant number ME0-H-6-00508-138367-0H from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. There were a number of key players that helped in the success of this research. Merry Gallagher and Michael Brown (MDIFW) created the interest for my project and both were helpful in gathering information within the department when needed. Eddie Damm (from Mount Desert Island) was the mastermind behind sucker collection for my field work in 2014. Without his sucker knowledge and enthusiasm I would have not collected my quota of fish needed for the project. Michael Arsenault became my sucker “partner in crime” after agreeing to work as my technician assistant. I’m grateful for the number of hours he devoted helping me check traps, process fish, count eggs, age otoliths, and wade through permit data to determine GPS locations for harvested waterbodies. Kevin Dunham, Kevin Gallant, Tyler Grant, and Nels Kramer (MDIFW fisheries biologists) provided logistical and technical support during field sampling. They were essential in the successful collection of White Suckers from Pushaw Lake and Cold Stream Pond by setting and checking trap nets. Dana DeGraaf played an important role in digging up sucker permits within the State. Tim Obrey (MDIFW) provided the Little Moxie Pond data that was used to construct the age-structure model in Chapter 2. Additionally, I would like to thank Betsy Barber, Sam Irish, Derik Lee, Janet Leese, Audra McTague, George ii Maynard, Andrew O’Malley, Dan Stitch, Jason Tome, Jonathan Watson, and Dan Weaver for their assistance in the field, lab, and/or reviewers for the various components of this manuscript. I thank my advisory committee, especially my advisors Steve Coghlan and Joe Zydlewski, for their support and intellectual bickering when discussing the “proper” way to analyze and interpret my findings. Joe, I am appreciative and thankful for your tireless effort in coaching me on how to keep my head above water in the emotional gyre of grad school. Mike Kinnision I am grateful to you for taking the time to review my manuscripts and providing input. I would like to acknowledge the support of my friends and family (even though their knowledge of my research went only as deep as being “fish related”). Without your optimism in my ability and “tough love” lectures I would be less sane than I appear to be now! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….……..…. ii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………..…….. vii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….…..… ix CHAPTER 1: A COMPARISON OF AGE, SIZE, AND FECUNDITY OF HARVESTED AND UNHARVESTED WHITE SUCKER (CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONII) POPULATIONS……............................................................. 1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...… 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….…….... 2 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…..… 5 Study system……………………………………………………........................... 5 Fish collection…………………………………………………………….….…... 9 Age and growth estimation……………………………………………….…..… 10 Mortality
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